NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 1 of 13
Assessment Schedule – 2008
History: Describe experiences that have been significant to the identity of New
Zealanders (90214)
Topic One: Social Welfare: New Zealand 1891–1980
Judgement Statement (Topic One)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Describe specific experiences
involving measures taken by the
New Zealand Governments of the
1970s by describing TWO of:
Describe in detail specific
experiences involving measures
taken by the New Zealand
Governments of the 1970s by
describing THREE of:
Comprehensively explain specific
experiences involving measures
taken by the New Zealand
Governments of the 1970s by
describing THREE of:
•
•
•
way(s) the economic downturn
of the 1970s impacted on
society
way(s) the economic downturn
of the 1970s impacted on
society
way(s) the economic downturn
of the 1970s impacted on
society
AND / OR
• way(s) New Zealand
Governments responded to the
downturn
AND
• way(s) New Zealand
Governments responded to the
downturn
AND
• way(s) New Zealand
Governments responded to the
downturn
AND / OR
• the significance of government
intervention in improving the
welfare of New Zealanders.
OR explaining
• the significance government
intervention in improving the
welfare of New Zealanders.
Answer must demonstrate a
sound control of content, eg
shows understanding of key
ideas, provides a sustained and
cogent response to the
question.
AND explaining
• the significance government
intervention in improving the
welfare of New Zealanders.
Answer must demonstrate a
sound control of content, eg
shows understanding of key
ideas, provides a sustained and
cogent response to the question.
Evidence for Topic One could include:
Question One: Describe TWO specific ways the economic downturn of the 1970s impacted on New Zealand
society.
 The elderly were badly affected by inflation, as they were often living close to the poverty line.
 There was a decline in the profitability of businesses, so business owners and workers were affected by a loss
of profits.
 The loss of profits was passed on to employees as a decrease in real wages.
 Massive unemployment as businesses struggled to remain open and pay wages.
 Impoverished families with increasing unemployment and lack of funds coming into the home.
Question Two: Describe in detail TWO ways New Zealand Governments responded to this economic
downturn.
 Provision of National Superannuation from 1976. Those over 60 years’ old received 80% of the average
ordinary wage.
– Payment received for superannuation was tied to inflation so that people would have sufficient incomes to
survive in times of high inflation and hardship.
 Introduction of Accident Compensation Act to aid people who were off work due to injury (either sustained at
home, in the work place, or through a leisure pursuit).
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 2 of 13
 Provision of the Domestic Purposes Benefit 1973 for solo parents (numbered around 4000 in 1973) caring for
dependent children.
– Introduced to assist women with dependent children, who had lost the support of, or were inadequately
supported by their husbands.
– Available to unmarried mothers and their children, and to solo fathers.
– Paid to women who were living alone and had cared for children or incapacitated relatives, or those who
needed to give full-time care and attention at home to a person who would otherwise have to be admitted to
a hospital.
Question Three: Explain, using supporting evidence, how the initiatives of New Zealand Governments
improved the welfare of New Zealanders in the 1970s.
 The Acts that the government pushed through benefited the whole population and not just parts of it.
 Means testing not applicable for ACC therefore everyone benefited from this act.
 ACC provided for injuries sustained at work, at home, or during leisure pursuits.
 Superannuation scheme meant that individuals received a retirement pension, thus improving the welfare of
New Zealanders over the age of 60, as their income was now tied to inflation and adjusted accordingly.
 DPB benefited solo parents in NZ whether they were male or female, not just for solo mothers but also solo
fathers, etc, and thus successfully improved the welfare of young New Zealanders by providing their parents
with some income.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 3 of 13
Topic Two: Social Welfare: Social Welfare in the Māori World 1918–1998
Judgement Statement (Topic Two)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Describe specific experiences
involving Māori health and social
conditions by describing TWO of:
Describe in detail specific
experiences involving Māori health
and social conditions by describing
THREE of:
Comprehensively explain specific
experiences involving Māori health
and social conditions by describing
THREE of:
•
•
•
way(s) the Māori Women’s
Welfare League (MWWL) played
a role in supporting Māori in
welfare matters in the 1950s and
1960s
way(s) the MWWL played a role
in supporting Māori in welfare
matters in the 1950s and 1960s
way(s) the MWWL played a role
in supporting Māori in welfare
matters in the 1950s and 1960s
AND/OR
• way(s) that poor health and
social conditions affected Māori
in the 1950s and 1960s
AND
• way(s) that poor health and
social conditions affected Māori
in the 1950s and 1960s
AND
• way(s) that poor health and
social conditions affected Māori
in the 1950s and 1960s
AND/OR
• how successful the initiatives
undertaken by the MWWL were
in changing attitudes to Māori
welfare matters.
OR explaining
• how successful the initiatives
undertaken by the MWWL were
in changing the attitudes to
Māori welfare matters. Answer
must demonstrate a sound
control of content, eg shows
understanding of key ideas,
provides a sustained and cogent
response to the question.
AND explaining
• how successful the initiatives
undertaken by the MWWL were
in changing the attitudes to Māori
welfare matters. Answer must
demonstrate a sound control of
content, eg shows understanding
of key ideas, provides a
sustained and cogent response
to the question.
Evidence for Topic Two could include:
Question One: Describe TWO specific ways the MWWL played a role in supporting Māori in welfare matters
in the 1950s and 1960s.
 Provided Māori women with a forum in which their concerns could be aired, brought to a wider national
audience, and placed before the policy-makers of the day.
 Helped articulate Māori needs outside and across the tribal arena, and enabled Māori to seek assistance in
areas of housing, health, and education.
 The League became a forum for expression of Māori views on housing, education, welfare, crime and
discrimination in employment and accommodation.
 Assisted needy families where partners were unemployed, or a father was neglecting his family, with the
provision of food parcels.
 Helped families adjust to urban life including budgeting, support services, and state housing.
 League branches helped establish play centres on marae, in public halls, and even in own homes around the
country.
 Collaborated with and assisted government departments and other organisations in employment, education,
housing, health, and law observance.
 Provided a voice for urban Māori and Māori women, most of whom were unable or not allowed to speak on
marae.
 Provided clothing, school uniforms, and stationery for children of poor families.
Question Two: Describe in detail TWO ways poor health and social conditions affected Māori in the 1950s
and 1960s.
 Rents were high so Māori would often crowd into houses to save money – overcrowding led to reluctance from
landlords to rent to Māori.
 For those Māori who managed to buy their own homes, there were often difficulties with meeting mortgage
payments.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 4 of 13
 Problems with budgeting and alcohol made matters worse.
 Loss of strong traditional tribal links and tikanga Māori.
 Half-caste children from mixed marriages were brought up as Pākehā. They lived a Pākehā lifestyle and had
Pākehā values. However because of their skin colour it was often automatically assumed that they were Māori.
– Often treated differently to Pākehā children.
– Left children confused and with no clear sense of identity.
– Led to self-esteem issues and possibly to social and criminal issues.
 Māori crime rates increased – over three times that of Pākehā.
 Sense of alienation from whānau and tribal areas led to anti-social behaviours.
 Detribalisation led to Māori searching for a new tribal-style identity. Some found it in gangs, a new sense of
belonging.
 Overcrowding in homes led to high rates of illnesses, sicknesses, and overall bad health.
 Poor living conditions in rural areas encouraged many families to move to urban areas to seek a better life.
Question Three: Explain, using supporting evidence, how the initiatives undertaken by the MWWL in the
1950s and 1960s changed attitudes to Māori welfare matters.
 Created public awareness through survey results.
 MWWL undertook a survey of Māori housing needs in Auckland.
– Large numbers of families were living in high-rent, overcrowded houses that were unsanitary.
– Some of the worst houses were demolished and more state houses allocated to Māori.
 Investment in housing for Māori by the government up until 1965.
 MWWL increasingly credible to the government.
 Government came to view the MWWL as a reliable source of information and advice.
 Reorganising of priorities for Māori benefit.
 Housing Corporation had to expedite its plans for new housing estate in Otara to relieve pressure on the inner
city.
 MWWL resolutions on submissions to government were taken seriously by government departments.
 Members of MWWL gave Housing Corporation advice on settling priorities in the allocation of state housing to
the mounting list of applicants seeking relief from overcrowding.
 Policy of the MWWL moves to pre-school education.
 Saw need for pre-school education and helped set up playcentres for parents and families.
 MWWL in its commitment to education put its full weight behind the fund-raising activities that launched the
Māori Education Foundation.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 5 of 13
Topic Three: Race Relations: New Zealand, Māori and Pākehā 1912–1980
Judgement Statement (Topic Three)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Describe specific experiences
involving Māori and World War II
by describing TWO of:
Describe in detail specific
experiences involving Māori and
World War II by describing THREE
of:
Comprehensively explain specific
experiences involving Māori and
World War II by describing THREE
of:
•
•
•
way(s) in which Māori
supported the war effort in
World War II
way(s) in which Māori supported
the war effort in World War II
way(s) in which Māori supported
the war effort in World War II
AND/OR
• impact(s) that World War II had
on Māori society in the 1940s
AND
• impact(s) that World War II had
on Māori society in the 1940s
AND
• impact(s) that World War II had
on Māori society in the 1940s
AND/OR
• how successful the contribution
of Māori during World War II
was in changing attitudes to
Māori in New Zealand.
OR explaining
• how successful the contribution
of Māori during World War II
was in changing attitudes to
Māori in New Zealand. Answer
must demonstrate a sound
control of content, eg shows
understanding of key ideas,
provides a sustained and cogent
response to the question.
AND explaining
• how successful the contribution
of Māori during World War II was
in changing attitudes to Māori in
New Zealand. Answer must
demonstrate a sound control of
content, eg shows understanding
of key ideas, provides a
sustained and cogent response
to the question.
Evidence for Topic Three could include:
Question One: Describe TWO specific ways that Māori supported the war effort during World War II.
 17 000 Māori men enlisted between 1939 and 1945, all Māori enlisting were volunteers.
 Formation of the NZ 28th Battalion, or Māori Battalion – fought with bravery and distinction.
 Establishment of the Māori War Effort Organisation to encourage Māori to enlist.
 500 Māori worked in essential war industries.
Question Two: Describe in detail TWO ways that World War II impacted on Māori society in New Zealand
during the 1940s.
 Government recognition that Māori achieve more if work together as a tribe.
 Opening up of many new labouring and manufacturing jobs not previously available to Māori men and women.
 Movement of Māori men and women to the cities, mostly to Auckland.
 Negative impact on those Māori remaining in the rural areas as it was mostly young men and women who were
leaving the tribe; the elders wanted them to stay.
 Māori experienced discrimination in the cities and were forced into substandard and slum housing.
 Opening up of more work opportunities for women – they had to take over running the farms and rural
industries.
Question Three: Explain using supporting evidence, how the contribution of Māori during World War II
changed attitudes toward Māori in New Zealand in the 1940s.
 Māori were treated the same as Pākehā upon their return to New Zealand, this was very different to how they
had been treated after WWI and started to depict a change in attitudes towards Māori.
 Māori Battalion fought with courage and daring in some of the toughest campaigns in North Africa, Crete,
Greece and Italy.
 Members of the Māori Battalion came home with enormous mana both in the Māori world and the Pākehā
world.
 Governmental attitudes started to change when they realise that allowing Māori to work together along tribal
lines was more profitable than the previous idea that tribalism was a barrier to success.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 6 of 13
Topic Four: International Relations: New Zealand’s Search for Security 1945–1985
Judgement Statement (Topic Four)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Describe specific roles New
Zealanders played in opposing
sporting contact with South Africa
by describing TWO of:
Describe in detail specific roles New
Zealanders played in opposing
sporting contact with South Africa by
describing THREE of:
Comprehensively explain specific
roles New Zealanders played in
opposing sporting contact with
South Africa by describing THREE
of:
•
•
•
way(s) in which New
Zealanders opposed sporting
contact with South Africa
between 1960 and 1982
way(s) in which New Zealanders
opposed sporting contact with
South Africa between 1960 and
1982
way(s) in which New
Zealanders opposed sporting
contact with South Africa
between 1960 and 1982
AND / OR
• way(s) New Zealand’s
international reputation was
damaged by ongoing sporting
contact with South Africa
AND
• way(s) New Zealand’s
international reputation was
damaged by ongoing sporting
contact with South Africa
AND
• way(s) New Zealand’s
international reputation was
damaged by ongoing sporting
contact with South Africa
AND / OR
• how successful opposition to
the Tour was in changing New
Zealanders’ attitudes to sporting
contact with South Africa.
OR explaining
• how successful opposition to the
Tour was in changing New
Zealanders’ attitudes to sporting
contact with South Africa.
Answer must demonstrate a
sound control of content, eg
shows understanding of key
ideas, provides a sustained and
cogent response to the question.
AND explaining
• how successful opposition to
the Tour was in changing New
Zealanders’ attitudes to sporting
contact with South Africa.
Answer must demonstrate a
sound control of content, eg
shows understanding of key
ideas, provides a sustained and
cogent response to the
question.
Evidence for Topic Four could include:
Question One: Describe TWO specific ways New Zealanders opposed sporting contact with South Africa
between 1960 and 1982.
 1960 formation of the Citizens’ All Black Tour Association, slogan was ‘No Māori, No Tour’.
 1973 Norman Kirk called off the proposed Springbok Tour of New Zealand as he had been warned of huge
demonstrations and disorder.
 Peaceful marches held across the country demonstrating against the 1981 Tour.
 Specific protest action taken (protest on its own is not acceptable).
 Violent clashes between police and protestors at games.
 Formation of protest groups such as HART that rallied people to support the anti-tour drive.
 Signed the Gleneagles agreement in 1977.
Question Two: Describe in detail TWO ways New Zealand’s international reputation was damaged by
ongoing sporting contact with South Africa between 1960 and 1982.
 From 1960 apartheid was becoming an increasingly controversial issue – New Zealand voted in the UN to
condemn apartheid, however continued to permit the All Blacks to play the Springboks and referred to this as
bridge-building.
 Argument that sport and politics didn’t mix was hard to sustain during the 1960s and into the 1970s.
 Continued sporting contact with South Africa led to many people questioning why this contact was ongoing in
the face of increasing international pressure.
 Continued tours started to bring international criticism and protest – 1976 All Blacks had to fly roundabout route
to South Africa to avoid trade union protests in Australia and official disapproval in other countries.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 7 of 13
 1976 Montreal Olympics – 29 countries boycotted these due to New Zealand’s presence – increasing internal
criticism of our sporting contact with South Africa.
 Commonwealth also discussing our ongoing sporting contact with South Africa – 1977 CHOGM received news
of a threatened boycott of the 1977 Edinburgh Commonwealth Games as a protest at New Zealand’s sporting
policy.
 1981 Tour saw African and Caribbean countries call for New Zealand to be excluded from the 1982
Commonwealth Games in Australia.
 Commonwealth Finance Ministers meeting was due to be held in NZ just after the conclusion of the 1981 Tour
and this was moved to the Bahamas.
Question Three: Explain, using supporting evidence, how the opposition to the 1981 Springbok tour
changed New Zealanders’ attitudes to sporting contact with South Africa.
 Opposition to the Tour eventually saw All Black tours to South Africa and Springbok tours to New Zealand
stopped.
 The Civil disruption due to the Tour was something that had never been seen in New Zealand previously and
led to a change in the thinking of the government with regards to sporting contact with South Africa, particularly
after the election of a Labour Government in 1984.
 International opposition to the Tour was also important in changing people’s attitudes to sporting contacts with
South Africa, as New Zealand lost prestigious meetings, caused many countries to boycott Olympic and
Commonwealth Games.
 Embarrassment of potential exclusion from Commonwealth Games also helped change attitudes to sporting
contact.
 At home, protests contributed to changing sporting contact with South Africa – 1981 split communities, families
and society in a way that was unprecedented in New Zealand history, the level of violence was eye-opening to
society and the government and with the election of the Labour Government in 1984 diplomatic ties with South
Africa were broken off.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 8 of 13
Topic Five: Social Change: Women’s Impact on New Zealand Society: Health 1915–1985
Judgement Statement (Topic Five)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Describe specific experiences
involving maternity care for New
Zealand women from 1925–1956 by
describing TWO of:
Describe in detail specific
experiences involving maternity
care for New Zealand women
from 1925–1956 by describing
THREE of:
Comprehensively explain specific
experiences involving maternity
care for New Zealand women from
1925–1956 by describing THREE
of:
•
•
•
way(s) maternity care was a
concern for New Zealand women
between 1925 and 1955
way(s) maternity care was a
concern for New Zealand
women between 1925 and
1955
way(s) maternity care was a
concern for New Zealand
women between 1925 and 1955
AND / OR
• ways Dr Doris Gordon helped
improve the situation for pregnant
women in New Zealand until 1956
AND
• ways Dr Doris Gordon helped
improve the situation for
pregnant women in New
Zealand until 1956
AND
• ways Dr Doris Gordon helped
improve the situation for
pregnant women in New
Zealand until 1956
AND / OR
• how Dr Doris Gordon changed
New Zealander’s attitudes to
maternity care in the period 1925–
1955.
OR explaining
• how Dr Doris Gordon changed
New Zealander’s attitudes to
maternity care in the period
1925–1955. Answer must
demonstrate a sound control of
content, eg shows
understanding of key ideas,
provides a sustained and
cogent response to the
question.
AND explaining
• how Dr Doris Gordon changed
New Zealander’s attitudes to
maternity care in the period
1925–1955. Answer must
demonstrate a sound control of
content, eg shows
understanding of key ideas,
provides a sustained and cogent
response to the question.
Evidence for Topic One could include:
Question One: Describe TWO specific ways maternity care was of concern to New Zealand women from
1925 to 1955.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Too many women were dying during pregnancy and childbirth, especially at home.
Too few women going to hospital to deliver their babies.
Not enough official maternity and obstetrics training for the New Zealand medical profession.
Little pain relief during childbirth; according to Dr Gordon it was unnecessarily painful for women.
Expensive to have a baby in hospital, therefore more deliveries at home causing higher risk to mother and baby.
Little value placed on obstetrics as a medical avenue in New Zealand.
Question Two: Describe in detail TWO ways Dr Doris Gordon helped improve the situation for pregnant
women in New Zealand, up until her death in 1956.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Became the first woman to be admitted as a fellow to the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh in 1925
which gave her credibility among the New Zealand medical profession and ability to influence people’s decision
making on maternity care.
She was a very able medical practitioner.
She was a very outspoken lobbyist and was successful in bringing about many changes in obstetric care.
1927 helped found the Obstetrical Society to represent doctors’ views of and interests in childbirth which in turn
improved the care of pregnant women and their deliveries.
Supported and pushed for the involvement of medical specialists in childbirth.
Encouraged the hospitalisations of women for childbirth to make it safer.
Improved sanitation at childbirth, which reduced infection.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 9 of 13
•
•
•
•
•
Created Chair in Obstetrics at Otago University to improve medical training in Obstetrics.
Campaigned to have a maternity training hospital opened in Auckland, which opened after her death in 1964.
Promoted the use of Twilight sleep in childbirth.
Made Director of Maternal health in the 1940s.
Later became Director of Public Health.
Question Three: Explain, using supporting evidence, how Dr Doris Gordon changed New Zealander’s
attitudes to maternity care in the period 1925–1955.
•
•
•
•
•
•
More women survived childbirth, as now more women were keen to go to hospital to give birth – change in
attitude.
Through Dr Gordon implementing new ideas, the standard of care and birthing experience improved for women.
Her hard work and commitment to improving the standard of care meant she faced opposition to some of her
methods from the Health department and colleagues, such as the use of caesarean operations and twilight
sleep. However she ignored most of the criticisms and helped to break down the prejudices against female
doctors in New Zealand and in turn changed attitudes in New Zealand to maternity care.
Dr Gordon was successful in influencing Government to change policy in 1935. The newly elected Labour
government adopted the Obstetrical Society model for maternity care. Dr Gordon’s visits to overseas hospitals
influenced the government’s new policy.
When Dr Gordon became Director of Maternal Health in the mid-1940s and later Director of Public Health, the
maternity services were in crisis. She managed to maintain the standards of care, therefore changing people’s
attitudes to have faith in the system.
Made it possible for doctors to place a higher value on obstetric care and in doing so changed their attitudes
and perceptions to its status and domain.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 10 of 13
Topic Six: Social Change: The Place of Te Tiriti o Waitangi in New Zealand Society 1975–
1998
Judgement Statement (Topic Six)
Achievement
Achievement with Merit
Achievement with Excellence
Describe specific experiences of
Māori groups and organisations in
their attempts to raise issues about
the Treaty of Waitangi in the 1970s
and 1980s by describing TWO of:
Describe in detail specific
experiences of Māori groups and
organisations in their attempts to
raise issues about the Treaty of
Waitangi in the 1970s and 1980s by
describing THREE of:
Comprehensively describe specific
experiences of Māori groups and
organisations in their attempts to
raise issues about the Treaty of
Waitangi in the 1970s and 1980s by
describing THREE of:
•
•
•
method(s) Māori used to raise
issues about the Treaty of
Waitangi during the 1970s and
1980s
method(s) Māori used to raise
issues about the Treaty of
Waitangi during the 1970s and
1980s
method(s) Māori used to raise
issues about the Treaty of
Waitangi during the 1970s and
1980s
AND / OR
• way(s) Māori groups responded
to the government’s Māori and
Treaty policies and initiatives of
the 1970s and 1980s
AND
• way(s) Māori groups responded
to the government’s Māori and
Treaty policies and initiatives of
the 1970s and 1980s
AND
• way(s) Māori groups responded
to the government’s Māori and
Treaty policies and initiatives of
the 1970s and 1980s
AND / OR
• way(s) in which Māori groups
were successful in bringing
about a change in attitude
towards the Treaty of Waitangi.
OR explaining
• How successful Māori groups
were in bringing about changes
in attitude towards the Treaty of
Waitangi. Answer must
demonstrate a sound control of
content, eg shows understanding
of key ideas, provides a
sustained and cogent response
to the question.
AND explaining
• How successful Māori groups
were in bringing about changes
in attitude towards the Treaty of
Waitangi. Answer must
demonstrate a sound control of
content, eg shows understanding
of key ideas, provides a
sustained and cogent response
to the question.
Evidence for Topic Six could include:
Question One: Describe TWO methods Māori groups and organisations used to raise issues about the
Treaty of Waitangi during the 1970s and 1980s.
Newsletters
 Te Hokioi newspaper published in Wellington from 1968 onwards and related current issues to the Treaty of
Waitangi. MOOHR published by Māori Organisation on Human Rights. Advocated upholding of Māori rights.
Language awareness campaign
 Ngā Tamatoa petition in the early 1970s circulated around the country calling for the inclusion of the Māori
language in the education system at primary as well as secondary level. Presented in 1972. Special courses for
Māori Language teachers started in 1974. Māori Language day established in 1972 (14 September).
Protests at Waitangi Treaty grounds
 Ngā Tamatoa protests at Waitangi Day celebrations from 1971 onwards. During 1973 Waitangi Day
celebrations Ngā Tamatoa wore black armbands. Waitangi Action Committee (WAC) protests at Waitangi 1981,
1982, 1983.
Marches
 Land March from Te Hapua to Wellington led by Whina Cooper from September 1975 to October 1975. Largest
ever protest action by Māori to that point.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 11 of 13
Occupations
 Bastion Point 1977–1978,
 Raglan Golf Course 1977.
Protests
 Māori groups part of 1981 Springbok Tour protests.
 He Taua disruption of University of Auckland mock haka and subsequent court case.
 Maranga Mai play performed in South Auckland.
Pamphlets and Posters
 Distributed by Māori groups as part of awareness campaigns.
Political Campaigns
 Matiu Rata resigned from Labour Party in 1979.
 Formed new political party in 1980.
Hikoi
 Marches from Auckland to Waitangi for Waitangi Day celebrations. Largest one in 1984 – 3000 people.
Appeals to Waitangi Tribunal
 Waitangi Tribunal reports in 1970s and 1980s.
 Te Atiawa at Motunui, Te Arawa and Kaituna River, Manukau Harbour, Māori Language report, Ngāti Whātua
report, Muriwhenua report.
Appeals to courts
 Māori Council took case to Court of Appeal against Government over transfer of assets to State Owned
Enterprises.
Question Two: Describe in detail TWO ways Māori groups responded to the government’s Māori and Treaty
policies and initiatives in the 1970s and 1980s.
Land March
 1975 reaction to government land policies and loss of Māori Land.
 Bastion Point. Subdividing of land at Bastion Point to be sold in 1977.
 Orakei Māori Action Group lead by Joe Hawke occupied Bastion Point in 1977 to stop land being sold off.
Occupiers removed by police in 1978. Re-occupation in 1982. Claim taken to Waitangi Tribunal in 1985 by Joe
Hawke. Orakei report released in 1987 and in 1988 the Government agreed to fully abide by recommendations.
Waitangi Action Committee
 Protests at Waitangi 1981, 1982, 1983 to highlight dissatisfaction with government’s treatment of Māori.
 They argued that Waitangi Day should not be a day of national celebration.
 WAC operated under the slogans ‘the Treaty is a fraud’ and ‘The Cheaty of Waitangi’. Eight activists arrested
during 1981 investiture of Whina Cooper and Graham Latimer.
 These protests helped to promote public awareness of Treaty of Waitangi even if events were often
sensationalised in the media.
Hikoi to Waitangi 1984
 Organised by Eva Rickard and Titewhai Harawira.
 Kingitanga added support to hikoi. Three thousand people took part in the Hikoi.
Language initiatives including Kōhanga Reo
 In the 1970s, Ngā Tamatoa campaigned for better Māori language education and training.
 1981 first Kohanga Reo (language nest) set up to teach Māori values and knowledge to pre-schoolers.
Māori Council
 SOES court case response to Labour Government’s SOE Act 1986. The Māori Council were trying to stop the
transfer of government assets from departments to the new State Owned Enterprises, which were being set up
by the Labour Party’s policies.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 12 of 13
Waitangi Tribunal
 Early tribunal claims often to do with National Party policy. Te Atiawa at Motunui, Te Arawa and Kaituna River,
Manukau Harbour, Māori Language report, Post-1985 claims also Muriwhenua Fisheries claim, Orakei Report.
Mana Motuhake
 Matiu Rata resigned from Labour Party and started a new party (Mana Motuhake) in 1980. It contested the
Māori seats from 1981 to 1990 before merging with the Alliance party in 1992.
Question Three: Explain, using supporting evidence, how these Māori groups brought about a change in
attitude towards the Treaty of Waitangi during the 1970s and 1980s.
Language
 Māori Language Act 1987 made Māori an official language of New Zealand. It also gave people the right to
speak Māori in court. The Māori Language Commission formed to promote the use of the language.
Kōhanga Reo first opened in 1981
 522 Kōhanga Reo opened by 1987. First Kura Kaupapa, schools teaching in Māori language set up in 1980s
(Hone Waititi Waipereira, Mangawhau, Mataatua etc).
Teacher Training in language improved in the 1970s.
 Bi-lingual teacher training set up at Colleges of Education in the 1980s. More Māori Language and Māori
Studies courses set up at Universities in New Zealand in the 1980s. National Curriculum expanded to include a
Māori dimension in the 1970s (Taha Māori).
National Language day started in 1972. It was later expanded to a week.
Court cases
 In 1987 the New Zealand Māori Council won a victory in the Court of Appeal, which stopped Crown Lands, upon
which Māori claims were being made, from being transferred to the newly created State Owned Enterprises.
 Māori Council won court case because SOE’s act stated ‘Nothing in this act shall permit the Crown to act in a
manner that is inconsistent with the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. After this decision more Government
acts included references to the Treaty of Waitangi.
Waitangi Tribunal
 Set up by the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975.
 The role of the Tribunal was to inquire into claims based on the ‘principles’ of the Treaty and then make
recommendations for resolving them (these were not defined).
 There were three members of the Tribunal. It could only consider claims arising after 1975 and had no powers
to enforce its decisions.
Treaty of Waitangi Amendment Act 1985
 In December 1985 the Labour Government extended the Tribunal’s powers to be able to investigate claims
back to 1840.
 The number of members was increased to seven. After this there were an increased number of claims made to
the tribunal
 A large number of claims begun to be dealt with in the 1980s.
 Te Atiawa at Motunui had claimed that the planned pipeline at Motunui in the Taranaki would pour sewage and
industrial waste into their traditional fishing waters near Waitara. The Tribunal supported the claim and in March
1983 recommended that the outfall be stopped. The National Government rejected this at first but then agreed.
This was an important decision because it accepted that the word, taonga, or treasures used in the Māori text
included fishing rights.
 Te Arawa claimed that a pipeline intended to carry sewage from the Rotorua City Council’s sewage system into
the Kaituna river was contrary to the Treaty of Waitangi as it would damage or destroy Te Arawa fishing rights.
In November 1984 the tribunal report supported the claim and the pipeline did not go ahead.
 Ngāti Te Ata and Tainui people of the Manukau claimed that the Manukau Harbour was an environmental
disaster and should be cleaned up. They also claimed that reclamation of the harbour and the dumping of waste
into the estuary should cease. In July 1985 the tribunal report supported the claim and attempts by the Ministry
of Environment to clean up the Harbour began, although land reclamation continued.
NCEA Level 1 History (90214) 2008 — page 13 of 13
The Māori Language Board of Wellington
 claimed that Māori should be an official Language of New Zealand. In April 1986 the tribunal reported that the
guarantee in the Treaty regarding taonga applied to Māori Language.
Ngāti Whātua ki Orakei claimed that Bastion Point should be returned to them.
 In November 1987 the tribunal recommended that the land at Bastion Point be returned to Ngāti Whātua ki
Orakei. The Labour Government accepted the recommendation and returned Bastion Point and gave $3 million
to assist the tribe with its development.
 The five tribes of the Far North claimed that fishing grounds on the Muriwhenua should be administered by
these tribes and that their fishing rights extended 25 miles out from the coast. In July 1988 the tribunal
supported the claim. Eventually in 1992 the Government allocated Māori Fishing Quota from the commercial
quota.