Socio-cultural anthropology program (subject to changes):
·
Contemporary and past societies and cultures of Ecuador: 2 ECTS
·
Ethnography of Ecuador: 1 ECTS
·
Ethnography of the Santa Elena peninsula (PSE): a focus on its history
and
transformations of its indigenous people: 2 ECTS
·
Water harvesting systems and past and present societies on the PSE and the Guayas
basin: 2 ECTS
·
Anthropological theories of human ecology and human production systems: 2 ETC: 6
hours
·
Anthropological theories of development (NGOs) 1 ETC: 3 hours
·
Ethnicity and social changes in the PSE 3 ECTS: 8 hours
·
NGOs and social, cultural and environmental changes in the PSE 4 ECTS: 12 hours
·
Fieldwork theory and techniques: 1 ECTS
·
Fieldwork course: 10 ECTS







·
Participant observation 2 ECTS, 6 hours (Enyamucu, San Marcos)
Interviews 2
Questionnaires 1
Visual methods in ethnography 1
Workshops and focal groups dynamics 2 ECTS, 6 hours (Bajadas de Chanduy)
Analysis and laboratory work 1
Field report presentation 1
Continuous tutorial in fieldwork practices for each student
The students of anthropology may substitute elements in the socio-cultural program for
elements of the archaeology programs.
Archaeological program (subject to changes): Anthropology students may
substitute modules in socio-cultural anthropology for modules within this
program:
·
·
Field Methods in Archeology
The Archaeology of Ecuador
5 ECTS
3 ECTS
·
Geoarchaeology[1]
15 ECTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Sedimentary environments and depositional processes
Soils
Anthropogenic and biogenic processes and deposits 3 cr
Dating
Remote sensing, GIS, and landscapes
·
Ethnoarchaeology
15 ECTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ethnoarchaeological and archaeological approaches
Anthropology and archaeology
The archaeology of ethnicity: constructing identities in the past and present
The archaeology of social boundaries
Ethnoarchaeology and ethnohistory
The ethnoarchaeology of artists and artisans
The students may choose to combine parts of the geoarcheology and ethnoarcheology with
elements from the socio-cultural anthropology program (below). The primary target groups
for ethnoarcheology are anthropology students specializing in archeological anthropology and
archaeology students. The courses in geoarcheology are suitable for botany students
specializing in paleobotany.
Literature for socio-cultural anthropology (preliminary list):
A. General theoretical background.
a. What is development?
*Hancock, Graham. 1989. Conclusion: Aid is not help. In G. Hancock: Lords of poverty. The
power, prestige, and corruption of the international aid business. New York: The Atlantic
Monthly Press. Pp. 187-193. 6 pages.
b. Development ideologies and their disguises
* James, Wendy. 1999. Empowering ambiguities. I: Angela Cheater (red.): The anthropology
of power: empowerment and disempowerment in changing structures. London: Routledge,
s.13-27, 14 pages.
c. Development, NGOs and the state in Latin-America.
*Herring, Ronald and Esman, Milton. c2001. Carrots, sticks, and ethnic conflict: rethinking
development assistance. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. Chapter 1, pp.1-25,
Chapter 8, pp. 210-234 and Chapter 9, pp.235-259, 72 pages in total.
*Meyer, Carrie A. 1999. The economics and politics of NGOs in Latin America. Westport,
Conn.: Praeger. Chapter 1, pp.1-15, Chapter 2, pp.17-46, Chapter 3, pp.47-61, Chapter 8,
pp.141-161, Chapter 9, pp.163-166, 83 pages in total.
* Selverston, Melina H. 1994. The politics of culture: indigenous peoples and the state in
Ecuador. I Donna Lee van Cott (red.): Indigenous peoples and democracy in Latin America.
New York: St. Martin Press, s.131-152, 21 pages.
d. Economy and production in a social science perspective.
*McCrown, R. L., Haaland, G. and de Haan, C. 1979. The interaction between cultivation and
livestock production in semi-arid Africa. Pp. 297-331, 34 pages.
*Meillasoux, Claude. 1972. From reproduction to production. A Marxist approach to
economic anthropology. Economy and Society, Vol. 1, 20 pages?
* Mitchell, William P. 1991. Some are more equal than others: labor supply, reciprocity, and
redistribution in the Andes. Research in Economic Anthropology, Vol.13, s.191-219, 28 pages.
* Sallnow, M. J. 1991. Precious metals in the Andean moral economy. I Maurice Bloch &
Jonathan Parry (red.): Money and the morality of exchange. New York: Cambridge
Universisty Press, s.209-231, 22 pages.
e. Society, demography and productivity.
*Clark, Colin. 1978. Population growth and productivity. Research in Population Economics,
Vol. 1, pp. 143-154, 11 pages.
B. Resource management and environmental care.
a. Social science perspectives on humans in ecosystems.
*Brookfield, Harold. 1982. On man and ecosystems. International Social Science Journal
34(3):375-393, 18 pages.
*Geertz, 1972. Clifford. The wet and the dry. Human Ecology 1, Vol. 1, pp.34-39, 5 pages.
b. The concept of niche as a tool for studying human.
*Hardesty, Donald L. 1972. The human ecological niche. American Anthropologist, Vol. 74,
pp. 458-466, 8 pages.
c. Common property theory and ecology: “the tragedy of the commons” and “the
tragedy of lack of commons”
*Brox, Ottar. 1991. The common property theory: epistemological status and analytical
utility. The ecology of choice and symbol: Essays in honour of Fredrik Barth. R. Grønhaug, G.
Håland & G. Henriksen (eds.): pp.426-444. Bergen, Norway: Alma Mater, 18 pages.
*Hardin, Garrett. 1968. The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162: 1243-1248. 5 pages.
d. Environment and health.
*Nichter, Mark. 1987. Kyasanur forest disease: An ethnography of a disease of development.
Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 1(4): 406-423, 17 pages.
*Bastien, Joseph W. 2003. Sucking blood or snatching fat: Chagas’ disease in Bolivia. I Joan
D. Koss-Chioino et al. (red.): Medical pluralism in the Andes. London: Routledge, s.166-188,
22 pages.
[1] The Geo-Archaeology and Ethno-Archaeology of water harvesting systems: A single
methodology of survey, excavation and laboratory research will be presented for making all
results comparable between sites both from the transcontinental as well as intraregional
perspectives, where archaeology may imbue the research with historical depth. The links
between Geo-Archaeology and Ethno-Archaeology, on the one hand, and Natural Sciences
and Social Sciences, on the other hand, will be explored in an interdisciplinary research
directed to the study of biodiversity and cultural heritage that characterize these sustainable
water management systems.
·
Geo-Archaeology: evidence derived from the application of the earth sciences
(especially geology, geomorphology, hydrology, sedimentology and pedology) to
archaeological problems.
·
Ethno-Archaeology: evidence derived from the application of ethnographic methods of
observation to the disposition in situ of archaeological remains
Biological and ecological program Autumn 2007
Aquatic ecology: General introduction (10 ECTS)
Instructor:
Ph.D. M. Pilar Cornejo R. de Grunauer, Marine Engineering and Sea Science Department
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Phone: 593 (4) 2269478
Fax: 593 (4) 2269468
Email: pcornejo@espol.edu.ec
Course Structure:


Theory: 36 h
Practical training: 26 h
Objectives and description:
1. To understand the structure and environmental characteristics of an aquatic
ecosystem
2. To identify a specific marine media in terms of its physical, chemical and
biological characteristics
3. To identify the biocenosis that characterizes any ecosystem, as well as
planning strategies to evaluate the system
4. To identify and understand potential conflicts of anthropogenic activities
within natural aquatic systems
Content:
Part I: Aquatic ecosystems



Introduction to aquatic ecology
Structure of aquatic ecosystems (freshwater and marine ecosystems)
Water dynamics
- Surface currents and their biological significance

–
–
–
–
–
Solar radiation
Temperature
Salinity
Density
Pressure

–
–
–
Nutrients
Nutrient cycles
Nutrient effects in production
Nutrient levels

–
–
–
–
Phytoplankton
Systemic treatment
Photosynthesis and primary production
Radiation and photosynthesis
The effects of nutrients on growth rate

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Zooplankton
Collection methods
Holoplankton: systematics and biology
Meroplankton
Vertical distribution
Diel vertical migration
Seasonal vertical migration
Zoogeography and the holoplankton

–
–
–
–
Benthos
Benthic plants
Benthic animals
Determinants of community structure
Collection methods

-
Water properties: physical and chemical characteristics
Fish and fisheries
Nekton
Reptiles
Mammals
Fish and fish migration
-
Fisheries and fisheries oceanography
Aquaculture and mariculture
Problems

Food chain dynamics
Part II:
Fresh water ecology (limnology)


–
–
–
–
–
Current concepts of fresh water ecosystems
Lakes, streams, and small rivers
Physical and chemical factors
Rawsons diagram
Zonation
Circulation
Plants and animals

Comparative and regional limnology: case studies
Part III:
Marine ecology


Current concepts of marine ecosystems
Intertidal environments
–
Rocky shores
–
Zonation
–
Trophics relation and the role of grazing and predation in determining community
structure; Kelp forests; Coral reefs
–
Distribution and limiting factors
–
Coral structure
–
Diversity
–
Nutrition and production in reefs
–
Production estimates
–
Formation and growth of reefs
–
Zonation patterns on reefs
–
Destruction and conservation of reefs

–
–
–
–
–
–
Estuaries, saltmarshes and mangrove ecosystems
Physical and chemical structure
Spatial patterns of estuarine biota
Estuaries as nurseries
Nutrient cycling and estuarine outwelling
Ecological features of mangrove swamps
Importance and uses of mangroves

–
–
–
–
–
Upwelling: case studies
Geographic distribution
Circulation patterns
Production cycle
Phosphorus and zooplankton
Economic importance
Part IV:
Functions within ecosystems.

–
–
–
–
–
Food chains and energy transfer
Primary production
The grazing chain
The detritus chain
The energy balance sheet
Food web



Measuring secondary production
A comparison of marine and terrestrial production
Mineral cycles
Aquatic ecology:
Biomonitoring and assessment of rivers (6 ECTS)
Instructor:
Drs. Ac. Luis Domínguez G.
Marine Engineering and Sea Science Department
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Phone: 593 (4) 2269476
Fax: 593 (4) 2269476
Email: ldomingu@espol.edu.ec
Course Structure:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Theory: 48 h
Effects of environmental stress on aquatic biota
Biological monitoring and assessment of surface water quality
Ecological assessment of surface waters
Biological sampling strategies and techniques
Systematic and taxonomy of benthic macroinvertebrates
Ecological Informatics and decision support systems for water management
Ecopolis strategies for ecologically sound urban development: guiding models for water
Practical training: 32 h
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Sampling campaign in rivers
Processing of macroinvertebrate samples
Identification of macroinvertebrates
Calculation of biotic indices
Discussion of results
Course Materials
Textbook: Barbour, M.T., Gerritsen, J, Snyder, B.D., and Stribling, J.B.: 1999, ‘Rapid
bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic
macroinvertebrates, and fish’. 2ndEdition. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 841-B99-002.
Scientific Articles:
• Alba-Tercedor, J. and Sanchez-Ortega, A.: 1988, ‘Un metodo rapido y simple para evoluar
la qualidad biologica de las aquas corrientes basado en el de Helawell (1978)’. Limnetica, 4,
51-56.
• Armitage, P.D., Moss, D., Wright, J.F. and Furse, M.T.: 1983, The performance of a new
biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of
unpolluted running-water sites’, Water Research 17, 333–347.
• Bailey R., Kennedy M., Dervish M., and Taylor R.: 1998, ‘Biological assessment of
freshwater ecosystems using a reference condition approach: comparing predicted and actual
benthic invertebrate communities in Yukon streams’. Freshwater Biology 39, 765-774.
• Barbour, M.T., Plafkin, J.L., Bradley, B.P., Graves, C.G. and Wisseman, R.W.: 1992,
‘Evaluation of EPA's rapid bioassessment benthic metrics: Metric redundancy and variability
among reference stream sites’, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11(4), 437-449.
• Bohmer, J., Rawer-Jost, C., and Zenker, A.: 2004, ‘Multimetric assessment of data
provided by water managers from Germany: assessment of several different types of stressors
with macrozoobenthos communities’, Hydrobiologia, 516, 215-228.
• Braukmann, U.: 2001, ‘Stream acidification in South Germany – chemical and biological
assessment methods and trends’. Aquatic Ecology, 35, 207-232
• Brown, C.A.: 2001, ‘A comparison of several methods of assessing river condition using
benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages’, African Journal of Aquatic Science, 26, 135-147.
• Buffagni, A., Erba, S., Cazzola, M., and Kemp, J. L.: 2004, "The AQEM multimetric
system for the southern Italian Apennines: assessing the impact of water quality and habitat
degradation on pool macroinvertebrates in Mediterranean rivers," Hydrobiologia, 516, 313329.
• Butcher, J. T., Stewart, P. M., and Simon, T. P.: 2003, ‘Effects of two classification
strategies on a Benthic Community Index for streams in the Northern Lakes and Forests
Ecoregion’, Ecological Indicators. 3, 195-202.
• Camargo, J. A.: 1993, ‘Macrobenthic surveys as a valuable tool for assessing freshwater
quality in the Iberian Peninsula’. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 24: 71-90.
• Chessman, B. C., Growns, J. E., and Kotlash, A. R.: 1997, ‘Objective derivation of macro
invertebrate family sensitivity grade numbers for the SIGNAL biotic index: application to the
Hunter River system, New South Wales,’ Marine and Freshwater Research, 48, 159-172.
Chessman, B.C.: 1995, ‘Rapid assessment of rivers using macroinvertebrates: a procedure
based on habitat-specific sampling, family level identification and a biotic index’. Australian
Journal of Ecology 20, 122-129.
• Chessman, B.C.: 2003a, ‘SIGNAL 2 - A Scoring System for Macroinvertebrate ('Water
Bugs') in Australian Rivers’, Monitoring River Heath Initiative Technical Report no 31,
Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.
• Chessman, B.C.: 2003b, ‘New sensitivity grades for Australian river Macroinvertebrates’,
Marine and Freshwater Research, 54, 95-103.
• Clarke, R. T., Furse, M.T., Gunn, R.J.M., Winder, J.M, and Wright, J.F.: 2002, "Sampling
variation in macroinvertebrate data and implications for river quality indices," Freshwater
Biology, 47, 1735-1751.
• Czerniawska-Kusza, I.: 2005, ‘Comparing modified biological monitoring working party
score system and several biological indices based on macroinvertebrates for water-quality
assessment’, Limnologica - Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 35, 169-176.
• Dallas, H.F.: 2004a, ‘Seasonal variability of macroinvertebrate assemblages in two regions
of South Africa: implications for aquatic bioassessment’, African Journal of Aquatic Sciences,
29 (2), 173-184.
• Dallas, H.F.: 2004b, ‘Spatial variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages: comparing
regional and multivariate approaches for classifying reference sites in South Africa’, African
Journal of Aquatic Science; 29(2), 161-171.
De Pauw, N. and Vanhooren, G.: 1983, ‘Method for biological assessment of watercourses
in Belgium’, Hydrobiologia 100, 153-168.
De Pauw, N., Gabriels, W., and Goethals, P.L.M.: (in press), Monitoring and assessment of
macroinvertebrates in freshwaters. In: Biomonitoring. Wiley, New York, USA.
• Dickens, C.W.S. and Graham, P.M.: 2002, ‘The South African Scoring System (SASS)
Version 5 Rapid Bioassessment Method for Rivers’. African Journal of Aquatic Science. 27,
1-10.
• Fenoglio, S., Badino, G. and Bona, F.: 2002, ‘Benthic macroinvertebrate communities as
indicators of river environment quality: an experience in Nicaragua’. Rev. biol. Trop. 50,
1125-1131.
• Fore, L.S., Karr, J.R. and Wisseman, R.W.: 1996, ‘Assessing invertebrate responses to
human activities: Evaluating alternative approaches’. J.N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 15, 212-231
• Ghetti, P.F. and Bonazzi, G.: 1977, ‘A comparison between various criteria for the
interpretation of biological data in the analysis of the quality of running water’. Water
Research, 11, 819-831.
• Hart, B.T., Davies, P.E., Humphrey, C.L., Norris, R.N., Sudaryanti, S. and Trihadiningrum,
Y.: 2001, ‘Application of the Australian river bioassessment system (AUSRIVAS) in the
Brantas River, East Java, Indonesia’. Journal of Environmental Management. 62, 93-100.
• Hering, D., Buffagni, A., Moog, O., Sandin, L., Sommerhäuser, M., Stubauer, I., Feld, C.,
Johnson, R., Pinto, P., Skoulikidis, N., Verdonschot, P. and Zahrádková, S.: 2003, ‘The
development of a system to assess the ecological quality of streams based on
macroinvertebrates – design of the sampling programme within the AQEM project’, Internat.
Rev. Hydrobiol. 88, 345-361.
• Hill, M.O.: 1972, ‘Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences’.
Ecology, 54: 427–432.
• Hilsenhoff, W. L.: 1977, ‘Use of arthropods to evaluate water quality of streams’. Madison:
Department of natural resources.
• Hilsenhoff, W. L.: 1987, ‘An improved biotic index of organic stream pollution’. The
Great Lakes Entomologist, 20, 31 - 39.
• Hilsenhoff, W.L.: 1988, ‘Rapid field assessment of organic pollution with a family-level
biotic index’. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 7: 65-68.
• Jacobsen D.: 1998, ‘Influence of organic pollution on the macroinvertebrate fauna of
Ecuadorian high altitude streams’. Archiv fu¨r Hydrobiologie, 143, 179–195.
• Karr, J.R. and Chu, E.W.: 1999, ‘Restoring life in running waters. Better biological
monitoring’. Island Press, Washington DC, pp. 206.
• Karr, J.R.: 1981, ‘Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities’. Fisheries, 6, 2127.
• Kerans, B.L. and Karr, J.R.: 1994, ‘A benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for rivers of
the Tennessee Valley’. Ecological Applications, 4:768-785.
• Klemm, D. J., Blocksom, K. A., Fulk, F. A., Herlihy, A. T., Hughes, R. M., Kaufmann, P.
R., Peck, D. V., Stoddard, J. L., Thoeny, W. T., and Griffith, M. B.: 2003, ‘Development and
evaluation of a macroinvertebrate Biotic Integrity Index (MBII) for regionally assessing MidAtlantic highlands streams’, Environmental Management, 31, 656-669.
• Krebs, C.J.: 1985, ‘Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance.
Harper & Row, New York.
• Lenat, D. R.: 1993, ‘A biotic index for the southeastern United States: derivation and list
of tolerance values, with criteria for assigning water-quality ratings’. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society. 12(3):279-290.
• Linke, S., Bailey, R. C., and Schwindt, J.: 1999, "Temporal variability of stream
bioassessments using benthic macroinvertebrates," Freshwater Biology, 42, 575-584.
• MacNeil, C., Dick, J.T.A., Bigsby, E., Elwood, R.W., Montgomery, W.I., Gibbins, C.N.
and Kelly, D.W.: 2002, ‘The validity of the Gammarus:Asellus ratio as an index of organic
pollution: abiotic and biotic influences’. Water Research, 36, 75-84.
• Madikizela, B.R. and Dye, A.H.: 2003, ‘Community composition and distribution of
macroinvertebrates in the Umzimvubu River, South Africa: a pre-impoundment study’.
African Journal of Aquatic Science. 28, 137-149.
• Malan H.L. and Day J.A.: 2003, ‘Linking flow, water quality and potential effects on
aquatic biota within the Reserve determination process’, Water SA, 29 (3), 297-304.
• Marques, M. and Barbosa, F.: 2001, ‘Biological quality of waters from an impacted
tropical watershed (middle Rio Doce basin, southeast Brazil), using benthic macroinvertebrate
communities as an indicator’. Hydrobiologia 457, 69-76.
• Matagi, S.V.: 1996, ‘The effect of pollution on benthic macroinvertebrates in a Ugandan
stream’. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie. 137:537-549.
• Metcalfe, J.M.: 1989, ‘Biological water quality assessment of running waters based on
macroinvertebrate communities: history and present status in Europe’, Environ. Pollut. 60,
101–139.
• Moyo, N.A.G. and Phiri, C.: 2002, ‘The degradation of an urban stream in Harare,
Zimbabwe’. African Journal of Ecology, 40(4), 401-406.
• Mustow, S.E.: 2002, ‘Biological monitoring of rivers in Thailand: use and adaptation of
the BMWP score’, Hydrobiologia 479, 191-229.
• Ogbeibu, A. E. and Oribhabor, B. J.: 2002, ‘Ecological impact of river impoundment using
benthic macro-invertebrates as indicators’, Water Research 36, 2427-2436.
• Ometo, J., Martinelli, L., Ballester, M., Gessner, A., Krusche, A., Victoria, R., and
Williams, M.: 2000, ‘Effects of land use on water chemistry and macroinvertebrates in two
streams of the Piracicaba river basin, south-east Brazil’. Freshwater Biology, 44, 327-337.
• Parsons M. and Norris R.H.: 1996, "The effect of habitat-specific sampling on biological
assessment of water quality using a predictive model," Freshwater Biology, 36, 419-434.
Pavluk, T.I., Bij de Vaate, A. and Leslie, H.A. : 2000, ‘Development of an Index of
Trophic Completeness for benthic macroinvertebrate communities in flowing waters’.
Hydrobiologia, 427, 135-141.
• Phiri, C.: 2000, ‘An assessment of the health of two rivers within Harare, Zimbabwe, on
the basis of macroinvertebrate community structure and selected physico-chemical variables’,
African Journal of Aquatic Science, 25, 134-145.
• Polls, I.: 1994, ‘How people in the regulated community view biological integrity,’ J. N.
Am. Benthol. Soc., 13, 598-604.
• Roldán, G., Builes, J., Trujillo, C.M. and Suarez, A.: 1973, ‘Efectos de la contaminación
industrial y doméstica sobre la fauna béntica del río Medellin’, Actual. Biol. 2 (5), 54-64.
• Roldán, G.: 1988, ‘Guia para el estudio de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos del
Departamento de Antioquia’. Fondo FEN Colombia, Conciencias-Universidad de Antioquia,
Santafé de Bogota.
• Roldán, G.: 2003, ‘Bioindicación de la calidad del agua en Colombia. Uso del método
BMWP/Col.’. Universidad de Antioquia. 182 p.
• Royer T.V., Robinson C.T., and Minshall G.W.: 2001, ‘Development of
Macroinvertebrate-Based Index for Bioassessment of Idaho Rivers’, Environmental
Management, 27, 627-636.
• Schofield, N.J. & Davies, P.E.: 1996, ‘Measuring the health of our water’. Water 23: 3643
• Sinha, M., Sinha, R., Khan, E. and Mehrotra, P.: 1993, ‘Biotic index as a means of
biomonitoring of aquatic habitat’, Journal of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Monitoring 3,
125-128.
• Sivaramakrishnan, K.G., Hannaford, M.J. and Resh, V.H.: 1996, ‘Biological assessment of
the Kaveri River catchment, South India, using benthic macroinvertebrates: Applicability of
water quality monitoring approaches developed in other countries’. International Journal of
Ecology and Environmental Sciences. 22, 113-132.
• Smith, M. J., Kay, W. R., Edward, D. H. D., Papas, P. J., Richardson, K. S. J., Simpson, J.
C., Pinder, A. M., Cale, D. J., Horwitz, P. H. J., Davis, J. A., Yung, F. H., Norris, R. H., and
Halse, S. A.: 1999, ‘AusRivAS: using macroinvertebrates to assess ecological condition of
rivers in Western Australia’. Freshwater Biology 41, 269-282.
• Stark, J. D.: 1998, ‘SQMCI: a biotic index for freshwater macroinvertebrate codedabundance data’, New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 32, 55-66.
• Stark, J.D.: 1985, ‘A macroinvertebrate community index of water quality for stony
streams’. Water & Soil Miscellaneous Publication 87. Wellington, Ministry of Works and
Development. 53p.
• Sudaryanti, S., Trihadiningrum, Y., Hart, B.T., Davies, P.E., Humphrey, C., Norris, R.,
Simpson, J. and Thurtell, L.: 2001, ‘Assessment of the biological health of the Brantas
River, East Java, Indonesia using the Australian River Assessment System (AUSRIVAS)
methodology.’, Aquatic Ecology. 35: 135-146.
• Suter II, G.W.: 1993, A critique of ecosystems health concepts and indexes’, Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 12, 1533-1539.
• Thiere, G. and Schulz, R.: 2004, ‘Runoff-related agricultural impact in relation to
macroinvertebrate communities of the Lourens River, South Africa’, Water Research, 38,
3092-3102.
• Thiriron, C., Macke, A. and Woest, R.: 1995, ‘Biological Monitoring of Streams and
Rivers Using SASS 4. A user manual. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria.
• Thorne, R. and Williams, P.: 1997, ‘The response of benthic macroinvertebrates to
pollution in developing countries: a multimetric system of bioassessment’, Freshwater
Biology 37, 671-686.
• Trihadiningrum, Y., De Pauw, N., Tjondronegoro, I., Verheyen, R. F, Schiemer, F., and
Boland, K. T.: 1996, ‘Use of benthic macroinvertebrates for water quality assessment of the
Blawi river (East Java, Indonesia)’, Perspectives in tropical limnology. Schiemer F. and
Boland K.T. Eds. pp. 199-221
• Vlek, H. E., Verdonschot, P. F. M., and Nijboer, R. C.: 2004, ‘Towards a multimetric
index for the assessment of Dutch streams using benthic macroinvertebrates’, Hydrobiologia,
516, 173-189.
• Vos, P., Wepener, V. and Cyrus D.P.: 2002, ‘Efficiency of the SASS4 rapid bioassessment
protocol in determining river health: A case study on the Mhlathuze River, KwaZulu-Natal,
South Africa’, Water SA, 28(1), 13-22.
• Washington, H.G.: 1984, ‘Diversity, Biotic and similarity indices. A review with special
relevance to aquatic ecosystems’, Water Research, 6, 653-694.
• Weigel, B., Henne, L. and Martinez-Rivera, L.: 2002, ‘Macroinvertebrate-based index of
biotic integrity for protection of streams in west-central Mexico’. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society. 21 (4), 686-700.
Aquatic ecology: Sampling methodology of the benthos in sandy beach
(4 ECTS)
Instructor:
M.Sc. Sonnia Guartatanga
Marine Enginering and Sea Science Department
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Phone: 593 (4) 2269476
Fax: 593 (4) 2269476
Email: sguarta@espol.edu.ec
Objectives:
To design strategies of sampling by means of the knowledge of techniques of sampling in
meiobenthos, macrobenthos, hyperbenthos and epibenthos.
Course Structure:

Theory: 6 h
1.
Introduction. Definition and role of the different benthos groups: meiobenthos,
macrobenthos, hyperbenthos and epibenthos
2.
Biodiversity: the diversity of life in the sea
3.
Sampling strategy:
3.1. Sampling techniques:
3.2. Environmental variables: temperature, salinity, cloudiness, currant, waves, vent,
chlorophyll-a, suspended particulate matter (SPM), beach profile
4. From sample to result

Practical training: 12 h
1.
Three days sampling campaign
2.
Samples analysis: sorting, identification, measuring, density calculation
Aquatic ecology:
Taxonomic identification of species (indicator) of the benthos in sandy beaches (5 ECTS)
Instructor:
Drs. M.Sc. Alba Calles P.
Marine Enginering and Sea Science Department
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Phone: 593 (4) 2269476
Fax: 593 (4) 2269476
Email: acalles@espol.edu.ec
Course objective:
The course is designed to give students practical skills and updated knowledge in all aspects
of benthos organisms.
Course Structure:

Theory (8 hours):
1.
General morphology of the major benthos groups
2.
Ecology and classification of free-living aquatic nematodes
3.
Systematic of the macro- and meiobenthos
4.
Biodiversity measurements

Practice (40 hours):
1.
Techniques in extraction
2.
Staining, counting and mounting
3.
Identification to genus and species level
4.
Measurements: Biological drawing
5.
Species description: Numerical data, non-numerical data
Aquatic ecology:
Feeding and population ecology (5 ECTS)
Instructor:
Drs. M.Sc. Verónica Ruíz X.
Marine Enginering and Sea Science Department
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral
Guayaquil-Ecuador
Phone: 593 (4) 2269476
Fax: 593 (4) 2269476
Email: vruiz@espol.edu.ec
Course Structure:

Theory (10 hours):
1.
2.
3.
4.
The food web in the sea
An approach to diet analysis techniques
Population dynamics in sandy beaches
Statistical analysis of samples

Practice (30 hours):
1. Bioassays. Determination of growth rate curves (mysids/penaeids): Salinity variation
effect, temperature variation effect and feeding strategy variation effect
2. Stomach content analysis
3. Population dynamics: Sample analysis (Mysids population exercise)
4. Statistical processing of biological samples
Course Materials:
Scientific articles:
1. Albertoni, Edélti Faria; Palma-Silva, Cleber, and Esteves, Francisco de Assis. Natural diet
of three species of shrimp in a tropical coastal lagoon. Brazilian Archives of Biology and
Technology. 2003; 46(3):395-403.
2. Amara Rachid and Paul Catherine. Seasonal patterns in the fish and epibenthic
crustaceans community of an intertidal zone with particular reference to the population
dynamics of plaice and brown shrimp. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2003; 56:807818.
3. Anderson, M. J. and Gribble, N. A. Partitioning the variation among spatial, temporal
and environmental components in a multivariate dataset. Australian Journal of Ecology. 1998;
23:158-167.
4. Ansell, A. D. and Gibson, R. N. Patterns of feeding and movement of juvenile flatfishes
on an open sandy beach. In: Barnes, M. and Gibson, R. N., Eds. Trophic Relationships in the
Marine environment. Aberdeen University Press; 2003; pp. 191-207.
5. Azeiteiro, U. M.; Fonseca J. and Marques J. C. S. Biometry, estimates of production and
seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of Mesopodopsis slabberi (Van Beneden,
1861)
(Crustacea: Mysidacea). Boletin Instituto Español De Oceanografia. 2001; 17(1-2):15-25.
6. Beyst, B.; Cattrijsse, A, and Mees, J. Feeding ecology of juvenile flatfishes of the surf
zone of a sandy beach. Journal of Fish Biology. 1999; 55:1171-1186.
7. Brockington, Simon and Clarke, Andrew. The relative influence of temperature and
food on the metabolism of a marine invertebrate. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and
Ecology. 2001; 258:87-99.
8. Cartes, J. E. and Maynou, F. Food consumption by bathyal decapod crustacean
assemblages in the western Mediterranean: predatory impact of megafauna and the food
consumption-food supply balance in a deep-water food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series.
1998; 171:233-246.
9. Cattrijsse, A.; Dankwa, H. R., and Mees J. Nursery function of an estuarine tidal marsh
for the borwn shrimp Crangon Crangon. Journal of Sea Research. 1997; 38:109-121.
10. Chong V.C. and Sasecumar A. Food and feeding habits of the withe prawn Penaeus
merguriensis. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1981; 5:185-191.
11. Cifuentes, L. A.; Coffin, R. B.; Solorzano, L.; Cardenas, W.; Espinoza, J., and Twilley,
R. R. Isotopic and elemental variations of carbon and nitrogen in a mangrove estuary.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 1996; 43:781-800.
12. Dewicke A.; Cattrijsse A.; Mees J., and Vincx M. Spatial patterns of the hyperbenthos of
subtidal sandbanks in the southern North Sea. Journal of Sea Research. 2003; 49:27-45.
13. Dunne Jennifer A.; Richard J.Williams, and Neo D. Martinez. Network structure and
biodiversity loss in food webs:robustness increases with connectance. Ecology Letters. 2002;
5:558-567.
14. Feller R.J., Taghon G. L. Gallagher E. D. Kenny G. E. and Jumars P. A. Inmunological
Methods for food web analysis in a Soft-Bottom Benthic Community. Marine Biology. 1979;
54:61-74.
15. Field J.G., K. R. Clarke and R. M. Warwick. A practical strategy for analysing
multispecies distribution patterns. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1982; 8:37-52.
16. Fockedey N. and Mees J. Feeding of the hyperbenthic mysid Neomysis integer in the
maximum turbidity zone of the Elbe, Westerschelde and Gironde estuaries. Journal of Marine
Systems. 1999; 22:207-228. ISSN: 0924-7963.
17. Froneman, P. W. Feeding ecology of the mysid, Mesopodopsis wooldridgei, in a
temperate estuary along the eastern seaboard of South Africa. Journal of Plankton Research.
2001; 23(9):999-1008.
18. Jerling, H. L. and Wooldridge, T. H. Feeding of two mysid species on plankton in a
temperate South African estuary. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 1995;
188:243-259.
19. Keys S.J. Aspects of the biology and ecology of the brown tiger prawn, Penaeus
esculentus, relevant to aquaculture. Aquaculture. 2003; 217:325-334.
20. Kumlu, M.; Eroldogan, O. T.; Aktas, M, and Saglamtimur, B. Larval growth, survival
and development of Metapenaeus monoceros (Fabricius) cultured in different salinities.
Aquaculture Research. 2001; 32( 2):81-86.
21. Laegdsgaard, Pia and Johnson, Craig. Why do juvenile fish utilise mangrove
habitats? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2001; 257:229-253.
22. Leaper Rebecca and Raffaelli Dave. Defining the abundance body-size constraint space:
data from a real food web. Ecology Letters. 1999; 2:191-199.
23. Lemos, D. and Phan, V. N. Energy partitioning into growth, respiration, excretion and
exuvia during larval development of the shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis. Aquaculture.
2001; 199:131-143.
24. Manly, B. F. J. Multivariate Statistical Methods. Chapman and Hall; 1994.
25. Marshall S. and Elliott M. A comparison of univariate and multivariate numerical and
graphical techniques for determining inter- and intraspecific feeding relationships in estuarine
fish. Journal of Fish Biology. 1997; 51:526-545.
26. Mishra, A. K.; Verdegem, M., and van Dam, A. A dynamic simulation model for growth
of penaeid shrimps. In: Cruz-Suárez, L. E.; Ricque-Marie, D.; Tapia-Salazar, M.; GaxiolaCortés, M. G., and Simoes, N, Eds. Memorias del VI Simposium Internacional de Nutrición
Acuícola.; Cancún, Quintana Roo, México. Mexico; 2002448-470Avances en Nutrición
Acuícola. v. VI).
27. Okland R.H. Are ordination and constrained ordination alternative or complementary
strategies in general ecological studies. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1996; 7:289-292.
28. Raffaelli Dave. Trends in research on shallow water food webs. Journal of Experimental
Marine Biology and Ecology. 2000; 250(1-2):223-232.
29. Reinsel, Kathleen A.; Glas, Patricia S.; Rayburn, James R.; Pritchard, M. Karen, and
Fisher, William S. Effects of food availability on survival, growth, and reproduction of the
grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio: a laboratory study. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 2001;
220:231-239.
30. Reymond Hugues and Lagardere Jean Paul . Feeding rhythms and food of Penaeus
japonicus bate (crustacea, penaeidae) in salt marsh ponds; role of halophilic entomofauna .
Aquaculture. 1990; 84( 2):125-143.
31. Roast, S. D. ; Widdows, J., and Jones, M. B. Scope for growth of the estuarine mysid
Neomysis integer (Peracarida: Mysidacea): effects of the organophosphate pesticide
chlorpyrifos . Marine Ecology Progress Series. 1999; 191:233-241.
32. Rosas, Carlos; López, Nelda; Mercado, Pedro, and Martínez, Evenor. Effect of salinity
acclimation on oxigen consumption of juveniles of the with shrimp Litopenaeus vnnamei.
Journal of Crustacean Biology. 2001; 21(4):912-922.
33. Rothlisberg, Peter C. Aspects of penaeid biology and ecology of relevance to aquaculture:
a review. Aquaculture. 1998; 164:49-65.
34. Sanchez-Velasco, L. Diet composition and feeding habits of fish larvae of two cooccurring species (Pisces: Callionymidae and Bothidae) in the North-western Mediterranean.
ICES Journal of Marine Sciences. 1998; 55:299-308.
35. Schafer, L. N; Platell, M. E.; Valesini, F. J., and Potter, I. C. Comparisons between the
influence of habitat type, season and body size on the dietary compositions of fish species in
nearshore marine waters. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 2002;
278:67-92.
36. Schwamborn, R. and Criales, M. M. Feeding strategy and daily ration of juvenile pink
shrimp (Farfantepenaeus duorarum) in a South Florida seagrass bed. Marine Biology. 2000;
137(1):139-147.
37. Taguchi K.; Yamochi S.; Oda K.; Ishikawa K.; Kido K., and Nakamura Y. Modelling
populations dynamics of the pelagic larval shrimp Metapenaeus ensis in the Osaka bay
estuary. Aquatic Ecology. 2002; (36):21-40.
38. Wyban, J.; Walsh, W. A., and Godin, D. M. Temperature effects on growth, feeding rate
and feed conversion of the Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Aquaculture. 1995;
138:267-279.
39. Zetina-Rejo Manuel J.; Arreguín Sánchez Francisco, and Chávez Ernesto A. Trophic
structure and flows of energy in the Huizache–Caimanero lagoon complex on the Pacific
coast of Mexico. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 2003; 57:803-815.
40. Zhu, Changbo; Dong, Shuanglin; Wang, Fang, and Huang, Guoqiang. Effects of Na/K
ratio in seawater on growth and energy budget of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei.
Aquaculture. 2004; 234:485-496.