Online Resource 1
Miller, JRB (2015) Mapping attack hotspots to mitigate human-carnivore conflict: Approaches and applications
of spatial predation risk modeling. Biodivers Conserv
Table S1 Main mammalian carnivore species in the world responsible for depredating livestock. Adapted from
Breitenmoser et al. 2005
Family
Canidae
Ursidae
Common Name
Golden jackal
Coyote
Grey wolf
Dingo
Black-backed
jackal
Red wolf
African wild dog
Andean bear
American black
bear
Brown bear
Asiatic black bear
Mustelidae Wolverine
Hyaenidae Spotted hyaena
Brown hyaena
Striped hyaena
Felidae
Cheetah
Caracal
Puma
Asiatic golden cat
Eurasian lynx
Bobcat
African/Asiatic lion
Jaguar
Leopard
Tiger
Snow leopard
Scientific name
Canis aurenus
C. latrans
C. lupus
C. l. dingo
C. mesomelas
C. rufus
Lycaon pictus
Tremarctos
ornatus
Ursus americanus
U. arctos
U. thibetanus
Gulo gulo
Crocuta crocuta
Hyaena brunnea
H. hyaena
Acinonyx jubatus
Caracal caracal
Puma concolor
Felidae temmincki
Lynx lynx
L. rufus
Panthera leo
P. onca
P. pardus
P. tigris
Uncia uncia
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Table S2 Published spatial risk modeling studies on carnivore-livestock interactions through March 2015
Citation
Country
Continent
Specific
region
Davie et al. 2014
Mongolia
Asia
Edge et al. 2011
Kaartinen et al.
2009
USA
North
America
Finland
Europe
RungwaRuaha
National Park
Western
Colorado
Hamedan
providence
Ikh Nart
Nature
Reserve,
Dornogobi
Aimag
Upper
Peninsula,
Michigan
southern and
central
Asia
Kanha Tiger
Reserve,
Madhya
Pradesh
Abade et al. 2014
Baruch-Mordo et
al. 2008
Behdarvand et al.
2014
Karanth et al.
2012
Karanth et al.
2013
Kissling et al.
2009
Tanzania
USA
Africa
North
America
Iran
Asia
India
India
Western
Ghats,
Karnataka
Argentina
Asia
South
America
Marucco and
McIntire 2010
Italy
Europe
Patagonia
western,
central and
eastern Alps
Meena et al.
2014
India
Asia
Gir Protected
Area, Gujarat
Carnivor
e family
alphabeti
cal)
Carnivore
Leopard (Panthera
pardus), lion
(Panthera leo),
spotted hyaena
(Crocuta crocuta)
American black bear
(Ursus americanus)
Felidae,
Hyaenidae
Prey (alphabetical)
Modeling method
Correlation modeling (ensemble modeling
using Maxent, Ecological Niche Factor
Analysis and Support Vector Machines)
Ursus
Cattle, goat, sheep
Alpaca, cattle, goat, llama,
pig, poultry, sheep
Canidae
Cattle, goat, sheep
Correlation modeling (Maxent)
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Canidae
Camel (Camelus bactrianus),
cattle (Bos tarus), goat (Capra
aegragus), horse (Equus ferus
caballus), sheep (Ovis aries)
Spatial association (Mahalanobis D2 (k)
analysis)
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Canidae
Cattle, sheep, poultry, rabbit
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Leopard (Panthera
pardus), tiger
(Panthera tigris),
wild dog (Cuon
alpinus)
Leopard (Panthera
pardus), tiger
(Panthera
tigris),wild dog
(Cuon alpinus)
Puma (Puma
concolor)
Canidae
Sheep
Correlation modeling (single-sample
discriminant-function analysis)
Correlation modeling (general additive
models)
Buffalo, cattle, goat
Correlation modeling (logistic regression) to
identify landscape attributes associated with
risk; spatial interpolation to map risk
probabilities
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Asiatic lion
(Panthera leo
persica)
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Canidae,
Felidae
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Spatial association (Getis-Ord G* clustering)
Canidae,
Felidae
Buffalo, cattle, goat
Felidae
Sheep (Ovis aries)
Correlation modeling (logistic regression) to
identify landscape attributes associated with
risk; spatial interpolation to map risk
probabilities
Correlation modeling (generalized linear
models)
Canidae
Sheep
Spatially explicit, individual-based model*
Felidae
Cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep
Spatial association (Getis-Ord G clustering)
Miller et al. 2015
Shrader et al.
2008
India
South
Africa
Asia
Soh et al. 2014
Treves et al.
2004
Treves et al.
2011
Wilson et al.
2006
China
USA
Asia
North
America
North
America
North
America
Mexico
North
America
Zarco-González
et al. 2013
USA
USA
Africa
Kanha Tiger
Reserve,
Madhya
Pradesh
Riemvasmaak,
Northern Cape
Hunchun, Jilin
Wisconsin,
Minnesota
Wisconsin
Montana
Leopard (Panthera
pardus), tiger
(Panthera tigris)
Caracal (Caracal
caracal)
Tiger (Panthera
tigris)
Correlation modeling (resource selection
function using logistic regression)
Felidae
Cattle, buffalo, goat, pig
Felidae
Goat
Felidae
Cattle
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Canidae
Bison, cattle, poultry, sheep
Spatial interpolation (giving-up density)
Correlation modeling (negative binomial zeroinflated)
Correlation modeling (single-sample
discriminant-function analysis)
Wolf (Canis lupus)
Grizzly bear (Ursus
arctos)
Canidae
Cattle
Correlation modeling (logistic regression)
Ursus
Cattle, sheep
Felidae
Cattle, goat, sheep
Correlation modeling (logistic regression)
Correlation modeling (ensemble modeling
using Artificial Neural Network,
Environmental Distance, Genetic Algorithm
for Rule-set Production, Support Vector
Machines, Ecological Niche Factor Analysis
and Maxent
Jaguar (Panthera
onca), puma (Puma
concolor)
*Note: This study is not discussed in the review of modeling methods because it specifically addresses the recolonization of carnivores. To estimate
livestock depredation hotspots, the study multiplied the probability of wolf pack presence by the number of available livestock pastures, which is less
precise than modeling carnivore-livestock interactions more explicitly.
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Fig S1 Maps compiled to examine global potential livestock depredation in Fig. 2. Top: Livestock density from
the Gridded Livestock of the World v.2.0 (Robinson et al., 2007). Bottom: The world’s primary carnivore
species responsible for depredating livestock (species list in Table S1 adapted from Breitenmoser et al. 2005;
species range maps from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species v.2014.2 and Letnic et al. 2012)
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