Synergy sample: Structure Ｓのです／んです／のだ／んだ
S + NO/N DESU: 'it is the case that S' [explanation of the situation]
1.
Discourse-bound: requires a certain verbal or situational
context
{seeing someone looking pale}
A: Doo shita no/n desu ka?
"What happened?/What's wrong?/Is there something wrong?"
{replying by explaining the situation}
B: Kuru tochuu de jiko ni atta n desu.
"(It is the case that) I was involved in an accident on
the way here."
A: Watashi wa kotoshi no natsu Nihon ni ikimashita.
{asking about details}
B: Dono gurai ita no/n desu ka?
"How long is it (the case) that you stayed?"
A: San-shuu-kan gurai datta no/n desu ga, totemo
tanoshikatta desu.
B: Soo desu ka. Donna tokoro ni itta no/n desu ka?
2.
Emphasizing new information:
{knowing someone is studying Japanese}
A: Kanji wa moo dono gurai shitte iru no/n desu ka?
B: Mada hyaku gurai shika naratte inai no/n desu.
{knowing someone bought a car}
A: Donna kuruma o katta no/n desu ka?
B: Toyota na n desu yo.
3.
Speech acts: pragmatic use
[demanding explanation]
A: Kinoo wa dooshite
konakatta no/n desu ka?
[apology]
B: Sumimasen, chotto tsugoo ga warukatta n desu.
[impressed]
{watching someone studying Japanese hard}
Nihongo no benkyoo wa taihen na n desu nee.
[appalled]
{realising someone not knowing some basic Kanji}
Mada konna Kanji mo siranai n desu ka?!
[opener for conversation]
{seeing someone studying Japanese}
Mata Nihongo o benkyoo-shite iru n desu ka?
[rebuking]
{to someone who flunked exam}
Dooshite motto benkyoo-shinakatta n desu ka?!
[urging]
{to someone procrastinating}
Mada ikanai n desu ka?
[suggesting]
{to someone who cannot make up mind}
Sugu dekiru n ja nai desu ka.?/
[N.B.]
S + no/n deshoo:
Sugu kaeru n deshoo?/
"Isn't it the case that you are leaving right away?"
Sugu kaeru n deshoo.\
"It is probably the case that he is leaving right away."
Sentence particle NO:
4.
5.
6.
7.
A:
B:
Doko iku no?
Toshokan e iku | n da.
| no.
(N)
(M)
(F)
Causal connective NODE: TE-form of NO DA/NO DESU
1. Structure:
S1 [cause]
NODE,
S2 [result]
2. Form
:
V/A/(A) N+na NODE
3. Meaning
:
Because/As/Since
4. Usage
:
Affective causal connective {subjective, psychological,
situational, indirect, polite}
(cf.) KARA: objective, logical, direct, neutral reasoning
Basu ga okureta |node|, osoku narimashita.
{apologetic}
|kara|
{selfrighteous}
Kyoo wa chotto tsugoo ga warui |node|,
{indirect/polite}
|kara|
{direct/less
polite}
ashita ukagatte mo yoroshii desu ka?
Raishuu shiken ga aru |node|,
{situational}
|kara|
{logical}
shuumatsu wa benkyoo-shimasu.
Haha wa opera ga suki |na node|,
{psychological}
|da kara|
{neutral}
hotondo maitsuki mi ni ikimasu.
[N.B.]If the situation requires a positive strong reason, KARA is used.
Yasui kara, kaimashoo.
Anata ga konai kara, warui n desu yo.
Samuku nari-soo da kara, oobaa o kite ittara doo desu ka?
Adversative Connective NO NI: Nominalizer NO + Adversative NI
1. Structure: S1
2. Form:
NO NI ,
S2
V/A/(A) N+na NO NI
3. Meaning: In spite of the fact that S
4. Usage:
Affective adversative relation {different from expectation,
complaining, regretting, criticizing, accusing}
Yoku benkyoo-shita no ni, shiken wa dekimasen deshita.
Hanashite wa ikenai no ni, hanashite shimaimashita.
Ano hito wa, oshiete ageta no ni, arigatoo mo iimasen.
Okane ga nai no ni, asonde bakari iru.
{complaining}
{regretting]
{criticizing}
{accusing}
Conditional NARA: Nominalizer (NO) + Conditional of DA (NARI – classical
grammar)
Yasumu (no) nara, mae-motte itte hoshikatta desu ne.
Kyuuba ni san-nen mo sunde ita (no) nara, Supeingo wa kanari hanaseru deshoo.
NO and KOTO
Ano hito to kekkon-suru koto/*no wa kangaete imasen.
Ano hito to kekkon-suru no/*koto wa iya desu.
Ano hito ga Nihon-jin to kekkon-shita koto/no o doo omoimasu ka?