Extraction Of Oil From Local Seed (Groundnut Seed) &
Characterization
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Letter of transimittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of contents
CHAPTER ONE.
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Scope / objectives of the project.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review
2.1
Groundnut Seed
2.2
Adaptation
2.3
Diseases Of Groundnut
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2.4
Extraction
2.5
Methods Of Oil Extraction
2.6
Rendering
2.7
Mechanical Expression
2.8
Solvent Extraction
2.9
Groundnut Oil Extraction
2.9.1 Factors Affecting Rate Of Leaching
2.9.2 Factors Governing Choice Of Solvent
2.9.3 Leaching Of Vegetable Seeds
2.9.4 Theories Of Solvet Extractions
2.9.5 Undissolved Oil Theory
2.9.6 Physical Properties Of Vegetable Oil
2.9.7 Characterization Of Oils
2.9.8 Saponification Value
2.9.9 Iodine Value
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Experimental Methods
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3.1
Preparation Of The Seeds
3.2
Particle Size Reduction
3.3
Extraction And Distillation
3.4
Uses Of Soxlilet Extractor
3.5
Distillation
3.6
Solidification Point
3.7
Melting Point
3.8
Specific Gravity
3.9
Determination Of Moisture Content
3.10 Determination Of Chemical Properties
3.11 Determination Of Acid Value
3.12 Specification Value
3.13 Peroxide Value
3.14 Iodine Value
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Experimental Results
4
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
CHAPTER SIX
6.1
Conclusion / Recommendation
6.2
References
6.3
Appendices.
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Extraction other-wise called leaching is the preferential solution of one or more
constituents of a solid mixture by contact with a liquid solvent. This unit
operation, one of the oldest in the chemical industries, here been given many
names, depending to some extent upon the technique used for carrying it out
extraction of oil form groundnut seeds can be carried out using any of the two
solid-liquid extraction methods namely: mechanical extraction method or the
used of solvent other- wise called mass-transfer method. The yield of the
second method is higher but contains more impurities than the first method and
it requires another unit operation (distillation) in purity it better.
The success of an extraction and the technique to be used will vary frequently
depending upon any prior treatment which may be given to he solid. In some
instance small particles of the soluble material are completely surrounded by a
matrix of insoluble matter. The solvent must then diffuse into the mass, and
the resulting solution must diffuse out before a separation can result. Crushing
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and grinding of such solids will greatly alliterate the leaching action, since then
the soluble portions are made more accessible to the solvent.
Seeds like groundnut seeds and other vegetable seeds are cellular in structure,
and the natural products to be leached form this material are usually found
inside the cells. if the cell walls remain intact upon exposure to a suitable
solvent, the leaching involves osmotic passage of the solute through the cell
walls. This may be slow, but in is impractical and sometime undesirable to
grind the material small enough to release the contents of individual cells.
Oil constitutes a well-defined class of neutral organic substance, which are
essential constituents of all forms of plant and animal life. They are soluble in
other and organic solvents but not in water. Commercial oils are however from
a relatively few member of the plant and animal kingdom available forms.
They are primary a product of agriculture although these is also a considerably
production from uncultivated tropical plants and from mature animals. Oil can
be grouped into edible and non-edible depending on the amount of unspecified
matters and impurities. Owing to the fact that the use of oil from crop seed as a
major raw materials has increased in recent yeses their has been the need for
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extended and numerous research works based on the extraction of these oil.
Form its seeds as economically efficiently as possible.
The only possible way of obtaining large quality of oil from oil being vegetable
or plant materials is by extraction and this could best be achieve using leading
process. This process can be accomplished by a variety of ways but as might be
expected its efficiency depends to an extant an obtaining intimate contact
between the liquid solvent and the solid containing he solute.
Leaching
reduces the oil content in the residue to about 0.5-1.5 percent as compared.
With about 5-9 percent by mechanical process. The types of solvent available
for leaching include 17-hexane, petroleum ether benzene ethyl ether etc which
are high petroleum fractions. The choice of a solvent for extraction is a
function of its volatility and relative volatility for easy separation by
distillation.
Groundnut oil is used primary in homes for cooking and also as an industrial
raw material for other usefully products.
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1.2
SCOPE AIMS/ OBJECTIVES FO THE PROJECT
The scope of this research project is to extract oil from groundnut seeds and
compare the yields obtained using different solvents and to standard.
Also the project is aimed at characterizing the extracted oil by determining the
physical and chemical properties of the oil.
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