Overview on the treatment of POPs in Japan
March 2006
Ministry of the Environment, Japan
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Treatment of POP pesticides
1. ”Technical Documents on Treatment of Agricultural Chemicals containing POPs”
10.2004 (Ministry of the Environment, Japan)
In 1971, the distribution of organochlorinate agricultural chemicals was prohibited
or restricted under a ministerial ordinance, and the government issued a guidance to store
them in the ground. According to a survey conducted in 2001, 174 sites nationwide and total
3,680 tons had been stored in the ground.
To manage stored agricultural chemicals, these stored sites are inspected regularly
in accordance with the “Interim Manual for Survey and Excavation of Pesticides Stored in
the Ground”. If the survey detects a difficulty to maintain the present condition of stored
agricultural chemicals such as potential pollution at a store site, the stored agricultural
chemicals must be dug out and stored above ground until they are finally disposed of.
Verification test of disposing agricultural chemicals containing POPs were
conducted and the “Technical Documents on Treatment of Agricultural Chemicals containing
POPs” developed by Ministry of the Environment.
Basic idea on destruction of POPs:
An environmentally sound method for destruction of POPs is defined as such
that agricultural chemicals as wastes consisting of, containing, or contaminated
with POPs are to be destructed and irreversibly transformed, and that emission
levels of PCDDs/PCDFs are to be reduced below emission standards. To meet
these ends, ESM technologies were determined based on following ideas.
(1)
Destruction efficiency (DE) is more than 99.999%: The total amount of
agricultural chemicals as POPs wastes in effluent gas, water discharge, and
residues from treatment is to be reduced below a millionth part of the original
agricultural chemicals as objective of the treatment.
(2)
The standards of PCDDs and PCDFs under the Waste Management and
Public Cleansing Law are applied:
a) Effluent gas:
Below 0.1ng-TEQ/m3
b) Aqueous releases:
Below 10pg-TEQ/L
c) Solid residue:
Below３ng-TEQ/g
1
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
2. Levels of destruction
In Japan, verification test was conducted on about ten kinds of technologies, and
DE and DRE were calculated based on the data.
According to the general technical guideline for the environmentally sound
management of wastes consisting of, containing or contaminated with persistent organic
pollutants (POPs) under the Basel Convention, we have concluded that following
technologies have the ability to attain 99.999% of DE:
Verified Technologies
Verified waste decomposition
method for agricultural
chemicals containing POPs
Description
Incineration
BCD （Base-catalyzed
decomposition）
Incineration at about 1,000℃ or higher
Hydrogen donor, carbon catalyst and alkali are added to
organochlorinated compounds and heated at 300 to 500C with
nitrogen gas at atmospheric pressure. Materials are
decomposed by dechlorination.
Sodium dispersion
Organochlorinated compounds are dechlorinated in oil
containing dispersed metallic sodium.
Subcritical water oxidation
Organic compounds are decomposed by oxidative method in
water at high temperature and high pressure in near-critical field.
Oxidative reaction is initiated in supercritical water to decompose
organic matter into carbon dioxide, water and chloride.
Supercritical water
oxidization
Mechanochemical method
GeoMelt
Vacuum heating
decomposition
Organochlorinated compounds are detoxified at room
temperature and atmosperic pressure by applying the process of
connected compounds being activated chemically as they are
pulverized in a ball mill.
Organochlorinated compounds are decomposed by heat of
about 2,000℃ generated by electricity through electrodes set on
a product.
Agricultural chemicals contain POPs etc. contained in
contaminated soil is decomposed as it is heated at 600 to 800℃
and low pressure (10-2 to10-3 Torr), while preventing the
generation of dioxins.
Under a 5-year program launched in 2004, verified technologies have been put into
practice to dispose of stored agricultural chemicals.
3. Low POP Contents
In Japan, the study on the standard values for the national guidelines on
measurements of agricultural chemicals as POPs wastes has been conducted.
The provisional guidance values of agricultural chemicals as POPs wastes in soil is
2
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
set out as criteria to evaluate how deeply the excavation should be carried out for
environmentally sound treatment of these chemicals stored underground.
Provisional environmental content values of POP pesticides
POP
pesticides
ADI
①
②
③
designated at Concentration
Concentration Concentration
FAO/WHO
for
ambient
for
water for soil (mg/L）
(mg/kg/day)
air（mg/m3）
（mg/L）
Aldrin
0.0001
0.00003
0.0003
0.0003
(Total）
Dieldrin
0.00003
0.0003
0.0003
Heptachlor
0.0001
0.00003
0.0003
0.0003
Endrin
0.0002
0.0001
0.0005
0.0005
Chlordane
0.0005
0.0002
0.0013
0.0013
ＤＤＴ
0.005(0.01）
0.0017
0.0125
0.0125
①Concentration for ambient air＝ADI×Body weight（50kg）×Distribution for
air(0.1)÷Daily breathing quantity（15m3）
②Concentration for water＝ADI×Body weight（50kg）×Distribution for water(0.1)
÷Daily water intake（2L）
③Concentration for soil＝The results of the soil leaching test do not exceed
the concentration for water（②）
Provisional low POP contents
Agriculturalc
hemicals as
POPｓ
Liquid waste
(mg/l）
②×100
Solid wastes, Residues
（mg/l-leachate in
leaching test）
②×10
Aldrin
0.03
0.003
Dieldrin
0.03
0.003
Heptachlor
0.03
0.003
Endrin
0.05
0.005
Chlordane
0.13
0.013
ＤＤＴ
0.13
0.125
Assuming that contamination of underground water may have occurred during the
storage of such chemicals, these values of low POP contents are determined to satisfy the
level where the guidance values for environmental water and the results from soil leaching
tests become equal.
As criteria to evaluate if a waste could be disposed of in a leachate-controlled type
3
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
landfill site (*), the disposal guidance values of agricultural chemicals as POPs wastes for
leachate-controlled type landfill sites will be set out. These values are determined on the
assumption that the contamination of water by leachate from the disposal site may cause
exposure.
It is confirmed that the values mentioned above will result in exposures below the
ADI and secure the safety to human health and the environment when other exposure
pathways are taken into consideration. These exposure pathways include:
1) Incineration→Stack gas→Emission to the air→(dilution)→Inhalation
2) Landfill→Direct oral intake of the soil
3) Landfill→Volatilization→Emission to the air→(dilution)→Inhalation
4) Landfill→Leachate→(dilution)→Drinking water→Oral intake from the water
(*) There are three types of landfill sites in Japan. If a waste exceeds the criteria for
leachate-controlled type landfill site, it must be disposed of in an isolated type landfill site.
1) Landfill site for stable industrial wastes (Non-Leachate-Controlled Type)
2) Landfill site for domestic wastes and industrial wastes (Leachate-Controlled Type)
3) Landfill site for hazardous industrial wastes (Isolated Type)
4
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Manual on analysis of agricultural chemicals as wastes
consisting of, containing, or contaminated with POPs
(Interim summary)
1. Introduction
This is a summary of the manual on analysis of agricultural chemicals as wastes
consisting of, containing, or contaminated with POPs. Objective of the manual includes 7
out of 12 substances designated as POPs, excluding PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, toxaphene
and mirex.
The manual also takes into consideration of HCH, which requires
environmentally sound management as agricultural chemical
POPs wastes.
(1) Objective
PCDD/PCDF and Co-PCB were excluded from the manual, because their
treatment methods had already been laid down in Annex Table 1 of Methods of Examining
Standards of General Waste under Special Control and Industrial Waste under Special
Control (Notice 192 of the Ministry of Welfare and Labor, July 3, 1992).
Toxaphene and mirex were excluded from the manual because neither has ever
been produced, distributed, nor used in the past in Japan.
HCHs were included in the manual because it is one of the large constituents of
agricultural chemicals as POPs wastes that have been stored either above or under ground.
Objective of the manual are DDTs, HCB, aldrine, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane,
heptachlor, HCHs, and their isomers. Namely, they are following 22 substances:
・ DDTs （2,4’-DDT、4,4’-DDT、2,4’-DDE、4,4’-DDE、2,4’-DDD、4,4’-DDD）;
・ HCB;
・ Aldrine;
・ Dieldrin;
・ Endrin;
・ Chlordanes（trans- chlordanes, cis- chlordanes, trans-nonachlor、cisnonachlor, oxychlordane）;
・ Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxides （ heptachlor epoxide A 、 heptachlor
epoxide B）;
・ HCHs（α-HCH、β-HCH、γ-HCH、δ-HCH）.
5
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
(2) Methods
In considering methods of instrumental analysis, we focused on methods that are
capable of dealing with these 22 substances all at once.
In determining methods of analysis out of three methods, i.e., ECD, LRMS, and
HRMS, several means to ensure accuracy and precision were conducted, such as
calculation of instrumental minimum detection limit, calculation of minimum determination
limit, calculation of recovery rate, verification on precision of measurement in the partial
different conditions, and verification by using real samples.
The results showed that:
・ ECD using with capillary involves numbers of interference peaks, and it is not
capable of separation of heptachlor epoxide A and oxychlordane;
・ LRMS involves interferences with quantitative ions of endrin, α-HCH and δ
-HCH in analyzing combustion residues, and it does not ensure detection limit
to the sufficient level;
・ HRMS is ensured to obtain high accuracy and precision with detection level of
0.002μg/l for water sample and 0.1μg/kg for waste sample.
According to the above findings, HRGC/HRMS was applied as method of
measurement.
2. Overview of the manual on analysis of agricultural chemicals as wastes consisting
of, containing, or contaminated with POPs
(1)
Extraction
Water sample, after adding clean up spike, should be extracted in hexane twice,
then be dehydrated and concentrated.
Waste sample, after adding clean up spike, should be extracted in acetone for
three hours and toluene for eighteen hours by Soxhlet extraction, then be dehydrated and
concentrated.
6
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
(2)
Pretreatment
The extract should be cleaned up by passing through a silica gel column
chromatography and a florisil column chromatography, then the soluble be concentrated.
In case of 10g of silica gel column chromatography, 60 ml of hexane should be
passed through and collected; this is Fraction 1.
Accordingly, 60ml of hexane containing 25% diethylether should be added; this is
Fraction 2.
Fraction 2 is further cleaned up by passing through a florisil column
chromatography.
In case of 10g of florisil column chromatography, 100ml of hexane containing 5%
diethylether should be passed through and collected; this is Fraction3.
Subsequently, 100ml of hexane containing 20% diethylether should be passed
through and collected; this is Fraction4.
Fraction 1 is used for measurement of HCB and aldrine, while Fraction 3 is for
chlordanes, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and DDTs, and Fraction 4 is for dieldrin and
endrin.
(3)
Measurement and determination
Adding silinge spike to the concentrate, measurement should be conducted by
selected ion monitorig analysis (SIM) using gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass
spectrometer. The concentration level of the sample is to be calculated according to relative
response factor（RRF）under internal standard method. Detection limits are 0.002μg/l for
water sample and 0.1μg/kg for waste sample. For clean up spike,
chemical standard substances and for silinge spike,
(IUPAC No.153) are used as internal standard.
7
13C
13C
labeled agricultural
12-2,2’,4,4’,5,5’-Hexachlorobiphenyl
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Below are examples of measurement conditions.
[HRGC]
Temperature
at
270°C
inlet
Sample inlet
Amount
of
Splitless type
the
1.0μl
sample infused
Column oven
Column
60°C (1min)→5°C /min→220°C→10°C /min→270°C
Capillary column coated with 100%dimethylpolysyloxane
Ex：ULTRA 1（J&W Scientific）
25m×0.32mm×0.17μm
Carrier gas
He
1.8ml/min (constant flow)
[HRMS]
Detection mode
SIM
Interface Temperature
270°C
Ion source Temperature
270°C
Ionization current
600μA
Resolution（M/ΔM）
Above 10000（10% Valley）
Acceleration voltage
10kV
Electron impact energy
38eV
Substances
α,β,γ,δ-HCH
2,4’-, 4,4’-DDT
2,4’-, 4,4’-DDD
2,4’-, 4,4’-DDE
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide A, B
trans-, cis-chlordane
trans-, cis-nonachlor
dieldrin
endrin
oxychlordane
hexachlorbenzene
aldrin
13C -HxCB(#153)
12
Monitored Ion
Objective
Quantitative Confiramative
Ion
Ion
218.9116
216.9145
235.0081
237.0058
235.0081
237.0058
246.0003
247.9974
271.8102
273.8072
352.8442
354.8413
372.8260
374.8230
406.7870
408.7840
262.8570
264.8540
262.8570
264.8540
386.8052
388.8023
283.8102
285.8072
262.8570
264.8540
－
－
8
Clean up spike
silinge
spike
224.9317（13C6）
247.0484（13C12）
247.0484（13C12）
258.0406（13C12）
276.8269（13C10）
362.8778（13C10）
382.8595（13C10）
416.8205（13C10）
269.8804（13C12）
269.8804（13C12）
396.8388（13C10）
289.8303（13C6）
269.8804（13C10）
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
－
371.8817
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Treatment of PCB
1. Low POP content
We have already set 0.5mg/kg as the standard value for the PCBs concentration in
chemically treated oils. The same value, 0.5mg/kg is applied practically as low POP content
for PCB.
The provisional acceptable daily intake（ADI）：５μg/kg/day
Environmental
Emission standard
standard
Air
0.5μg/m3(provisional)
Criteria for the specially
controlled industrial wastes
0.15-0.25mg/m3
－
（provisional）
Water
0.0003 mg/l or
0.003mg/l
0.5mg/kg（Waste oil）
Not detected
The environmental
0.03mg/l(Waste acid･
(Below 0.0005mg/l)
standard ＊１０
Waste alkali)
The emission standard
＊１０
Sediment
10ppm
－
0.003mg/l- leachate in
（Provisional Removal）
Soil
leaching test
0.0003 mg/l or
－
（Soot, residues, sewage）
Not detected
The leaching water is
(Below 0.0005mg/l)
equivalent to the
emission standard.
2. Levels of destruction
In Japan, verification test was conducted on about twenty kinds of technologies, and
mass balance as well as DE and DRE were calculated based on the data.
In approving PCBs treatment technologies, however, the most important condition is
that it has an ability to ensure that 0.5 mg/kg is obtainable through treatment. This is the
standard value for chemically treated oils containing or contaminated with PCBs. Mass
balance and DE has been only checked as reference so far.
9
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
System of PCB Waste Treatment in Japan
[History for PCB problem in Japan]
1968 : Outbreak of the Yusho incident (food poisoning).
1974 : Prohibition of production, export and use etc of PCB ("Law Concerning the
Examination and Regulation of Manufacture, etc of Chemical Substances").
1998 : Setting of disposal standard of PCB-oils (<0.5ppm), addition of chemical
decomposition methods etc. (“Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law”)
1999 : Start of self disposal by high-volume storage businesses (22 locations nationwide,
as of 4 April 2005).
2001 : Formulation of "Law Concerning Special Measures Against PCB Waste".
Obligations of PCB waste treatment by 15 July 2016, etc.
2004 : Establishment of JESCO (Japan Environmental Safety Corporation). Start of
operation at Kitakyusyu (1st stage).
Planning of PCB Waste Treatment Programs at 5 locations nationwide
[PCB treatment system]
Storage businesses
Notification
Notification of storage etc.
Prevention of loss
National and
prefectural
governments
Manufactures
of PCB
Development of Municipal Waste
Management Master Program
Publication of condition for storage etc.
Cooperation for
measures and
policies
Disposal by 7 June 2001
Mainly high-volume
storage businesses
Self
disposal
Disposal
contractor
JESCO's PCB Waste Treatment Programs
[Extensive treatment facilities at 5 locations
nationwide]
Expenditure for part of
cost of treatment
Expenditure for part of
cost of treatment
PCB Waste Treatment Fund
10
Costs of funds
Implementation
sound disposal
Establishment of
funds
Restriction of
assignment etc.
Grant of Facilities
Improvement
Order to improvement for
non-compliance
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Table
Location
・
Kitakyusyu
City
（Fukuoka
Pref.）
・
・
Toyota City
（Aichi Pref.）
・
・
Tokyo
Metropolis
・
・
Osaka City
（Osaka
Pref.）
・
・
Muroran City
（Hokkaido
Pref.）
・
Summary of PCB Wastes Treatment Program
(Japan Environmental Safety Corporation)
Input materials
electrical
equipments, e.g.
high voltage
transformers and
high voltage
capacitors
waste oils, e.g.
PCB wastes
electrical
equipments, e.g.
high voltage
transformers and
high voltage
capacitors
waste oils, e.g.
PCB wastes
high voltage
transformers,
high voltage
capacitors and
stabilizer etc.
pole transformer
oils containing
PCB
electrical
equipments, e.g.
high voltage
transformers and
high voltage
capacitors
waste oils, e.g.
PCB wastes
high voltage
transformers etc.
PCB wastes etc.
Method
・ PCB decomposition: Sodium
dispersion method (SDmethod)
・ PCB removal from containers
or components contaminated
PCB: Solvent cleaning and
Vacuum thermal recycling
Capacity
・ 0.5 ton/day
(as the PCB
decompositio
n amount)
Period
2004.12～
2015.3
・ PCB decomposition: Sodium
dispersion method
(OSDmethod)
・ PCB removal from containers
or components contaminated
PCB: Solvent cleaning and
Vacuum thermal recycling
・ about 2
ton/day (as
the PCB
decompositio
n amount)
2005.9～
2015.3
・ PCB decomposition:
Hydrothermal oxidation
decomposition (Subcritical
water oxidation)
・ PCB removal from containers
or components contaminated
PCB: Solvent cleaning
・ 2 ton/day (as
the PCB
decompositio
n amount)
2005.11～
2015.3
・ PCB decomposition: Catalytic
hydro-dechlorination (CHD
method)
・ PCB removal from containers
or components contaminated
PCB: Solvent cleaning and
Vacuum thermal recycling
・ 2 ton/day (as
the PCB
decompositio
n amount)
2006.8～
2015.3
・ PCB decomposition: Sodium
dispersion method (SPmethod)
・ PCB removal from containers
or components contaminated
PCB: Solvent dxtraction and
decomposition (SEDmethod)
・ about 1.8
ton/day (as
the PCB
decompositio
n amount)
2007.10 or
later ～
2015.3
11
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Table1 PCB destruction technologies authorized in Japan
Methods
Technologies
The original
technology
Base catalyzed decomposition
○
US EPA
○
○
Vendor(s)
Ebara Corporation
○
○
○
Tokyo Electric Power Company・
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.・Neos Co., Ltd.
t-BuOK method (Potassium tertButoxide)
○
○
○
Kansai Electric Power Co. Inc.・
kansai-tecc.Co.Inc.
Catalytic hydro-dechlorination
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Sodium dispersion method (SD
method)
○
Ontario hydro
Nuclear Fuel Industries, Ltd.・
Sumitomo Corporation
Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.
○
Sodium particle dispersion
method (SP method)
○
Power tech
Sodium Dispersion (PCB
Gonemethod)
○
SＤmyers
Sodium dispersion method
(Mechno-chemical method)
○
Catalytic hydro-reduction
○
Sodium dispersion method
(Milisize Reactor Method)
○
○
○
○
Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co.,Ltd.・
Okinawa plant industry Co.,Ltd.
Organo Corporation
Kyoueigiken Co., Ltd.・Tokyo
Institute of Technology ・ＮＴＲＫ
Co., Ltd.
Nikko Rica Corporation・Takaoka
Electric MFG. Co., Ltd.・Showa
Engineering Co., Ltd.・Kanae
Corporation
Hitachi, Ltd.
Supercritical water oxidation
Supercritical water
oxidation
Subcritical water oxidation
Organo Corporation
○
Ｍｏｌａｒ
○
○
ＳＲＩ
○
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Catalytic extraction processing
(CEP method)
○
Molten Metal Tech
Gas phase chemical reduction
○
Ecologic
Thermo-chemical
reduction
Photocatalytic
decomposition
Performance＊
Chemical decomposition
Sodium dispersion method
(Ontario Hydro Sodium
Dispersion)
Chemical
dechlorination
Employed
inPCB
Employed in
destruction
JESCO＊
technologies for
pole
transformers＊
The improvement of
the overseas
technology
○
Ebara Corporation・Mitsubishi
Chemical Corporation
○
Nippon Sharyo Corporation・Tokyo
Boeki Co., Ltd.
UV+ microorganisms
○
Railway Technical Research
Institute・Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd.
UV+distillation
○
Railway Technical Research
Institute・Mitsubishi Heavy
Industries, Ltd.
UV+catalyst
○
Toshiba Corporation
Plasma arc
PLASCON
○
Itochu Corporation
○
SRL Plasma
○
＊：includes on the construction.
12
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Table PCB destruction technologies authorized in Japan (Wastes contaminated with PCB (solid PCB wastes))
Methods
Technologies
Supercritical water Supercritical water oxidation
oxidation
The original
technology
○
Subcritical water oxidation
The improvement of
the overseas
technology
○
Employed in
PCB destruction
Employed in
technologies for
JESCO＊
pole
transformers＊
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
○
SRI
○
○
Ecologic
○
Melting reductive thermal
decomposition
Mechanical
chemical
decomposition
Radical planet method (planetary
ball milling)
Melting
decomposition
Geomelt (vitrification)
○
○
AMEC
Plasma melting decomposition
Removal
Vacuum thermal recycling
(Central Research Institute of
Electric Power Industry method)
Vacuum thermal recycling
BCD thermal recycling
Anaerobic thermal process
○
○
○
○
○
○
ALD
○
○
○
○
Central Research Institute of Electric
Power Industry, Federation of
Electric Power Companies
Aichi Electric Co., Ltd.
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd., Ube
Industries,Ltd
○
SWACO
○
○
○
○
Aprochim
Solvent cleaning （Decontakslv
method）
○
○
○
○
Sanexen
Solvent cleaning （SDMyers
method）
Solvent extraction
Z.E.R.O Japan Co., Ltd.
Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd.
○
Solvent extraction and
decomposition (SED method)
Solvent cleaning
Nippon Steel Corporation, Kobelco
Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd.
Powertech
Ontario. Hydro
(Kinectrics)
Precision recycling cleaning
FIT, Ltd., Kawasaki Heavy
Industries, Ltd.
Nippon Steel Corporation
○
S-DEC method
Solvent cleaning (Central
Research Institute of Electric
Power Industry method)
ISV Japan, Ltd., Ube Industries,Ltd.,
Konoike Construction Co., Ltd.,
Japan Reseach Institute, Ltd.,
Hazama Corporation
Ebara Corporation
○
Thermal Phase Separation （TPS
method）
MHI chemical cleaning
○
○
○
Reductive Heating and Sodium
Dispersion （RH-SP method）
Cleaning
○
Integrated
Environmental
Technologies
Vacuum thermal recycling (VTR
method）
Nippon Sharyo Corporation, Tokyo
Boeki Co., Ltd.
Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding
Co., Ltd. , Sumitomo Metal
Industries, Ltd., Z.E.R.O Japan Co.,
Ltd.
Radical Planet Japan（Sumitomo
Metal Industries, Ltd.）
○
Plasma enhanced melter (PEMTM
method)
Vendor(s)
Organo Corporation
○
Molar
○
Thermo-chemical Gas phase chemical reduction
reduction
Performance＊
○
○
SDMyers
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Nuclear Fuel Industries, Ltd.,
Sumitomo Corporation
Kobelco Eco-Solutions Co., Ltd.
Ebara Corporation
Organo Corporation
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
○
Central Research Institute of Electric
Power Industry, Federation of
Electric Power Companies
○
Tokyo Electric Power Company,
Mitsui & Co., Ltd.
○
Toshiba Corporation
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
○
Terra-Kleen
＊：includes on the construction.
13
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Treatment of DXNs
The standards on dioxins and furans in Japan, and their background
1. Standards
(1) Environmental standards
Environmental standards are set as follows:
-
Ambient air: 0.6pg-TEQ/m3;
-
Soil: 1,000pg-TEQ/g;
-
Water quality: 1 pg-TEQ/L;
-
Sediment: 150pg-TEQ/g.
(2) Acceptance standard for controlled landfill sites
Soot and dust: 3,000pg-TEQ/g
(3) Emission standards
Gas emission: 0.1 pg-TEQ/Nm3
(This standard applies for newly established incinerator above 4t/h. Details are shown in the
table below.)
Types of Specified facilities
Emission
standards
for
newly established
facilities
Waste incinerator
Greater than and
equal to 4t/h
0.1ng-TEQ/m3N
(incineration
2t/h-4t/h
1ng-TEQ/m3N
capacity:
over
Less than 2t/h
50kg/h)
Emission standards for existing facilities
Jan.2001-Nov.2002
Dec.20021ng-TEQ/m3N
80ng-TEQ/m3N
5ng-TEQ/m3N
5ng-TEQ/m3N
10-TEQ/m3N
Electric steel making furnaces
0.5 ng-TEQ/m3N
20ng-TEQ/m3N
5ng-TEQ/m3N
Sintering process for steel industry
0.1 ng-TEQ/m3N
2ng-TEQ/m3N
1ng-TEQ/m3N
Secondary production of zinc
1 ng-TEQ/m3N
40ng-TEQ/m3N
10ng-TEQ/m3N
Aluminum scrap melting process
1 ng-TEQ/m3N
20 ng-TEQ/m3N
5ng-TEQ/m3N
Note1: Calibration by 12% of oxygen concentration for waste incinerator, and by 15% of oxygen
concentration for sintering process is to be conducted.
Note2: Emission standards for newly established facilities are to be applied for the facilities which are
objective of the preventive standards of the designated substances under Air Pollution Control Law.
Note3: Under the article 20, paragraph 2 of the Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins, the
existed facilities at the time the specified facilities were designated had been exempted from objective of
the standards for one year.
14
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
Effluent standard: 10 pg-TEQ/L
(This applies for newly established facilities. Details are shown in the table below)
Effluent standards for
Effluent standards for
Types of Specified facilities
newly
established
existing facilities
facilities
Chlorine
bleaching
facilities
for
kraft
pulp
manufacturing
Destruction
facilities
for
wastes
consisting
of,
10 pg-TEQ/l
containing, or contaminated with PCBs
Cleaning facilities for PCB containing or contaminated
objects
Melting
or
drying
facilities
for
aluminum
manufacturing, or emission gas cleaning facilities for
roasting furnace
10 pg-TEQ/l
Dichloroethane cleaning facilities for vinyl chloride
(20pg-TEQ/l)
10pg-TEQ/l
monomer manufacturing
Emission gas cleaning, wet dust collecting facilities,
and ash pits that emit effluent, for municipal wastes
incinerator (incineration ability: over 50kg/h only)
10 pg-TEQ/l
Emission gas cleaning, wet dust collecting, and ash
(50pg-TEQ/l)
pit that emit effluent, for incinerator for industrial
wastes (incineration ability: over 50kg/h only)
Sewage treatment plants for all facilities above
10 pg-TEQ/l
Joint industrial wastewater treatment plants
Note: ( ) shows the provisional standards that had been effective for three years after the
enactment of the law.
15
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
2. Background for the standards
The environmental standards on dioxins and furans in Japan were determined taking into
account human exposure estimated by an environmental behavioral model, based on a
TDI of 4pg TEQ/kg/day by WHO (1998).
(1) Ambient air
Firstly a target for the ambient air was provisionally set as 0.6pg-TEQ/m3. Then, the
amount of exposure on human body under the above target was estimated based on an
environmental behavioral model. The result showed that even in a selected group which
has biases in their intakes from foods or the environment, the maximum amount of dioxin
absorption does not exceed 2pg-TEQ/kg/day, i.e., a level corresponding the TDI of
4pg-TEQ/kg/day.
Due to comprehensive considerations, along with the above estimation as well as the
level of dioxins and furans at the time, the ambient air quality standard was determined as
0.6pg-TEQ/m3.
(2) Soil
On the assumption that exposure of dioxins and furans from soil takes place by direct
ingestion, and one lives on such a soil for 30 years, the amount of average daily intake from
the soil was calculated in order not to reach TDI. The average intakes from foods and the
air were also taken into account in determining the standard for soil.
(3) Water quality
The water quality standard was determined by: firstly assuming a standard level by
drinking water intake; and secondly bringing together information concerning the assumed
level’s influence on bioaccumulation to the best of our knowledge at the time.
1% of TDI was allocated to drinking water, given the major exposure to dioxins and furans
occur through other medium. On the assumption that the TDI is 4pg-TEQ/kg/day, and one,
whose body weight is 50kg, drinks 2L of water a day, a standard value was calculated as 1
pg-TEQ/L. Further assuming that one eats 1.5 times more seafood than the average, and
the bioaccumulation factor is 10,000, the average concentration in water to meet the TDI
was calculated as 0.27pg-TEQ/L.
Meanwhile, according to the nationwide study in 1998, the average concentration of
dioxins and furans in water in Japan turned out to be 0.40pg-TEQ/L. Based on this data,
a calculation was conducted so that the average concentration in water should be below
0.27pg-TEQ/L. As a result, the water quality standard was set as 1pg-TEQ/L.
16
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
(4) Sediment
Taking into account that dioxins and furans in the bottom sediment are rolled up by
disturbances and dissolve in the water, then accordingly influence human health, an
estimation was conducted based on a theoretical calculation as well as measurements by a
leaching test (shake test for partitioning between sediment and water).
A calculation was made based on the following assumptions: log Koc is 6.5; organic
carbon rate in the bottom sediment is 5 %; concentration in the water is equivalent to the
water quality standard, i.e., 1pg-TEQ/L. As a result, we obtained the concentration in the
bottom sediment in theory as157pg-TEQ/g.
In the meanwhile, two kinds of bottom sediments were used as samples in carrying out
the leaching test. The result showed that the average of all the data corresponding 1
pg-TEQ/L of the water quality standard was 196 pg-TEQ/g.
All the above information considered, the standard for bottom sediment was set as 150
pg-TEQ/g.
(5) Soot and dust
Given that soot and dust are landfilled at final disposing sites in general, prevention of
pollution on air and/or soil during their transportation and landfilling processes were focused
in the course of consideration. In setting the standard, safety level regarding the content of
dioxins and furans in the soot and dust was considered in comparison with the
environmental standards for soil and water.
All the discussions below considered, the environmental standard was set as 3ng-TEQ/g.
<Contents of dioxins and furans in soot and dust>
Generally, the content of dioxins and furans in soot and dust is likely to be greater than in
bottom ashes. Bottom ashes scarcely contain dioxins and furans over 3ng-TEQ/g.
(Note that the objective of this standard only covers soot and dust but not bottom ashes.)
<In comparison with the standard for soil>
The disposal standard of specially controlled industrial wastes, which applies for
concentration of the object measured by a leaching test method, was determined by a factor
of 10 of the water quality standard.
This level is supposed to be equivalent to a factor of 10 of the environmental standard for
soil. If this conventional method were applied to the dioxin standard, the disposal standard
would be 10ng-TEQ/g, as the standard for soil is 1ng-TEQ/g.
3ng-TEQ/g is on the safe side even taking into account this estimation.
17
Overview on the POPs treatment in Japan (2006)
<In comparison with the water quality standard>
The disposal standard of specially controlled industrial wastes, which applies for
concentration of the object measured by a leaching test method, was determined by a factor
of 10 of the water quality standard. If this conventional method were applied to the dioxin
standard, the disposal standard would be 10ng-TEQ/L, as the water quality standard is
1ng-TEQ/L.
Meanwhile, experimental data show that the concentration of dioxins and furans in
leachate from the soot and dust is likely to be below 1pg-TEQ/L under the condition that the
concentration in the soot and dust is below 3ng-TEQ/g. This data ensures consistency with
the above estimation.
<Practicability of treatment technology>
Technologies available at the time of consideration were ensured to have ability to
achieve 3ng-TEQ/g.
(6) Gas emission
Regarding gas emission, an achievable level by the technologies available at the time
was adopted as the standard. In considering newly constructed large scale facilities, their
best practicable technological means were taken into account, while the abilities of existing
facilities and/or medium and small scale facilities were also taken into account.
(7) Effluent
The effluent standards under Water Pollution Control Law had been determined in the
past by a factor of 10 of the environmental standards, in the view of achieving and
maintaining the environmental standards. Based on this idea, the effluent standard was set
forth as 10pg-TEQ/L. At the same time, provisional standards which had been effective for
three years after the enforcement of the law were adopted.
3. References
・Nakasugi (2000): Waste management research, 11(3), pp. 182-196 (Japanese)
・Central Environmental Council (December 10, 1999)
・Living Environmental Council (1999)
・Central Environmental Council (June 24, 2002)
18