UNIT 5
MULTIMEDIA
MODAL VERBS
Los MODAL VERBS tienen una serie de características:
a) No llevan –s en la 3ª persona del singular: Ex: He can swim.
b) Van seguidos de infinitivo sin “to”. Ex: You must work harder.
c) No necesitan verbo auxiliar para las negativas e interrogativas. Ex: She can’t swim; Could you finish your job?
Veamos los siguientes:
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MUST/MUSTN’T:
“Must” indica obligación de hacer algo. Example: I must get up early.
Se usa para indicar lo mismo que con “have to” I have to get up early y “has to”: Example: She has to get up early.
- Indica deducción afirmativa. Example: He studies very hard, he must have good marks.
“Mustn’t” indica prohibición de hacer algo. Example: You mustn’t enter here.
1) REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING MUST/MUSTN’T:
a) In many British schools it is compulsory to wear a uniform. - In many British schools, you ...
b) It’s prohibited for the passengers to smoke here. - Passengers ...
c) It is compulsory for all drivers to have a driving licence. - All drivers ...
d) Feeding the animals is forbidden in this zoo. -You ...
e) I’m certain Mark plays the guitar very well.

- Mark ...
CAN/CAN’T/COULD/COULDN’T:
“Can” indica habilidad/capacidad en el presente. Example: I can swim;
Dar y pedir permiso en el presente. Example: Can I go to the toilet?
“Can’t” indica incapacidad en el presente. Example: I can’t swim;
Denegar el permiso. Example: You can’t drive my car.
- Indica deducción negative. Example: She doesn’t speak English. She can’t be British.
“Could” indica habilidad/capacidad/posibilidad en el pasado. Example: I could swim;
“Couldn’t” indica no habilidad/incapacidad/no posibilidad en el pasado. Example: I couldn’t swim.
2) REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING CAN/CAN’T/COULD/COULDN’T:
a) You’re not allowed to see that film. - You ...
b) It’s not permitted for him to drive a car.
- He ...
c) It was not possible for me to go to London. - I …
d) She’s very good at dancing.- She …
e) I’d like to use your computer.- Can …?
f) They were able to run very fast. - They …
g) We’d like to watch TV. - Could … ?
h) I’m sure that that woman is not Sheila.

-That woman ...
SHOULD/SHOULDN’T:
“Should” se usa para dar consejo afirmativo, significa “debería”. Example: You should study harder.
“Shouldn’t” se usa para dar consejo negativo, significa “no debería”. Example: You shouldn’t smoke.
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3) REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING SHOULD/SHOULDN’T
a) We advise you to eat vegetables. - You ...
b) It would be a good idea for me to read good books. - I ...
c) I advise you not to smoke.
- You ...
d) We advise her not to eat so much chocolate. - She ...
e) I advise them not to talk here. - They ...
f) I advise you to use a helmet. - You...
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MAY/MIGHT: Se usan para indicar posibilidad/probabilidad en el presente o futuro.
Example: It may/might rain tonight. / Peter may be in Paris.
4) REWRITE THESE SENTENCES WITH MAY/MIGHT:
a) It’s possible that they will win the NBA.
b) Maybe it will rain this afternoon.
- They ...
- It ...
c) Perhaps Tom will arrive tomorrow.
- Tom
d) It’s possible that he will visit Spain next summer.
- He..
e) There’s a possibility that she comes this afternoon. - She …
f) It’s possible that they buy the car. - They …

DON’T HAVE TO y DOESN’T HAVE TO: se usan para indicar “ausencia de obligación”. Example: I don’t have to wear a
uniform. She doesn’t have to get up early.
5) REWRITE THESE SENTENCES USING DON’T/DOESN’T HAVE TO:
a) It’s not compulsory for you to get up at eight. - You ...
b) It’s not obligatory for her to watch TV. - She ...
c) It’s not compulsory for him to go to Rome. - He ...
d) It’s not obligatory for them to do the cleaning.
- They ...
e) It’s not compulsory for me to buy a new phone. - I ...
COMPUTING SUPPORT OFFICE
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
Las oraciones condicionales constan de dos partes: la oración que establece la condición, que se llama if clause y que se
introduce por if o unless, y la oración principal o de resultado, que se llama main clause. Cuando la if clause va antes que la
main clause, va al principio, separamos ambas oraciones con una coma, como en If I won the lottery, I would buy a new
house; pero si la main clause va al principio, no escribimos ninguna coma, como en I would buy a house if I won the lottery.
Tenemos 3 tipos de oraciones condicionales:

1ST TYPE: Expresa situaciones presentes o futuras reales. Usamos los siguientes tiempos verbales:
- IF CLAUSE: Simple present
- MAIN CLAUSE: Will /Can
Ej: If it rains, we will/can stay at home.
6) REWRITE THESE FIRST CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:
1) I’ll go to the cinema tomorrow if I don’t have to work late.
- I’ll go to the cinema tomorrow unless ...
2) I’ll phone your parents if your behaviour doesn’t improve. - Unless ...
3) John usually walks to work if his friends don’t give him a lift.
4) Unless he studies harder, he is going to fail the test.
5) You won’t pass the exam unless you work harder.
- John usually walks to work unless ...
- If ...
- You won’t pass the exam if ...
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
2ndTYPE: Expresa situaciones hipotéticas en el presente o futuro. Usamos los siguientes tiempos verbales:
- IF CLAUSE: Simple past - MAIN CLAUSE: Would + infinitive sin “to”
Ej: If it rained, we would stay at home.
7) REWRITE SENTENCES WITH A SECOND CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
1) Mike is tired to play basketball today. - If he ...
2) George can’t go to the cinema with me because he is too busy. - But if George ...
3) Sheila is fat because she eats too much.
- If Sheila ...
4) I can’t go to Tokyo because I don’t have enough money. - If I ...
5) I think you should study much more. - If I were you ...
1)
3rdTYPE: Expresa situaciones hipotéticas del pasado. Usamos los siguientes tiempos verbales:
- IF CLAUSE: Past perfect - MAIN CLAUSE: Would have + past participle Ej: If it had rained, we would have stayed at home.
8) REWRITE SENTENCES WITH A THIRD CONDITIONAL CLAUSE:
1) The runner twisted his ankle because he fell.
- If the runner hadn’t _____________________________________________
2) The driver fell asleep at the wheel and caused an accident. - If the driver _________________________________________
3) I went to sleep very late last night because I was so excited.
- If I ______________________________________________
4) We didn’t move to Paris last year and so I didn’t learn French.
- If we had _______________________________________
5)He spilled coffee on the keyboard and he damaged it. If he ____________________________________________________
9) MATCH THE ACTIONS IN COLUMN A WITH APPROPRIATE WFFECTS FROM COLUMN B. THEN JOIN ACTION AND EFFECT
USING A CONDITIONAL SENTENCE.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
1.
you press Print Screen
a.
you can drag it across the screen
2.
you press Ctrl+Alt+Del in Windows XP
b.
it would speed up the computer
3.
you added more money
c.
you can lose data
4.
you installed a modem
d.
you would have more space at your desk
5.
you used a better search engine
e.
you would be able to connect to a telephone line
6.
you forget to save regularly
f.
you can make a copy of the screen
7.
you hold down the mouse button over an icon
g.
you would find more relevant results
8.
you used an LCD display
h.
it displays the Windows security dialogue box
WISH CLAUSES
Para expresar deseos o bien lamentarnos de algo que ha ocurrido o que ocurre utilizamos I wish / If only.
Las dos formas se pueden utilizar pero If only es mucho más enfático.
a) I WISH / IF ONLY + SIMPLE PAST. Si nos lamentamos por algo que sucede o situación en
presente y desearíamos que fuera diferente.
Ex: I wish I lived in a house! ¡Ojalá viviera en una casa! If
only I spoke English well! ¡Ojalá hablara bien inglés
b) I WISH / IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT SIMPLE. Si nos lamentamos o arrepentimos por algo que ha
sucedido en el tiempo pasado, o de una situación en el pasado.
Ex: I wish I had told them the truth! ¡Ojalá les hubiera dicho la verdad! If only they had arrived earlier! ¡Ojalá
hubieran llegado más temprano!
c) I WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD + INFINITIVE. Se usan cuando los sujetos son diferentes. Con esta
estructura nos quejamos de algo en el presente que nos molesta. Ex: I wish you would drive more
slowly. Ojalá condujeras más despacio.
10) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING I WISH / IF ONLY + SIMPLE PAST:
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1) I’d love to live in Australia. - I wish ...
2) Why don’t we go abroad for our holidays? - I wish ...
3) I’d love to be able to cook. - I wish ...
4) Why don’t we have a bigger house? - If only ...
11) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING I WISH / IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT:
1) I’m sorry I decided to work in London. - I wish ...
2) It was a mistake to leave Manchester. - I wish ...
3) What a pity I didn’t watch the final game. - I wish ...
4) I’m sorry we lost all our money. - I wish ...
12) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES USING I WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD + INFINITIVE:
1) I usually complain because my son has to go to school on Saturdays. - I wish ...
2) Why is the school so expensive? I complain about it. - I wish ...
3) Sheila isn’t very polite to her grandparents. I don’t like it at all. - I wish ...
4) I’d like Peter to give up smoking. Everybody complains about it. - I wish
5) Peter doesn’t wash very often. - If only ...
UNIT 6
RELATIVE CLAUSES
A. WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, WHERE, WHEN.
Estos pronombres de relativo (relative pronouns) y palabras que pueden hacer la función de relativo introducen las oraciones de
relativo (relative clauses) que se usan para añadir más información sobre alguien o algo que sería el “antecedente”.
1. RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
- WHO: Se usa para decir algo de una persona, que sería el antecedente.
Ejemplo: Mr Smith is the man who won the prize. / The man who they gave the prize was Mr Smith
- WHICH: Se usa para decir algo de un animal o de una cosa o idea, que sería el antecedente.
. Ejemplo: This is the ring which cost me a lot of money. / The ring which I bought cost me a lot of money.
- WHOSE: Se traduce por “cuyo/a/os/as”. Se usa para hablar de posesión y pertenencia relativa al antecedente.
Ejemplo: Brenda is a girl whose father is very rich.
2. Otras palabras que pueden hacer la función de relativos:
- WHERE: Se traduce por “donde”. Se usa para indicar “lugar” relacionado con el antecedente.
Ejemplo: That’s the house where he lived.
- WHEN: Se traduce por “cuando”. Se usa para indicar “tiempo” relacionado con el antecedente.
Ejemplo: I remember the day when I met you
“Charles is the man”
Charles is the man who phoned yesterday.
“He phoned yesterday.”
13) JOIN THESE SENTENCES USING A DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE:
1) This is the place. I read the newspaper here every day. - This is the place ______________________________________
2) George has a boat collection. It contains more than a hundred models.
3) They bought a Persian rug. It was really expensive.
- George has a boat collection ________________
- They bought a Persian rug ____________________________
4) We found a lost child. His mother was looking for him. - We found a lost child ____________________________________
5) I came across an old friend. He is vegetarian. - I came across _________________________________________________
6) They are the people. Their house burned down last winter.
“Sam has started to study”
- They are the people ___________________________
Sam, who is sixty, has started to study Chinese.
“He is sixty”
1)
14) JOIN THESE SENTENCES USING A NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE:
The new tunnel will be opened next month. It is the safest in Europe.
- The new tunnel, ...
2)
Fur coats are very popular among wealthy women. They produce indignation among animal lovers. - Fur coats, ...
3)
Fiesta was written by Ernest Hemingway. It is also called The Sun rises.
4)
Harrods is a fashionable London department store. It is one of the longest in Europe. - Harrods, ...
5)
My English friends live in Bristol. They are members of Greenpeace. - My English friends, ...
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-Fiesta, …
PASSIVE VOICE
Verb tense
Active voice
Passive voice
Present simple
arrest/arrests
am/is/are arrested
Present continuous
am/is/are arresting
am/is/are being arrested
Past simple
arrested
was/were arrested
Past continuous
was/were arresting
was/were being arrested
Present perfect
have/has arrested
have/has been arrested
Past perfect
had arrested
had been arrested
Future simple (will)
will arrest
will be arrested
Be going to
am/is/are going to arrest
am/is/are going to be arrested
Future perfect
will have arrested
will have been arrested
Would + inf
would arrest
would be arrested
Would + have + Past Part.
would have arrested
would have been arrested
Modal verb
can arrest
can be arrested
Para transformar una oración activa en pasiva tenemos que seguir los siguientes pasos:

The police arrested the thief yesterday
1º) Localizar el objeto directo de la oración activa, en este caso the thief
2º) Convertir este objeto directo de la oración activa en sujeto de la pasiva.
3º) Localizar el verbo e identificar el tiempo verbal de la activa. En esta oración el verbo es arrested que es un past simple.
4º)Transformar esa forma verbal en pasiva en el mismo tiempo verbal, en este caso el past simple. Para ello se escribe el past simple
de to be junto con el past participle del verbo principal,El verbo en pasiva sería pues “was arrested”
5º) Localizar el sujeto de la oración activa, en este caso the police y decidir si se debe usar como el complemento agente de la
oración introducido por la preposición by. En este caso sí se ha de utilizar, por lo que quedaría así: “by the police”.

The thief was arrested by the police yesterday.
15) TURN THESE SENTENCES INTO THE PASSIVE VOICE:
1) They speak Spanglish in the USA. - Spanglish ...
2) Mr Stavans has published a dictionary. - A dictionary ...
3) They will write books on Spanglish. -Books on ...
4) They have cancelled the flight. - The flight ...
5) The children are using the workshop. - The workshop ...
6) They have hired a limousine. - A limousine ......
7) Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. - Romeo and Juliet ...
8) Mark composed the song. - The song ...
9) They produce a lot of wine in Spain. - A lot of wine ...
10) Barcelona organised the Games. -The Games ...
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