Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2011
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
A) Explain the components of metabolism. What is meant by coupling exergonic reaction to endergonic reactions?
B) Describes ways in which molecules can move across a biphoshoplipid layer. What is meant by going “Against a concentration
gradient”?
C) If we place a cell in a hypotonic solution what would happen to the cell shape? If placed in a hypertonic solution? Isotonic?
D) What is meant by redox reactions? During aerobic conditions, what is being oxidized when cells are producing ATP? What is being
reduced?
E) In the animal cell, where does CO2 come from? Where does H2O come from? Be specific!
F) In the plant cell, where is CO2 fixed? Where does O2 come from? Be specific!
G) What does the term Oxidative Phosphorylation mean? Where does it occur in the cell? Be specific!
H) What does Photo- synthesis mean? Where does it occur in the cell? Be specific!
I) What is meant by the light reaction? What is meant by the dark reaction? Explain.
J) In the presence of oxygen, how does an animal cell typically obtain its energy? Draw or list the overall reaction- For full credit,
include and explain the three major processes involved their starting reactants and end products.
K) Describe photosynthesis; For full credit, include major reactions, the starting reactants and finished products and where they take
place.
L) Compare and contrast Mitosis and Meiosis. For full credit describe all of the phases involved and their major differences. Be sure to
include all key terms.
Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 13
Membrane structure and function
Selective permeability, Fig. phospholipid bilayer, Fig. fluid mosaic model, Fig.
animal cell’s plasma membrane, integral proteins, transmembrane proteins,
peripheral proteins
Fig. some functions of membrane proteins- transport, cell-cell recognitionglycolipids and glycoproteins
Synthesis and sidedness- Fig.
Membrane structure results in selective permeability
The permeability of the lipid bilayer- hydrophobic nonpolar molecules such as
hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, oxygen and lipids can cross membranes
Passive transport
Diffusion, concentration gradient, osmosis, tonicity, isotonic, hypotonic, Fig.
Animal cells- lysis, crenate (shrink) Plant cells- Turgid, flaccid
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Movement against the concentration gradient requires energy Fig. sodium
potassium pump
Membrane potentials by ion pumps
Electrochemical gradient
Bulk transport- exocytosis and endocytosis, ligands, phagocytosis, pinocytosis
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2011
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
Ch. 8
An organism’s metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of
thermodynamics
Organization of Chemistry of life into metabolic pathways- metabolism all chemical
reactions within a cell, catabolic and anabolic pathways
Forms of energy- kinetic, potential, chemical
Fig. the relationship of free energy to stability
Fig. c) Equilibrium and work in closed and open systems- potential energy
found in glucose can be transformed to packaged energy (ATP) to be
used in other cellular reactions
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reaction to endergonic reactions
Fig. and The structure of ATP and the source of energy found within the
phosphate bonds
Fig. Energy coupling using ATP hydrolysis
9 Cellular respiration
Fig. Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems
Catabolic pathway yields energy by oxidizing organic fuels
Catabolic pathways and production of ATP- fermentation, anaerobic respiration,
animal cells produce byproduct lactic acid, prokaryotic cells produce byproduct
ethanol
cellular respiration- oxygen consumed as a reactant along with glucose know
byproducts.
Redox reaction- oxidation , reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent
Fig. Electron carriers- NAD+ is reduced (gains electrons to form NADH
“currency in the form of a check”)
Fig. An introduction to the Electron Transport Chain (NADH will be oxidized
“cashed”- has a lot of potential energy to create ATP “cash”)
Fig. An overview of cellular respiration- glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative
phosphorylation.
Glycolysis oxidation of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules
Fig. Energy investment, energy payoff, net
Fig. closer look at glycolysis
The citric acid cycle (TCA or Kreb cycle) completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic
molecules
Fig. Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA (junction between glycolysis and the
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2011
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
citric acid cycle) THIS HAPPENS TWICE! For every 1 glucose there are 2
pyruvates formed!
Fig.
overview of citric acid cycle (NADH, FADH2, ATP and CO2 produced)
Fig. closer look at the Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
Most of the ATP is produced in this Step of cell respiration!
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport chain without oxygen,
the electron transport system gets backed up and shuts down.
Chemiosmosis: the energy coupling mechanism- ATP synthase fig.
Fig. Chemiosmosis couples the Electron transport chain to ATP synthesis- the
electrons from NADH and FADH2 moved down the Electron transport chain and drive
Hydrogen ions across the membrane creating a chemical gradient (more Hydrogen
ions on one side of the membrane) this hydrogen gradient drives the ATP synthase
(protein channel within membrane) to produce ATP!
Where does the hydrogen come from?
Fig. ATP yield per molecule of glucose (where is most of the ATP produced?)
Fermentation- anaerobic respiration
Fig. Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation
Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to many other metabolic pathways
Fig. The catabolism of various molecules from food- proteins, carbohydrates, and
fats
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis, autotroph, photoautotroph, heterotroph,
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy of food
Photo- uses light to drive the Synthesis of sugar (produce sugar)
Know the site of photosynthesis in plants- Chloroplast, chlorophyll, mesophyll,
stomata, stroma, thylakoids, thylakoid space
6 Carbon dioxide + 12 water + light energy
Glucose + 2Oxygen + 6water
Understand Figure 10.3- mesophyll, stomatas and what they let in and out, Mesophyll
cell, chloroplast, chloroplast outer and inner membrane, intermembrane space,
stroma, granum, thylakoid, and thylakoid space
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2011
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
Know the two stages of photosynthesis- light reaction (the photo part) and Calvin
cycle (dark reaction)- the synthesis part
Know that water splitting provides the electrons an protons (H+) and gives off
oxygen
What is NADP+ and NADPN?
Understand the overview of photosynthesis Fig. 10.5
The light reactioins
Wavelength, visible light, photons,
Understand what a spectrophotometer is used for
Why leaves are green? Fig. 10.7
Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, and carotenoids
Undesrtand excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule Fig 10.11
Understand Photosystems: a reaction center complex associated with light harvesting
complexes
Know these terms, photsytem, reaction-center complex, light harvesting complex,
primary electron acceptor, Photsystem II and Photosystem I.
Understand how the Linear flow during the light reaction Fig. 10.13
Know where oxygen is formed and from what molecule, where sugar is made etc.
Compare chemiosmosis in Chloroplast and Mitochondria Fig. 10.16
Understand the light reaction and chemiosmosis : the organization of the thylakoid
membrane fig. 10.17
The Calvin cycle
The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar- carbon fixing
Know the three phases of the Calvin Cycle Fig 10.18
And some specifics mentioned during lecture i.e. know that the carbohydrate
produced directly from the calvin cycle is not glucose, but a three carbon sugar by
the name of glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate (G3P)
Alternative Mechanisms
Understand the difference between C3 plants and C4 plants
Chapter 12 and 13
Chromosome, chromotids, sister chromotids, homologous chromosomes, (fig. )
centrosome,
Haploid (n) and Diploid (2n)
Understand the cell cycle, fig. , Interphase (synthesis of DNA in S-phase of Interphase), cell
division (Mitosis or Meiosis)
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Bio 1 study guide Exam #2 Fall 2011
This as a guide and does not replace your notes!
Fig.
Fig.
Understand Mitotic Division of animal cell
Understand Mitosis Division in a plant cell
What are centrioles? What are asters and what do they do during cell division?
Fig.
Asexual reproduction- “cloning” or Binary fission
Understand fig.
Understand fig.
the human life cycle
describing chromosomes
Somatic cells, Diploid, haploid, sex chromosomes, autosomes, zygote, fertilization,
differentiation, gametes,
What is differentiation?
Fig. Understand the Cell cycle control system- Interphase which consist of G1, S, and G2
phase and M phase which is either Mitosis or Meiosis
Understand the steps involved in meiosis (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)- know which meiosis I
or Meiosis II involves the separation of sister chromatids or separation of homolgous pairs
Understand fig overview of meiosis
Understand fig. and fig. comparison of mitosis and meiosis in diploid cells
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