Landscape Assessment
advertisement
BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD FEASIBILITY STUDY ~ LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT March 2001 BROUGHTON MOOR RNAD LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT DOCUMENT VERIFICATION Job number: 35830 Signed Prepared by: Jayne Garbutt Dip LA MLI Senior Landscape Architect CAPITAdbs Emma Golightly MA (Hons) Consultant Landscape Architect Approved by: Trevor Atkinson MLI Associate CAPITAdbs Revision Date Description Prepared Checked Approved Broughton Moor ~ Desk Study Relationship with other Feasibility Study Documents This Landscape Assessment represents one of a series of reports prepared in response to a commission dated 15th November 2000 and referenced DM/AMF/ES51.King.15.11.00 from Allerdale Borough Council for a pre-land acquisition feasibility study. A complete list of the reports associated with the feasibility study is presented below: Summary Report*(1) Phase 1 (Desk Study) Land Quality Assessment (Volumes 1 & 2) Desk Study Assessment (Munitions) Phase 2 (Intrusive Investigation) Land Quality Assessment*(2) Landscape Assessment Traffic Assessment Infrastructure and Drainage Hydrological Study*(3) Ecological*(4) *(1) To be completed approximately 1 week following completion of the Phase 2 (Intrusive Investigation) LQA. This report will incorporate a ‘sieve map(s)’ developed on Arc View Geographic Information System. The content of the maps will be determined through consultation with the client appointed Planning Consultant. (2) * Subject to future commission. Report anticipated to be complete within 25 weeks of commission – based on a 9 week contract period. (3) * To be issued on completion of the Phase 2 (Intrusive Investigation) LQA. Interim findings have been reported to Allerdale Borough Council in March 2001. (4) * To be submitted by 30th June 2001. Interim findings have been reported to Allerdale Borough Council in March 2001 A limited topographical survey has been undertaken as part of the commission. The digital information associated with the survey has been presented on a Compact Disc and has been submitted separately to Allerdale Borough Council. CAPITAdbs -i- March 2001 Issue: Rev0 Broughton Moor ~ Desk Study BROUGHTON MOOR Landscape Assessment Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. Sources of Information 4 3. Study Area and its Setting 5 4. Landscape History 7 5. Planning Designations 9 6. Rights of Way 13 7. Landscape Character Areas 14 8. Site Topography 16 9. Existing Landscape Features 17 10. Vegetation 19 11. Visual Effects 21 11.1 Visual Envelope 11.2 Significant Views 12 Summary of Landscape Quality 28 13 Recommendations for Landscape and Visual Improvements 30 References 35 Appendix 1 36 List of Drawings Drg No Title 1 Landscape Context 2 Planning Designations 3 Topography 4 Rights of Way 5 Historic Landscape 6 Landscape Features 7 Vegetation 8 Visual Envelope 9 Landscape Character CAPITAdbs - ii - March 2001 Issue: Rev0 Broughton Moor ~ Desk Study 10 CAPITAdbs Landscape Quality - iii - March 2001 Issue: Rev0 1.0 INTRODUCTION Allerdale District Council are considering the purchase of the former Royal Navy Armaments Depot (RNAD), Broughton Moor, Cumbria from the Ministry of Defence (MoD). The site, which is situated to the south of the village of Broughton Moor and approximately four kilometres to the southeast from the town of Maryport, extends to some 1200 acres. In November 2000 CAPITAdbs were appointed by Allerdale District Council (the Client) as Lead Consultant to undertake a detailed Feasibility Study. The objective of the Feasibility Study is to enable the Client to reach an informed view regarding the viability, or otherwise, of developing the site for an as yet undetermined after-use. A series of reports have been prepared in connection with the Feasibility Study, the purpose of which are to consider various areas of interest including servicing, drainage, archaeology and ecology. This report is one of the series and considers the landscape and visual aspects. The principal objectives of the landscape assessment report are: To provide information on the landscape history of the site and identify features of historical value, To provide information on the present use of the site and identify features of landscape value including assessment of existing vegetation, To provide background information on planning designations, Rights of Way and topography, To provide information on the visual aspects both on and off site, To establish a system of landscape quality for the existing situation, To identify any recommendations for the improvement of the landscape and visual effects. This report does not consider in detail the existing ecology of the site. A separate study details such aspects prepared by CAPITAdbs. Another closely connected subject is the potential for munitions and other related contamination of the landscape, which this report also does not consider in detail. Reports have been prepared by CAPITAdbs and the Defence Evaluation Research Agency (DERA), which cover other specialist aspects of the site in more detail. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 4 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 2.0 SOURCES OF INFORMATION On-site survey information has been of primary value in the preparation of this report. A preliminary walkover survey was undertaken on Tuesday 14th November 2000 and subsequently, more detailed surveys on a number of occasions. The surveys were carried out with the aim of: Recording the location and condition of existing landscape features, topography and planning designations on the site Noting the location and condition of existing vegetation Identifying character areas across the site Recording in photographic format significant views in and out of the site Other principle sources of information are presented in the references section at the end of this report. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 5 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 3.0 STUDY AREA AND ITS SETTING General The purpose of considering the site in its surrounding context and setting is to determine the features and aspects of the neighbouring landscape which may be impacted upon or affected by, any future development of the site. Context The former RNAD Broughton Moor site is located in the borough of Allerdale in Cumbria approximately 5km inland from the coast between Maryport and Workington and 15km northwest from the town of Cockermouth. The River Derwent lies approximately 100m directly to the south of the site and immediately beyond this is the A66 Workington to Middlesborough trunk road. The site’s position is shown on drawing no 1, which illustrates its location in relation to surrounding areas of settlement and woodland. The region is not particularly densely populated with three principle towns, dispersed larger villages plus smaller clusters of buildings dotted around the vicinity. Broughton Moor and Great Broughton are the nearest settlements to the site. South Terrace is a row of twenty, now privately owned, houses and is situated on the southeastern corner within the study area’s boundary. There are also several areas of industrial buildings, more notably towards the coastline. Woodland is an important landscape feature of the area, visually breaking up the pattern of fields and buildings. Of interest are the many stands of woodland, both plantation and natural in the nearby locale. In particular, Great Flimby Wood directly to the northwest of the site provides a large recreational component to the area. The presence of overhead electricity pylons are of some visual significance in the area. Three parallel lines of overhead cables are in close proximity to the northern boundary and are highly visible within this area, dominating the overall view. Study Area The study area referred to as ‘the site’ is outlined on drawing no 1. A 1.8 metre high chainlink security fence, which is in good condition, marks the boundary of the RNAD site. Also incorporated in the study area are some pockets of adjacent land owned by the MoD including a small sewage works to the northwest, which for the purposes of this landscape and visual effects report is acknowledged but not referred to in detail. The site extends over approximately 1200 acres (486 hectares) and comprised in 1992 when the site was officially closed, of at least 396 buildings and structures 1. In March 2000 the Administration and Engineering areas were demolished to ground level due to vandalism and their state of disrepair. Of the 396 structures, 112 are described as explosive store houses ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 6 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 (ESH), which are characterised by being surrounded by earth bunds in order to isolate potential explosions. Associated with the structures are the remnants of the narrow-gauge railway which served the store houses. In connection with this is the former mineral railway which served Buckhill Colliery located in the centre of the site. A large spoil heap in this area provides a physical reminder of the previous land use. It is understood that numerous underground pipes and services are still in place on site and are described in detail in the Phase 1 Land Quality Assessment. Alongside the man-made elements are areas of woodland, a large portion of which is outside the chainlink fence. Also featured are hedgerows and the development of the natural vegetation cover. A more detailed description and analysis of the existing landscape of the site is covered in Sections 9 and 10 of this report. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 7 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 4.0 LANDSCAPE HISTORY General The history of the site is considered in order to identify the process by which the present day landscape has evolved. The constituent landscape elements are assessed from a local and regional point of view to determine their historical importance. Historical maps obtained from the County Council Archive have been consulted. 1:10,560 scale maps from 1863, 1900 and 1925 Ordnance Survey 1:25.000 scale maps have been reviewed and presented in a supporting document. It should be noted that part of the First Edition map covering the north western area of the site was unobtainable. Information regarding the landscape history during occupation by the MoD has been gathered mainly from OS data obtained when the site became vacant. Criteria The criteria, using a simple scoring system, are used to determine whether features have enough historical importance to be retained alongside future development. 1 HIGH Important to local and regional history. Removal would be a loss to the area. 2 MEDIUM Some importance to local and regional history. Recommend retaining. 3 LOW Little or no importance to local or regional history. No loss through removal. History The comparison of the historical maps shows that several significant features have remained constant over the years, changing very little whilst other features have come and gone occasionally leaving physical traces that can be distinguished on the maps. Farming appears to have remained the most constant land use. The field boundaries, some of them hedgerows which mark the countryside and provide a distinguishing character to the area, can still be observed on recent OS 1:5000 maps, having survived the MoD occupation. Despite their now decrepit condition, they have been given a ‘high’ historical value due to their significance as being of the oldest natural elements on site but also an important characteristic feature of the region. Remnants of mediaeval strip farming dating back to the Enclosure Act of 1845 can still be seen in the southern section of the site. This landscape feature provides the physical reminder of previous farming policies and techniques and its removal would be a loss to the area. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 8 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 Significant features are the watercourses, which are located in the western part of the site and feed the River Derwent. These gills are recorded as being covered in woodland, which by 1925 had been extended with mixed plantations and are still in evidence today. These are deemed remnants of ancient woodland and are consequently awarded a ‘high’ value. Ribton Wood, again in existence today was originally harvested in 1902 and replanted in 1909. Given a medium value as it is a relatively younger version located on an old site. Other areas of woodland that occur on site were part of the extensive tracts of land that were planted with various evergreen species of crop tree. The majority were harvested at the time the MoD left the site and so consequently the remaining stands are not shown on recent maps. These areas are not as historically important being of no local importance so have been given a ‘low’ value. Mining operations appear to have undergone gradual changes over the years. Evidence of small scale underground and surface mining of coal occurred both on and around the site but the most notable influence is Buckhill Colliery located in the central area of the site. By 1900, the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway (Northern Extension), which served the colliery bisects the site. Associated features are coke ovens, a gasometer and reservoir but these however are no longer labelled on the map of 1925 suggesting these processes had ceased. The expansive spoil heap next to the colliery is not located on recent OS maps. All of these features have been given a ‘low’ historical value, as although mining has featured in the region for over a century, they are not excellent examples or valuable enough to be retained. The 1925 map records a smallpox hospital in the northwest corner of the site with regular and formal tree planting in its grounds. Modern day maps show the area as Camerton Grange Farm with only the outline of the road serving the hospital and farm. The quarter is now covered in plantation woodland. In 1938 construction of the RNAD Broughton Moor site began on 800 acres extended to 1200 acres (its current size) by 1944. The recent OS 1:5000 maps show the location of the MoD buildings and the narrow gauge railway serving the store houses and processing buildings. Other associated features are littered across the site including a small sewage works, water tanks and an electrical substation. The most interesting landscape feature is the dispersed grid of explosive store houses (EHS) surrounded by blast protection mounds. These were constructed arbitrarily on the existing landscape, hedges were cut and paths disrupted to the effect of one landscape appearing to have been ‘dropped’ onto another. These features have played a relatively important part to the people and history of the area so have been given a ‘medium’ historical value. Their value however does not extend to their retention. The site was officially closed in December 1992 yet sheep and cattle farming still take place. The MoD is responsible for the upkeep of safe access roads across the site but no other maintenance work is carried out. The result of this reduction in care, plus recent vandalism is a landscape filled with deteriorating buildings and vegetation in need of management. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 9 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 10 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 5.0 PLANNING DESIGNATIONS General It is necessary to consider the land classifications and designations assigned to the site and its surroundings in order to determine any restrictions or opportunities with regard to the landscape that may arise. It will also provide the reader with an impression of the importance of the area in terms of the level of planning designations in the area. Cumbria County Council, Allerdale District Council, the Countryside Agency and English Nature have defined separate classifications affecting the site. The full descriptions of these policies are outlined in the appendix. Allerdale District Council Allerdale District Council in their most recent local plan of 1999 has classified the RNAD site as being ‘derelict land’ but coming under a unique planning policy. Policy REN2 details certain criteria that any future development of the site would be subject to. The council is keen to achieve restoration of the whole site as part of any development proposal in order to avoid fragmented development. Proposals for the whole site should include elements of public access, wildlife habitat enhancement, an increase in overall tree cover particularly of indigenous tree species and the continuation of the Northside to Broughton Moor Cycleway. Policy CZ1-CZ6 concerns the Coastal Zone, which is subject to extensive and predominantly conservation planning strategies. The borders of the zone follow parish boundaries, one of which includes the northwestern corner of the site, thereby having some influence on any future development proposals. Important objectives which relate more specifically to the site include: New development outside the Coastal Zone should not increase the risk of flooding within it. Developments within the Coastal Zone should be located so as to avoid damaging the sensitive environments and links between them and the landscape quality of the different parts. Development outside the Zone should not affect adversely the nature or marine conservation interests within it. Policy EN23 covers areas of Locally Important Landscape Areas (LILA). The extensive area runs from Workington to Cockermouth and includes the southern section of the site following the line of the former mineral railway. The planning policy for this area means that future development would be subject to certain constraints that would prohibit interference with the landscape character that this policy seeks to protect. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 11 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 Key objectives are:_ Development which would have an unacceptable adverse effect upon the distinctive character of the area, or on the character and setting of the Lake District National Park, or would be unduly prominent on local or distant views will be refused permission, unless an overriding need for the development can be demonstrated. A high standard of design and sensitive siting will be required of all new development, reflecting the traditional character of buildings in the area and the landscape, and using materials sympathetic to the locality where possible. Cumbria County Council Cumbria County Council in their Cumbria Landscape Strategy places the RNAD Broughton Moor site within classification type 5 – Lowland, Sub-type 5a – Ridge and Valley. The general description of this type is medium to large pasture and occasionally arable fields characterised by topography which rises gently to high wide ridges with long views to small narrow valleys. This landscape assessment describes the landscape as generally well managed, balanced, bland and unspectacular with few unusual features. The landscape of this type however is more vulnerable to change from open ridge line development or major changes in agriculture, for example opencast mining that would vastly affect the topography and visual aspect. Countryside Agency There are a number of different landscape character classifications made by the Countryside Agency, one of which covers the site and this is included below: West Cumbria Coastal Plain The following text is taken from the Countryside Agency website and describes the key characteristics of this type of landscape. Key Characteristics • Strong industrial history associated formerly with the mining of coal and iron ore and more recently, the chemical industry, power generation and nuclear reprocessing. • Varied open coastline of mudflats, shingle and pebble beaches with localised sections of dunes, sandy beaches and sandstone cliffs. • Lowland river valleys with limited semi-natural ancient woodland, lowland raised mires and expansive estuarine landscapes with a range of intertidal habitats. • Gently undulating or flat improved pasture with hedgerows, wind-sheared trees and wire fences, occasional woodlands and copses, wetlands and herb-rich meadows. • Open agricultural landscapes that have extensive views to the higher fells in the east. • Extensive urban fringe areas within the coastal belt with large highly visible factories and manufacturing and processing plants, particularly near Workington, Whitehaven, ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 12 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 Sellafield and Barrow. Two other character areas cover the landscape to the north and east of the site. These are:Cumbria Fells and Dales Key Characteristics • Spectacular and rugged mountain scenery of open fells with an expansive character, and a mosaic of high craggy peaks and screes, heaths, mires, peatland, heather moorland, acid grassland, bracken and remote valleys with fast flowing streams and tarns. • A radiating pattern of deep glaciated valleys with extensive lakes, reed beds, carr woodlands, meadows and other lakeshore vegetation, rivers and semi-improved and improved grazing land. • Farmland and sheltered valley landscapes at lower altitudes with woodland, dry stone walls, hedgerows, copses, pollarded trees and scrub vegetation. • Traditional stone farm buildings in vernacular styles with slated roofs, circular chimneys and occasionally spinning galleries. • Extensive areas of ancient, semi-natural, broadleaved, mixed and conifer woodlands in Borrowdale, Buttermere, Ennerdale, Derwent Water, Duddon and the Thirlmere areas. • Relatively formal lakeshore landscapes of managed grassland with occasional boathouses and dwellings, and broadleaved woodland and individual trees in a parkland setting. • Ancient patterns of stone walls which subdivide lowland pasture and high fellsides with various densities, reflecting the management of land as inbye, intake and fell grazing. • Pressure for growth and development of the tourist industry. • Agriculture is predominately hill sheep farming. Solway Basin Key Characteristics • Raised beaches, dunes, pebble beaches, and sandy shores along the Irish Sea coast. • Estuarine intertidal mudflats and salt marshes, with wintering and migrating waders and wildfowl, on the fringes of the Solway Firth. • Fragmented areas of relatively intact raised peat bogs, or lowland raised mires, of high nature conservation value. • Flat to gently undulating lowland plain, intensively managed predominantly for pasture. • Medium to large fields enclosed by windswept hedgerows and stone-faced hedgebanks. • Dense network of highly managed rivers, streams and ditches. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 13 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 • Limited woodland cover. • Rich historic, cultural and archaeological heritage. • Victorian coastal resorts, small market towns, and villages. Considerable variety of building styles and materials. • Primary transport routes radiating from Carlisle and rectilinear pattern of minor roads and lanes. National Designations There are no national designations covering the site although the Solway Coast, AONB lies approximately 4.5 kilometres to the north of the site (close to Maryport). A brief extract describing the Solway Coast AONB is included below. A full description is provided in Appendix A of this report. Solway Coast Stretching along the Cumbrian shore of the Solway Firth, this is a low, open and windswept AONB with wide views across to the hills of Galloway. Physically part of the Solway Plain, the coast's characteristic feature is its continuous 7.6m raised beach. Silting along the estuary has left extensive marine deposits and the open foreshore strip now consists either of marine terrace with low, scrub-covered sandstone cliffs or undulating dunes. The falling tides expose wide sand stretches, intertidal mud-flats and, higher upstream, salt-marsh and peat moss, in a landscape with a sense of remoteness that is the essence of its value and character. Refer to Appendix A. English Nature English Nature is the organisation responsible for designating Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI’s) and Ancient Woodlands, amongst others. Research has found there are no designated SSSI’s on the site, however there are Ancient Woodlands: Holden’s Gill and part of the adjacent Bottom Wood (the name of this AW is to be verified). Ancient Woodlands are protected by statute and the relevant planning authorities and English Nature must be consulted if any work is proposed in the vicinity or within a designated site. Rural Development Areas (RDAs) The site is within a RDA, a national policy which classifies areas considered to be below the 75% of the normal national income level. These `Structural Funding Areas’ are designated by the Government and European Union. In planning terms, the policy would not serve to preclude development within the area: it is not an environmental protection designation. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 14 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 RDA’s are those parts of rural England suffering a concentration of economic and social needs, where rural regeneration activities are focused. There are 31 RDAs, covering 35% of England’s land area, and some 6% of the population (2.75 million people). (1999 figures) Ref: Naturenet.net. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 15 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 6.0 RIGHTS OF WAY General This section addresses the issues relating to public Rights of Way and the implications of their locations on the surrounding area and future development of the site. History Prior to the land being taken over by the MoD, there were a number of lonnings and tracks which provided access to the network of fields and the colliery workings. A short public footpath entered the northeast corner of the site which was subsequently stopped up in 1957 under the Requisitioned Land and War Works Act 1945, recorded in Cumbria County Council’s Definitive Maps of Public Rights of Way. Present day The rights of way have gradually developed and altered adjacent to the site in the years following the stopping up orders. Drawing no 4 shows the present day Rights of Way surrounding the site within a half-mile radius. There are a number of public footpaths, bridleways and cycle routes which meet and run parallel to the site boundary on all sides. The relevant reference numbers (attributed to all public rights of way) are identified against the Rights of Way on Drawing No 4. Of importance is the Coast to Coast cycle way which follows the length of the southern edge. Public footpaths which are in close proximity to the site are those interlinking within Flimby Great Wood to the northwest. Two public footpaths cross fields and connect with the villages of Broughton Moor and Great Broughton. There are a total of seven existing points of access spread around the perimeter fence. The Residence Gate, on the south eastern boundary of the site, however is the only one in general use, the rest being barricaded with rubble and padlocked. Several Rights of Way touch these closed gates, the implication being that they could be reopened and the Rights of Way reconnected and extended across the site. Access within the Site Whilst there is currently no public access within the site, there is a good network of paths, tracks and single carriageway roads. The infrastructure would have been created during the MoD occupation of the site and is currently used by the tenant farmer. Some of the tracks are in need of repair but vehicles can be driven over most of the roads, including a track which runs adjacent to the full length of the perimeter fence. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 16 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 7.0 LANDSCAPE CHARACTER AREAS General Landscape character areas have been identified to help determine the quality of the existing landscape and recommendations. A total of six separate landscape character areas have been identified within the site. The distribution of existing vegetation, topography and presence of landscape features have predominantly determined the boundaries of these areas. ESH and associated structures feature in five of these character areas and remain a constant element across the site therefore, do not contribute to the distinction of the character areas Definitions of Character Areas Drawing No 9 illustrates the location and boundaries of the character areas and their relationship to each other and to the landscape outside the site. 1 2 3 4 CONIFEROUS PLANTATION Dense semi-mature woodland, mainly coniferous, no understorey Unmanaged state, no access track but open to the public No MoD buildings or structures Dark, quiet and enclosed space, intimidating feeling MOORLAND Large tracts of recently felled plantation giving rise to rough ground cover with gorse beginning to spread Several stands of plantation remaining adding vertical interest Topographically higher end of site exposed but creating extensive views to lakes ESH less visually obtrusive due to screening from vegetation and landform PINE PLANTATION Predominantly Scots Pine plantation, very little understorey Gorse beginning to spread Open and light space, attractive framed views out ESH well screened by vegetation BUCKHILL COLLIERY SPOIL HEAP Dominant man-made landform sculpted on eastern side by removal of material for road construction Impressive and extensive views from top Heath type vegetation cover ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 17 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 5 6 DECIDUOUS WOODLAND Ancient deciduous woodland running along gills, fairly dense, no understorey due to grazing Open character yet forms a boundary to other spaces IMPROVED GRASSLAND Short grazed grassland Field pattern evident distinguished by overgrown, mature hedgerows Gently undulating topography merging with that outside of site The distinction of the areas illustrates the point that the landscape character can change significantly in a relatively small distance, moving from open with wide views to comparatively enclosed with short views. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 18 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 8.0 SITE TOPOGRAPHY The topographical information is illustrated on Drawing No3 and demonstrates the relationship between the natural topographical features. Some of the manmade features are not shown on OS data and are consequently not reproduced on the drawing. The topography strongly influences the drainage, which is described in full detail in the report, Hydrological Assessment. The northern part of the site is approximately 120m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) and falls south, quite steeply in places, to approximately 50m AOD in the general direction of the River Derwent valley. The southern section of the site is in the main notably flatter, yet continues the gradual drop to the valley floor. To the north of the site boundary, a former opencast mine area has been restored leaving a ridge which visually separates the site from the village of Broughton Moor. Beyond this the natural topography slopes progressively down to the coast. To the east of Ribton Wood the landform is more steeply undulating but this is in keeping with the adjacent landscape and therefore the topography blends imperceptibly. A natural ridge on this side appears to separate the steep northern landform from the southern flatter area. Flamiggs Gill, Holdens Gill and Parseys Gill are all positioned within occasionally steeply incised, often narrow channels, sometimes about 15-20 metres deep. These features are a substantial physical barrier acting as natural ha-has (dips in the ground which form a natural barrier) and on occasion their topographical drop is not obvious unless in close proximity to the feature. The spoil heap situated close to the centre of the site is the largest and most obvious unnatural topographical feature. All faces of the slope are relatively steep, however the material on the face to the eastern side has been cut away, creating a near vertical drop. Other obvious man-made features are the blast protection mounds which surround many of the ESHs dispersed across the site. These mounds have distinct, rounded profiles which enclose and screen the regular, straight structure of the buildings leaving just the pointed roofs visible. The embankments and cuttings, associated with the Cleator and Workington Junction Railway and to a lesser extent the narrow gauge railway form distinct features which are clearly visible from many parts of the site. To the east beyond the site boundary, the railway embankment disappears when it extends into a recent opencast coal mine, which has reshaped the natural topography. To the west, the topography of the former railway continues to Workington. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 19 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 9.0 EXISTING LANDSCAPE FEATURES General It is necessary to consider the landscape features which are present on the site in order to determine their value and importance in relation to any future developments which may occur. This section is concerned with identifying existing features and attributing a value by which to judge their worth. Criteria For simplicity, the valuation process uses a scoring system. The criteria are described as follows:1 HIGH Aesthetically and ecologically important. Removal would detract from the landscape and/or disrupt ecology. 2 MEDIUM Some aesthetic and ecological value. Recommend retaining, value improvement through enhancement. 3 LOW No contribution to aesthetics or ecology. Recommend removal or no loss would occur through removal. Features There are several obvious existing landscape features on site which vary in value. The first are the ESH’s and their associated blast protection mounds which are a common feature of the site. Whilst the mounds are an unusual feature that on an abstract level are visually appealing, these dominant objects have no other landscape value in terms of aesthetics and removal would in fact be recommended to improve the visual value of the landscape. The second is the central spoil heap from the former Buckhill colliery. This man-made mound affords extensive and attractive views from the top to the Lake District National Park however, as a feature in itself it is not particularly attractive. Its total volume has been reduced in the past for construction purposes and this has left the profile of the mound in a visually unappealing state and would therefore require reforming in order to be of greater value. The last major landscape feature are the stands of woodland, both deciduous and coniferous plantations and naturally occurring woodland. These function as important structural elements of the landscape on a regional scale. They are aesthetically pleasing though unmanaged at present. Their removal would constitute a loss to the overall landscape and their improvement through a management programme would benefit the landscape. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 20 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 The hedgerows are important in providing a visual reminder of the ancient field patterns which have remained relatively unchanged for over a century. The modernisation and advancement of farming techniques, in particular the combining of fields bypassed the site and therefore parts of the mediaeval patterns remains today. The small narrow enclosures are most evident in the southeast corner of the site. A number of buildings constructed both of brick and concrete are scattered across the site. These buildings are rapidly becoming unstable and structurally unsound due to prolonged neglect. Although currently of no landscape value, their use could possibly be converted to suit certain kinds of future development, especially the brick buildings. A strong landscape feature is the route of the mineral railway, the ‘Cleator and Workington Junction Railway’ (Northern Extension) which was also used to transport material to the RNAD and transferred to narrow gauge railway contained on site. Following the removal of the tracks and sleepers, the embankments and cuttings serve as the visual reminder of the presence of the route. Also prominent is the stone bridge close to the centre of the site which allowed a path to cross the railway line. The railway splits the site into approximately two even sections and is a prominent feature, most evident when viewed from the southern half. The narrow gauge railway, which serviced all the ESH and other buildings, is a fairly extensive network which snakes across the whole of the site. Again the tracks and sleepers have been removed however, the limestone pebbles, which formed the base for the tracks are still in place. The majority of the railway is cut into the gently undulating landform to various depths, which screens the route at eyelevel. The gorse spread however has followed the lines of the embankments thereby highlighting such routes. The perimeter chain link fence supported by concrete posts and topped with barbed wire is an important landscape feature when considering any future development as it acts as a physical barrier into the site. It has seven official points of access although piles of rubble and/or blocks of concrete block most of these. The line of the fence is not particularly visible from a distance however it is more prominent when close to. It is visually unattractive and serves a very definite function. In the top north eastern corner of the site is a small square brick oven topped with a pointed roof. There are no records of it being located on any historical maps and therefore probably originated when the MoD first took over the site. It is located in one of the former pine plantations and trees were planted right up to the walls indicating the oven was not in use during this time and was used for a purpose no longer required. The road network serving the entire site, including a perimeter track (although gradually declining in surface quality) is important for manoeuvrability across the site. Attractive and often extensive vistas can be experienced from certain locations on the roads, particularly, the ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 21 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 road leading west from the Residence Gate and the roads to the north of the site positioned on higher ground. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 22 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 10.0 VEGETATION General The existing vegetation cover across Broughton Moor is important in both ecological and landscape terms. The Ecological Assessment report covers the ecology of the site whilst this section is primarily concerned with the visual effects of vegetation on the landscape and surrounding area. Criteria Again, a scoring system is used to classify the vegetation features. 1 HIGH Aesthetically important, ancient woodland, protected species, provides shelter. Value in retaining. 2 MEDIUM Some aesthetic value, non-native species. Recommend retaining, value improvement through enhancement. 3 LOW No contribution to aesthetics, weed. Recommend removal. Vegetation There have been several major influences affecting the vegetation before, during and after the site was acquisitioned. The differences have sometimes been very dramatic in changing the scale and nature of the landscape. Farming in one form or another has always taken place on the site. Previously, the land was used for agricultural purposes with evidence of the strip enclosures still in existence today. Following the site’s takeover, sheep and cattle occupied the land in order to keep the grass under control and this still remains the case today. The vegetation has been greatly affected by the presence of livestock on the site. Grazing has reduced the diversity of plant species and this is particularly noticeable in the deciduous woodland areas. These narrow strips of ancient woodland are host to a very depleted and limited understorey growing only as high as 5cm, uncharacteristic of true woodland. The basic groundcover comprises of various types of grass in differing proportions. Again, the ecology report will consider in more detail these areas and species. Of note, the majority of areas of shorter and improved grassland are located south of the mineral railway whilst the rougher and taller moorland grass is located to the north. The sheep and cattle are free to roam across the whole of the site and maintain the height of the grassland. However, they also reduce the number of plant species which could develop, as is the case with the woodland understorey. The overall value of the grassland is ‘medium’. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 23 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 The introduction by the Forestry Commission of coniferous plantations onto the site (mainly spruce and pine) had an impact upon its overall character and visibility. The plantation covered the majority of the site to the north and east and served to screen the buildings from the surrounding land. The trees were harvested when the MoD vacated the site, which again impacted upon the character. Whereas previously the dense vegetation had restricted views, a new, open landscape emerged. Certain groups of trees were retained both to help screen views and discourage trespassers. They were also identified as being wind sturdy and as they were still relatively young, were left to mature. Ribton Wood has always been a plantation area, originally harvested in 1902 and replanted in 1909 with Scots Pine which remains in place today. Its importance both in relation to views on and off site is extremely high as serving to screen some of the existing ESH and other buildings. It is also aesthetically pleasing in its own right being an attractive, large stand of evergreen woodland in a landscape predominantly comprising of farming and mining. The two areas of mixed deciduous woodland follow the length of the gills which run into the site from the southwest corner. Flamiggs Gill and Holdens Gill emerge in the middle of the site and feed into the River Derwent. These strips of woodland are important to the character of the area which extends well beyond the site boundary. Currently unmanaged, the woodland is an attractive feature which adds value to the site. A major defining feature of the site and indeed the region, are the tall hedgerows which distinguish the old field boundaries. Some of the hedgerows denote field boundaries dating back to mediaeval times and some from the Enclosure Act of 1845. The predominant species is hawthorn with some ash, oak, holly and crab apple contributing to the overall makeup. The majority of these hedgerows have been unmanaged since the MoD acquired the site. Consequently, they have grown away from the managed constraints, which would have previously trained them and have evolved into trees and large bushes, some are over 3 metres tall. Large gaps have appeared in the framework, consequently they are no longer recognizable functioning hedgerows. All vegetation, such as wildflowers and herbs normally associated with the base of hedgerows, is non-existent. The hedgerows will not be supporting the abundant wildlife which normally thrives in hedge conditions. Gorse is the most recent change to the pattern of vegetation on site. A few factors have led to the spread of gorse across the site, these include: a lack of vegetation management following the departure of the previous tenants (whose maintenance work would have kept the gorse at bay) and the removal of the plantations which allowed space for the gorse to establish. Flourishing primarily in the northern half of the site, particularly along drainage channels and streams, it now covers large tracts of land. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 24 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 11.0 VISUAL EFFECTS General This section is concerned with the issues relating to visibility. The extent to which the site can be seen from its surroundings and the effect of its features on views beyond the boundary are considered. The significance of views both in and out of the site, has been assessed and is used later in the report to help define landscape and visual recommendations for the site. 11.1 VISUAL ENVELOPE MAP (VEM) The existing visual envelope demonstrates the approximate horizon to which views can be experienced from the site. The top of the Buckhill Colliery spoil heap provided the location from which the information was gathered, this being close to the centre of the site but also the highest point, enabling the widest possible view in all directions. Topographical features are the main element which provide the extent of the visual envelope. Vegetation (mainly large stands of trees) serves to strengthen this horizon. The extent of the visual envelope varies dramatically in different directions. The topography and plantation woodland defines the limit of the VEM as it slopes away from the site towards the village of Broughton Moor to the north and to the coastline of the Solway to the west. The opposite situation occurs to the south. In this direction, extensive and dramatic views can be experienced stretching as far south as mountains of the Lake District National Park. Various topographical features control the views and serve to screen a large proportion of the land between the site and the horizon as the river valley, which is in close proximity to the site is not visible, nor is the majority of the coastline to the east, both being hidden by the landform. This striking view however, has appealing qualities that can be appreciated from much of the site. Properties within this envelope may experience views to the site depending on their location in relation to the landform and distance from the site. 11.2 SIGNIFICANT VIEWS From the Surrounding Area The visual envelope map combined with the sloping topography indicates that the southern half of the site is more visible from the surrounding area. However, visual intrusion is minimal, as the character of this part is similar to that of adjacent land. It is possible for the eye to freely sweep across the landscape without detecting the site itself. In addition, the ESHs melt into the landform due to the camouflaging nature of the blast protection mounds. The site is most visible from certain locations along the A66 (T), in particular the settlements attached to this main route between Cockermouth and Workington. Properties in these areas have direct views to the site however, as described above, the visual intrusion is minimal. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 25 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 View of the site from the A66 looking towards the site. The site is absorbed within the surrounding landscape. Rating: High Value View View of the site, screened by the coniferous plantation on the north west perimeter of the site, taken from a point west of the site along the road to Seaton. Rating: High Value View ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 26 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 From Within the Site There are a number of interesting and high quality views to be experienced within the site. These include enclosed views, from within woodland or limited due to topography and extensive views of the surrounding countryside. The images included below illustrate the most significant views and have been identified as being of high, medium or low quality depending upon the amount of derelict or vandalised land in the view. The high quality views are also reiterated within the recommendations section as important aspects of the findings of this report to retain or improve in the future. View from Buckhill Colliery Spoil Heap over derelict, unused land. Illustrates a landscape of differing characters with the area beyond having a higher visual quality than that in the foreground of the photograph. Gorse can be seen spreading over the area. Rating: Low to Medium Value View ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 27 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 View from the top of Buckhill Colliery Spoil Heap looking south towards the Lake District National Park. Rating: High Quality View View from within the site looking along a vista created by the pine trees of Ribton Wood Rating: High Quality View View from within the site looking at the stone bridge over the route of the now disused mineral railway line. Rating: High Quality View ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 28 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 View from the top of Buckhill Colliery Spoil Heap looking east over the rolling agricultural landscape of the site. This view includes some of the derelict land left by the MoD and associated building. It is evident that some areas of land could be improved in order to integrate with the higher quality surrounding landscape. Rating: Medium Quality View View from within the site which illustrates how Ulex europaeus (Gorse) is spreading across the site – management proposals required to curb the spread of this species. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 29 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 Rating: Medium Quality View View from the top of Buckhill Colliery Spoil Heap which illustrates the steep gradient on the southern side of the heap, the regimental arrangement of buildings within the site and the rolling nature of the landscape both within and beyond the site. Rating: Medium/Low Quality View ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 30 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 View slightly further to the southeast than that shown on page 27 illustrates a higher quality view due to the undisturbed nature of the landscape and lack of buildings. Rating: High Quality View View of brick oven found in the northeast part of the site. A feature of interest for which little information has been discovered. Rating: Medium Quality View ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 31 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 12. SUMMARY OF LANDSCAPE QUALITY The landscape quality of Broughton Moor has been identified as being of LOW, MEDIUM or HIGH value. This section takes account of all other aspects previously assessed within this report. A report commissioned by the Countryside Commission (now the Countryside Agency) in 1987 called `Landscape Assessment, A Countryside Commission Approach’ stated the following: “In considering the value of a particular scene it must be acknowledged that a landscape is more than the sum of the component parts…The Commission’s concern is not so much with the detail of topography, historical or archaeological features and natural habitats or individual features such as trees and woodlands, but with the way in which these separate components together make up the whole scene and how people react to that scene.” This assessment provides an overall rating of the landscape, which will serve to guide recommendations for future use of the site, as outlined in the following section. Significance criteria have been developed in order to assess the quality against particular guidelines. These are as follows: LOW VALUE Areas include derelict, vandalised or generally unkempt landscapes which have no aesthetic appeal to the observer. There is a lack of vegetation cover, or vegetation suffers from the effects of no management. No protective landscape or environmental designations apply to such areas. MEDIUM VALUE Areas include a reasonable distribution of tree and scrub vegetation, which is in reasonable condition. They are not visually unattractive to the observer. Protective landscape or environmental designations may cover such areas. HIGH VALUE Areas would include a mix of vegetation including deciduous woodland, copses and significant hedgerows. The areas would be visually very attractive to the observer being made up of a pleasing composition of typical landscape elements. Such areas may be covered by nationally important landscape and environmental designations. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 32 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 It can be seen from Drawing No 10 that a considerable amount of the site has been identified as being high quality. This includes Ribton Wood and Holdens Gill in the centre of the site and Peatmore Hill to the north. The large area of high quality land in the south east of the site comprises of some remnant mediaeval strip farming patterns on gently sloping land. It is bisected by the line of the mineral railway which has associated features of interest such as stone built bridges. Areas of medium quality include the colliery spoil heap and Camerton Grange farm which have both been subject to interference by man. The spoil heap has value in being the highest vantage point on the site. Extensive views can be had from the top when the visibility is good. The spoil heap itself has little visual appeal comprising of exposed faces and sparse vegetation cover. However, it is possible to see opportunities for improving this area and enhancing its aesthetic value. Camerton Grange Farm is essentially a coniferous plantation which provides screening to RNAD and adds to the local character. The overall appearance is satisfactory although some management of the woodland is obviously required, hence the medium value attributed to the wood. The large area of Broughton Moor spanning the northern boundary of the site, is essentially moorland and possesses no aesthetically attractive features. The vegetation is rough and dead trees are strewn across the land. Evidence of vandalism can be seen more frequently in this part of the site than others. The other area of land identified as low quality, to the south west of the site, consists of open fields and very few features of visual interest. Whilst the area relates to the wider context in terms of landform, the vegetation is poor in quality comprising of unmanaged hedgerows, gorse and a few stunted trees. ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 33 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CAPITAdbs Page 34 of 37 March 2001 Issue:Rev0
