Unit 15
Making Complaints
If you complain about something, you say that it is wrong or unsatisfactory. In English,
there're many ways of making complaints and responding to them. The followings are common patterns:
Complaints
I'm just about fed up with....
I'm not going to put up with....
Would you mind not doing...?
Would you stop doing...?
I'm afraid I have a complaint about....
Sorry, I have a complaint to make.
I'm sorry to have to mention this, but
could you possibly try to...?
Can't you...?
Why are you always ...?
I'm not satisfied with....
Why don't you...?
What a mess/nuisance/shame!
Responses
I'm awfully/terribly sorry. Sorry, but I will try.
I promise it won't happen again.
Oh, sorry. I didn't realize it upset/annoyed/
disturbed you.
I do apologize for not doing....
I can't tell you how sorry I am.
Complaints
You may make complaints and responding to them like this:
1) A: Can't you calm down for a moment? B: I'm sorry.
2) A: I've got a bit of problem with the shoes I bought here.
B: I'm sorry. We'll change another pair to you.
3) A: There are always some people smoking in the theater. B: What a shame!
I'm afraid I have a complaint about the service of your shopping center.
The boys playing outside are driving me crazy.
These regulations are completely unreasonable.
I'm not at all satisfied with your attitude.
Why don't you make an arrangement in advance？
You're always late. Why are you always so selfish?
What a mess！
Why are you always shouting at me?
You're too slow.
You may express your complains like this:
I'm terribly sorry about it. I can't tell you how sorry I am.
Sorry to have kept you waiting.
I'm sorry if I caused any problem. I apologize for not coming here on time.
Please excuse me for not attending the meeting yesterday.
Structures
I hate to say this, but would you mind not making so much noise?
[structure] would you mind + the gerund
Would you mind waiting a few minutes?
Would you mind not smoking?
2. I'm afraid I have a complaint to make.
[structure] I'm afraid +a clause
I'm afraid you don't see my point.
I'm afraid I can't stay.
3.You should have tested it.
[structure] should +have +past participate
You should have gone over your lessons. (In fact you didn't go over your lessons.)
I should have taken her home yesterday. (But I was too busy then. I didn't do that.)
4. I promise it won't happen again.
[structure] promise +object clause
I promise I'll never conceal anything any more.
You've got to promise me that you won't do that again.
5. If you go back on your words again, you'll have to face your parents then.
[structure] 'if' introduces a conditional clause, when 'future tense' is used in the main clause,
we often use 'present tense' in conditional clause .
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go there.
If you use your head, you'll find a way.
6. But it doesn't mean that smoking is not harmful.
[structure] mean ＋object clause
That means a lot of people will lose jobs. To raise wages means the purchasing power will increase.
7. Why do they keep puffing the sticks?
[structure] keep + (on)doing sth: continue doing sth; do sth repeatedly or frequently
How can I trust you if you keep lying to me?
My shoe laces keep coming undone.
Keep going until you reach a large roundabout.
Useful Expressions
get cross/ grouchy
cross a. ~ (with sb) (about sth) rather angry
I'm sorry I was cross with you.
Don't be cross.
grouchy a. sullenly discontented
in a grouchy mood
refund v. pay back (money received); repayment
The government refunded the overpayment I made on my taxes.
The University is unable to refund tuition fees to students who fail to complete the course.
go back on sth: fail to keep (a promise); change one's mind about sth.
No, I can't go back on what I said. He's not the sort of a man who would go back on his word.
puff the stick
puff v. (cause sth. to) come out in puffs
He was puffing away at his cigar.
He was puffing nervously at a cigarette.
meddle with: handle sth. that one ought not to, or about which one has no specialized knowledge
Don't meddle with my books or my toys. Someone has been meddling with my typewriter.
Text Analysis
For:
Para 1
1.Who owns the air? Who has the right to impose regulations?
own v. have (sth)as one's property; possess
Mr. North owns this company.
I own that I may have made mistakes.
[idioms] own to own up
own up to sth.
right: n. proper claim to sth, or authority to do sth
You have the right to remain silent.
She's too young to know the difference between right and wrong.
impose: vt. place (a penalty, tax, etc.) officially on sb/ sth; place (sth unwelcome or unpleasant) on sb/ sth
Tariffs have been imposed on all foreign goods.
Don't try to impose your wishes on us.
Thank you, but I don't think I'll stay the night. I don't want go impose on you.
[idioms]
impose oneself (one's company) on /upon
2. In open places, the air belongs to everyone in general but to no one in particular.
belong to: be the property of sb; be a number of
Does the book belong to you?
Over nine-tenths of the inhabitants belong to the Han Nationality.
in general: mainly; mostly; usually
Children in general are fond of candy.
The weather in Florida is warm in general.
in particular: especially or specifically
The whole meal was good but the wine in particular was excellent.
The speaker talked about sports in general and about football in particular.
3. In closed spaces, such as eating establishments, offices and stores, property rights are more clearly define
establishment: n. [U] action of creating or setting up; businessorganization or large institution
The committee will work toward the establishment of a school for the handicapped.
The flour mill is the oldest establishment in town.
define: v. state precisely the meaning of
Some words are hard to define because they have many different uses.
The powers of the courts are defined by law.
Para 2
1. In either case, government-imposed, across-the-board bans on public smoking are not the answer.
across-the-board: a. complete, inclusive
ad. completely
The increase was across-the board at all prices.
2. Why not ban perfume, since many people are allergic to some kinds?
why not + infinitive (without 'to')
But why not grant his reasonable demands?
Why risk breaking the law?
ban: n. prohibition vt. officially forbid (sth)
There is a ban on smoking in this theatre.
[structure] ban on sth. / sb.
Swimming is banned in this lake.
allergic: adj. having an allergy
allergy: n. medical condition that produces an unfavourable reaction to certain foods, pollens, insect bites, etc
[structure] be allergic to
He is allergic to eggs.
He had an allergy to big dirty cities.
Para 3
1. Customers can vote with their feet (and their money) and owners can evaluate their policies.
vote with their feet: voters can vote by stomping their feet forcefully on the floor toshow they are in favour
this text, the writer is playing on this phrase.It means that customers can decide if they would like to visit
spend their money there.
vote: v. formally express an opinion or choice by vote ;declare to be good, bad, etc by general consent;
suggest or propose (sth)
I didn't vote in (at) the last election.
We voted to give a concert to get some money for the hospital.
My brother was voted the most popular boy in the class.
[idioms] vote against
vote down
vote for
vote through
evaluate: vt find out or form and idea of the amount or value of (sth/sb); assess evaluation n.
I can't evaluate his ability.
Students frequently do have good grounds for mistrusting their teacher's methods of evaluation.
Para 4
As for the risk to public health, questions still linger. Some scientists maintain that second-hand
smoke is no more harmful than bad diet, industrial pollution or stress.
as for: with regard to sb/sth
As for me, I shall not return there either.
As for being shy, you'll get over that.
linger: vi stay for a long time; be unwilling to leave
lingering: a. long; protracted
The last guests lingered until 2 a.m..
Mother told him not to linger on the way home.
[idioms]
linger on
linger over
maintain: vt. keep (sth) in good condition or working order; assert(sth) as true
maintenance: n. maintaining or being maintained
The two classmates maintained their friendship for the next forty years.
He maintained that he was not to blame.
Against
Para 1
1. Overwhelming evidence cites tobacco use as the single largest cause of premature death..
overwhelming: a. very great
They won an overwhelming victory.
[idiom] overwhelming majority
cite: vt. mention (sth) as an example; quote
The lawyer cited a previous case to support his argument.
It's no use citing the Bible to someone who doesn't believe in God.
Para 2
Unfortunately, only one smoker makes a majority, as the smoke spreads and fills all available space.
only one smoker makes a majority: the interest of the majority is taken in the hand of one smoker. The
smoker becomes a public hazard because others are all effected by the second-hand smoke.
make: vt construct; being or becoming something
Two and two make four.
One tree does not make a forest.
available: adj (of things) that can be used or obtained
There were no tickets available for Friday's performance.
The doctor is not available now.
2. Where the ownership of air is not clearly defined, conflicts will result.
'where' is used in place clauses. You use 'where' in place clauses when you are talking about the place
or position in which someone or something is.
It is your fault that she is where she is .
Where bees are, there is honey.
result: v. have a effect or consequence
If the police leave, disorder will result.
[idioms]result in
result from
Nothing resulted (happened).
3．This calls for clear legal rules.
call for: If you 'call for' someone or something, you go to the building where they are to collect them. If
you 'call for' an action, you demand that it should be done.
We called for the packages at the post office.
The workers are calling for strike action.
Success in school calls for much hard work.
4．Damaging one's own health may be viewed as a personal liberty; damaging someone else's health may n
damage: vt. to injure or harm it
n. injury or harm that is caused to something
The gale damaged several houses.
The accident did very little damage to either car.
view: vt. inspect or look at something for a particular purpose
view as: consider as, regard as
The police viewed the scene of the crime.
He views the whole thing as a joke.
liberty: n. the freedom to live your life in the way that you want and go where you want to go
The constitution guards the liberty of the people.
Employees have liberty to use all the museum.
[idioms]
be at liberty have the liberty of
take liberties with
take the liberty of
Para 3
By contrast, smoking in such places constitutes a real hazard.
by contrast: You use 'contrast' in expressions such as 'by contrast' or 'in contrast', to show that you are
mentioning a very different situation from the one you have just mentioned.
By contrast, Mrs. Young was much more out-spoken.
A dictator，by contrast, may rule with an iron hand.
[idioms] in contrast with/to
constitute: vt If something 'constitutes' a particular thing, it can be regarded as being that thing.
constitution: n. The 'constitution' of a country or organization is the system of laws which formally states
people's rights and duties.
This constitutes a direct threat to him.
The meeting constituted him chairman.
Governments should be constituted by the will of the people.
hazard: n. A 'hazard' is something which could be dangerous to you.
v.
Cigarette smoking is a major health hazard and may result in your death.
The fireman hazarded his life to save the child.
If I may hazard a guess, she￠s at least fifty.
[idioms]
at all hazards
by hazard
2．Which should carry more weight: a mere inconvenience, or a clear risk?
carry weight: be influential or important
I thought if you were to speak to him, it would carry more weight.
The mayor's opinion carries great weight in his town.
[idioms] lose / keep down weight
pull one's weight
put on weight
worth one's weight in gold
mere: a. nothing more than
merely: ad. only, simply
Mere words won't help. I tremble at the mere thought of him. That was merely a guess of mine.
Main Idea
"For or against smoking in public activities" is an endless debate. Someone thinks that the
air belongs to everyone in general but to no one in particular. In this case, governmentimposed, across-the-board bans onpublic smoking are not the answer. In the other hand,
some scientists maintain that second-hand smokeis no more harmful than bad diet, industrial
pollution or stress. Second-hand tobacco smoke can be deadly, as well. Many of the harmful
smoke chemicals cannot be removed by ventilation or filtration. Only one smoker makes a
majority, as the smoke spreads and fills all available space. This calls for clear legal rules.
Where he ownership of air is not clearly defined, conflicts will result.
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
1. Damaging one's own health may be viewed as a personal liberty; damaging someone
else's health may not.(part 2. para 2)
2. By contrast, smoking in such places constitutes a real hazard. (part 2. para 3)
1. view ... as
[structure] v. + n. + as + n.
The verb is followed by a noun group and a prepositional phrase which consists of 'as' and a
noun group. With some verbs, the preposition is sometimes followed by an '-ing' clause.
The passive pattern is 'be + v.-ed + as + n.'.
This pattern has two structures:
1). verb with object and prepositional object complement
They chose her as their representative.
He views the whole thing as a joke.
He struck me as a very sensible person.
2). passive voice: be + v-ed + as +n. /-ing
A person's life should be considered as beginning at the moment of birth.
A life sentence is defined as being twenty-five years.
He had been mentioned as a possible new Foreign Minister.
The liberators were revealed as oppressors.
2. by contrast
You use 'contrast' in expressions such as 'by contrast' or 'in contrast', to show that you are
mentioning a very different situation from the one you have just mentioned.
By contrast, Mrs. Young was much more out-spoken.
By contrast, even the most modern aircraft
look clumsy and
slow.
Synonym Comparison
cf. estimate
evaluateestimate: If you 'estimate' a quantity or value, or if you make
an 'estimate', you make an approximate judgement or calculation of it.
evaluate: If you 'evaluate' something or someone, you consider them in order to make a
judgement about them, for example, about how good or bad they are.
eg. I estimated it would take her 3 hours to finish the task.
We can￠t evaluate people by their appearances.
cf. danger hazard riskdanger: 'Danger' is the possibility that someone may be
harmed or killed.
hazard： A 'hazard' is something which could be dangerous to you.
risk: If there is a 'risk' of something unpleasant, there is a possibility that it will happen.
1) He is out of danger now.
2) You should consider carefully the hazards of sailing around the world.
3) He rescued the child at the risk of his own life.
cf. ban
forbid
prohibit ban: 1. To 'ban' something or place a 'ban' on it means to
state officially that it must not be done, shown, or used.
2. If you 'are banned' from doing something, you are prevented from doing sth..
forbid: 1. If you 'forbid' someone to do something, or if you 'forbid' an activity, you order that
it must not be done.
2. If something 'forbids' an event or course of action, it makes it impossible. (forbid sb to do sth.)
prohibit: If someone 'prohibits' something, they forbid it or make it illegal. (prohibit sb. from
doing sth.)
1) Distribution of pornography is banned.
2) His mother forbits him to go out before he finishes his homework.
3) Students are prohibited from smoking in school
cf. emit give off give out send out emit: To emit a sound, smell, or substance
means to produce it or send it out; (formal)
give off: If something 'gives off' or 'gives out' a gas, heat, or a smell, it produces it and sends
it out into the air.
give out: 1. If you 'give out' a number of things, you distribute them among a group of people.
( See also 'give off')
send out: 1. If you 'send out' things such as leaflets or bills, you send them to a large
number of people at the same time.
2. To 'sent out' a signal, sound, light, or heat means to produce it.
Dictation:
These years the tobacco industry is having a terrible time, at least in America and most of the
European countries. “No Smoking” signs have reached almost everywhere. Besides, public
opinions are getting more and more hostile to the bad habit of smoking. It is widely
accepted that cigarette smoking is as bad as drug addicting. Governments are happy to work
with the public attacking the tobacco companies. In some countries courts even ordered
the tobacco companies to pay large amount of money to the smoking victims. Because
of this unfavorable situation, the tobacco companies begin to turn their attention to
other countries, trying to find new markets in less hostile areas.
Book Two
Guide of Unit One
Impressions
There’re many ways of asking about and giving one’s impressions. When you ask about one’s
impressions, you may start like this:
What’s your impression on…?
How do you feel about…?
How did something strike you?
What does somebody seem to…?
What’s your impression of somebody as…?
It looks as if…, doesn’t it?
When you talk about your impressions, the common ways are:
It sounds like….
It looks as if….
He seems….
She looks
like….
Somebody / something strikes me as….
In fact, different words can express different impressions such as favorable,
unfavorable, or neutral ones.
Useful Expressions
You may talk about your impressions like this:
Sometimes he seems a bit strange, doesn’t he?
Yeah, but he seems very nice
in most cases.
How do you feel about him?
He strikes me as an unreliable person.
What’s your impression on her?
She doesn’t seem to be very experienced,
somewhat naïve.
What does Mr. Smith strike you as a manager?
Mr. Smith looks like an efficient manager, and never lets us down at work.
Did you happen to meet Tom just now?
Oh, yes. It looks as if he came out of
the grave.
What do you think of that story?
It sounds interesting.
Do you think these false eye-lashes really suits me?
Of course. They go well with your hair-style, too.
Activities
(要求：左边为书上的要求，点击为编写内容，字体颜色不一样，右面是动画区)
Exercise 1
Make a conversation with the following cues.
Cues
A Greet B.
Hi, nice to meet you here, Alexandra.
B Greet A. Ask if Tom has come.
Hi, Susan. Have you seen Tom here?
A Say no. Complain that Tom is never on time.
Oh, no. Are you waiting for him? He is not a punctual person.
B Say many people are not impressed by him.
Really? But many people are not impressed by him. What’s your impression?
A Tell B your impression of Tom: busy, running everywhere, knowing almost
everyone, like a popular person …
It seems to me he is very busy. You see, he is running everywhere and knows almost
everyone, just like a popular person.
B Say you don’t like Tom, because he looks arrogant …
But I don’t think I like him. He is a bit arrogant.
A Ask about B’s impression of Tom as a monitor.
It sounds strange. What do you think of him as a monitor?
B A good monitor in general but not considerate.
Em…A good monitor in general but not considerate.
A Say it sounds true.
You said it!
B Say it’s time to leave, you can’t wait for Tom any longer.
Oh, I’m afraid I have to leave now. I can’t wait for him any longer.
Your Conversation
(A：Susan 女孩子 B：男孩 他们在讨论对男班长的印象)
A Hi, nice to meet you here, Alexandra.
B Hi, Susan. Have you seen Tom here?
A Oh, no. Are you waiting for him? He is not a punctual person.
B Really? But many people are not impressed by him. What’s your impression?
A It seems to me he is very busy. You see, he is running everywhere and knows
almost everyone, just like a popular person.
B But I don’t think I like him. He is a bit arrogant.
A It sounds strange. What do you think of him as a monitor?
B Em…A good monitor in general but not considerate.
A You said it!
Oh, I’m afraid I have to leave now. I can’t wait for him any longer.
Exercise 2
Suppose it is your first day at college. You and your partner meet at lunch and talk
about your impressions of your new teacher, Mr. Johnson. Make a dialogue using the
following cues.
Cues ( 点击绿色字体为编写内容)
For Student A
·Ask how B feels about his/her first day at school.
A Hi, Joan. I’m so hungry now. So many classes this morning. What’s your feeling
about our first day at college?
·Don’t know him well. Seems very nice.
A Well, he seems very nice.
·Agree, like telling jokes.
A You said it. A lot of jokes in his class.
·Say it’s only by word of mouth, have to find the truth by ourselves.
A Oh, it’s only by word of mouth. Actually, nobody can please everyone. We must
find the truth by ourselves.
·Say, anyway, you like his lecture — very instructive and not boring.
A Anyway, I like his lecture--- very instructive and not boring.
For Student B
·Quite good. Ask about A’s impression of the new teacher.
B Quite good. Everything is new and exciting to me. What’s your impression of our
new teacher Mr. Johnson?
·Agree, having a good sense of humour.
B Yeah, you see, he has a good sense of humor, and makes our class full of laughter.
·Say, second year students say he’s strict, sometimes even rude.
B But second year students said he is somewhat strict and sometimes even rude to
his students.
·Agree, wait and see.
B You are right. We have much time to get in touch with him this semester. Let’s
wait and see.
·Say he does not seem to be every experienced — did not even introduce himself.
B But he does not seem to be every experienced — he did not even introduce
himself today.
Your Dialogue
A Hi, Joan. I’m so hungry now. So many classes this morning. What’s your feeling
about our first day at college?
B Quite good. Everything is new and exciting to me. What’s your impression of our
new teacher Mr. Johnson?
A Well, he seems very nice.
B Yeah, you see, he has a good sense of humor, and makes our class full of laughter.
A You said it. A lot of jokes in his class.
B But second year students said he is somewhat strict and sometimes even rude to his
students.
A Oh, it’s only by word of mouth. Actually, nobody can please everyone. We must
find the truth by ourselves.
B You are right. We have much time to get in touch with him this semester. Let’s wait
and see.
A Anyway, I like his lecture--- very instructive and not boring.
B But he does not seem to be every experienced — he did not even introduce
himself today.
Useful Expressions
check in: arrive and register 办理登记手续
You must check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves.
cf. check out: pay one’s bill and leave 付帐而离开
see off: go to some place with someone who is starting on a journey 送行
I was seen off by many of my friends.
cf. see out: go with sb. until he is at or outside the door 送到门口或门外
turn up: appear, arrive 出现
I wonder when they will turn up.
let down: (fig.) disappoint; fail to help 使失望，不帮助
Harry will never let you
down.
Useful Structures
Fancy meeting you. 想不到碰到你了！
[structure] fancy + -ing
fancy: imagine
Fancy her saying such rude things!
It’s really raining. Fancy that!
Are you flying to New York, too?
[structure] be + -ing with a future meaning
Some verbs of motion can be used in the present continuous tense to talk about the
future happenings, such as leave, fly, go, come, arrive, etc..
They are leaving for Paris next week.
But it’s about time to check in.
[structure] It’s time / about time / high time + to-infinitive / (that-) clause
In this structure, the verb after that-clause is in the form of the past tense or ‘would +
v.’.
It’s high time that you would speak about it.
It’s time to have dinner.
It’s about time Bill persuaded the horse to move.
Main Idea
The narrator of the text tells us her observation of people’s final moments at the
airport. She recalls her own experiences of meeting her daughter and being met when
returning from her grandfather’s funeral. Somehow the emotion she feels seems not at
all out of place for the airport. From people’s arrival or departure, she concludes life
needs to be this important all the time. She realizes that if dying is like this, a passage,
then she is unafraid.
Outline
The narrator
At the airport
observations
arrival or departure
recallings
experiences travel alone
different schedule
emotion: intense
moment: charged
scene1: seeing her
daughter
scene2: meeting her
husband
husband: at work
daughter: waiting
for me in another city
final moments: embrace
tears
smiles
kisses
joys
scene 1: a Spanish woman
scene 2: a grand mother and grandson
scene 3: the arrivals at Gate13
scene 4: a 5-year little boy
Conclusions
① The arrivals fold into the mix of people as if they have been the missing
ingredient.
② The emotion I felt seemed not at all out of place for the airport.
③ Life needs to be this important all the time.
④ If dying is like this, a passage, I am unafraid.
My wishes:
①I wish all the people who went on a journey could come back to find
someone waiting for them.
② I also wish they could leave with someone to see them off.
Text Analysis
Someone Waiting
Para 1 I am sitting at an airport watching people in the final moments before their
loved ones arrive or depart. They are pacing, nervous, looking at one another,
touching and not touching.我坐在候机室注视着人们在亲人即将到来或离去的最
后情景。他们正来回走着，神色紧张，彼此相互注视着，时而拥抱，时而分开。
[grammatical point] ‘watching people in the final moments’ and ‘looking at one
another, touching and not touching’ are participial phrases used as an adverbial to
express the accompanying circumstances.
He sat at the window reading a newspaper.
The children ran out of the classroom, laughing and talking merrily.
depart: go away, leave
[idiom] depart from 离开，从……启程
The train departed from the capital at
12 o’clock.
moment: very brief period of time
momentary a. 片刻的，瞬间的
momentous a. 重大的，严重的
[idioms] at the moment 此刻，那时 for a moment 一会儿
for the moment 目
前，暂时 in a moment 立刻，立即
the moment that 一……就
Para 2 A woman, speaking Spanish, is running in circles trying to gather family
members together for a good-bye. 一位说西班牙语的女人正绕着圈子跑来跑去，把
家人聚集起来说声再见。
gather: bring or get together 聚集，收集
He soon gathered a crowd round him.
The children have gathered many flowers.
in a circle / in circles: moving round 成一圆圈
The girls gathered round in a circle.
Students sat in circles talking to each other about their winter vacation.
[idioms] run round in circles (口) 忙得团团转
come full circle 绕了一圈，
兜了一个圈子
1. When the final moment comes before boarding, she wraps her arms around her
son, giving him a powerful embrace that should protect him until he returns. 登机
前最后一刻来临时，她用双手紧紧搂住儿子不放，希冀能保佑他平安归来。
board: v. get on an airplane or a ship
[idiom] on board 在飞机（船）上
The passengers boarded the plane at noon.
There were eight passengers on board
the plane.
embrace: 1) take sb. or sth. into one’s arms; 2) include
She embraced her son tenderly.
Botany embraces the study of all plant life. 植物学包括研究所有植物生命。
Para 3… the people who are supposed to pick them up are late. 本应来接他们的人
来晚了。
[structure] be supposed + to do sth.: be expected to do sth. 理应做某事
“ Why can’t you and Bill go to the movies tonight?”
“ We are supposed to have a history test tomorrow.”
pick sb. up: greet sb.
I’ll pick you up at 5 o’clock.
“ pick up” has some other meanings:
Pick up that bag on the floor. ( pick up: take hold of and lift 捡起)
He picked up English while living in London. ( pick up: acquire 获得，学会)
Two ladies, next to them but unrelated, look up and down the corridor as if scanning
an open sea. 站在他们旁边的却是与他们素不相识的两位女士。她们好像在茫茫
的大海上寻找什么似的，目光徘徊于走廊里来往的人群之中。
scan: v. look at quickly 扫视 He scanned the newspaper while having his breakfast.
as if: as though
He looked at me as if I were mad.
He gave his orders as if this was only another training exercise.
Tears dampen her cheeks. 泪水沾湿了她的脸庞。
dampen: make it wet
You should dampen clothes before ironing them.
[word formation] a. + -en ---- v.
red + -en ---- redden short + -en ---- shorten black + -en ---- blacken
1. The moment is charged. 此时此刻，空气里弥漫着强烈的情感。
[paraphrase] The moment is loaded with emotion.
charge: v. fill
The air was charged with perfume.
She spoke in a voice charged with anger.
Para 4 1. Just as poignant, the arrivals fold into the mix of people as if they have
been the missing ingredient. 正如一幅感人的画面，到站的旅客涌向接机的人群之
中，好似他们当中失落多时的一份子。
fold in / into: blend cooking ingredients into a mixture by gentle turning; come into
把……调入
Please fold the beaten egg into the flour. 请把打好的鸡蛋调入面粉中。
[idioms] fold away 折叠起来，折小一些 fold back 折叠起来，向后折
fold down 把……折起
fold up
折起，包
These camping chairs can be folded away and put in the car.
He folded back the sleeves.
I like to fold presents up in pretty paper.
Don’t fold down the corners of the page, it damages the book.
poignant: a. keen, deeply moving, distressing 深刻的，痛切的，伤心的
poignant memories 辛酸的回忆 a subject of poignant interest 极其有趣的题材
poignant beauty 绝顶的美丽
poignant agonies 切肤之痛
poignant criticism 尖锐的批评
poignant sentiment 激动的情绪
2. There are tears and smiles, pure delight ringing in the laughter of seeing someone
who has been gone. 人们的脸上挂满了泪水和微笑。久别重逢的欢笑声中回荡着
纯真的喜悦。
ring: v. resound 回荡，回声
The children’s playground rang with happy shouts. 孩子们的游乐场上回荡着快乐
的吵闹声。
Para 5 1. I sit, glancing at my book, waiting for my turn to leave, alone because the
ones I love have a different schedule from mine, and the one I am going to see, a
daughter, is at the other end of my journey. 我独自一人坐在那里一边翻着书，一边
候机，因为我的家人日程安排和我不一样。我这次旅行是要去看望我的女儿。
[Notes] ‘the ones’ refer to the narrator’s husband and daughter, neither of whom is
seeing her off at the moment she is leaving. ‘the other end of my journey’ refers to
the place where the narrator’s daughter live.
alone: a. / ad. by oneself 独自地, 单独
Sue spent most of her time alone in the flat.
She was alone in the house.
[grammatical point] When you use ‘alone’ immediately after a noun or pronoun, it
means ‘only’.
Simon alone knew the truth.
[warning] You don’t use ‘alone’ in front of a noun. For example, you do not talk
about ‘an alone woman’, instead, you say ‘a woman on her own’.
Para 6 I recall seeing my daughter, the daughter I am now going to visit, coming
down that narrow corridor with her backpack slung on one shoulder, her overstuffed
carry-on cradled in her arms, her headphones making her oblivious to the stream of
people flowing along with her. 我回想起当时见到女儿——也就是这次要去看望
的那一个——的情景。她从狭长的过道走过来，单肩背着一个背包，手里抱着满
满的行李，耳朵上戴着耳机，全然不顾身边熙熙攘攘的人流。
[grammatical point] ‘coming down … along with her’ is a participial phrase used as
an adverbial of the main sentence. ‘with her backpack slung…’ is an adverbial of
the participle clause to express the accompanying circumstances.
recall: v. bring back to the mind 回顾 I don’t recall your name but recognize your
face.
I recall seeing a poster on his wall.
I can’t recall where he lives.
carry-on: a. / n. things carried on the plane by the passenger 随身携带的（东西）
[word formation] v. + - prep.---- n.. / a.
carry-over 剩下物
mix-up 混淆
take-out 外卖店
cradle: v. place, hold 抱，放
She cradled her baby in her arms.
oblivious: a. unaware, having no memory 不注意的，忘记的
[structure] be oblivious + of / to
He was totally oblivious to the fact that he had almost been killed.
I’m oblivious of my former failure.
He seemed oblivious to how far they were walking.
Para 7 Joy shines down and up, and I am wondering how one would capture this
moment in words or on film. 四处都洋溢着欢乐的笑声，我真想知道人们是怎样用
语言或拍摄的方法来捕捉这精彩的一刻。You’ll find people full of happiness in the
waiting room when they greet their loves. I really want to know how they describe the
scene with their own language or spot it with their camera.
capture: v. obtain, attract 捕捉，吸引
The advertisement will capture the attention of readers everywhere.
wonder: want to know
I wonder which hotel it was.
I was wondering whether Gertrude was there at all.
in words or on film: describing with language or taking a picture
It’s hard for me to describe the magnificent view in words.
Para 8 When my flight is finally called, I gather my books and carry-on. 终于可以
登机了，我收拾好书和行李。
gather: v. collect
The manager gathered his papers and books together.
Since there is no one to see me off, I do not look back to see where I have come from.
由于无人送行，我没有往回看。
see sb. off: go to the station, airport, etc. with sb. who is starting on a journey 送行
We went to the station to see him off.
[idioms] see sb. back (home) 送某人回家
see sb. through 看透某人；帮助某人
渡过 see sb. across 带领/ 护送某人穿过（马路） see to 负责，照料， 注意，
留心 see about 调查，查询
Para 9 1. As I head toward the plane, I find myself remembering yet another arrival
and departure. 当我朝飞机走去时，我不由地想起另一次接送的情景。
head :v. move forward 朝前走 Where are you heading now?
I’m heading straight
for home.
find oneself doing sth./ in some place: discover that one is 发觉自己在……
When he regained consciousness, he found himself in the hospital.
She found herself walking in the street.
2. My husband of only a year was waiting at the gate to take me in his arms. Because
of my tears, everyone was looking at us, but I didn’t care. 刚结婚一年的丈夫正在
机场门口等着我，他一下把我揽入怀中。由于我在流泪，在场的每一个人都望
着我们，可我一点也不在乎。
care: v. feel interest, anxiety, or sorrow 在乎
He failed in the examination but I don’t think he cares very much.
He doesn’t care what they say.
I don’t care who you are.
Somehow the emotion I felt seemed not at all out of place for the airport.不知什么
缘故，我觉得在机场这份情感的流露似乎挺适合的。
somehow: adv. 1) for some vague reason 未知如何
Somehow I don’t trust that man. Somehow he again made a mistake in solving the
mathematical problem.
2) by one means or another 以某种方式，设法地
We must find money for the rent somehow.
We must get the work finished somehow by tomorrow morning.
out of place: improper 不适合的，不得其所
Some of the books are out of place.
Your words are rather out of place.
[antonym] in place 在适当的位置
Para 10I think of my grandfather and realize that if dying is like this, a passage, then
I am unafraid. 我想起了爷爷，意识到如果死亡像一段旅程的话，那我无所畏惧
了。
passage: n. journey 旅程
He accomplished the passage in 12 days.
The passage was made in about 4
hours.
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
1. I am sitting at an airport watching people in the final moments before their loved
ones arrive or depart. ( para. 1 )
2. A woman, speaking Spanish, is running in circles trying to gather family members
together for a good-bye. ( para. 2 )
3. I recall seeing my daughter, the daughter I am now going to visit, coming down
that narrow corridor with her backpack slung on one shoulder, her overstuffed
carry-on cradled in her arms, her headphones making her oblivious to the stream
of people flowing along with her. ( para. 6 )
4. I wish all the people who went on a journey could come back to find someone
waiting for them. I also wish they could leave with someone to see them off.
( para. 6 )
1. participial phrase used as an adverbial
Normally, the subject of a participial phrase is the same as the subject of the
main clause in a sentence. In other cases, a participial phrase can be given its own
subject.
My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining why she didn’t want the children to
play together.
I sat there listening to the music.
Nobody having any more to say, the meeting was
closed.
A little girl walked past, her doll dragging behind her on the pavement.
The subject is often introduced by ‘with’ when the participial phrase expresses
accompanying circumstances.
A car roared past with smoke pouring from the exhaust.
With her husband working in another city, the house seems pretty empty.
2. I wish
In formal style, the verb ‘ wish’ can be followed by a to-infinitive. Used in this
way, ‘wish’ means ‘want’.
I wish to see the manager, please.
When ‘wish’ is followed by that-clause to say that we would like things to be
different from what they are, we must use the subjunctive mood in that-clause. You
can also use ‘ would ‘ in that-clause.
I often wish I were really wealthy.
He wished it was time for Lamin to return.
I wish he would come!
[ warning ] You don’t use ‘wish’ with a that-clause simply to express a wish for the
future. You should use ‘ hope’.
I hope you like this village.
I hope I’ll see you before you go.
However, you can sometimes express a wish for the future using ‘wish’ as a transitive
verb with two objects.
I wish you every possible happiness.
May I wish you luck in writing your book.
Synonym Comparison
1. scan
skim
Scan means ‘look at attentively’ or ‘glance at quickly but not very thoroughly’. Skim
means read quickly noting only the chief points.
He scanned the newspaper while having his breakfast.
He has the habit of skimming a newspaper every morning.
2. mix
mixture
mix up
Mix means ‘put together two or more things to make something else’. Mix up means
‘mix thoroughly’ or ‘confuse’. Mixture means sth. made by mixing.
He mixed water with whisky.
The doctor mixed some medicine for me.
He mixed up two different things.
He mixes up purple with blue.
Air is a mixture, not a compound of gases.
3. recall
remind
remember recollect
Remember means ‘keep in the memory’ or ‘call back to mind without much effort’.
Recollect has the same meaning as remember, but usually ‘call back to mind with
much effort’.
Recall means ‘remember’ or ‘call back to mind’. It is more formal than remember,
but less than recollect.
Remind means ‘tell somebody to do something that he might forget’. The correct
structure is ‘remind + object + infinitive’. When you talk about remembering the
past, you must use the structure ‘remind + object + of’.
I remember his face quite well.
Whenever I hear the sound of a bugle, I recall the death
of my son.
I cannot recollect the exact words.
I can’t recall having met him before.
Please remind me to post the letters.
She reminds me of my childhood.
4. instead
instead of
Instead is an adverb. You use it when you are saying that someone does something
rather than doing something else that you have just mentioned.
Judy did not answer. Instead she looked out of the taxi window.
Instead of is a preposition. You use it to introduce something which is not done, not
used, or not true when you are contrasting it with something which is done, is used, or
is true.
I’m tried of sleeping in the mud instead of a nice warm bed.
You can say that someone does something instead of doing something else. But you
can’t say that someone does something ‘ instead to do’ something else.
You could always write this instead of your word processor.
Word Formation
agri / agro / agr = field 田地
[ agri 田 地 ， cult 耕作 ，
缀] 农业，农艺
[ 同上，-al 形容词后缀 ] 农业的，农艺的
[同上，-ist 名词后缀] 农学家
[ agri 田地, corporation 公司] 农业公司
[ agri 田地, motor 机器] 农用拖拉机
[ agro 田地, nomy ……学的] 农学，农艺学
[ agro 田地, -logy ……学的] 农业土壤学
[ agro 田地, technique 技术] 农业技术
[ agre 田地—乡村—乡野] 乡间的，乡野的
anniversary [ ann 年，vers
anne
/
enn
=
year
年
转 ，
-ary 名词后缀；时间转了一
年
]
周年纪念
annual [ann 年, -ual 形容词后缀] 每年的
annals
[ann 年, -al 名词后缀] 编年史
perennial [ per- 通，全，enn 年，-ial 形容词后缀] 全年的，四季不断的
biannual [ bi- 二，ann 年, -ual 形容词后缀] 一年两次的
centennial [ cent 百，enn 年，-ial 形容词后缀] 一百年的
astrology
[astro
星
astro/ aster = star 星
-logy…学]星占学，占星
术
astrologer
[astro 星 -loger…学者] 星占学家，占星术家
astronomy
[astro 星 星辰星空天文，nomy 学] 天文学
astronomer
[见上
-er 表示人] 天文学家
astronomize
[见上
-ize 动词后缀] 研究天文观测天文
astrospace
[astro 星星空，宇宙，space 空间] 宇宙空间
astrobiology
[astro 星星空，太空，biology 生物学] 太空生物学
astrobiodog
[astro 星太空，dog 狗] 太空狗
astromouse
[astro 星太空，mouse 鼠] 太空鼠
astronaut
[astro 星太空宇宙，naut 船航行者] 宇宙航行员
agriculture
-ure 名 词 后
agricultural
agriculturist
agricorporation
agrimotor
agronomy
agrology
agrotechnique
agrestic
[见上，-ess 表示女性] 女太空人
[见上，-ics …学] 宇宙航行学
[astro 星太空,天体, physics 物理学]天体物理学，太空物理学
[astro 星，星象，compass 罗盘] 星象罗盘
[astr 星，-al 形容词后缀，…的] 星的，星状的
[aster 星，-ism 名词后缀] 星群，星座
[aster 星，-isk 表示小] 小星记号，星标，星号
[aster 星，-oid 似…的]
似星的，星状的
[dis- 不，aster 星；
“星位不正”，古罗马人认为“星不正”便是
“灾星”，意味着大难灾难，灾祸-oid 似…的] 似星的，星状
的
audience
[ audi 听， -ence
audi
/
audit
=
hear
听
名词后
缀] 听众；倾听
auditorium [ audi 听 ，
-orium 名词后缀, 表场所] 礼堂
audible
[ audi 听， -ible 形容词后缀, 可……的] 听得见的
audibility [ audi 听， -ibility 名词后缀, 可……性] 可听性
inaudible
[ in- 不，audi 听， -ible 形容词后缀, 可……的] 听不见的
auditor
[ audi 听， -or 名词后缀, 表示人] 旁听生
auditory
[ audi 听， -ory 形容词后缀]
听觉的
auditphone [ audi 听， phone 声音] 助听器
auditvisuals [ audi 听， visual 视觉的 ] 视听教材
Exercises
2. Language work
A Fill in the following blanks with the words or phrases from the text.
Key:
intense, scan, schedule, glance
embrace, boarding, dampen, pacing, capture, poignant
pick up, corridor, unrelated
heading toward, carry-ons
high-pitched, wrap, fold into, delight
B Rewrite the following sentences with the expressions in the box.
Key:
When the rescue operation began, military troops immediately headed toward the
earthquake site.
Since her children are still in the kindergarten, the mother must first pick them up on
astronautess
astronautics
astrophysics
astrocompass
astral
asterism
asterisk
asteroid
disaster
her way home.
It’s after three o’clock now. But she was supposed to meet me here at two o’clock.
When his friends talk about modern paintings, Mr. Smith keeps silent and feels out of
place because he knows little about the subject.
The boy, with his eyes fixed on the screen, was completely oblivious to the knocks at
the door.
When the mother learned the news that her son had failed in the university entrance
examination, she took him in her arms encouraging him to try again.
When waiting for the train in the subway, many passengers usually buy a newspaper
and glance at the headlines.
C Word study
a. Give the meanings of the following words or expressions used in the text. You may
use an English-English Dictionary. Then give a sentence to illustrate their
meanings and usage.
Key:
1. in circles / in a circle: sth. round like a ring
The children are sitting on the lawn in a circle singing some English songs.
2. as if: as though
He talks as if he knew all about it.
He looks as if he had seen a ghost.
3. next to: coming immediately
The man next to Bill was talking to him in Spanish.
My house is next to the store.
3. in words: describing in language
I can’t express my feelings in words.
4. wonder: want to know
I was wondering how to get there quickly. I wonder what the time is.
I wonder if he can do that work.
b. Each of the following clues has an example sentence from the text. Using the
prompts produce other sentences with the same pattern as the example.
Key
1. a. Students sat in circles talking to each other about what they had seen during the
summer vacation.
b. The flowers grow in circles waving in the gentle breeze.
c. The child was running in circles in the square playing hide-and-seek with his
mother.
2. a. The man in a sport jacket, standing next to me, asked “Anybody here?” as if
seeing nobody in the office.
b. The girl, next to the window, jumped out suddenly as if being shocked by
electricity.
c. The old wooden bridge, next to the temple, stood over the river as if telling us
the history of this mountain village.
3. a. I was wondering how one could record that solemn moment in words.
b. I was wondering how one could express that emotion in words.
c. I was wondering how he could describe this magnificent view in words.
Dictation
We all hope for a better life, to be happier one day. However hopeful we may be,
events do come that dash our fondest hopes and cause us to lose heart. We may be in
low spirits for quite some time. But we take heart again. We start looking forward to
the future: there is a ray of hope, however faint. Hopes are important to us since they
can relieve our feelings of frustration and give us courage to face the future. We
believe that where there is life, there is hope. Let’s hold on to it until our hopes
become a reality.
True/False/Not Mentioned
1. You promise to tell the children something important immediately when they ask
you earnestly.
2. Children know more about sex than you can tell them.
3. Children are more likely to ask difficult questions than their parents.
4. You try to give children conventional wisdom in the form of wise sayings, but they
laugh at them.
5. You offer to bake a cake for the children so that they can be satisfied and will not
pester you with questions.
6. The children don’t feel shocked when you tell them something about death.
7. You feel sorry because you can’t find anything else to satisfy the children s needs.
The story indicates a truth that parents usually cannot cope with the growing desire of
children to know more about life.
1. F
2. T
3. NM 4. F
5. T
6. T
7. T
8. T
3 Grammar work
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
Key
1. John and Mary are friends and both of them like classical music.
2. None of us think so.
3. Tom was nowhere to be found. His teacher looked everywhere for him but in vain.
4. Every child in the United States is to receive some form of education.
5. Each sex has its own physical characteristics.
6. Each of my aunts gave me gifts for Christmas.
7. The house he lives in is half a mile away.
8. The police have every reason to believe that he is the murderer
4 Word formation
Fill in the following blanks with derivatives of the words in the box.
-en: a suffix normally used to form a transitive verb from an adjective. E.g.
harden, meaning to make hard or harder. The suffix -en can also be used to form
adjectives from nouns. E.g. golden, meaning having the colour of gold.
1. sharpened
2. darkened
3. ashen
4. earthen
5. softening
6. strengthen
7. lightens
8. sweetened
9. hardens
10. fastened
5 Vocabulary work
The milestones of life
Use an English-English dictionary to sort out the following words and phrases into
the three categories--- birth, marriage and death.
bouquet
pregnant
grief
wedding
mourners
coffin
funeral
godmother
bury
christening
honeymoon
sympathy
get engaged
have a baby
widower
bridegroom
get divorced
exchange rings
grave
nappy
maternity leave
pram
wreath
bride
Birth
Marriage
Death
nappy
pram
pregnant
godmother
christening
wedding
bouquet
honeymoon
get engaged
bride
Grave
Grief
Wreath
Bury
Mourners
have a baby
maternity leave
bridegroom
get divorced
exchange rings
Coffin
Funeral
Sympathy
Widower
Bouquet
6 Translation
Put the following sentences into English.
1. I don’t like to see people off at the railway station.
2. The company is giving a farewell party for you on Monday evening. A car will
come to your hotel to pick you up at half past seven.
3. She was so excited that she couldn’t help giving me a warm embrace.
4. I never quite succeed in overcoming the sense of being out of place.
5. She glanced round the room to see who was there.
6. His big shoes look like small boats.
7. You should fold the eggs into the flour instead of doing it in the opposite way.
Guide of Unit Two
Worries and Concerns
When you are worried or something worries you, you feel uneasy or unhappy because
you keep thinking about it and you are afraid that something unpleasant might happen
or may have happened. The commonest way to express your worry or concern is "I'm
worried / uneasy / concerned / nervous about sth." Or "Sth. really bothers / worries /
troubles/ concerns me."
If you no longer worry about sth., you can say "I'm relieved to know /
hear / find /learn that…" or "It's a weight off my mind."
To make sb. feel less worried or make them stop worrying about sth., you
set / put his mind at rest or put him out of his misery.
If you want to tell someone not to worry, you can say "Don't worry" or
"There's nothing to worry about" or "you can rest assured."
Useful Expressions
You may talk about your worries and concerns like this:
He is in anxiety about his sick son.
Jenny was apprehensive for her daughter's safety.
I'm concerned about Sophia: she looks so pale and has no appetite.
He's been weighed down with worry for he hasn't received any e-mail from
his wife for two months.
He is heavy-hearted / loaded with worry / sick at heart / full of anxieties.
I grew tense / became edgy /was on edge.
Ever since he failed to win Nancy's heart, he has got jitters to date with
girls.
For no obvious reason, I was agitated / panicky / jumpy / jittery / a
nervous wreck.
Every student may find exams disturbing / worrying.
Waiting for the final score, the skier had butterflies in her stomach.
Dan is bothered about having to make a speech to the rest of his class.
I was dismayed to learn that I lost my job.
He sits in his house all day and broods about his money problems.
There's no one he can turn to for help and he is at his wit's end.
Since the divorce, Linda's had a lot on her mind.
Look, I have been under a lot of strain and I need a vacation badly.
What unsettles / nerves / concerns / psyches out him is his failing
eyesight.
Her disgraceful past put me on edge.
The old man's warning preyed on my mind as I continued my journey.
Conversation 1
A Say you have a basketball match this Friday.
A Eric, can I have a word with you? It's about the Friday match.
B Say you hope to play forward this time.
B That's music to my ears, Mr. Trueman. I have been thinking about this coming
match for a whole week. You know, I feel bad not only because we lost the last game
but also because I didn't play well in it. This time, I'd like to play forward for I'm not
used to a defense position you gave me in the last match.
A Break the news gently. B's not playing, reason: injured last time.
A I see you're eager to play the Friday game, but I'm worried about your leg. And I
was thinking
B Say no problem, no need to worry about his leg.
B There is nothing to worry about my leg, Mr. Trueman, you can rest assured. I'm a
pro basketballer and I shall not shrink from such a challenge.
A Say the opposing team is strong, hard game, need to try new players.
A But I don't want to risk your leg and your career. What's more, the Chicago team is
tough and the game's gonna to be tough, too. We haven't won a single game for two
months, so I guess if we don't change and try some new players, we die
B But that's no excuse for taking the game away from me! I practise hard, I play
hard, I deserve a position on Friday.
A Oh, chill out, Eric. To be frank, you were not active enough in the last match and
you seemed unable to keep pace with the whole team. So why not rest for a game or
two?
B Explain why not active last time. Couldn't play well under too much pressure
from the fans.
B Mr. Trueman, you see, I admit I didn't play well in the last match. I was really
afraid to lose the game before 8000 frantic fans. But haste makes waste. So I do need
this chance to make up for it.
A Say decision can't be changed.
A Well, I know it's hard for you but this decision can't be changed. I'm sorry, Eric.
A Say it sounds true.
You said it!
B Say it's time to leave, you can't wait for Tom any longer.
Oh, I'm afraid I have to leave now. I can't wait for him any longer.
Conversation 2
For the Coach
·Say you have a piece of good news.
A Hello, Martin. Here's a piece of good news for you.
·Lay off Sam and Dick in the match on Saturday in London; Martin, replace
Sam.
A Well, it's decided that Sam and Dick are to be laid off in the Saturday match in
London, and you are going to replace Sam as the forward.
·Dick, trouble in the legs, can't run fast; Sam, too old. Both fouled too much
recently; leave team.
A It's certainly for good reasons. You know, Dick's left leg hasn't healed from the last
strain and he can't run fast; Sam will be 35 in May, too aged for a competent forward.
Besides, they both fouled too much recently, so I'd better leave them on the bench.
·Both took it hard, but understood the decision.
A As pro players, they both understood the decision though they took it hard.
·Andrew, stands in for Dick. Ask Martin, any problem to start training practice
on Wednesday?
A Martin, can you start training practice this Wednesday?
For Martin
·Ask what it is.
B Oh, really, what is it, Mr. Johnson.?
·Say you have mixed feelings. Good news for you, but bad news for Dick and
Sam. Ask why.
B Wow, cool. Sounds too good to be true. I have mixed feelings, for such good news
may mean something terrible for them. Mr. Johnson, may I ask why you want to
replace Sam with me?
·Feel uneasy for them, Dick - one of the best forwards you have ever seen, Sam also a good forward. Ask how they took the news.
B Oh, I see. But I still feel uneasy because Dick is one of the best forwards I've ever
seen and Sam's experience has helped the team a lot. So I wonder how they took the
news.
·That makes you feel good; ask who is to replace Dick.
B In that way, I feel much better. By the way, who's to stand in for Dick?
Feel excited, no problem at all, want to play as hard as...
B No problem. Thank you, Mr. Johnson. I'm so, so...thrilled. I swear I will not let you
down.
Useful Expressions
concerned: a. anxious or troubled; involved
be concerned about: be worried about
be concerned with: deal with
We were concerned about our environment and were beginning to get organized.
This book is concerned with animal protection.
Note that concerned can also be used immediately after a noun to refer to people or
things involved in a situation that you have just mentioned.
e.g. We've spoken to the lecturers concerned.
foul: adj. 1> (of air, water etc.) dirty, filthy (空气、水等)肮脏的
2> (of language etc.) obscene, disgustingly abusive (语言等)恶毒的
3> (of weather) rough, stormy (天气)恶劣的
4> (of play)unfair, against rules (比赛)不公平的，违规的
foul: v. 1> commit foul against 犯规
2> make dirty 弄脏
[idioms]
foul-mouthed: using obscene or offensive language 刻薄的
foul-play: unfair play in sport 不公平的比赛
foul up: make a mess of 弄乱
forward: n. attacking player near the front in football, hockey etc. (足球，冰球等运
动中的)前锋
More words about football:
center 中锋 halfback 前卫 fullback 后卫 field, pitch 足球场 goalkeeper 守门员
kick-off 开球 penalty kick 点球 shoot 射门 offside 越位 pass the ball 传球
take a pass 接球 spot kick 罚点球 dribble 运球
drop sb.: not allow sb. to play the game 不让某人参赛
put it straight: be frank; tell the truth; say what one thinks 实话实说
break the news gently: be careful when giving disappointing or sad news 小心谨
慎地透露坏消息
It was Ted who broke the news to me.
take the game away from sb.: destroy one's chance to play the game. 剥夺某人
参赛的机会
lay off sb.: discharge sb. temporarily from shortage of work 解雇
500 men were laid off work when the factory closed after the fires.
stand in for sb.: take one's place or do one's job because he / she is ill
or away 代替某人
You will stand in for me, John?
Useful Structures
under a lot of pressure: in great difficulty 有很大压力
[structure] be under + n.
The government has been under financial pressure.
[idioms] under way 在进行中
under construction 在建设中
修理中
under treatment 在治疗中
under discussion 在讨论中
under repair 在
We are thinking of trying some new blood this time.
[structure] think of used in the progressive tense
I'm thinking of going to university next year.
[warning] Think is not used in progressive tenses when we talk about opinions, or
announce
decisions. But when we talk about plans, or about the ideas and pictures that go
through one's head, progressive tenses are possible.
I don't think much of his latest book. ( wrong: I'm not thinking much of his latest
book.)
try some new blood: try some new members of the team. 尝试使用新人
Note that new people who are introduced into an organization and whose fresh ideas
are likely to improve it are referred to as new blood, fresh blood or young blood.
You either have me play the forward or lose the game, to be frank with you.
[structure] either…or… used to talk about two possibilities, and
sometimes more than two.
You can either come with me now or walk home.
Either you leave this house or I'll call the police.
You can either have soup, fruit juice or melon.
Main Idea
It takes nearly 2,000 years for football to evolve from an ancient Roman
military pastime to an exciting modern game. Once popular in some western European
countries in middle Ages, it was dismissed as violent and banned by kings, except that the
king of England and Oliver Cromwell got pleasure from football matches. By the end of
18th century, this almost extinct game was, not unexpectedly, revived by rich young
students from public schools. These youngsters developed rules and brought the game to
universities by the time of Queen Victoria. Then to make sure all players played football
under the same rules at universities, the Football Association came into being. However, one
school called Rugby Insisted on its own rules and left the Association; hence, football and
rugby went separate ways. In 1863, carrying the football (the goalkeeper excluded) was
completely outlawed and by the early 1870s, the goal became standard and rules were
perfected. Then began the history of modern football.
Text Analysis
Para. 1
1． For the Romans it was war game it was a war game, in which two teams of
soldiers would use whatever force was necessary to get the ball across either of two
defended lines.
use whatever force was necessary: use any force that was necessary 竭尽
全力
[grammatical point] "Whatever", close to "anything that", initiates a subject,
object or adverbial clause.
Whatever she says goes. Whatever he does he does well.
Whatever I am, it's useful to know foreign language.
2. The Roman Empire has long since vanished, but the violent pastime of the armies
has continued - and can still be quite violent.
虽说古罗马帝国早已消亡，但这项充满暴力的军队娱乐活动仍继续着----且暴力程
度丝毫不减当年。
The Roman Empire: refers to the countries of Europe and the west of Asia
which were ruled from Rome from around 44 BC until around AD 395, when it
was split into two. The West Roman Empire lasted until around 476 and the
East Roman Empire, or the Byzantine empire, until around the 15th century.
The Romans are not only famous for being cruel, but also for persecuting
people of the Christian religion.
long since: long ago 很久之前(常与完成时连用)
since: ad. from that time or event until new; ago 从那以后；以前
We have since become friends.
Bows and arrows have long since been out of use.
vanish: vi. disappear suddenly 突然消失；cease to exist 不复存在
The blue Toyota vanished from my sight.
The government has passed laws to protect vanishing American species.
pastime: n recreation, hobby; sport, game 休闲，业余爱好；运动，游戏
John enjoys leisurely pastimes, like gardening, woodwork, music and
toy-making.
Para 2
1. In the Middle Ages, some kind of "football" was popular in Italy, France, England,
and Scotland, but it was such a dangerous game that kings actually banned it, and for
300 years it suffered greatly from official disapproval.
ban：vt. forbid, prohibit (esp. formally) (尤其是正式地)禁止
n. formal or authoritative prohibition 正式禁止
We have put a ban on smoking in public places.
Swimming is banned in this lake.
disapproval: n. the expressing of unfavorable or negative opinion 反对，不允
许
disapprove: v. have or express unfavorable opinion of 反对，不同意
[idiom] disapprove of
[antonym] approval: n. 同意，允许
approve: v. 同意，允许
Very likely you will disapprove highly of what I have done.
Scobie was aware of their mute disapproval
2. Nevertheless, in 1613, the King of England permitted himself to be entertained in an
English village with "music and a football match," and, a few years later, the English
dictator Oliver Cromwell played football when he was at university.
不过, 1613 年，英格兰国王莅临一个英国村庄时，当地准备用"音乐和一场足球赛
"来欢迎他的光临，国王竟表示恩准。数年后，独裁者奥立弗·克伦威尔在大学
学习期间也踢足球。
Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658): an English general and statesman. He was
leader of the Parliamentarian army against King Charles I in the Civil War and
became Lord
Protector of England after the king's execution (1649).
entertain: vt. 1) amuse, provide recreation 提供消遣，使高兴
2) receive as guest, receive guests 款待，招待客人
The magician entertained the children with a variety of tricks.
Every summer they entertain the neighbours at an outdoor party.
entertainment: n. entertaining (uncountable) 招待(不可数)
pastime (countable) 娱乐活动，文艺节目(可数)
Para 3
1. By the end of the 18th century, however, the game was in real danger of dying out
in Western Europe.
然而到 18 世纪末，这项运动真的面临在西欧绝迹的危险。
in danger (of): likely to suffer (from) 面临……的危险
He was in danger of losing his life.
In a moment, Mr. Fisher realized that he was in danger .
die out: vi. 1) become extinct 熄灭；灭种
2) cease to exist 不复存在
The fire died out.
This kind of bird is dying out.
Neighbourhood shops are dying out because of the big department stores.
[idioms]
die away: become weaker or fainter to the point of extinction 消逝，平息
die down: become less loud or strong 平息，静下来
die for (to do): be eager for (to do) 迫切想(做)
die from (of): be dead because of 因……而死亡
never say die: not give in 永不言败
2. Curiously enough, it was the English "public" school that saved it from extinction.
A public school: actually a private fee-paying British and especially English
secondary school where children usually live as well as study. Public schools
are known for their high academic standards and are considered prestigious.
They are expensive and attended usually by people of high social status or
wealthy families. The most famous British public schools include Eton, Harrow,
and Winchester. But in the US and Scotland, public school means a free
school, controlled and paid for by the local government, for children who study
there but live at home.
curiously: ad. strangely, surprisingly, oddly 奇怪的是
curious: a. inquisitive; strange 好奇的；奇怪的
curiosity: n. eager desire to know; inquisitiveness; strange or odd thing 渴求；
好奇心；稀罕物
Just as a mater of curiosity, what does a monthly ticket
cost?
Curiously enough, he had never seen his daughter
save…from…: help avoid; rescue (preserve or relieve)…from 挽救；使免遭
The woman saved her jewels from the fire.
A sailor saved him from
drowning.
extinction: n. dying out 灭种，绝迹
extinct: a. no longer existing 灭绝的，
绝迹的
The passenger pigeon is extinct.
Efforts have been made to prevent the
extinction of the buffalo
3. The rich young men at these schools (which were in fact private rather than public)
had nowhere to hunt, fish, ride or otherwise use up their energies; all they could do
outside school hours was kick a ball in the schools' open spaces.
[grammatical point] all they could do…was kick a ball: the only thing they
could do …was kick a ball
Note here "do" is used as an auxiliary to focus on an action performed by
someone or something. When we use "do" like this, we put "what" at the
beginning of the sentence followed by a noun (group) and the auxiliary "do".
After "do", we put is/was and an infinitive with or without "to". We can use "all"
instead of "what" to emphasize that just one thing is done and nothing else.
What Stephen did was (to) interview a lot of old people.
All she did was shake hands and wish me luck
have nowhere to: v. have no place to 没有地方做
The poor children had nowhere to play.
Philip had nowhere to go.
[idioms] get (load, take etc.) nowhere: fail to achieve anything 没有结果
go nowhere: have no effect 不起什么作用
out of(from) nowhere: suddenly 突然(出现)
use up: use the whole of 用光，用全
We used up all the bread at breakfast
By this lime Jenny had used up all her
savings.
4. Gradually, each school began to evolve its own special style and rules.
evolve: v. develop gradually by natural process; work out(theory, plan etc.) 进
化，演变；逐渐形成
The whole idea evolved from a casual remark.
He evolved a new system for running the factory.
Anthropology involves studying the evolution of man.
Para 4
1. By the time of Queen Victoria, enthusiastic schoolboys were writing out rules for
what had once been no more than violent military or village fun.
到维多利亚时代，热心的学生们为这项曾经只是野蛮的军队活动或乡村游戏创编
了规则。
Queen Victoria (1819-1901): queen of Britain and Ireland, Empress of India,
and granddaughter of George III. Queen Victoria was the monarch who ruled
for the longest period in English history, during which there was great
industrial advancement, an expansion in the British Empire, and an increase
in the popularity of the monarchy. Victoria's husband Prince Albert was an
important influence on her and the marriages of their nine children connected
them with many royal families in Europe.
write out: write in full or in finished form 写出；开出
The doctor wrote out two prescriptions.
The teacher made me write out the whole essay again.
no more than: merely, only 仅仅，不过；同……一样不
He is no more than a policeman.
A puma is no more than a big cat.
2. This was how the Football Association came into being. One public school,
however, refused to co-operate. Its delegates objected to the new universal game.
come into being(existence): take shape, begin to appear 成形，开始出现
No one knows when such a custom first came into being.
The regulations came into existence on June lst.
cooperate: vi. work or act together(with sb.) (与……)合作
cooperation: n.
cooperative: a.
Two well-known firms of drug manufacturers are cooperating in the attempt to
find a cure for the common cold.
She wrote the book in cooperation with her sister.
object(to): vi. express opposition, feel or express dislike 反对
objection: n. opposition, dislike 反对
[structure] object to + v-ing
Mother objected to his rudeness. Would you object to letting him go.
This group didn't object to returning.
He has a strong objection to getting
up early
3. In this way, football and rugby were born and went their separate ways.
Rugby: It is a town in central England best known for the public school (Rugby
School) where rugby football was first played
way: n. 方法，方式
Which way must I turn? Which way shall I run.
He went this / that / the other way.
To scare a bird is not the way to catch it.
[idioms]
ask the way 问路
be one's way 就是这个脾气
pay one's way 能应付
开支
come a long way 有很大改进
cut both ways 于人于己皆不利
get into(out of the way of) 变得(不)习惯于
get one's own way 按自己
的意旨行事
lead the way 带路，引路
make one's way 到某地；成功
make way for 给……让路(位)
pave the way for 为……创造条件
Para 5
1. In 1863, the Football Association approved a game that outlawed carrying
and kept the ball at men's feet. The game still had a long way to go, however,
before it would be the football watched by millions around the world on
television during the World Cup.
World Cup: an international football tournament held every four years (for
details, see Read more) and considered the most popular sporting event in the
world. Founded in 1930 with just 13 teams, the tournament now attracts entries
from more than 140 countries. These are all-star, professional teams
composed of 22 players each. The teams must participate in elimination games
within their own continents before qualifying as one of the 32 nations
participating in the final tournament.
outlaw: vt. forbid, make illegal; declare sb. beyond protection of law 禁止，使
不合法；宣布某人为不法之徒
n. criminal, one not protected by law 罪犯，不法之人
Robin Hood was a famous outlaw.
This state outlaws the sale of drink to
teenagers.
have a long way to go: need a lot of efforts(before the aim is reached)
还要做出很多努力(才能达到目标)
When we land at NewYork we still have a long way to go to California.
[idioms] have a way with sth.: be good at dealing with sth. 善于应付
have a way with sb.: sb. has his/her strong point 有招人喜欢之处
have everything one's own way: have everything go in one's own way 一切
按自己的意思行事
have(go) one's own way: act up to one's wish 按自己
的愿望行事
2. Whole teams would rush back and forward on the field with the ball kept
close at their feet; there were no passes or long kicks, and some of the rules
used in those days were still nearer rugby than football.
Football(soccer)terms:
referee(裁判)
lineman(巡边员)
player 队员
corner 角球区
goal 球门
goal area 球
门区
penalty spot 罚球点
defender 后卫
half time 半场
touchline 边线
centre circle 中圈
centre spot 中点
goal line 球门线
goal spot 立柱
crossbar 横梁
line-up 阵型
striker 前锋
midfield man 中
场球员
goalkeeper 守门员
kick off 开球
full time 全场
foul 犯规
free kick 任意球
penalty kick 点
球
goal kick 球门球
net 球门网
head 头顶
corner kick 角球
send off 红牌罚下
off side 越位
winger 左或右翼球员
pass 传球
shoot 射门
header 头球
throw-in 掷界外球
3. In the process, football changed irrevocably from a gentleman's weekend
exercise to the greatest spectator sport in the history of the human race.
process n. progress or course 过程
在……过程中
in process of: during the course of
The house is in the process of being built.
In the process of road construction, much damage will be done to the nearby
farmland.
irrevocably: ad. unalterably 不可逆转地，不可改变地
irrevocable a. unalterable; gone beyond recall
不可改变的
The decision to close the business is irrevocable.
He who grasps too much will irrevocably fall between two stools.
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
1. The Roman Empire has long since vanished, but the violent pastime of the armies
has continued-and can still be quite violent.(Para. 1)
2. Nevertheless, in 1613, the King of England permitted himself to be entertained in an
English village with "music and a football match," and, a few years later, the English
dictator Oliver Cromwell played football when he was at university. (Para. 2)
3. By the end of the 18th century, however, the game was in real danger of dying out
in Western Europe. (Para. 3)
4. By the early 1870s, however, the fast, exciting, and open game of modern
Association Football was beginning to appear. (Para. 5)
1. coordinating conjunctions: and, but, so, or, nor
There are a few words which we call coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, yet,
or and nor, which come between the two parts of a sentence with equal grammatical
type. In other words, two simple sentences combined by a coordinating conjunction is
a coordinating sentence. Other conjunctions which can coordinate two simple
sentences include "either... or...", "not only... but also...".
I came here in 1972 and I have lived here ever since.
I'm terribly jumpy, but he remains cool.
Give me freedom, or let me die.
He doesn't like pop music, nor do I.
Not only did we two make up, but also we became close friend again.
Either you shoot your enemy, or you get shot by him.
2. by + time expressions
If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before that time. Both
simple past tense and past perfect tense can be used with such a time phrase.
You can cook the tea and be out by seven o'clock.
By 1940 the number had grown to 185 million.
I arrived a mile outside the town by mid-afternoon.
Note that by can only be used with this meaning as a preposition. You do not say, for
example, "By I had finished my lunch, we had to start off again". Instead, you say "By
the time I had finished my lunch, we had to start off again ."
3. However As an adverb to introduce a sentence , however is used when you are
adding a comment which contrasts with what has just been said.
Losing at games doesn't matter to some women. Most men, however, can't stand it.
However can also be used to say that it makes no difference how something is done.
You can do it however you want.
However we add that up, it does not make a
dozen.
Note that "how ever" (as two separate words) is used in a different way. It is usually
put at the beginning of a question to express surprise at something that has happened.
How ever did you get there?
Synonym Comparison
1. ban forbid prohibit inhibit
These four words all mean to prevent one from using or doing sth., or to order that
sth. not be used or done.
Ban suggests prohibition stemming from legal or social pressure and strongly
connotes condemnation or disapproval.
e.g.The government banned the new music video.
Prohibit suggests the issuing of laws, statutes, or regulations.
e.g.The state prohibited the manufacture and sale of fireworks.
Forbid implies absolute proscription (禁止) and expected obedience of an order
from one in authority.
e.g.Smoking is forbidden in the building.
Inhibit implies the imposition of restraints or restrictions that amounts to
prohibitions, not only by authority but also by the requirements of a situation or by
voluntary self-restraint.
e.g.This law inhibits the growth of free trade.
2. process procedure proceeding
They all mean the series of such things as actions, operations, or motions involved in
the accomplishment of an end.
Process is particularly suitable when progress from a definite beginning to a
definite end is implied and the sequence of events can be divided into a sequence of
steps or stages, e.g.the process of digestion.
Procedure stresses the method followed or the routine to be followed, e.g.He
achieved success despite disdain (嘲讽) for normal procedure.
Proceeding applies not only to the sequence of events, actions, or operations but
also to any one of these events, actions, or operations and stresses the items involved
rather than their relation or the end, e.g.He had little patience with bureaucratic (官僚
作风的) proceedings
3. amuse entertain
They share the meaning to pass or cause to pass the time pleasantly.
Amuse suggests that the attention is engaged lightly, e.g.You can amuse yourself
while I prepare dinner.
Entertain suggests supplying amusement by specially prepared methods,
e.g.Comedians entertained the disabled children.
5. object protest kick refuse
6. Object, protest and kick mean to oppose by arguing against.
Object suggest dislike or aversion (反胃), e.g.We object to his sweeping
generalization.
Protest suggests an orderly presentation of objections in speech or writing,
e.g.This is an open letter of protesting the government's foreign policy.
Kick suggests more informally a strong protesting or complaining,
e.g.Everybody kicks when taxes are raised.
Refuse suggests decisiveness or ungraciousness in not accepting, receiving or
considering sth. And it often implies the denial of sth. expected or asked for,
e.g.He refused to give the child money to buy his tenth doll.
Word Formation
Noun suffixes -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let, -ling, -ster, -ant, -ee, -or, -ese, -an, -ist. All
these suffixes can help form nouns referring to a person or thing.
I. noun + suffix --- concrete noun
-eer: skilled or engaged in (with derogatory flavor in some cases) e.g. pamphleteer
(小册子作家) racketeer (敲诈勒索者) mountaineer engineer auctioneer (拍卖师)
-er: having as dominant characteristic e.g. teenager, north-wester, villager, Londoner
-ess: demoting female e.g. waitress, actress, lioness, hostess, stewardess (空姐)
-ette:1) denoting smallness e.g. cigarette, kitchenette (小厨房), dinette (小餐厅)
2) denoting imitation e.g. flannelette (仿法兰绒), leatherette (仿皮)
3) denoting female e.g. usherette (女引座员)
-let: small, unimportant e.g. booklet , leaflet, piglet, starlet
-ling: minor, offspring of (with derogative flavor when it helps form a noun referring
to a person ) e.g. princeling, duckling, hireling, underling (走卒，贬义)
-ster: involved in (usually derogative) e.g. gangster(匪徒), gamester(赌棍), trickster
(骗子，魔术师，策士)
II. verb + suffix --- noun
-er/or: a person or thing that does e.g. writer, driver, window-cleaner, washer-up (洗
碟子的人), computer, actor, survivor, thriller (恐怖电影), accelerator (加速器)
-ant: a person or thing that does e.g. accountant (会计), contestant (参赛者),
inhabitant, participant, lubricant (润滑剂)
-ee: 1) one who is object of the verb e.g. addressee (收件人) employee, payee
2) one concerned with or described as e.g. absentee (缺席者) refugee
III. adjective + suffix --- noun
-ese: member of (nationality or race) e.g. Chinese, Portuguese, Japanese
-(i)an: adherent to e.g. republican, Darwinian (达尔文主义者)
-ist: skilled in or practicing e.g. violinist, stylist ( 文体学家) socialist, racist (种族主
义者)
-ite: adherent to; member of e.g. Israelite (以色列后裔) Brooklynite (布晋克村人)
Luddite (勒德分子，指 1811-1816 年间英国手工业工人中参加捣毁机器运动者)
b. Each of the following clues has an example sentence from the text.
Using the prompts produce other sentences with the same pattern as the
example.
1. Prompt: Roman Empire / long since / vanish / but pastime of the armies
Example: The Roman Empire has long since vanished. But the violent pastime of
the armies has continued.
a. truth / long since / become apparent / but
The truth has long since become apparent, but they just wouldn't believe it.
b. deadline / long since / pass / but application letters
The deadline for applying for the job has long since passed, but application letters
still pour in.
c. long since / forget /she /say / the quarrel / but she
I've long since forgotten what she said in the quarrel, but she frequently refers to my
words
2. Prompt: game / in danger of / die out
Example: By the end of the 18th century, the game was in real danger of
dying out in Western Europe.
a. panda /in danger of / die out
Panda is in danger of dying out in the world.
b. many people / in danger of / lose / jobs
Many people are in danger of losing their jobs in the economic crisis
c. bridge / in danger of / wash away in the flood
The bridge is in danger of being washed away in the flood
3. Prompt: football game / no more than / military or village fun
Example: By the time of Queen Victoria, the football game had become
no more than violent military or village fun.
a. they / live/ room / no more than / 15 square meters
They live in a room of no more than 15 square meters
b. she / write / long report / no more than/ trivial matter
She wrote a long report for what had been no more than a trivial matter.
c. kid / praise / for no more than / small progress
In the kindergarten every kid would be praised in class for what is no more than small
progress.
4. Prompt: Football Association / approve / game / outlaw
Example: In 1863, the Football Association approved a game that
outlawed carrying the ball in hand.
a. the United Nations / pass / a bill / outlaw / use of poison gas in wars
The United Nations passed a bill that outlawed the use of poison gas in wars.
b. nobody / object to / proposal / outlaw / the selling of cigarettes to adolescents
Nobody objects to the proposal that outlaws the selling of cigarettes to adolescents
c. two parties / reach / agreement / outlaw / improper competition
5. Prompt: in the process / football / change / irrevocably / from / to
Example: In the process, football changed irrevocably from a
gentleman's weekend exercise to the greatest spectator sport in the
history of the human race.
a. in the process / human civilisation / develop / irrevocably / from / matriarchal / to /
patriarchal society
In the process, human civilisation developed irrevocably from matriarchal society to
patriarchal society.
b. in the process / the planned economy / change / irrevocably / market economy
In the process , the planned economy in our country changed irrevocably into the
market economy
c. in the process / fit / replace / unfit / irrevocably / survive in the world
In the process, the fit replaced the unfit irrevocably and survived in the world.
1. Dictation
In the 1970s, Pelé retired from the national team of presume and became a professional
player for a team in New York. Soccer wasn't very popular in the United States at that time.
Few North Americans knew about this fast-moving sport. There was no money to pay
professional players, and there was little interest in soccer in the high schools and colleges.
When Pelé and other international stars began playing in various U.S. cities, people saw how
interesting the game was and began to go to the matches. Today there is a professional league
called the North American Soccer League. It is common for important games to have fifty to
sixty thousand fans.
Guide of Unit Three
Distress or Annoyance
There are many ways of expressing annoyance and distress in different situations.
You may express of distress or annoyance like this:
I’m fed up with all this…
I simply can’t bear…
I really hate…
The thing that really annoys me is…
I’m very annoyed at …
I can’t stand…
It really makes my blood boil when…
I just can’t stand…
It’s driving me mad / crazy / nuts / up the wall.
It’s a nuisance.
What really gets under my skin is…
It really annoys me that…
It galled me bitterly that…
It sickened me…
I feel annoyed because…
Useful Expressions
You may talk about annoyance and distress like this:
I’m fed up with all this.
We can only bear it, since we are employees.
I simply can’t bear your barbaric behavior.
Don’t pretend that you are a good God.
I really hate waiting. I’m sorry. I had something urgent to deal with at that time.
The thing that really annoys me is you didn’t take my words seriously.
Don’t be angry.
His indifference irritates me.
He’s always like this.
I’m very annoyed at your disobedience.
But Mum, I didn’t mess it up.
I can’t stand her arrogance. She looks down upon everybody.
Maybe it’s her nature.
It really makes my blood boil when this sort of things happens.
Don’t be so angry. It’s passed anyway.
Why do you pinch your nose?
I just can’t stand the odor. It stinks.
You’d better stop pestering me.
It’s really bugging me. I’m coming to the end of my patience.
This is a real drag.
Useful Expressions
come out: become visible; appear 出来，出现
The stars came out as soon as it was dark
The moon has come out.
The sun came out late in the afternoon.
get around: get about; be able to move from place to place 各处走动
Mary’s father really gets around; Monday he was in Washington; Wednesday he was
in
Chicago; and today he is in New York.
She doesn’t get around much these days.
Useful Structures
(中文必须隐进去)
1.To tell the truth, it really shocked me to know how chickens were raised in the
mechanical production.
[structure] It+V+to-infinitive.
The verb shock is followed by a to-infinitive clause. It may help to talk about it.
It hurt to breathe.
It pays to shop around for the best deals.
2. She was too upset to speak.
[structure] too+adj.+to-infinitive 太 ……不能
It was too late to do anything now.
Never too old to learn.
It’s too good to be true.
He’s too much of a coward to fight.
3.The cage was so small that the only way they could get around was to climb over
each other.
[structure] so+adj.+that-clause
The wind was so strong that we could hardly
move forward.
He earned so little that he could barely support his family.
(要求：左边为书上的要求，点击为编写内容，字体颜色不一样，右面是动画区)
Exercise 1
Make a conversation with the following cues.
Cues( 点击绿色字体为编写内容)
(要求：做动画。 A：女职员 B：女同事 她们在讨论猪舍。)
A Visited the countryside with children
A You know, I visited the countryside
with my children on weekend to help them know more about country life.
B Anything interesting?
B Oh. Is there anything interesting, Cathy?
A Annoyed. A Yeah, Mary. To be frank, it just annoyed me to see how pigs were
raised in the mechanical production.
B Ask why.
B Why did you take interest in pigs?
A Children wanted to see pigs on the farm. A Just because my children were
curious about the life of the pigs, and they wanted to see them on the farm.
B What happened?
B What did the pigs do there?
A All of us felt awful.
A All of us felt awful to see them.
B What did you see?
B What did you see? Did you see the pigs on the farm?
A Pigs in terrible conditions.
A Yes, To my surprise, my children came out in
tears. They said the pigs were living in terrible conditions.
B How bad?
B How bad? What’s up?
A Jammed together, couldn’t move.
A You wouldn’t believe your eyes. And it
sickened me to see five pigs living in one cage. The cage was so small that the pigs
were jammed together and could hardly move.
B Showing sympathy, say you’re annoyed by this.
B What a pity! I’m very
annoyed at the way they treated the pigs.
A Unnatural method of raising animals: stuffed them with food to fatten them up
quickly.
A What’s more, they had an unnatural method of raising pigs. In order to make more
money, they stuffed the pigs with food having additives. Then the pigs can grow
quickly and become fat.
B Animals shouldn’t be treated like this – would not buy their pork.
B Anyhow, we should not treat pigs like this. All the animals shouldn’t be treated
like this. From now on, I would not buy the pork from their farm.
Your Conversation
( 根据上面提示做动画。A：女职员 B：女同事 她们在讨论猪舍。)
A You know, I visited the countryside with my children on weekend to help them
know more about country life.
B Oh. Is there anything interesting, Cathy?
A Yeah, Mary. To be frank, it just annoyed me to see how pigs were raised in the
mechanical production.
B Why did you take interest in pigs?
A Just because my children were curious about the life of the pigs, and they wanted to
see them on the farm.
B What did the pigs do there?
A All of us felt awful to see them.
B What did you see? Did you see the pigs on the farm?
A Yes, To my surprise, my children came out in tears.
They said the pigs were living in terrible conditions.
B How bad? What’s up?
A You wouldn’t believe your eyes. And it sickened me to see five pigs living in one
cage.
B Is the cage big?
A The cage was so small that the pigs were jammed together and could hardly move.
B What a pity! I’m very annoyed at the way they treated the pigs.
A What’s more, they had an unnatural method of raising pigs. In order to make more
money, they stuffed the pigs with food having additives. Then the pigs can grow
quickly and become fat.
B Anyhow, we should not treat pigs like this. All the animals shouldn’t be treated like
this. From now on, I would not buy the pork from their farm.
Exercise 2
You and your partner are concerned about the conditions of the animals raised
on the farms.
Make a dialogue using the following cues.
Cues ( 点击绿色字体为编写内容)
For Student A
People make money without regard for morals nowadays.
A In my opinion, people make money without regard for morals nowadays.
The way poultry farmers treat hens.
A To be honest, it really irritated me to see how chickens were raised in the
mechanical production. It’s very cruel for poultry farmers to treat hens in the
countryside.
The so-called battery hens, jammed together, can’t get round each other.
A There were four chickens living in one cage. The so-called battery hens jammed
together and they couldn’t get round each other.
But too cruel to hens. They climb over each other, peck, pluck feathers.
A But I just can’t bear treating hens in a cruel way. You know they climb over
each other, Peck at one another, and feathers are plucked.
Feel awful, should close chicken farms, recommend the traditional way, raise hens in
a natural way.
A I feel awful about it. The government should close chicken farms. I believe the
traditional method is better not only for the chicken themselves but also for
people. I strongly recommend that farmers raise hens in a natural way.
For Student B
·For example?
B Why do you say like this? Could you give us an example?
·What is it like?
B So what did you see? Did you see the chickens in the cages?
·Explain that this method yields high production.
B To my mind, it’s good to raise chickens like this because this method could yield
high production.
·Disagree, they are only animals, fed for more eggs, more efficient way of raising.
B I don’t think so. Chickens are only animals, and farmers take measures to make
hens lay more eggs and supply more meat for human beings. It’s more efficient
to raise chicken, in cages.
·Explain that the traditional ways are inefficient, farmers need to make a living.
B As a matter of fact, it’s inefficient to raise chicken in the open air. They grow
slowly and farmers cannot even make a living.
Your Dialogue
A： In my opinion, people make money without regard for morals nowadays.
B： Why do you say like this? Could you give us an example?
A： To be honest, it really irritated me to see how chickens were raised in the
mechanical production. It’s very cruel for poultry farmers to treat hens in the
countryside.
B： So what did you see? Did you see the chickens in the cages?
A： There were four chickens living in one cage. The so-called battery hens jammed
together and they couldn’t get round each other.
B： To my mind, it’s good to raise chickens like this because this method could yield
high production.
A： But I just can’t bear treating hens in a cruel way.
You know they climb over each other, Peck at one another, and feathers are
plucked.
B： I don’t think so. Chickens are only animals, and farmers take measures to make
hens lay more eggs and supply more meat for human beings. It’s more efficient to
raise chicken, in cages.
A： I feel awful about it. The government should close chicken farms. I believe the
traditional method is better not only for the chicken themselves but also for people.
I strongly recommend that farmers raise hens in a natural way.
B： As a matter of fact, it’s inefficient to raise chicken in the open air. They grow
slowly and farmers cannot even make a living.
A： I would say that we’d better protect the rights of animals.
[Useful Expressions]
bug: If someone bugs me, it annoys you because it is always there or is always
happening, so that you cannot stop thinking about it or noticing it.
e.g. I wish you’d tell me whatever it is that’s bugging you.
pester: to annoy someone by repeatedly asking questions or making requests,
especially when they are trying to pay attention to something else. 纠缠
e.g. Everyone pestered me so much that I gave it up.
get on someone’s nerves: If someone gets on your nerves, they annoy you, especially
by continually saying or doing something that you do not like.
e.g. Sit down, James. You’re getting on my nerves pacing up and down like that.
drive someone mad/crazy/nuts/up the wall: to annoy people very much so that they
feel unable to stand the situation
e.g. Being in the house all day with these two screaming kids is driving me nuts.
This noise is driving me mad.
get under one’s skin: If someone gets under your skin, they do something that
annoys you a lot but which may not annoy other people.
e.g. He really gets under my skin sometimes.
be a drag: If someone or something is a drag, they annoy you especially and they are
boring or prevent you from enjoying you especially and they are boring or prevent
you from enjoying yourself. 累赘
e.g. Don’t invite John-he is such a drag.
Main Idea
The Snake Bite
The boy lived in West Bottom. His family raised and sold watermelon and
muskmelon. One day, the boy went to the house melon-and-garden patch to get
himself a watermelon. Suddenly, he stepped onto a rattlesnake and got a snake bite.
His mother bound some strings around his leg above the knee and went to the
neighbors for help. The Anderson’s lent their hands to look for the boy’s father and a
doctor. At last, the father came back.
Outline
The narrator
Para 1 Background：
Watermelons and muskmelons in the house
melon-and-garden patch
Para 2-3 First Events： going to the house melon-and garden patch
come down on something
an unusual attack by a rattle snake
Para 4-6 Later Events：
mother’s first aid
mother looking for help
Herb Anderson’s instructions
Para 7-8 Final events and outcome：father showing up
Text Analysis
Para 1
1. In the West Bottom we raised watermelons and muskmelons for the market, but the
house melon-and-garden patch was back of the barn on the edge of the cane field 我们
家在威波斯顿种植和出售西瓜和香瓜，瓜地就在谷仓后的甘蔗田边上。
the house melon-and-garden patch: a piece of land for growing vegetables and
melons for family use. 用于种植疏菜和瓜果的家用田地。
back of: Although it is now established as standard in American English meaning
“behind”, many considered it as a sloppy colloquial way of speaking in the 19th
century English. 在后面的
on the edge of: 在边上
edge: line marking the outside limit or boundary of a solid flat, object, surface or area
边缘
Don’t put that glass on the edge of the table; it might fall off. 不要把杯子放在桌边，
可掉能会掉下来。
He lives at the edge of the forest. 他住在森林边上。
He fell off the edge of the cliff. 他从悬崖边上摔了下来。
[idioms] be on edge: be nervous, excited, or irritable 易怒的，兴奋的
She was a bit on edge till she heard he was safe. 她听到他安然无恙才放下心来。
2. One day I took a corn knife from the tool shed and went out to get me a
watermelon for my own use. 有一天，我从工具棚里拿了一把砍玉米的刀想弄
个西瓜吃。
for my own use: for one’s own use 自用 keep sth. for one’s own use 保留某物以
自用
I want to buy a new dictionary for my own use.
3. I was forbidden to carry a corn knife, which had a blade longer than my arm. 其实
我是不准用这把刀的，因为它的刀刃比我的胳膊还长。
forbid v. ① order sb. not to do sth. 禁止，不准
I can’t forbid your seeing that man again. 我无法禁止你再和那个男人来往。
She was forbidden access to the club. 人家不允许她到那个俱乐部去。
② order that sth. shall not be done. 不允许
Photography is strictly forbidden in the cathedral. 教堂内严禁摄影。
Para 2
1. I was going along thumping melons for a ripe one when all at once my foot
seemed to come down on something like a needle. 我在瓜地里这个拍拍那个敲敲
想选一个熟西瓜。正在这时，我突然感到脚上好像被针一样的东西扎了一下。
all at once: suddenly 突然
All at once the door opened. 门突然打开了。
All at once she lost her temper. 她突然大发雷霆。
seem + to-infinitive: appear; have or give the impression or appearance of being or
doing sth. 好像，仿佛
They seem to know what they are doing. 他们好像明白他们做的事情。
I can’t seem to stop coughing. 我的咳嗽看来止不住了。
Para 3 I knew all about rattlers never being supposed to strike without warning.
我知道响尾蛇从来不会毫无预警地进行袭击。
be supposed to-infinitive: be expected or required to do sth. (by rules, custom, etc.)
被期望或被要求按规则、惯例做事
You’re supposed to pay the bill by Friday. 你最晚在星期五结清这笔帐。
cf. [infml] (used in negative sentences) be allowed to do sth. 获准做某事
You are not allowed to play football in the classroom. 在教室里是不准踢足球的。
strike: vi. attack suddenly 攻击
The lioness crouched ready to strike. 母狮低伏着身子准备攻击。
Enemy troops struck just before dawn. 敌军在拂晓前发起了进攻。
2. It was figured later that maybe this one didn’t have time to rattle. 后来我才想到也
许当时这条蛇还来不及发出响声。
[structure] It+be+v-ed+that clause
“it” is used in the normal subject or object position to indicate that a longer subject or
object has been placed at the end of a sentence.
It is said (believed, thought )that he’s a criminal. 据说他是个罪犯。
figure: v. (esp us)think sth; calculate 想某事物，估计；
I figured that you wouldn’t come. 我料想你不会来。
It’s what I figured. 我是这样认为的。
3. I must have stepped right into the mouth .I lit out for the house, yelling. 我想必是
一脚踩到了它的嘴巴上。我大叫着飞快地往家里跑去。
[structure] must+have+v-ed
Must is used with the perfect infinitive for deductions about the past ( can and can’t in
questions and negatives). 表示对过去行为的推断，具有较大的可能性，意为“一
定…, 想必……”。
She must have gone through a lot. 她一定吃过很多苦。
cf. must+v. / must+be+v-ing
Must is used in this way in affirmative sentences to say that we are sure about
something because it is logically necessary.
She looks happy; she must be having a good time. 她看来一脸幸福的样子，日子一
定过得不错。
light out: depart 离开
After school, the children are required to light out for home immediately. 放学之后，
学校要求学生立即回家。
yell: v. utter a sharp cry or cries as of pain, excitement, etc. 叫喊
[idiom] yell at sb. 叫喊着说
She yelled at her mischievous child. 她对她那淘气的孩子大喊大叫。
Para 4
1. There was not a man on the place or a horse in the lot. 这时家里既没有男人也没
有一匹马。
“on the place” and “ in the lot” both refer to the boy’s home.
lot: a piece of land having a special use. (esp AmE)场地
a parking lot 停车场 a used-car lot 旧车停放地 a building lot 建筑用地
a film lot: a film studio and the land around it 电影摄影场
place: particular area or position in space occupied by sb/sth. 地方
[idioms] all over the place: everywhere 到处
in place: suitable or appropriate
合适的 out of place: unsuitable or improper 不合适的
1. The next nearest was Jim Anderson’s, exactly half a mile away by the shortcut
through a field. Mamma made for the Andersons. 接着是吉姆·安德森家，离我
们家即使抄近路过去也有足足半英里。妈妈还是朝安德森家赶去。
shortcut: ① a route that makes a journey, walk, etc.
I took a shortcut across the field to get to school.我穿过田野抄近路去上学。
② way of doing sth. more efficiently, quickly, etc. 更快、更有效的办事方法
Becoming a doctor requires years of training –there are really no shortcuts. 当医生需
要有多年的学习和锻炼——实无捷径而言。
make for sb. / sth. move in the direction of sb./ sth; head for sb/ sth 朝…方向移动
The ship made for the open sea. 轮船驶向公海。
It’s getting late; we’d better turn and make for home.天晚了，我们最好折回家吧。
Para 5
1. Then Mamma went to the porch to watch the road from town. Following the line
between the Anderson and the Howell claim, the road ran along the crest of a rise so
that you got the silhouette of anything that passed over it. 然后妈妈就走到门廊上去
望那条通往镇里的小路。那条路顺着安德森和豪威尔两家的地界延伸到一个小山
坡上，人们远远就能望见翻越那山坡的人。
porch: n. [AmE] veranda a covered platform, usually having a separate roof, at an
entrance to a building 门廊
[cultural information] (mainly used in American English) a raised platform built
along the walls of a house covered with a roof. Houses with porches can still be seen
in many places in America, esp. in rural areas.
After supper, people usually sit in chairs or rockers on the porch for relaxation.
the Anderson and the Howell claim
[cultural information] In the 19th century, many Americans moved to the West where
there was vast land for the taking. They staked out some pieces of land as their own
property. Formal request for the land was made for mining. Claims here refers to the
pieces of land of this kind.
crest: n. the highest or culminating point; the peak
[idiom] on the crest of a wave: at the point of greatest success, happiness, etc. 在最
成功、最得意的时候。
After its election victory, the party was on the crest of a wave. 该党在选举获胜后如
日中天。
silhouette: n. an outline that appears dark against a light background 侧影，轮廓
The silhouette of the trees against the evening sky. 夜空衬托出树木的轮廓。
[idiom] in silhouette: as a silhouette 以轮廓或剪影形式
see sth. in silhouette 看见某物的轮廓
paint sb in silhouette 画出某人的黑色轮廓像
2. I could always pick out our buggy and Tom, especially with papa driving. Anxious
to get his nose in the manger, Tom would break into a gallop if you would let him and
papa always did. 我平时常常坐我们的轻便马车，当然由爸爸驾驭汤姆。因为它
急着想把鼻子伸进饲料槽里，只要你允许，汤姆可以蹄不点地飞奔起来，而爸爸
经常由着它。
pick out: distinguish sb./ sth. from surrounding people or things 分辨出某人（某事
物） It was just possible to pick out the hut on the side of the mountain. 那小舍座落
在山边，隐约可见。
buggy: n. a light carriage pulled by one horse 马车
manger: n. a feeding box in a stable or barn.
[paraphrase] anxious to get his nose in the manger: The horse was anxious to eat.
break into: ① begin abruptly 突然开始
As the President’s car arrived, the crowd broke into loud applause. 总统的汽车到达
时，群众中爆发出热烈的掌声。
He broke into a laughter. 他突然大笑。
② suddenly change (from a slower to a faster pace)突然改变（由慢到快）
break into a trot 马突然改成小跑
break into a canter 马突然改成慢跑
break into a gallop 马突然改成飞跑
gallop: n. a natural three-beat gait of a horse, faster than a canter, in which all four
feet are off the ground at the same time during each stride 飞跑
v. to cause to gallop 飞跑
Para 7 1. Mamma was watching to see whose rig would show up. 妈妈仍在观望
着，盼着有人出现。
rig: n. referring to the horse and the buggy; a vehicle with one or more horse
harnessed to it 马车
show up: appear 出现；to (cause to )be easily seen; (infml) arrive, often after a
delay.
It was ten o’clock when he finally showed up. 十点钟时，他终于到了。
We were hoping for a fuel team today but only five players showed up. 今天我们希
望全体队员都到齐，但结果只到了五个人。
2. Every now and then she would come inside and try to get me to stop yelling. At
length, she said. ”It’s your father ”. 她还不时走进来试图安抚我，让我停止号叫。
最后她说，“你爸爸回来了”。
every now and then: every now and again / then: at irregular intervals; occasionally.
时而，偶尔，有时
I like to go to the opera now and then. 我喜欢偶尔去看歌剧。
Every now and then (again) she went upstairs to see if he was still asleep. 她时而到
楼上看看他是否还在睡觉。
at length : (a) (fml 文) after a long time, eventually, at last. 经过一段长时间之后，
终于，最后
At length the bus arrived, forty minutes late. 公共汽车终于来了，晚了四十分钟。
(b) taking a long time; in great details; fully 长时间地，详尽地
He told me at tedious length about his favorite hobby. 他仍不厌其详地讲他的业余
爱好。
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
1.I must have stepped right into his mouth. (para 3)
2.She made me lie on the sofa in the front room and put Martha to watch me. (para 4)
3.Every now and then she would come inside and try to get me to stop yelling. (par7)
1. must + have + past participle
Must is used with the perfect infinitive for deductions about the past ( can and can’t in
questions and negatives).
John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; he must have studied last night.
John must have been a restless person. He kept moving from country to country.
The lights have gone out. A fuse must have blown.
I don’t think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can Joan have put the matches? He can’t have thrown them away.
2. infinitive without “to”
Certain verbs are followed by an object and the infinitive without “to”. They are: let,
make, see, hear, feel, notice, help( in an informal style), and (in a few constructions )
have and know.
I made them give me the money back.
She lets her children stay up very late.
I didn’t see you come in.
I heard her say that she was fed up.
Could you help me unload the car?
Please have him come in.
Did you feel the earth move?
When these verbs are used in the passive, they are followed by the to-infinitive.
He was made to pay back the money.
She was heard to say that she disagreed
3. verb + object + infinitive
Some verbs are normally used with an object and an infinitive to express orders,
requests, advice and intentions. The following list contains the commonest verbs
which are used in this construction.
advise
command
invite
remind
urge
ask
forbid
order
teach
warn
beg
instruct
persuade
tell
allow
want
force
expect
cause
intend
Johnson told her to wake him up.
He commanded me to stay there.
He ordered me to fetch the books.
My doctor advised me to see a neurologist.
I want you to tell me the truth.
Didn’t your teacher ask you not to be late again.
There are some common verbs that cannot be used in the structure verb + object +
infinitive, for instance, suggest.
Wrong: I suggested her to go home.
Correct: I suggested that she should go home.
Synonym Comparison
1. tap
knock
thump
These three words all mean to strike or hit audibly.
Tap implies making a light blow usually repeated, e.g. He tapped on the window to
attract his friend’s attention.
Knock implies a firmer blow, sometimes amounting to a pounding or hammering, and
a correspondingly louder sound, e.g. The messenger knocked loudly to awaken us.
Thump implies a solid pounding or beating that produces a dull booming(低沉有回响
的)sound, e.g. They heard the thumping and banging of carpenters working on the
floor below.
2. summit
top
crest
peak
climax
Summit, top and crest can mean the top part of something.
The top of something is its highest point, part, or surface, e.g. hill tops, the wooden
top of the bench, the top floor.
Summit refers to the top of a mountain, e.g. In the distance we could see the
snow-covered summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. (乞力马扎罗山)
Crest is the top of a hill or wave, e.g. the crest of the hill.
Summit, peak and climax mean the highest point attained or attainable.
Summit implies the topmost level attainable, e.g. a singer at the summit of his career.
Peak suggests the highest point reached in a course or during a specific length of time,
e.g. After hard training he reached a peak of fitness. Peak can also refer to the pointed
top of a mountain.
Climax implies the highest point in an ascending series, e.g. The moon landing
marked the climax of the program.
3. shout yell
roar groan
scream
When used as noun, these words all imply a loud sound expressing excitement, pain,
anger etc.
Shout is a loud call that expresses anger, excitement etc, or is made to get other’s
attention. e.g. give a sudden shout of joy.
Yell is louder than shout which expresses greater anger; excitement or is made to
catch other’s attention. e.g. The children ran away when he heard his mother’s yells.
Scream is a sudden loud shout or cry expressing fear. e.g. The woman’s screams
could be heard all over the park.
Roar refers to a loud deep shout, especially one that expresses anger, pain, or
amusement, e.g. roars of laugher.
Groan is a loud, long shout or cry in a deep voice that expresses suffering, pain ,or
disappointment, e.g. Instead of laughter from the audience there were only groans.
4. gallop
sprint trot bound
These words all mean running.
Gallop means (of a horse) faster pace with all four feet off the ground at the same time
during each stride. It also means go at a gallop.
e.g. The horse broke into a gallop.
He galloped across the field.
Sprint means to run as fast as you can, usually over a short distance.
e.g. I began to sprint. — I wasn’t going to let him catch me.
Trot means to run fairly slowly, taking short steps.
e.g. The old dog heard a noise and trotted off to investigate.
Bound means to move quickly forward with long high jumps.
e.g. The dog came bounding towards me.
Word Formation
intercept
[inter-中途，cept, 取]截取
ceiv(e), cept, ceipt
reception [re回来，cept 取，接]接待
= take hold 取，认为，容纳
receptive[re回来， cept 取，-ive 形容
词后缀]敏悟
的
receipts [re-回来，ceipt 取，-s 名词复数后缀]收入
conceive [con-表强调， ceive 认为]构想
perceive [per-表强调， ceive 容纳]觉察
accept [ac-表示 to, cept 取，认为]接受
certify
[cert 确实，-i,-fy 动词后缀，]
cert = true 确实，确信
证实
certain [cert 确实，-ain 形容词后缀] 肯定的
ascertain [as-加强意义，certain 确实] 查明
chronic
[chron 时间，-ic…的] 慢性
chron = time 时间
的
chronicle [chron 时间；] 编年史
chronology [chron 时间，-ology … 学] 年表
synchronize [syn- 同， chron 时间， -ize 动词后缀]同步
cosmic
[cosm 宇宙, -ic 形容词后缀]
cosm (o)= universe 世界，宇宙
宇宙的
cosmics [cosm 宇宙，-ics … 学] 宇宙学
cosmonaut [cosmo 宇宙， naut 船] 宇航员
cosmopolis [cosmo 世界，polis 城市] 国际都市
2. Language work
A Fill in the following blanks with the words or phrases from the text.
Key:
1. all at once, screamed 2. figured, by the short cut 3. seems, on the edge of
4. lot, back of
5. habitation
6. forbidden, raise
7. At length, showed up
B Rewrite the following sentences with the expressions in the box.
Key:
1. When it was disturbed, the deer broke into a gallop and disappeared in the forest.
2. All the passengers lit out for a safe place when the fire broke out in the waiting
hall.
3. Tommy promised to come over, but he has not shown up yet.
4. The light was on in the office for the whole night. Somebody must have forgot to
turn it off.
5. The escaped prisoner hoped that no one could pick him out in the crowd.
6. When the movie was over, the audience made for the exits.
7. The wolves approached the sheep ready to strike.
8. After a short rest, the army climbed over the crest of the mountain.
C Word study
a. Give the meanings of the following words or expressions used in the text. You
may use an English-English Dictionary. Then give a sentence to illustrate
their meanings and usage.
Key:
1. on the edge of: on the verge of 在边上
edge: line marking the outside limit or boundary of a solid flat, object, surface or
area 边缘
Don’t put that glass on the edge of the table; it might fall off.
He lives at the edge of the forest.
He fell off the edge of the cliff.
Cf. be on edge: be nervous, excited, or irritable 易怒的，兴奋的
She was a bit on edge till she heard he was safe.
2. for one’s own use: use by oneself 自用
I want to keep the teapot for one’s own use.
3. shortcut: ① a route that makes a journey, walk, etc. 捷径 ② way of doing sth.
more efficiently, quickly, etc. 更快、更有效的办事方法
I took a shortcut across the field to get to school.
Becoming a doctor requires years of training –there are really no shortcuts.
4. every now and then: every now and again/then; at irregular intervals; occasionally
时而，偶尔，有时
I like to go to the opera now and then.
Every now and then (again) she went upstairs to see if he was still asleep.
5. at length: after a long time, eventually, at last 经过一段长时间之后，终于，最后；
taking a long time; in great details; fully 长时间地，详尽地
At length the bus arrived, forty minutes late.
He spoke to me at tedious length about his favorite hobby.
b. Each of the following clues has an example sentence from the text. Using the
prompts produce other sentences with the same pattern as the example.
1.Prompt: house melon-and-garden patch / back / barn /on the edge of
Example: The house melon-and-garden patch was back of the barn on the edge
of the cane field.
Key
1. a. They lived in a cottage on the edge of moors .
b. The beautiful villa stands on the edge of the orchard.
c. We saw an old pine tree on the edge of the cliff.
2. a. He went out to buy an electric shaver for his own use .
b. We brought the camera with us for our own use.
c. The mayor of the city had a villa built for his own use.
3. a. The nearest dinning-hall is only twenty meters away by the shortcut
through the playground.
b. The nearest hospital is No. 1 hospital, about 200 meters away by the
shortcut through the park.
c. It takes you only 5 minutes to go to the nearest cinema by the short cut.
4. a. The little dog jumps up every now and then in front of me while I am
tasting the delicious chicken.
b. Every now and then a robber looked out of the windows furtively while
his partners were busy putting the jewellery into their big bags.
c. Every now and then the student would doze off in the lecture.
5. a. At length the girl found out the key to the lab.
b. At length we finished our entrance examination to the university and
began our happy vacation to Europe.
c. At length the family decided to say goodbye to the old refrigerator and
buy a new one.
1. Dictation
A pet is an animal tamed and kept as a favourite or treated with love. The range of
animals kept by people as pets today is very wide. For example, rabbits, mice,
goldfish, pigeons, horses, pigs, or even snakes are kept as pets by different people.
However, dogs and cats are still the most popular pets, and about half the
households in Britain own one or the other. The importance of pets in British life is
reflected in many ways. In the past, land-owners liked to be portrayed with their
dogs and horses and many such pictures can be seen in art. In many families, pets
are regarded as family members. That is why British people often say “Love me,
love my dog.”
READ MORE
The subtitles
1. Though chained, the baboon managed to pluck or half-pluck any fowls within
his reach.
2. He took a sudden and violent fancy for one fowl and showed demonstrative
affection for it.
3. He held it aloft.
4. He playfully hauled it back by the leg when the fowl made for liberty.
5. He felt confident of winning it over by persistent kindness.
6. In the midst of an extra-friendly hug, the cock died, misunderstanding the
lover to the last.
7. In solemn grief he buried his departed playmate at the foot of a tall tree,
where the grass might grow and the birds sing over its grave.
8. He could bear his grief no longer; so he dug up his departed pet and ate it.
Key:
1. c 2. B 3. E 4. A 5. D 6 . f
7. g
8. h
True/False/Not Mentioned
Key
1. F
2. NM 3. F
4. T 5. F 6. T
7. NM
8. T
3 Grammar work
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
Key
1. The mother forbade her children (to eat) sweets because she didn’t want their teeth
to be ruined.
2. The manager tried to solve the problem, but at length, he failed.
Or: The manager managed to solve the problem. (The problem is gone now.)
3. Richard and Janet decided to amuse themselves by playing computer games.
4. The teacher found some students losing interest in literature.
Or: The teacher found that some students lost interest in literature.
5. In some countries, war forces people to leave their native places.
6. The little boy made the dog obey his order.
7. The police watched two burglars break / breaking into a house.
8. Mr. Jackson tried to persuade his son to stay on the farm, but the boy didn’t listen
to him.
Or: Mr. Jackson persuaded his son to stay on the farm. (He succeeded.)
The manager let the secretary mail the letter.
4 Word formation
Fill in the following blanks with derivatives of the words in the box.
1. The government is trying to control population ________ (grow).
2. If it’s a choice between high pay and job _______ (secure), I’d prefer to
keep my job.
3. I haven’t got a ruler with me. Can you tell me the _______ (wide), ______
(long) and ______ (high) of the box?
4. Because of the ______ (cold) of the weather, we stayed indoors, dreaming of
the _____ (warm) of summer.
5. I don’t mind _______ (untidy) — it’s _______ (dirty) I can’t stand.
6. I played the piano just for my own _______ (amuse).
7. Our _______ (depart) was delayed because of bad weather.
8. I was struck by her _________ (thoughtful).
-ment, -ness, and -th are all noun suffixes.
-ment is added to a verb to mean a result state of a verb, e.g., develop--development, govern --- government.
-ness is added to an adjective to form a noun that shows the quality, state or
character of the adjective, e.g., dry --- dryness, silly --- silliness.
-th is added to a few verbs and adjectives to form nouns, e.g., grow--- growth ,
wide--- width.
Key
1. growth
2. security
3. width, length, height
4. coldness, warmth
5. untidiness, dirtiness
6. amusement
7. departure 8. Thoughtfulness
5 Vocabulary work
Cries of Animals
Special verbs refer to the cry, call, or voice of many animals. The following are
some examples. Match them appropriately.
Key
dog
bark
cat
mew
duck
quack
pig
hen
wolf
horse
cow
6 Translation
Key
grunt
cackle
howl
neigh
moo
1. It started raining, so she made for the nearest shelter.
2. She picked out a cap to match her dress.
3. I waited for an hour, but he didn’t show up.
4. They figured it was better to stay where they were.
5. The earthquake that struck the little island caused 23 deaths.
6. He returned home at length after being away from the village for 20 years.
7. She managed to hold on to her job while many of her colleagues lost theirs.
Cultural Information
Rattlesnake
Snakes are dangerous animals that make people feel frightened.
Rattlesnakes are extremely poisonous.
Here are some pictures about the
rattlesnakes.
rattlesnake, poisonous New World snake of the pit viper family, distinguished by a
rattle at the end of the tail. The head is triangular, being widened at the base. The
rattle is a series of dried, hollow segments of skin, which, when shaken, make a
whirring sound. When the snake is alarmed, it shakes its tail, and the noise serves as a
warning to the attacker. While the snake is young, three or four segments are usually
added each year, one at each molt. After maturity fewer develop and old ones start to
break off. Rattlesnakes feed on rodents, birds, and other warm-blooded animals. Like
other pit vipers, they have heat-sensitive organs in pits on the sides of the head, which
help them locate and strike at their prey. The erectile fangs are folded back in the
mouth, except when the snake strikes. The venom is highly toxic to humans and
occasionally proves fatal (see snakebite). Rattlesnakes bear live young. Most species
are classified in the genus Crotalus. The timber rattlesnake, C. horridus, is found
from S Maine to NE Florida and W to Iowa and Texas. It is from 3 1/2 to 5 ft
(105–150 cm) long and is yellow or tan with wide, dark crossbands. The largest and
deadliest species is the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, C. adamanteus, of the S and
SE United States, which reaches a length of 5 to 8 ft (1.5–2.4 m). The western
diamondback, C. atrox, is shorter and thicker. The western, or prairie, rattlesnake, C.
viridis, sometimes lives in prairie-dog burrows. The sidewinder, C. cerastes, is a
North American desert species. The approximately 30 Crotalus species range from S
Canada to N Argentina. The genus Sistrurus comprises the three pygmy rattlesnake
species of the United States and Mexico. The smallest, S. miliarius, of the SE United
States, is under 18 in. (45 cm) long. Rattlesnakes are classified in the phylum
Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Reptilia, order Squamata, family Crotalidae.
The scene is straight out of a horror movie: A creature has just been killed. The
person who killed it leans over the body to make sure it is dead. Suddenly, the corpse
leaps up and ... well, you know the rest of the story.
Now scientists have that reality can be scarier (and deadlier) than fiction. Frank and
Jeffrey Suchard, doctors at the Good Samaritan Regional Medical Center in Phoenix,
Arizona, warn that dead rattlesnakes can bite after death. What's more, such
supernatural strikes are surprisingly common. In fact, nearly 15 percent of the people
LoVecchio Suchard have treated for rattlesnake bites were attacked by freshly killed
or mutilated animals.
Of the 34 rattler victims they treated, five claimed the snake had been "thoroughly
dead" when it attacked. What does "thoroughly dead" mean? Well, one patient said he
shot a rattler, chopped off its head, waited five minutes, then picked up the head. But
the dead head lunged, stabbing its fangs into the man's finger. When the man grasped
his stricken finger, the head bit him on his other hand.
Don't believe that one? Okay, another victim, who says he knew the dangers of
posthumous rattlers, said he grasped a decapitated rattler's head tightly with the fangs
pointed away from him. But somehow the jaw shifted, scratching him. So much
venom was injected into him that he had to have a finger amputated.
Really, it's true! In fact, other studies have shown that an isolated rattlesnake head
will try to attack objects waved in front of it for up to an hour after death. Joe
Slowinski, a herpetologist at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco,
says these day-of-the-living-dead episodes appear to be a reflex action, triggered by
infrared sensors in the snake's "pit organ," a structure between the nostril and eye that
detects body heat. A decapitated snake's body can also attack, Suchard says, since it
has touch sensors that can cause the headless corpse to jump and whack an
unsuspecting observer with its bloody stump. "A dead snake still has many of the
reflexes it had when it was alive," he says.
So what do we do if we see a dead rattlesnake? Suchard advises us to leave it alone.
"If you really have to touch it," he "I suggest you use a very long stick." He also says
that many of the problems could be avoided if people didn't try to kill them in the first
place.
By the way, believe it or not, I was attacked by a dead pygmy rattler in the Florida
Everglades. Fortunately, I touched the animal with a long stick. Do you have a dead
snake story? Why not share it with us? Write "Dead Head" on the envelope, and send
it to ODYSSEY, 30 Grove St., Suite C, Peterborough, NH 03458.
PHOTO (COLOR): This dead pygmy rattler attacked the author posthumously.
By Stephen James O''Meara and Fred Bortz
Guide of Unit Four
Possibility & Impossibility
There’re many ways of expressing possibility and impossibility. When you think
that something may happen, it might happen or be the case, that’s a possibility of
something, but if you are not certain because it is difficult to say what will happen in
the future, that’s impossibility of something. The common patterns are the following:
Possibility
Impossibility
It’s possible for sb. to do sth.
It’s impossible for sb. to do sth.
I think it possible that…
It’s unlikely that…
Could you possibly…?
There’s no possibility of/that…
…as soon/ much as possible.
There’s no/little chance of/that…
There’s a possibility of/that…
There’s no way.
The possibility of sth. is…
It’s incredible/unbelievable.
You can/could/may/might+v.
It’s out of the question.
Maybe/Perhaps it is right.
Useful Expressions
You may talk about your possibility and impossibility like this:
1. There was just a possibility that they had taken the wrong road.
2. There was a chance that the Republic would draw the rest of its troops.
3. I’m almost certainly being watched.
4. I’m likely to be very busy tomorrow.
5. It’s quite likely that the meeting will go on until late.
6. I’ll probably be sent back to London.
7. We’re unlikely to need any outside help.
8. There’s no chance of going home.
9. It might have been better if she’d had kids, though you never know.
10. There’s a possibility that she’ll lose her job.
11. It’s still possible to make some money if you invest wisely.
Conversation
Useful Expressions
(中文必须隐进去)
nonsense: a. untrue or silly
-----“I’m putting on weight.”
-----“Nonsense, my dear.”
[idioms]
make a nonsense of/make nonsense of : to make it seem ridiculous or pointless
The fighting made a nonsense of peace pledges made in London last week.
be fed up with: unhappy, bored, or tired of something
I should think they’re getting pretty fed up with him by now.
You sound a bit fed up.
responsibility: n. If you have responsibility for something or someone, it is your job
or duty to deal with them.
He has responsibility for five employees.
responsible a.
[idiom] be responsible for
The children are responsible for cleaning their own rooms.
a heap of: a pile of
There’re heap of clothes on the floor.
fresh start: be successful in the early stages of doing something
You’re so young, I bet you will have a fresh start.
unspoilt: (also unspoiled) a. If you describe a place as unspoiled, you think it is
beautiful because it has not been changed or built on for a long time.
Look at this map, this is the unspoiled island of Cozumel.
point: n. a point is something you say which expresses an idea, opinion, or fact.
That’s a very good point.
I want to make several quick points.
[idiom] have a point
ruin: v to destroy completely; demolish.
She poured water all over my painting, and ruined it.
Useful Structures
1. …my mother used to say “ We didn’t have the conditions you enjoy today….”
[structure] used to do sth: something happened regularly in the past.
She used to tell me stories about people in India.
“used to” in negative structures: didn’t used to so sth./ used not to do sth.
They didn’t used to mind what we did.
“used to” in questions: Did + subject + used to…?
Did you used to play with your toys?
2. What about those examinations?
[structure] what about + n. ?
You use ‘what about’ to remind someone of something, or to draw their attention to
something. ‘What about’ is followed by a noun group.
What about the others on the list?
What about your breakfast
Exercise 1
Make a conversation with the following cues.
A The younger generation, asking for too much and reluctant to give, hopeless.
Mary, what do you think of today’s children? I think they ask for too much and are
reluctant to give, they are hopeless.
B Disagree. Better educated, having many good points, well learn, need time.
Oh, it’s all nonsense. You see, Helen, they are better educated, and they always
have many good points, most of them are well-learned. They need time to improve.
A The possibility of improvement is small, no way to learn, don’t respect the older
generation much.
Oh, I suppose the possibility of improvement is small. The young generation don’t
respect the older generation at all.
B Not fair to put all the blame on the young; the old could be wrong, too.
It’s unfair to put all the blame on the young. The old could be wrong, too.
A The young also could be wrong, even greater possibility; the old have wisdom.
Well, you may have a point there. But that’s the truth that the young also could be
wrong. You know the old have wisdom.
B Old wisdom could be useless in new times.
Ok, you might be right to a certain extent. But you have missed one important fact:
Old wisdom could be useless in new times.
A At least they have experience.
Oh, I don’t think so. At least they have experience.
B The young could create new experience.
But the young have a fresh start, they could create new experience.
A Impossible to agree with B
A fresh start? It could be a bad start….
Your Conversation
( 根据上面提示做动画。A：女 B：女 两个在谈论小孩)
A Mary, what do you think of today’s children? I think they ask for too much and
are reluctant to give, they are hopeless.
B Oh, it’s all nonsense. You see, Helen, they are better educated, and they always
have many good points, most of them are well-learned. They need time to
improve.
A Oh, I suppose the possibility of improvement is small. The young generation
don’t respect the older generation at all.
B It’s unfair to put all the blame on the young. The old could be wrong, too.
A Well, you may have a point there. But that’s the truth that the young also could be
wrong. You know the old have wisdom.
B Ok, you might be right to a certain extent. But you have missed one important
fact: Old wisdom could be useless in new times.
A Oh, I don’t think so. At least they have experience.
B But the young have a fresh start, they could create new experience.
A A fresh start? It could be a bad start….
Exercise 2
Make a dialogue using the following cues.
Your Dialogue
A Child education is difficult today. It seems that the only child has more problems.
B Oh, no, in some way, the only child enjoys better conditions and education. And the
only child gets more love and care from his or her parents and grows healthily.
A It’s not true. If conditions are too good, child becomes uninterested in study. Also,
too much love and material comfort spoil the child and the only child is often
selfish, lazy and unhealthy.
B Yes, I agree with you. We should find some ways to solve the problems.
A How?
B I don’t know, perhaps educators and teachers can work together to find a solution.
A You’re right, and I am sure it requires the joint efforts by school, family, and the
whole society.
B Yes, quite right. I hope all children grow up happily and healthily.
Main Idea
My father drove a London taxi for 40 years. I know a taxi driver is not respected very
much by many passengers. But in my mind, he looked so strong and powerful. I will
never forget the smell of the soap as he scrubbed his hands; I will never forget his
euphoria when I went to university; I will never forget his tales of his own childhood
and his moral tuition, such as “A promise is a promise.” When my first child was born,
he seemed to say with his eyes: Son, let him say just one thing when he grows up: “he
was my father.”
Text Analysis
Para 1 I remember the smell of the soap as he scrubbed his hands. 我记得他洗手
的时侯那股肥皂味。
remember: v. 1) If you remember people or events from the past, you still have
an idea of them in your mind and you are able to think about them.
2) If you remember to do something, you do it when you intend to .
[structure] remember to do sth.
remember doing sth.
remember + that-clause
I don’t remember talking to you at all.
I remember that it used to snow quite a lot.
Please remember to enclose a stamped addressed envelope when writing.
as: conj. at the exact moment when; at the same moment as
[cf] when: at or during the time that
while: during the time that
He did not move while the music went on, but got up when it ended.
As he gets older he gets more tolerant.
scrub:v to clean by hard rubbing
[idioms] scrub off
(便)洗掉; (便)擦除
scrub out (用肥皂、刷子)把...洗刷干净 取消
scrub round [口]取消; 不坚持; 不理会; 回避
2. Pungent, because this was for removing ground-in dirt and oil from beneath
hardened fingernails and from calloused hands. 那气味是那样的刺鼻，因为要除
去坚硬指甲下和起着老茧的手掌上的泥垢和油污。
pungent: a.1) affecting the organs of taste or smell with a sharp, acrid sensation.
刺鼻的, 用强烈而刺鼻的气味影响味觉或嗅觉器官的
2) penetrating, biting, or caustic 穿透性的、辛辣的或刻薄的
e.g. pungent satire 刻薄的讥讽
3) to the point; sharp 中肯的；尖锐的：
e.g. pungent talks during which the major issues were confronted.
摆出主要问题的尖锐的谈话
4) pointed 尖形的
e.g. a pungent leaf 尖形的叶子
remove: v. to take sth away
removable: a.
removal: n
The tea-ladies came in to remove the cups.
He removed his hand from the man’s collar.
hardened / calloused: a.
[word building] v. + -ed---a. / a. + -ed---a.
A large number of adjectives end in ‘-ed’.
1) Many of them have the same form as the past participle of a transitive verb,
and have a passive meaning. For example, a “frightened’ person is a person
who has been frightened by something.
Some past participles which do not end in ‘-ed’ are also used as adjectives.
They are sometimes called ‘-ed’ adjectives.
A few ‘-ed’ adjectives are related to intransitive verbs and have an active
meaning. For example, an ‘escaped’ prisoner is a prisoner who has escaped.
2) Many adjectives are formed by adding ‘-ed’ to a noun. They indicate that a
person or thing has the thing that the noun refers to. For example, a ‘bearded’
man has a beard.
3. I can still see the darkness of the water in the basin after he had cleaned his face.
我仍能记得他洗完脸之后那盆中的污水。
darkness: n.
[word building] –ness: a noun suffix meaning the stated condition, quality or
degree
Para 2 He always spoke to me as he washed before eating his dinner, told me tales
of his own childhood and let little drops of moral tuition fall into my lap. 爸爸常在
他吃饭前洗手时跟我聊聊天，讲讲他孩提时的故事，并一点一滴地教我做人的道
理。
[structure] let sb. do sth.
let: Let is used to say that someone allows someone else to do something. After the
object, you use an infinitive without ‘to’.
The farmer lets me live in a caravan behind his barn.
They sit back and let everyone else do the work.
You do not use a ‘to’ –infinitive or an ‘-ing’ from after let.
There is no passive form of let. You do not say, for example, “ he was let go” or “He
was let to go”. If you want to use a passive form you use a different verb, such as
allow or permit.
fall into my lap: let sb know
Let drops of moral tuition fall into my lap: teach me moral standards little by little
Para 3 1. He drove a London taxi for 40 years. 他在伦敦开出租车已有 40 年。
[paraphrase] He was a taxi-driver in London, which he drove for 40 years.
cf. taxi-----cab
A taxi or cab is a car driven by a person whose job is to take people where they
want to go, in return for money. There is no difference in meaning between taxi
and cab. Both words are used in British and American English, However, taxi is
more common in British English and cab is more common in American English.
2. It was a job that paid a decent wage if a man was willing to work 12-hour days, six
days a week. 如果有谁愿意一周工作6天，一天工作12小时的话，那么这份工作
无疑将给他带来可观的收入。
decent wage: a wage which is considered satisfactory
decent：a. satisfactory
I don’t have a decent suit to wear to church.
Put on some decent clothes before you call on the Smiths.
be willing to: would like to
He is willing to help him.
Para 4 1. When I was small, he would sometimes pick up people who were hailing
cabs along the way. 在我小的时候，爸爸有时会载路旁要出租车的人。
pick up: 1) When you pick up something or someone, you collect them from
somewhere, usually in a car.
2) to take hold of and lift up
3) to improve
4) to gain; get
5) to cause to increase
We drove to the airport the next morning to pick up Susan.
Trade is picking up again.
Where did you pick up that book?
2. He wasn’t supposed to, not with me in the vehicle. At that time, I was so small that
he had to stay with me the whole day. 他并不该把我带在车上的，但那时我还小，
他不得不整天把我带在身边。
be supposed to:1) to expect, because of duty, responsibility, law, or other conditions 2)
[neg.]to allow
Everyone is supposed to wear a seat belt in the car.
You’re not supposed to smoke in here.
3. But I was six or seven and was barely noticed. 那时我 6、7 岁几乎并未引起别人
的注意。
barely: almost not, only just; hardly
He had barely arrived when he had to leave again.
We have barely enough money to last the weekend.
Para 5 I could never understand why the passengers treated him with such
patronizing disregard. 我弄不明白为什么乘客对他一点也不尊重。
patronize: to act towards as of better or more important than; to treat in a
condescending manner. 屈尊以屈尊俯就的态度对待
Some people cannot speak to children, even kindly, without patronizing them.有些人
对小孩子讲话，即使和气，也免不了一派高高在上的态度。
with such patronizing disregard: patronizing is often used to describe a person’s
manner or tone which seems friendly, but which shows that they think they are
superior to you in some way
Para 6 1. Confusing: omitted sentence, the whole sentence is “I was confused.”
confuse: v. mix up in the mind
Don’t confuse Austria with Australia.
2. He kissed me, held my hand and then drove me to school before putting his 12
hours in. He was my father. 在投入一天12小时的工作之前，他亲了亲我，握了握
我的手，而后又送我去了学校。这就是我的父亲。
put in: If you put in an amount of time or effort doing something, you spend that time
or effort doing it.
We had to put in three hours work a night.
[Idioms]
put down 写下，控制 put in for 要求，申请
put forth 使用
put forward 提出
put off 延期
Para 7 I remember his euphoria when I went to university, the first in his family to
do so.我还记得我考上大学时，爸爸欣喜若狂的样子。因为我是家里第一个上大
学的人。When I went to university, my father felt very happy and excited, because I
was the first in the father’s family to receive higher education.
euphoria: n. state of well-being and pleasant excitement 舒适，安乐
2. Of course he was gauche when I graduated, took too many photographs, and didn’t
understand the Latin that was spoken before the ceremonial meal. 当然，我记得我毕
业时爸爸那略显笨拙的表现：他拍了太多的照片；他不懂正式的餐前说的拉丁文。
[paraphrase] The father seemed to be out of place at the graduation ceremony, he felt
gauche, took the matter too seriously by taking many pictures, and didn’t understand
the Latin before the ceremonial meal.
[background] Latin: Latin is the Italic language spoken near ancient Rome, and was
the official language of the Roman Empire. Until the middle ages, it was the dominant
language of school, church, and state in West Europe. Now, Latin is still used in
religious ceremonies of Roman Catholic Church. Besides, it is also used for
ceremonial purposes in cases such as school graduation ceremony.
gauche: a. lacking social polish; tactless.不善交际的缺乏社会风度的；不圆滑的
gauchely: ad.
gaucheness:n.
3. So what?: an informal colloquial expression, meaning that the remark or
statement which has just been made seems unimportant, uninteresting, or
irrelevant. Here it means “what does it matter if my father doesn’t understand the
Latin that was spoken in the ceremony? Another similar expression is ‘What of
it ?’
4. All that concerned this working man in a suit was that his son would not follow in
his footsteps. 对于身穿工作服忙碌了一辈子的他来说，更重要的是他的儿子
再也不要步他的后尘了。
concern: v.tr.1) to have to do with or relate to 涉及与…有关或相关
He wrote an article that concerns the plight of homeless people.
他写了一篇关于无家可归者处境的文章
2) to be of interest or importance to关心有兴趣的或有重要性的：
This problem concerns all of us.这个问题攸关我们全部人
[Idioms] as concerns 关于 be concerned with 牵涉到， 与...有关， 参与
as [so] far as... be concerned 关于； 至于； 就...而言
be concerned about 关心 be concerned over [at] sth. 为某事忧虑
be concerned in sth. 和某事有牵连
Quiz The story is ____ a Russian family in the 19th century.[D]
A. concerned about B. concerned for
C. concerned with D. concerned
[解析]be concerned about/for 关心…；专心于…
Para 8
He couldn’t afford to go on holidays with us like other dads. There just wasn’t the
money. He’d stay on his own, work even longer hours, and live on sandwiches and tea.
爸爸不能象别人那样和自己的妻儿老小一起去度假。那恰恰是因为缺钱。他宁愿
自己一个人呆着，加班加点的工作，就着茶水吃些三明治。
[para] My father could not afford to go on holiday with the family. When the family
was away, he would stay, work even longer hours, and live on sandwiches and tea.
on one’s own：alone
She lived on her own.
We can’t solve this problem on our own.
Para 9 And when my first child was born, this extraordinary ordinary man said very
little. 1. Just stared at the baby and then at me. 他带着一种惊奇的眼光看看我又看
看孩子。
stare at: to look fixedly with wide-open eyes, as in wonder, fear, or deep thought
It’s rude to stare at other people
2. He spoke through his eyes, and I understood. Son, he was telling me, let him be
able to say just one thing when he grows up: he was my father. 他的眼睛足以说明一
切，我理解他的意思。他是在说，“孩子啊，只要做到让骇子长大后也能说一句‘他
不愧是我的父亲啊，’ 那就足够了！”
[paraph From his eyes, I seemed to know my father’s wishes. He wanted to tell me
one thing: when my little baby grows up, let him be able to say “he was my father”.
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
1. “A promise is a promise” he’d say. (para2)
When I was small, he would sometimes pick up… (para4)
He’d stay on his own. (para8)
2. I could never understand why the passengers treated him with such patronizing
disregard. (para 5)
3. I remember that smell of the soap as he scrubbed his hands. (para1)
He always spoke to me as he washed before eating his dinner, told me tales of his
own childhood and let little drops of moral tuition fall into my lap. (para2)
1. would + v.: sth.: happened in the past
You can use ‘would’ to talk about something which happened regularly in the past but
which no longer happens.
We would normally spend the winter in Miami.
She would often hear him grumbling.
Note that ‘used to’ is used in a similar way.
She used to get quite cross with Lally.
In the afternoons, I used to hide and read.
However, ‘used to’ can also be used to talk about states and situations that existed in
the past but no longer exist. You cannot use ‘would’ like this.
I’m not quite as sure as I used to be.
You use ‘would have’ to talk about actions and events that were possible in the past,
although they did not in fact happen.
Denial would have been useless.
I would have said yes, but Julie talked us into staying at home.
When ‘would not’ is used to talk about something that happened in the past, it has a
special meaning. It is used to say that someone was unwilling to do something, or
refused to do something.
They just would not believe what we told them.
‘would’ is sometimes used in stories to talk about someone’s thoughts about the
future.
He thought to himself how wonderful it would taste.
They would reach the castle some time.
2. position of ‘never’in clause:
---If you are not using an auxiliary or modal, you put ‘never’ in front of the verb,
unless the verb is ‘be’.
He never allowed himself to lose control.
They never take risks.
---If the verb is ‘be’, you usually put ‘never’ after it.
The road alongside the river was never quiet.
---If you are using an auxiliary or modal, you put ‘never’ after it.
I have never known a year quite like this.
My husband says he will never retire.
--- If you are using ‘do’ for emphasis, you put ‘never’ in front of it .
---If you are using more than one auxiliary or modal, you put ‘never’ after the first
one.
He was one of the few people there who had never been arrested.
The answers to such questions would never be known with certainty.
---If you are using an auxiliary on its own, you put ‘never’ in front of it.
I do not want to marry you. I never did. I never will.
In stories, never is sometimes put first for emphasis, followed by an auxiliary and the
subject of the clause.
Never had Dixon been so glad to see Margaret.
Never had two hours gone so slowly.
‘never’ with an imperative:
You can use ‘never’ with an imperative instead of ‘do not’. You do this when you
want to emphasize that something should not be done at any time.
Never let them sit on you lap.
Never use a natural fibre such as string to hang pictures.
3. as
If something happens ‘as’ something else happens, it happens while the other thing is
happening.
She wept bitterly as she told her story.
You also use ‘as’ to say that something is done whenever something happens.
Parts are replaced as they grow old.
[cf] when: at or during the time that
while: during the time that
He did not move while the music went on, but got up when it ended.
As he gets older he gets more tolerant.
Synonym Comparison
school university
Used as countable nouns:
In both British and American English, a school is a place where children are educated,
and a university is a place where students study for degrees.
Used as uncountable nouns:
In American English, ‘school’ (without ‘a’ or ‘the’) is used to refer to both schools
and universities. If someone is attending a ‘school’ or ‘university’, Americans say that
they are in school.
All the children were in school.
In British English, ‘school’ refers only to schools, If someone is attending a ‘school’,
British speakers say they are at school. If they are attending a ‘university’, British
speakers say they are at university.
What do you want to do when you leave school?
Her one aim in life is to go to university.
remove
move
If you remove something, you take it away.
The tea-ladies came in to remove the cups.
If you go to live in a different house taking your possessions with you, you do not say
that you ‘remove’. You say that you ‘move’.
Send me your new address if you move.
salary wages wage fee
Salary and wages are both used to refer to the money paid to someone regularly for
the work they do.
Professional people such as teachers are usually paid a salary. Their salary is the
amount of money which they are paid each year, although they actually get a certain
amount each month.
She earns a high salary as an accountant.
If someone gets money each week for the work they do, you refer to this money as
their wages.
His wages had been reduced to seventy pounds a week.
You can refer in a general way to the amount that someone earns as a wage.
They are discussing the problems of bringing up children on a low wage.
‘fee’ is a charge for professional services, e.g. a doctor's fee for a visit.
under below beneath
‘under’ is almost always used as a preposition. You use ‘under’ to say that one thing is
at a lower level than another, and that the other thing is directly above it. For example,
you might say that an object on the floor is ‘under’ a table or chair.
There was a cask of beer under the bench.
‘below’ is usually used as an adverb. You normally use it to say that one thing is at a
much lower level than another. For example, if you are at the top of a mountain, you
can talk about a valley ‘below’.
You can see the town spread out below.
Down below in the valley the chimneys were smoking.
‘beneath’ is used as a preposition or an adverb. It has a similar meaning to ‘under’ or
‘below’. ‘beneath’ is a rather formal word.
He had the feel of the soft ground beneath his feet.
The Minister stared out of the window into the circular courtyard beneath.
Word Formation
- dic -, - dict -: say; speak
dictionary 字典
dictum 金言
dictation 命令
dec-: ten 十，十倍
decade 十年
decagon 十角
decathlon 十项全能
de- : down from; away [字首]剥夺；分离 debility 衰弱
deactivate 使无效；使停止作用
debouch 流出
dia-: through; across 表“通过；完全；离开；中间横切”之意
diameter 直径 diagonal 斜的
diageotropic 横生的
dis-: not
disability 无力；无能
disaccord 不一致，不和 disaffection 不友善，不忠
2. Language work
A Fill in the following blanks with the words or phrases from the text.
Key:
1. ordinary, put in, So what, protected, moral
2. cabbie, pick up, hailing
3. ground-in, hardened, pungent
4. patronizing, treat, disregard
5. ceremonial, remove
6. follow, grow up
B Rewrite the following sentences with the expressions in the box.
Key:
1. Her parents sent the girl to a private school which offered tuition in music.
2. The passengers fell into a conversation when the train pulled out of the station.
3. The students are required to recite the poem.
4. On the desert island, Robinson Crusoe had to live on wild fruits and fish.
5. Robinson Crusoe’s heart was filled with apprehension when he saw the footprints
on the sand.
6. He has put in 30 years of dutiful service and all his colleagues treat him with
regard.
7. It is assumed that a good education enables people to earn a decent living.
8. With his wife out of work, the man could not afford to buy a new car.
C Word study
a. Give the meanings of the following words or expressions used in the text. You may
use an English-English Dictionary. Then give a sentence to illustrate their
meanings and usage.
Key:
1. break one’s promise: not to keep what one spoke or wrote
He asked me to come here at 6 o’clock, but he broke his promise.
2. be supposed to: be bound to, be expected to
Is the servant supposed to clean the outside of the window?
3. barely: hardly
We had hardly the time to catch the train.
4. on one’s own: alone
I’d like to stay on my own.
5. stare at: look at fixedly
Do you like being stared at?
b. Each of the following clues has an example sentence from the text. Using the
prompts produce other sentences with the same pattern as the example.
Key
b. for reference
1. a. The young man breaks his promise again and again. So nobody believes
him now.
b. You are always making promises and then breaking them.
c. The government breaks its promise to provide houses for all those who
need them.
2. a. People are not supposed to drive while they drink.
b. We are not supposed to over-cut the trees otherwise unbalance of nature
will be resulted and incalculable damage will be incurred.
c. You are supposed to report the accident to the police as soon as possible.
3. a. The apartment is barely furnished so the rent is not very high.
b. The village was barely affected by the flood because the villagers had
made very good preparations for the oncoming flood.
c. She earns barely enough money to support herself.
4. a. My son has been on his own for several years, he never asked any money
from us.
b. Many old people would rather be on their own than rely on their children.
c. My father always told me that I had to live on my own when I grew up.
5. a. Last night we had a quarrel. And my husband stared at me as if I were a
person from outer space.
b. It’s impolite to stare at a stranger in the street.
c. She sat there motionless for a long time, staring at the ceiling
daydreaming.
1. Dictation
Today, the old attitudes toward how children should be brought up have largely
disappeared. For many children, family life has become more relaxed and less strict.
Many young people in Britain and the US have a considerable amount of freedom and
they can enjoy the things they are interested in: music, sports, television, even money
and fashion. Life has become easier and more enjoyable. But coming with the easy
life and permissive families, a number of social problems have arisen for the young:
some schools have problems with discipline and motivation; crime and drug-taking in
some areas have reached serious levels. During the 1980s and early 90s
unemployment among school-dropouts was a particular problem, with many facing a
bleak future and having little hope of finding a decent job.
Read More Key
1. F 2. F
3. F
4. F 5. NM
6. T
7. F
8. T
3 Grammar work
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
Key
1. I used to live (lived) in Nanjing when I was at primary school.
2. The explorer discovered the ancient cave by accident.
3. This course requires that every student turn in a paper of two pages at least and
four pages at most.
4. Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does.
5. Nobody knows the exact age of the earth for certain.
6. He raised his arm to protect his face from the blow.
7. The beggar accepted the food and money and gave a performance in return.
8. A stitch in time saves nine.
9. The postman dropped my letter into our neighbour’s mail box by mistake.
10 He sent his parcel by sea, since airmail was too expensive.
4 Word formation
Fill in the following blanks with derivatives of the words in the box.
-ise/-ize is very often used to make new transitive verbs from nouns or adjectives
with the meaning of causing to be, or make. For example, to modernise our country is
to make her modern; to privatise the enterprise is to put it into private ownership; to
finalise the agreement between the two parties means to cause it to be completed. The
form -ise is commoner in British English than in American English. However, the
following words must be spelt with -ise: advertise, compromise, improvise,
merchandise, since they are not formed in the noun / adjective +-ise formula.
Key
1. removal
2. decency
3. immoral
4. disregard
5. harden
6. finalize
7. memorize
8. capitalize
5 Vocabulary work
Choose the correct phrase to explain the underlined part. Key
1. a
2. c
3. c
4. b
5. b
6. a
7.b
6 Translation Key
1. My teacher told me that the liquid in the bottle could remove stains from metal and
china.
2. The student sitting beside me looked around the examination room with
apprehension.
3. He is now out of college and lives on his own.
4. They took turns staying awake in case anything went wrong.
5. The elder daughter will probably follow in her father’s footsteps, and take over the
family business when she’s old enough.
6. He had to get off his bike and push it up the hill.
7. This pair of gloves will protect your hands against the cold .
Guide of Unit Five
The English Countryside
Opinions
There’re many ways of asking for and giving one’s opinions. When you ask for
one’s opinions, you may start like this:
What do you think of…?
What about…?
What’s your view / opinion?
How do you think / feel about…?
How do you see things like this?
When you give an opinion, the common ways are:
In my opinion / view, ….
To my mind
From my point of view, ….
Personally, ….
I’d prefer….
As far as my concerned,….
I must say…
I think / reckon / suppose /admit
Useful Expressions
You may talk about your opinions like this:
I think on the whole we don’t do too badly.
In my opinion it was probably a mistake.
Personally, I’m against this law.
In all honesty, I would prefer Madison.
As far as I’m concerned, it would be a moral duty.
I know just how you feel.
What do you think of life in the city?
What about life in the country?
What’s John’s opinion of the pollution problem in the city?
How do you see things like this?
What is your opinion?
How do you feel about going abroad?
Do you have any opinion on this novel?
Useful Expressions
(中文必须隐进去)
dweller: n. inhabitant, resident
More and more town-dwellers like to live in the suburbs.
cliff-dwellers cave-dwellers dwelling-house
convenient: adj. suitable, handy
convenience: n.
[structure] be convenient for sb.
Will it be convenient for you to start to work tomorrow?
Come whenever it is to your convenience.
dirt: n. [u] unclean matter
His clothes were covered with dirt. How can I get the dirt off the wall?
get one’s act together: unite together
We can win this match if we get our act together to do it.
Useful Structures
I prefer to live in the city.
[structure] prefer to do sth.
[warning] This structure is used to talk about preferences on a particular occasion.
When we talk about general preferences, we most often use another structure: prefer
doing sth..
Can I give you lift ? No, thanks. I (would) prefer to walk.
Do you like swimming? Yes, but I prefer sailing.
What else makes you like city life?
[structure] What else + v…?
What else do you like?
[warning] Else can be used in this structure: Who / What / where / how / why +
else…? But not after which / when.
They are more open-minded, quick to accept new ideas...
[structure] be quick to do sth. quick: bright, active, prompt
He is quick to accept others’ opinions.
He has a quick ear for music.
Exercise 2
Suppose it is your first day at college. You and your partner meet at lunch and talk
about your impressions of your new teacher, Mr. Johnson. Make a dialogue using the
following cues.
Main Idea
This text tells us something about the typical characteristics of the English
countryside. You will find that an English village is of one in a valley, where it can be
overlooked from the hills, clustered about its ancient church. There is always a river
not far away in England. Such rivers, insignificant as they may be, influence the lives
of those who live near them in the most subtle and sensuous way.
Text Analysis
Para 1
1. Most Englishmen, if only because of the natural formation of their island, are
essentially more at home in the lowlands than on the heights. 如果仅仅就英伦三
岛的自然地理形态而言, 大多数英国人基本上更多的是定居在低地而非高
地。
heights: In the text, it refers to the areas with hills and mountains
lowlands: the fertile valleys where farms and orchards sustain the people who live
there. The highlands are much more arid than the valleys and are, thus, less desirable
for habitation and more suitable for sheep farming.
essentially: adv. mainly, basically It’s used to emphasize a quality that someone or
something has, and to say that it is their most important or basic quality; a formal use.
It's been believed for centuries that great writers, composers and scientists are
essentially quite different from ordinary people.
2. The popular idea of an English village is of one in a valley, … to receive the sun,
and a river flowing not far away. 在一般人的观念中英国村庄应该是坐落在山谷中
的，可以从小山上俯瞰其全貌， 村中的房子聚集在古老的教堂的周围；同样，
对于在这样的村庄里的农场， 人们普遍认为山谷中的农舍宽敞舒适,树林茂密，
广阔的田地像张开的双手伸展开来拥抱太阳，一条小河在不远处流淌。
[background] clustered about its ancient church: about means around. In the
English countryside, a church is the most important building. Usually situated in the
centre of a village with a square in front of it, the church is not only a place for
religious service but a place for public gatherings and important activities. Villagers’
houses are generally built around the church.
be of: “of” is used after the verb “be” to indicate in a formal way a characteristic or
quality that someone or something has.
The crisis faced over the next few months is of an entirely different scale.
Both world wars were of unquestionable importance as economic events.
It can be overlooked from the hills.
[paraphrase] we can see it from the hills.
overlook: v. have or give a view of (a place) from above 俯视，眺望
We overlook the church from our house.
Our garden is overlooked by our neighbours' windows.
more or less: If something is more or less true, it is true in a general way, but is not
completely true.
He more or less started the firm.
I was meeting these chaps who were mostly more or less my own age.
commodious: used in written English, having a lot of space available for use; roomy
We have a commodious house in the country.
3.…and although judged by Continental standards, our rivers may for the most part be
small and insignificant, they are perhaps more intimately known for that. 并且,虽然
根据大陆标准，我们大部分的河流都太小， 但他们可能更多的就是因此而闻名。
[background] judged by Continental standards…: As Britain is an island country,
when people there talk about the Continent, they mean the mainland of Europe. (With
capitalization of C).
They are more intimately known for that: for that, because of that. Intimately
suggests a very close link between the small rivers and the local people who know
their rivers very well.
judge: v. form an opinion about someone or something, estimate(the value, amount,
etc. of sth.); consider 判断， 断定； 认为
If you judge something or someone, you form an opinion about them after you have
examined the evidence or thought carefully about them.
As far as I can judge, they are all to blame.
I am ready to judge any book on its merits.
insignificant: adj. having little or no value, use, meaning or importance，especially
because it is very small. 没价值的，没用的，不重要的
In 1949 Bonn was a small, insignificant city.
The rate has fallen by an insignificant amount.
in-: adjective prefix, added to some adjectives, adverbs, and nouns to form other
adjectives, adverbs, and nouns that have the opposite meaning.
incorrect: not correct
incomplete: not complete
inaccurate: not accurate
insensibility: without sensibility inexperience: without experience
4. Certainly they are not the kind about which … an occasional trout.当然他们并不
是象莱茵河,多瑙河或伏尔加河那种成为国歌主题的河流，但至少男孩子能在里
面游泳, 甚至今天还有农民偶尔在那里捕鲑鱼。（下载图片：the Rhine，the
Danube，the Volga）
[background]
the Rhine: the longest river in West Europe
the Danube: a long and important European river
the Volga: a river in Russia, the longest in Europe
These three rivers are all the subjects of well known songs.
a farm-hand can tickle an occasional trout: a farm-hand is a worker or labourer on
a farm. Tickle an occasional trout: catch a trout by hand occasionally. A trout, is a
kind of fish. The catching of fish in many English rivers is governed by law, and it is
against the law to catch trout in this way.
as: You use as when you are mentioning the way that something happens or is done,
or to indicate that something happens or is done in the same way as something else.
如……一样， 象
I'll behave toward them as I would like to be treated.
The book was banned in the US, as were two subsequent books.
in the case (of): You say in the / that case to indicate that what you are going to say is
true if the possible situation that has just been mentioned actually exists. 在…情况
in case of: If you do something or have something in case a particular thing happens
or is true, you do it or have it because that thing might happen or might be true. 免
得，以防
Perhaps you've some doubles about the attack. In that case it may interest you to
know that Miss Woods witnessed it.
In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.
…they are the kind in which a boy can bathe…
[grammatical point] which-clause is used as the object of a preposition. The
preposition comes before which, or (more informally) at the end of the clause:
Ashdown Forest, which we'll be driving through, isn't a forest any longer.
Or: Ashdown Forest, through which we'll be driving, isn't a forest any longer.
His house, for which he paid $10,000, is now worth $50,000.
Or: His house, which he paid $10,000 for, is now worth $50,000.
5. They permit of such homely … under the bridges. 它们让人们可以从事一些家常
的工作如收集豆瓣菜或是种柳树编篮子； 尽管它们一度推动的磨轮现在已经沉
寂塞满了野草， 人们仍然在夏夜里倚着鱼梁看着燕子在桥下掠过清澈的河面。
permit: v. make something possible 使成为可能
permit of: (esp. in negative sentences) admit sth. as possible, tolerate （尤用于否定
句）容许有
I'll come tomorrow, weather permitting.
The new road system permits the free flow of traffic at all time.
The situation doesn't permit of any delay.
weed-clogged: blocked with weeds 塞满野草的
[word building] noun + verb-ed= adjective
snow-covered: 白雪覆盖的
lean: v. rest on sth. in a sloping position for support 倚，靠
She was feeling tired and was glad to lean against him.
The table lurched as a young man leant his weight on it.
Para 2 1. In front of my garden a meadow- itself a garden of cowslips in spring and a
haunt of bee orchises that fell with the swaths of grass in summer-dipped down to the
Severn Valley. 在我家花园前面，一片草地一直延伸到塞汶山谷。春天这草地本
身就是个黄花九轮草的花园，而到了夏天草的刈缝中生长着一丛丛的对叶兰。
[background] the Severn: a large river in the west of England
itself a garden: which was like another garden
that fell with the swaths of grass: that were cut down when the grass was cut.
Swaths are heaps of grass or corn lying down after having been cut.
a haunt of: a place where there are very many (bee-orchises), a place visited
frequently by people or other creatures
haunt: n. (often pl.) a place that is the haunt of a particular person is one which they
often visit because they enjoy going there.
This pub is a favorite haunt of artists.
I revisited the haunts of my youth.
haunt: v. be in (a place) very often 常去, 常到; (of ghosts) visit (a place) regularly
(指鬼)常出没在
This is one of the cafes I used to haunt.
A spirit haunts the castle.
dip: v. go below a surface or level 沉入，下降
The birds rose and dipped in flight. 鸟上下飞翔。
The sun dipped (down) below the horizon.
v. put, lower sth. into a liquid 浸， 蘸
Dip your pen into the ink.
Dip your finger in to see how hot the water is.
2. I could see across the lowland orchards and pastures to the Malverns on the one
hand and to the Welsh mountains on the other. 从低地的果园和牧场看过去，我既可
以看到莫尔文山, 又可以看到威尔士的群山。
[background] the Malverns: a range of hills in the west of England
the Welsh mountains: the mountains in Wales
pasture: n. 1>grass or other vegetation eaten as food by grazing animals
2>ground on which such vegetation grows, especially that which is set
aside for use by domestic grazing animals.
On the one hand… on the other : used to indicate contrasting points of view,
opinions, ect.
On the one hand, if the body doesn't have enough cholesterol, we would not be able to
survive. On the other hand, if the body has too much cholesterol, the excess begins to
line the arteries.
3. Those far blue ridges might be hidden by mist or cloud from time to time; but
seldom was there a day when I could not clearly follow the course of the river down
to its wide muddy estuary. 那些远处的蓝色山脉可能时不时躲在薄雾或云层后面,
但几乎没有哪一天我不能顺着河道清晰地看到它那宽阔泥泞的河口。
follow: v. go along(a road, a path, etc.) 顺着，沿着
Follow this road until you get to the corner, then turn left.
[idioms] as follows 如下
follow the crowd 随大流，人云亦云
follow in one's footsteps 效法，步……后尘
follow one's nose 向前走，一直向前走 follow suit 照样做，遵从惯例
course: The course of a river is the channel along which it flows. 航线，河流的走向
Romantic châteaux and castles overlook the river's twisting course.
The captain set a course for New York.
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
1.… is of a more or less commodious homestead in a valley, sheltered by ample trees,
with broad fields like open hands stretched out to receive the sun, and a river flowing
not far away. (para. 1)
2. They permit of such homely occupations as the gathering of watercress or the
growing of osiers for basket weaving;…(para. 1)
3. Such rivers insignificant as they may be, influence the lives of those who live near
them in the most subtle and sensuous way.(para.1)
4. …but seldom was there a day when I could not clearly follow the course of the
river down to its wide muddy estuary. (para. 2)
1. The past participle
The past participle can replace a subject+ passive verb.
She enters, accompanied by her mother. = She enters. She is accompanied by her
mother.
He was aroused by the crash and leapt to his feet. = Aroused by the crash, he leapt to
his feet.
A participle is considered to belong to the noun/pronoun which precedes it:
Tom, horrified at what he had done, could at first say nothing.
Romeo, believing that Juliet was dead, decided to kill himself.
Note that the participle may be separated from its noun/pronoun by a main verb:
Jones and Smith came in, followed by their wives.
She rushed past to policeman, hoping he wouldn't ask what she had in her suitcase.
2. adj. + as + a sentence
as can mean though/although but only in the combination adjective + as +subject+ to
be/to seem/to appear, introducing a clause of concession
Tired as he was, he offered to carry her. Strong as he was, he couldn't lift it.
Much as I like you, I couldn't live with you.
3. such…as…
You use such as and such… as to introduce a reference to the person or thing that has
just been mentioned.
There have been previous attempts as coups.
Such choices as this are a by-product of freedom.
4. inversion of the verb
Certain adverbs and adverb phrases, mostly with a restrictive or negative sense, can
for emphasis be placed first in a sentence or clause and are then followed by the
inverted(i.e. interrogative) form of the verb. The most important of these are shown
below.
Hardly ever
On no account
Hardly…when
Only by
In no circumstances Only in this way
Neither / Nor
Nowhere
Only then / when
Never
Scarcely ever
Not only
Scarcely… when
Seldom
Not till
No sooner…than
Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe.
Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it.
Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.
On no account must this switch be touched.
Synonym Comparison
1. because
for
These conjunctions have nearly the same meaning and very often either can be used.
It is, however, safer to use because, as a clause introduced by for has a more restricted
use than a clause introduced by because.
A for-clause cannot precede the verb which it explains:
Because it was wet he took a taxi.(for is not possible)
A for-clause cannot be preceded by not, but or any conjunction:
He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing.(for is not
possible)
A for-clause cannot be used in answer to a question:
Why did you do it?
I did it because I was angry.(for is not possible)
A for-clause cannot be a mere repetition of what has been already stated, but always
includes some new piece of information.
He spoke in French. She was angry because he had spoken in French.(for is not
possible)
But She was angry, for she didn't know French.(here for is correct; because is also
possible.)
The reason for these restrictions is that a for-clause does not tell us why a certain
action was performed, but merely presents a piece of additional information which
helps to explain it.
2. idea thought notion concept
conception
These nouns refer to what is formed or represented in the mind as the product of
mental activity.
Idea has the widest range:
Fruit is not her idea of a dessert. 水果不是她所想要的甜点。
Don't get any ideas about revenge. 不要想着报仇。
Human history is in essence a history of ideas. 人类历史本质上是一部思想史。
Thought is applied to what is distinctively intellectual and thus especially to what is
produced by contemplation and reasoning as distinguished from mere perceiving,
feeling, or willing. (Thought 一词是指明显的智力活动，特别是指经过思考和推理
后得出的结论，与单纯的观察、感觉或愿望不同)
Quietly she's trying to collect her thoughts. 静悄悄地--她正努力集中自己的思想。
I have no thought of going to Europe. 我不想去欧洲。
Language is the dress of thought. 语言是思想的外衣。
Notion often refers to a vague, general, or even fanciful idea: (Notion 一般指模糊的、
笼统的甚至是荒谬的想法)
She certainly has some notion of drawing. 她对绘画当然有些了解
Concept and conception are applied to mental formulations on a broad scale: (Concept
和 conception 用于大范围内的成形的思想)
He seems to have absolutely no concept of time. 他看起来根本没有时间观念。
Every succeeding scientific discovery makes greater nonsense of old-time
conceptions of sovereignty. 每一次成功的科学发现都使以前牢不可破的传统观念
变得更为一文不值。
3. edge border
brim verge
margin
These words refer to the line marking the outer limit or boundary of a surface.
Edge is a common word. It refers to the sharp, cutting part of a knife, sword, or other
tool or weapon. It also means the outer limit of a surface.
There is a cottage on the edge of a forest.
Border is a more general word, used for any division between countries or states. We
also talk about a flower border, on the border of madness.
We live ten miles from the Welsh border.
Brim refers to the line of a cap, a cup or bowl.
He pulled the brim of his hat down over his eyes.
Margin refers to the blank space round the printed or written matter on a page. It also
means the difference.
Who has made these jottings on the margin of the page?
We won only by a very narrow margin.
Rim refers to the line of the round object.
A middle-aged man wearing gold-rimmed spectacles approached to us.
Verge has the same meaning as edge, but it can be used in a figurative way.
The child was on the verge of tears.
Word Formation
anneagri
/ enn
/ agro
= year
/ agr 年
= field 田地
2.
Language work
audi
audit == star
hear 星
听
astro// aster
A Fill
in the following blanks with
the words or phrases from the text. Key
1. subjects , course, ample
2. stretch out, overlook, lowland
3. valley, clustered, occupations
4. homestead, sheltered
5. farm-hands, haunt
6. influenced, subtle, consciousness
B Rewrite the following sentences with the expressions in the box.
Key:
1. When we lived in the country, we had a commodious house.
2. Each individual contribution to the fund seemed insignificant, but the total sum
was very large indeed.
c. Many women in the countryside still carry on such homely crafts as making jams
and weaving baskets.
3. I could not fully understand the lecture because the speaker made a number of
subtle distinctions.
4. A poet often has the ability to convey to his readers his own sensuous experiences.
5. When the birds were set free, they flew out of the cage and looked very much at
home in the trees.
6. The rainforest in this tropic zone is for the most part dark and wet.
8. The new software permits of faster processing of data on the computer.
C Word study
Key:
1. essentially: mainly, fundamentally
We are an essentially peace-loving people.
2. more or less: almost
The new student seemed more or less familiar with the subject, let him join the
discussion.
3. judged by: decided by, estimated by
Judged by Chinese standards, these rivers are only small creeks.
4. in the case of:
Some big rivers are often regarded as the origins of human civilisation, as in the case
of the Huanghe River and the Nile.
5. on the one hand: on the one side
on the one hand… on the other hand: used to indicate contrasted points of view,
arguments.
Looking out of the window, you can see snowy mountains on the one hand and an icy river
on the other.
6. from time to time: sometimes
We would stop and ask for directions from time to time as we were in a new city.
b. Each of the following clues has an example sentence. Using the prompts produce
other sentences with the same pattern as the example.
Key
b. for reference
1. a. She was born in the USA, but she is essentially more a Chinese than an
American.
b.Richard is essentially a soft, caring person, though he looks quite tough.
c. John is essentially more a scholar than a politician.
2. a. After the accident, she became more or less handicapped and lost her job
in the factory.
b.The new student seemed more or less familiar with the subject, let him
join the discussion.
c. The children in the mountainous village grow more or less healthily in
freedom.
3. a. Judged by national standards, the so-called “Great Hotel” is only a small
inn.
b.Judged by modern moral standards, Songjiang’s reconciliation with the
government is sensible in some aspects.
c. Judged by Chinese standards, these rivers are only small creeks.
4. a. Some new scientific advances may have unpleasant side effects, as in the
case of the nuclear radioactivity.
b.Some big rivers are often regarded as the origins of human civilisation, as
in the case of the Huanghe River and the Nile.
c. Many scientific discoveries come out in dreams, as in the case of the
sewing machine.
5. a. Walking down the road, we can see sharply contrasting views, tall and
new buildings on the one hand, old and shabby houses on the other.
b. Looking out of the window, you can see snowy mountains on the one hand and
an icy river on the other.
c. Going through the students’ writing, the teacher discovered how creative
the students were on the one hand, but how poor their basic writing skills
were on the other.
6. a. Nobody would like the lecture to be interrupted from time to time by
irrelevant digressions.
b.We would stop and ask for directions from time to time as we were in a
new city.
c. The white sails of the fishing boats are obscured from time to time by mist
and cloud.
1. Dictation
There is no place like the English countryside for those who love it: its firm yet gentle
lines of hills and valleys, its ordered confusion of features, its parks and lowland, its
ancient castles and houses, its cottages and churches, its farms and trees, its pools and
ponds and shining rivers –– all present a peaceful and lovely sight. Much of the
countryside is of course farmland but there are often paths through the fields, called
public footpaths, that you can walk along. It is good for people to walk through such
a land, forgetting for a time all the worries of the world, and become just happy
wanderers in a world of pleasant breezes and song-birds and shady trees.
2. Read more Key:
1. b
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. C
3 Grammar work
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences. Key
1. I want to buy a thriller because I love to be excited and thrilled in reading.
2. Everybody is pleased at the results.
3. The old lady was really shocked at the terrible mess in the house.
4. It is quite annoying to interrupt one’s talk.
5. Local people are disturbed at the news that a wild animal is still at large.
6. Are you satisfied with the design of the new product?
7. Shakespeare is known for his famous plays.
8. The speaker was boring –– you could see it on the faces of the audience.
9. Researchers were disappointed at the result of the test.
10. Her remarks were rather confusing.
4 Word formation
Fill in the following blanks with derivatives of the words in brackets.
Adjectives ending in “-ing” or “-ed”
Many adjectives can be formed by adding “-ing” or “-ed” to a verb. Usually,
adjectives with the “-ing” suffix describe the effect that something or someone has
on your feelings, or on the feelings of people in general. For example, if you talk
about “surprising number,” you mean that the number surprises you. However, the
adjectives with the “-ed” suffix often describe people’s feelings. They have the
same form as the past participle of a transitive verb and have a passive meaning.
For example, “a frightened person” is a person who is frightened by something or
someone.
Key
1. fascinating
2. determined
3. boring, amused
4. embarrassed, telling
5. worried
5 Vocabulary work
Here are some useful adjectives for describing towns and the countryside. Sort them
out and arrange them under the right heading. (Notice: some of them can be listed
under both.)
picturesque historic
spacious
elegant
magnificent
lively
bustling
crowded
hilly
filthy
shabby
rustic
run-down quiet
beautiful
packed
pastoral
rural
deserted
Key
Towns
historic
magnificent
lively
elegant
beautiful
packed
crowded
filthy
bustling
shabby
run-down
deserted
picturesque
historic
shabby
The countryside
picturesque
hilly
pastoral
rural
beautiful
quiet
rustic
spacious
deserted
shabby
historic
lively
magnificent
6 Translation
Put the following sentences into English.
key
1. Her bedroom has large windows overlooking a beautiful lake.
2. He collapsed into the armchair, stretching his legs out in front of him.
3. I simply couldn’t live there; it rained day in and day out when I went there on
holiday.
4. A dry warehouse is important especially in the case of these medicines.
5. The people of this village are, for the most part, quiet and well-behaved.
6. We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country
/this area.
It’s a simple dish to prepare, consisting mainly of beef and vegetables.
Guide of Unit Six
Satisfaction & Dissatisfaction
There’re many ways of express one’s satisfaction and dissatisfaction. We
usually use some adjectives to indicate how satisfied or dissatisfied someone is, e.g.
thrilled
overjoyed
delighted
glad
pleased
satisfied
satisfactory
satisfying
content
happy
upset
annoying
dissatisfied
angry
shattered
devastated
disappointed
unhappy
bad
uncomfortable
Useful Expressions
You may talk about your satisfaction and dissatisfaction like this:
His doctor described his state of health as fairly satisfactory.
It’s wonderful to have a satisfying hobby.
Children at this age are satisfied with simple answers.
The president are pleased with our work.
I’m content with my present life.
I’m so happy with my weight.
I felt thrilled when I got my first pay.
We’re wild with joy when we won the game.
The teacher is not satisfied with my answer.
I felt inconvenient to live in this hotel.
His lecture is really annoying.
The boss is displeased because he didn’t finish his work on time.
Useful Expressions
(中文必须隐进去)
annoy: v. make rather angry
[structure] be / feel annoyed with / to do sth.; sth. is annoying;
He was annoyed with his wife because the dinner was badly cooked.
worry about: be anxious (about sb. difficulties, the future, etc.)
Your parents are worrying about you: do write to them.
There’s nothing to worry about.
be a slave to: person whose way of life is dominated by(a habit, an interest, etc) 生活方式
被某种习惯（兴趣）控制的人， 沉迷于…的人
He is a slave to duty.
She may no longer be a slave to the studio system, but she still has a duty to her fans.
ideal：a. perfect; n. idea, example looked upon as perfect
It’s generally considered that it’s an ideal plan for reforming the present situation.
She is looking for a husband but hasn’t found her ideal yet.
slim: a. slender
She is very slim.
come on (also come along): used in the imperative to encourage sb. to do sth., esp. to hurry,
try harder or make an effort （用于祈使句催促人，鼓励人）
Come on, we’ll be late for the theatre.
Come on, you’re not a kid now.
a load of: a lot of
It’s a load of rubbish.
lead to: have sth. as its result. If something leads to a situation or event, usually an unpleasant
one, it begins a process which causes that situation or event to happen. 导致
This misprint led to great confusion.
He warned yesterday that a pay rise for teachers would lead to job cuts.
forget about: (not used in the continuous tenses) fail to remember or recall (sth.); lose the
memory of (sth.) 忘记， 忘却（不用于进行时）
He forgot (about) her birthday.
I found it very easy to forget about Sumner.
nutritious: a. having high value as food
Children should eat nutritious food.
Useful Structures
You look just good and healthy.
[structure] look + adj.
Verbs like smile, smell, sound, taste, look, seem, remain, prove, appear, fall, turn, etc. can
act as copula.
It sounds good.
The soup tastes delicious.
I’m afraid overweight is also bad for health.
[structure] I’m afraid + (that)…: (usu. without that, used to express politely a piece of
information that may be unwelcome) I’m sorry to say
I’m afraid we can’t come.
I can’t help you, I’m afraid.
Text Analysis
Para 1
1. Welcome to “Head to Head”. 欢迎来到“面对面”谈话节目。
Head to head: a talk show programme on the TV. A talk show (or chat show) is a
programme on the radio or television in which well-known people are invited to talk
or asked questions on a particular, popular topic.
welcome to: 1) ungrudgingly permitted
You are welcome to borrow my bicycle.
2) absolved of the need to express thanks
You are welcome to it.
3) as an interjection
Welcome home!
Welcome to England!
[idiom]
make sb. welcome 使感到是受欢迎的， 热情地款待
you’re welcome （用于回答对方感谢的客气话）别客气， 不用谢
outstay/overstay one’s welcome 因逗留过久而造成主人的不便或不快
2. What lengths can we or should we go to, to make ourselves more beautiful? 我们能够
或应该做出多少努力来使我们自己更美丽？
[paraphrase] How much effort should we make to make ourselves more beautiful?
go to any, some, great, etc lengths (to do sth.): be prepared to do anything, something,
a lot, etc. 尽力做某事
They went to absurd lengths to keep the affair secret. 他们愚蠢地竭尽全力为这事保密。
She even went to the length of driving me home. 她甚至尽力要开车送我回家。
3. In order to help answer your questions, I have two beautiful people with me! 为了回答
你的问题，我邀请了两位美丽的女士来到我们节目中。
help sb. (to) do sth. : 帮忙做…
I help (him)(to)find his things.
We need stiffer measures to help fight terrorism.
4. Sue, perhaps we could start with you. 苏，我们从你开始吧。
[paraphrase] Sue, perhaps you would be the first to have a talk.
start with: 1）at the beginning; initially 开始， 最初
2）in the first place; as the first point 首先，第一点
To start with we haven’t enough money, and secondly we’re too busy.
They had only a wooden shack for a classroom to start with.
[idiom]
start all over again （美）再度开始， 重新开始
start off 动身
start something （口语）惹麻烦，
start up （吃惊而）跳起来
5. Do you think people should try to be beautiful? 你是否认为人们应该努力使自己更美丽？
[grammatical point] In informal use, try to + infinitive is often replaced by try and + infinitive, esp.
in the imperative, but seldom after a negative and never after a past tense.
try to do: make an attempt 努力，尽量
I tried hard not to laugh.
I don’t know if I can come, but I’ll try.
Try and behave better.
try doing sth./ at sth.: do sth. as an experiment to see whether it’s satisfactory 尝试, 实验
He had tried three times at mending the lock and gave up.
Have you tried sleeping on your back as a cure for snoring?
Para 2 Now, the way I see it, you’re only on this earth for a short time, and you’ve only
got one body, so you should look after it. 我是这样认为的，人生活在这世上不过区区
几十年，而且只有一个身体，所以应该好好照看它。
[paraphrase] well, my opinion is that you’re only on this earth for a short time, and
you’ve only got one body, so you should look after it.
the way I see it: in my opinion 在我看来
The way I see it, you are wrong.
2. You’ve got to watch what to eat, keep yourself fit, and later, if you need a little help
from cosmetic surgery,… 你必须注意挑选食物，保持身体健康，然后，如果你
需要稍稍借助美容手术的话，…
watch: v. If you tell someone to watch a particular person or thing, you are warning them to
be careful that the person or thing does not get out of control or do something unpleasant. 注意
You really ought to watch these quiet types.
If you’re watching the calories, don’t have mayonnaise.
have (got) to: must 必须
[grammatical point] In spoken English, you use have got to when you are saying that
something is necessary or must happen in the way stated. In informal American English,
the “have” is sometimes omitted.
There has got to be a degree of flexibility.
See, you got to work very hard.
In spoken English, people sometimes use have got to in order to emphasize that they
are certain that something is true, because of the facts or circumstances involved. In
informal American English the “have” is omitted.
Bill Clinton’s got to be happy with these results.
1. Para 3 I think it’s up to everyone to decide what is right for them,… 我认为每个人应该自己
决定什么对他是好的，…
[paraphrase] I think it’s people’s own responsibility to decide what is right for them…
be up to: if you say that it is up to someone to do something, you mean that it is their
responsibility to do it. 应由… 决定， 应由… 负责任
It’s up to us to help those in need.
An Indian or a Chinese meal? It’s up to you.
2. But I do feel that there is too much emphasis on appearance these days. 但是我真的觉得
现在太过于强调人的外表了。
[grammatical point] “do” is used to give emphasis to the main verb when there is no other
auxiliary.
(put) emphasis (on): (placing of) special meaning, value or importance (on sth.) 强调
Some schools put great emphasis on language study.
The emphasis here is on hard work, not enjoyment.
3. They just don’t happen to fit society’s current ideas about what is beautiful. 他们正好与
当前的审美观不符。
happen to: have the (good or bad) fortune to do sth.; chance 碰巧；偶然发生
I happened to see him on the street.
It so happened that the famous actor was her brother.
current: ideas and customs generally accepted and used by most people. 当前的， 目前的
Current thinking suggests that toxins only have a small part to play in the build up of cellulite.
This custom was still current in the late 1960s.
Para 4 1. Well, there are lots of examples of societies in which people have done
some horrendous things so as to make themselves more “beautiful” in quotes. 社会有
很多这样的例子，一些 人为了追求所谓的美丽而做了很多可怕的事情。
so as to: You use so, so that, so as to to introduce the reason for doing the thing that you have
just mentioned. 为了，以便
I left a message so as to be sure of contacting her.
I was beginning to feel alarm, but kept it myself so as not to worry our two friends.
horrendous: another word for terrible, a new word which enjoys quite a popularity
with young and female people in British English.
2. Foot-binding used to be common in China. 以前裹脚在中国是很普遍的
[grammatical point] If something used to be done or used to be the case, it was done regularly in
the past or was the case in the past. If something used not to be done or used not to be the case,
it was not done in the past
or was not the case in the past. The forms did not use to and did not used to are also found
especially in spoken English.
If you are used to something, you are familiar with it because you have done it or
experienced it many times before.
He used to be one of the professors at the School of Education.
People used to come and visit him every day.
3. There were tribes which went in for stretching the ear lobes, or the lips, or even changing
the shape of the skull itself. 有些部落热衷拉长耳垂或舌头, 甚至改变头颅盖的本来形状。
go in for: If you go in for a particular activity you decide to do it as a hobby or interest.
(作为嗜好、 工作)爱好
They go in for tennis and bowls.
She goes in for bird-watching.
1. Para 5 I would agree with you that that is all ridiculous, but we’re talking here about people
who are free to choose. 我同意你的观点，这些的确是很愚昧的。可是我们现在所讨
论的是那些可以自主选择的人。
agree with:
1) If you agree with an action or suggestion, you approve of it.
You didn’t want to ask anybody whether they agreed with what you were doing.
2) If a place or experience agrees with you, it makes you feel healthy and happy.
You look great, Brian, the Bahamas certainly agree with you.
be free to: someone or something that is free is not restricted, controlled, or limited, for
example by rules, customs, or other people.
The government will be free to pursue its economic policies.
Dogs were allowed to roam free and 48 sheep were killed.
2. No one forced people to come along to my health studios. 没有人强迫任何人来我的健康
中心。
come along: arrive; appear 到达，出现
When the right opportunity comes along, she’ll take it.
He came along when I was about to call him up.
2. After a course at one of my studios, they look as if they were ten years younger. 在我的
一个中心进行了一个疗程之后， 他们看上去好像年轻了十岁。
course: n. series of talks, treatment
He got a course of X-ray treatment. 他进行了连续的 X 光治疗。
3. So I don’t see there is any real point in looking back at all these quaint old customs. 因此
我认为回顾这些古旧的风俗没有什么真正的意义。
point: If you ask what the point of something is, or say that there is no point in it, you are
indicating that a particular action as no purpose or would not be useful.
What was the point of thinking about him?
There was no point in staying any longer.
look back at: If you look back, you think about things that happened in the past.
Looking back, I am staggered how easily it was all arranged.
We look back on the good old days.
Para 6 1. It’s a trend that just keeps on increasing. 这是个不断发展的趋势。
keep on doing: do sth. repeatedly or continue to do it 不断做…
Did he give up or keep on trying?
My wife keeps on saying that I work too hard.
2. Thousands of women, having breast implants, eye operations, face-lifts, men
having hair transplants... 数以千计的女性接受隆胸手术、眼部美容、面部整容
手术，而男性则进行植发……
implant: v. fix or put in 注入，灌输
We should implant sound principles in the minds of children.
transplant: v. remove 移植
They are transplanting young cabbage plants in the garden.
Para 7 1. Society is still pushing them into it. 社会正在迫使他们接受。
push: v. press, force
Unless you push your claims, you’ll get no satisfaction.
He had to push himself to continue doing such dull work.
2. We’d like to find out what our listeners think about this issue. 我们想知道我们
的听众是怎样考虑这个问题的。
find out: If you find something out, you learn something that you did not already
know, especially by making a deliberate effort to do so. (研究，努力的结果)发现，
找出
You should find out the answer for yourself.
It was found out that the disease was curable.
issue: n. an important subject that people are arguing about or discussing
重要论题， 问题要点
Agents will raise the issue of prize-money for next year’s world championships.
A key issue for higher education in the 1990’s is the need for greater diversity of courses.
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
In Europe, some women had their bottom ribs removed. (Para 4)
I’m sorry; I don’t think it is a free choice. (Para 7)
We’d like to find out what our listeners think about this issue.（Para 7）
They’re free to come, and they enjoy coming. (Para 5)
These are all cases in which people — usually women — have been forced by society
to endure considerable physical pain and suffering... (Para 4)
1. have sth. (done)
1) If you have something such a part of your body in a particular position or state,
it is in that position or state.
Mary had her eyes closed.
As I was working I had the radio on.
2) If you have something done, someone does it for you or you arrange for it to
be one.
I had your rooms cleaned and aired.
I don’t think most nine-year-olds have their teeth brushed.
2. transferred negation: I don’t think…
1）When verbs like think, believe, suppose, imagine are used to introduce negative ideas,
it is generally the introducing verb that is made negative.
I don’t think you’ve met my wife. 你大概没有见过我的妻子吧。
I don’t believe she’s at home, but I’ll go and see. 我认为她不在家， 不过我还是要去看看。
Hope is an exception.
I hope it won’t rain. 我希望不要下雨。
2）These verbs can be used in a negative short answer structure with not after the verb.
“Will it rain?” – “ I hope not.”
“It’s not worth trying any more.” – “no, I suppose not.”
With believe, imagine and think，the structure with not …so is more common than the
structure with not after the verb. Both the structures are common with suppose.
“Are they open on Tuesdays?” – “ I don’t think so.”
Note that I don’t hope so. is impossible. We always say I hope not.
3) When seem and appear are followed by infinitives, either the first verb or the
infinitive can be made negative.
Sibyl doesn’t seem to like you.
Sibyl seems not to like you.
The first structure is more common in an informal style.
3. would like to do sth.
1) If you say that you would like something or would like to do something, you are
indicating a wish or desire that you have.
I’d like a bath.
If you don’t mind, I think I’d like to go home.
2) If you say that you would like to say something to indicate that you are about to say it.
I’d like to apologize.
I would like to take this opportunity of telling you about a new
service which we are offering.
4) If you ask someone if they would like something or would like to do something, you
are politely offering them something or inviting them to do something.
Perhaps while you wait you would like a drink at the bar.
5) If you say to someone that you would like something or you would like them to do
something, or ask them if they would like to do it, you are politely telling them what you
want or what you want them to do.
I’d like an explanation.
We’d like you to look around and tell us if anything is missing.
4. v-ing form
When one verb is followed by another, the second verb is sometimes followed by –ing form.
The following are the most common:
admit appreciate
avoid
consider delay deny detest
dislike
endure enjoy
escape
excuse
face
feel like finish forgive
give up
can’t help imagine mention mind miss
postpone risk
resent
resist
can’t stand suggest
I really appreciate having time to relax.
Have you considered getting a job abroad?
You mentioned having been in hospital last year.
Would you mind opening the window?
Synonym Comparison
as
like
When referring to the similarity between people, things and actions, both as and like
are used. Like is a preposition and is used before nouns and pronouns.
E.g. I’m very like my brother.
As is a conjunction, and is used before a clause.
E.g. She’s a fine singer, as her mother used to be.
As can be used before prepositional phrases:
In 1939, as in 1914, there was a great surge of patriotic feeling.
In informal American English, like is often used as a conjunction to replace as. e.g.
Nobody loves you like I do.
It is more frequently used in British English. But in formal English, the usage is still
unacceptable.
Like is often used to replace as if in informal occasions.
E.g. She sat there eating cream cakes like there was no tomorrow.
In formal written English, the subject-auxiliary inversion is after as. E.g.
He believed, as did all his family, that the King was their supreme lord.
As can be used in the following phases:
as you know
as we agreed
as you suggested
As here doesn’t mean comparison, but means the same. As you know means you know this.
so that
in order that
These structures are used to talk about purpose. They can be followed by a present
tense with a future meaning. So that is more common than in order that esp. in an
informal style. In past tense, should or could are normally used after so that and in
order that.
I’m going to make an early start so that I don’t get stuck in the traffic.
We ought to write to him, in order that he doesn’t feel we are hiding things from him.
I took my golf clubs so that I could play at the weekend.
so as to
in order to
These structures are used to talk about purpose. They can be followed by an infinitive.
In negative sentences, in order not to or so as not to are used. The infinitive alone is
not usually correct.
I got up early in order to have time to pack.
We went via Worcester so as to miss the traffic jams.
I’m going to start now, in order not to miss the beginning. ( Not: …, not to miss…)
Word Formation
disorder: lack of order 混乱，杂乱
[word formation] dis- + order
dis- (prefix)
1）shows an opposite or negative
dishonesty = lack of honesty 不诚实
discontented = without content 没有内容的， 空洞无物的
2）shows the stopping or removing of a condition
disconnect = do not connect 断开， 拆开
disinfect = remove the infect 消毒
3）(in verbs) to remove something
dismast 折断桅杆
historian: a person who studies history 历史学家
[word formation] history(y)+ ian
-ian: suffix in adjectives and nouns, another form of the suffix –an
1) someone or something of, from or connected with a particular thing, place, or person
American 美国人
librarian 图书室管理员
2) (in nouns) someone skilled in or studying a particular subject
musician 音乐家
physician 物理学家
foot-binding: the action of binding feet
[word formation]
noun. + v.-ing = noun.: the action of doing sth.
horse-riding 骑马
sight-seeing 观光
sun-bathing 日光浴
Guide of Unit Seven
Waiting For a Call
Wishes
A wish is a longing or desire for something, often something that is difficult to
obtain or achieve.
When used as a verb, wish is usually followed by a that-clause. If you wish that
something was the case, you would like it to be the case, though you know it is
unlikely or impossible. Note that a past tense, rather than a present tense, is used in
the that-clause after wish to express a desire for the future. For example, you do not
say “I wish I live nearer London”. You say “I wish I lived nearer London”. However,
you can use hope in this way as “I hope you like this village”.
What’s more, wish can be used with a to-infinitive or two objects. For instance,
you can say “I don’t wish to waste our time” or “I wish you a pleasant journey”.
Regrets
Regret is used to say that someone feels sadness or disappointment about
something that has happened, or about something they had done. More formal than
“be sorry”, regret is not normally used in conversation but in formal letters and
announcement to make apology. When giving others some bad new, you can begin by
saying “I’m sorry to tell you…”. In a formal letter, you say “I regret to tell you…”.
You either regret something or doing something. You can also use a that-clause after
regret.
Useful Expressions
You may express wishes like this:
I want to be an actress.
I hope you like this village.
I hope / wish to see you again.
I wish I were younger.
What if you could ski?
If only I could stay for another day.
Best wishes for your holiday.
Have a good time on the sea.
Please give my best wishes to sally.
Please remember me to your wife.
Say hello to Joe.
Please give my love / kindest regards to your grandpa.
Best of luck with your driving test.
I wish you every possible happiness.
May I wish you luck in writing your book.
Keep your fingers crossed and hope it doesn’t rain tonight.
You may express wishes and regrets like this:
I should have visited the Great Wall when in Beijing.
I do wish that I’d waited at the second crossing.
I immediately regretted my decision.
I’m sorry about last night.
I regretted not leaving the key to my friend.
I’m sorry to tell you this, but you fail to enter the second round.
Pre Back
Exercise 1
Make a conversation with the following cues.
Cues
A. Ask to speak to B.
A: Hello, may I speak to Mike?
B. Say you are B
B: This is Mike.
A. Say you are A.
A: Oh, Mike. It’s Judy here.
B. Greet A.
B: Hi, Judy.
A. Greet B. Apologise for calling at midnight.
A: Hi, Mike. Sorry to phone you up so late.
B. Say no problem, still working, doing research.
B: That’s all right. I’m still working on my term paper for phonology(音系学).
A. Say you can’t help making the call. Say shouldn’t work too late.
A: I can’t sleep a wink, so I call you to…well, it’s a quarter to 1:00 a.m, you know,
time for bed. Don’t overwork.
B. Ask A if she is all right. Thanks for reminding him of the time, working too hard.
B: Oh, I almost forgot the time. Thank you for reminding. You see, the paper’s due
next Friday. Mm, are you all right?
A. Say wish to see B often, but afraid of disturbing his work.
A: Yeah, I’m Ok. Just a little jittery. It’s like this: I…hope to meet you often but I
don’t want to disturb your work.
B. Ask A not to worry.
B: There is no disturbing at all, you little silly girl.
A. Say not sure if you are a nuisance.
A: I’m not sure if I’m a, a nuisance in your eyes.
B. Say no; love to hear from her.
B: Of course not. You know, I love to hear your voice and I also wish to see you
often.
A. Say thanks.
A Do you? I’m so happy to hear that. Thank you for being so patient. Call me
tomorrow, would you?
B. Promise to call tomorrow.
B: Sure. I promise, honey.
A. Say good night.
A: Good night. Love you.
B. Say good night.
B: Me too, good night.
Your Conversation
(A: Judy B: Mike
)
A: Hello, may I speak to Mike?
B: This is Mike.
A: Oh, Mike. It’s Judy here.
B: Hi, Judy.
A: Hi, Mike. Sorry to phone you up so late.
B: That’s all right. I’m still working on my term paper for phonology(音系学).
A: I can’t sleep a wink, so I call you to…well, it’s a quarter to 1:00 a.m, you know,
time for bed. Don’t overwork.
B: Oh, I almost forgot the time. Thank you for reminding. You see, the paper’s due
next Friday. Mm, are you all right?
A: Yeah, I’m Ok. Just a little jittery. It’s like this: I…hope to meet you often but I
don’t want to disturb your work.
B: There is no disturbing at all, you little silly girl.
A: I’m not sure if I’m a, a nuisance in your eyes.
B: Of course not. You know, I love to hear your voice and I also wish to see you
often.
A: Do you? I’m so happy to hear that. Thank you for being so patient. Call me
tomorrow, would you?
B: Sure. I promise, honey.
A: Good night. Love you.
B: Me too, good night.
Exercise 2
Betty is a young college student who has fallen in love with a man at a dancing party.
Betty hopes to concentrate on her study when she is young. But the temptation is very
strong. So she is torn between study and love. Now, she is talking to the youth
counsellor of her school, Mrs. Hartley. Make a dialogue with the following cues.
For Mrs. Hartley

Greet Jane. Ask about her problem.
Mrs. Hartley: Good morning, Jane. What seems to be the problem?

Everyone has the right to love and be loved, but study - a priority for student,
making best of time to learn, or regret in future for being too late to mend.
Mrs. Hartley: Don’t worry, Jane. What you’re doing is just all right for everyone has
the right to love and be loved. But if I were you I would, first of all,
decide
which is more important now: to fall in love or to study. Sometimes,
you can’t
have both ways, you know.

Keep normal friendship, but stay together only when other people are present.
Mrs. Hartley: I understand your feeling, Jane. It’s certainly unbearable to leave
someone you love. I suggest you keep normal friendship with him for
the time being. At the same time, you can see him less and let your life
be crowded with other things or people. Certainly you can stay with
him on a party with other people around you.

Have a serious talk with him, explain you need to concentrate on study first.
Mrs. Hartley: Have a serious talk with him and tell him you have to see him less and
study more.

Write to him.
Mrs. Hartley: Why not write him a letter?

Say goodbye. Wish Jane good luck.
Mrs. Hartley: My pleasure. Goodbye and good luck.
For Jane

Greet Mrs. Hartley. Say you are dating a man, can’t concentrate on study.
Jane: Good morning, Mrs. Hartley. I have a personal problem and I don’t want
my
parents to worry about me. Er…I fell in love with a man on a dancing
party. We see each other pretty often. I believe he loves me. But I can no longer
concentrate on study, and that drives me nuts(情绪紧张).

Agree; want to learn more when young. But can’t forget the man, can’t leave him.
Any advice?
Jane: I know what I want and what I should do. But I just can’t help
thinking about him. I feel panicky on the though of leaving him. What can I do?

Agree. But how to make him understand?
Jane: I could do like you say but how can I make him understand?

Don’t want to see him hurt.
Jane: What if I hurt him? He loves me and I don’t want to see him hurt.

Good idea! Say thanks.
Jane: Sounds great! Yes, write a letter! Thank you for your advice.

Say thanks and goodbye.
Jane: Thank, Mrs. Hartley. Bye
Your Dialogue
Mrs. Hartley: Good morning, Jane. What seems to be the problem?
Jane: Good morning, Mrs. Hartley. I have a personal problem and I don’t want
my parents to worry about me. Er…I fell in love with a man on a dancing party. We
see each other pretty often. I believe he loves me. But I can no longer concentrate on
study, and that drives me nuts(情绪紧张).
Mrs. Hartley: Don’t worry, Jane. What you’re doing is just all right for everyone has
the right to love and be loved. But if I were you I would, first of all,
decide which is more important now: to fall in love or to study. Sometimes, you can’t
have both ways, you know.
Jane: I know what I want and what I should do. But I just can’t help
thinking about him. I feel panicky on the though of leaving him. What can I do?
Mrs. Hartley: I understand your feeling, Jane. It’s certainly unbearable to leave
someone you love. I suggest you keep normal friendship with him for
the time being. At the same time, you can see him less and let your life
be crowded with other things or people. Certainly you can stay with
him on a party with other people around you.
Jane: I could do like you say but how can I make him understand?
Mrs. Hartley: Have a serious talk with him and tell him you have to see him less and
study more.
Jane: What if I hurt him? He loves me and I don’t want to see him hurt.
Mrs. Hartley: Why not write him a letter?
Jane: Sounds great! Yes, write a letter! Thank you for your advice.
Mrs. Hartley: My pleasure. Goodbye and good luck.
Jane: Thank, Mrs. Hartley. Bye
Main Idea
This text is written in a style called “stream of consciousness”, or interior
monologue”, in which a character’s inner thoughts, impressions, and memories are
dictated ad if directly overheard without the obvious interruption of a summarizing
and selecting narrator. Such a style emphasizes the unbroken record or continuous
flow of a character’s sense-perceptions, thoughts, feeling and memories by
abandoning strict logic, syntax and punctuation. In this text, the girl’s thoughts and
feelings are expressed exactly as they pass through her mind rather than being ordered
in a way that usually appears in novels. The first-person narrator “I” not only presents
the girl’s tension and emotion in a vivid, realistic way but also encourages the readers
to share the girl’s worry and concern. The use of short, choppy sentences also
contributes describing the girl’s restlessness.
Text Analysis
Para 1 I won’t ask anything else of you, truly I won’t.我不会再向您奢求其它任何
东西，真的不会。
ask: v.
1) call for an answer to or about 询问
2) try to obtain from someone
要求；请求
3) invite
邀请
Note that ask can take different structures.
eg. He started asking questions.
(V + O)
I asked him what he wanted.
(V + O + quotation)
She asked him his name.
(V + O + O)
The boss asked them to come in. (V + O + to-infinitive)
The man wanted to ask her out. (V + O + adv.)
No questions were asked of me. (V + O + prep. + O)
[idioms]
ask after: inquire about
问候
ask for: seek to obtain or find or speak to
请求；要求
if you ask me: as for as I’m concerned
依我看
for the asking: if you ask for it
只要你开口（就……）
Para 2 Maybe if I counted five hundred by fives, it might ring by that time.或许我五下五下地数,
一直数到五百，到时候电话铃才会响。
count: v.
1) find number of (things, etc.) esp. by assigning successive numerals 数量；计算
2) include or be included in consideration
计入；包括
3) regard or consider
看成
4) have certain value
有价值
eg. Release your hands when I count to ten.
Don’t count your chicken before they are hatched.
We count it an honour to have dinner with you.
I felt that all my years there counted for nothing.
[idioms]
count on: depend on
依赖 count out: exclude
不算在内
count up: find total of
算出总数
by: prep.
1) according to, using as standard or unit
按……计算
2) with succession of
表增减程度
3) to the extent of
表尺寸；距离
eg. Tommy ate cookies by the dozen.
Their wages had gone down by a full third in the past two years.
The bullet missed his head by a hair’s breadth.
Para 3 He couldn’t have minded my calling him up. I know you shouldn’t keep telephoning
them --- I know they don’t like that. 他应该不会在意我给他打电话。我知道你不该老打电话给
他-----我知道人们往往不喜欢别人这样。
mind: v. 1)object to (usu. with negative or interrogative) 反感；在意
1) remember and take care
牢记
eg. Do you mind if I smoke here?
Mind your p’s and q’s when you get there.
Mind you finish in time.
[Idioms in which mind is used as a noun:]
be in two minds: be undecided
举棋不定
change one’s mind: discard one’s opinion etc. in favor of another 改变主意
have a mind of one’s own: be independent in thought
有自己的主张
have in mind: think of
心里想着
in one’s mind’s eye: in one’s imagination
想象中
keep in mind: remember
记住
lift / take something off one’s mind: be relieved
去掉一桩心事
speak one’s mind: tell the truth
说真心话
Para 4 It would hurt you to ring, wouldn’t it? Oh, that would hurt you. Damn you, I’ll pull your
filthy roots out of the wall, I’ll smash your smug black face into little bits. Damn you to hell. 难
道叫一下会疼吗，你？哦, 可能会疼。见鬼，我要把你那脏兮兮的线从墙上连根拔出，我要
把你那张黑乎乎光秃秃的脸打成碎片。去死吧你。
1. damn: vt. curse (person or thing); doom to hell; condemn
damnation: n.
Note that damn, damn it and damnit are swear words which people sometimes use
to express anger or annoyance.
eg. The book was damned by the critics.
His soul is damned.
He’ll damn you.
damn n. uttered curse; negligible amount 咒骂；一点点
eg. His speech is full of “damns”.
I don’t care a damn what you do.
[idioms]
damn all: (sl.) nothing at all
（俚）毫无
damn well: as emphatic
无疑地（表示强调）
I’m damned if I…
（口语）我决不……
Well, I’ll be damned.
我太惊讶了
damn with faint praise: praise feebly as to show disapproval
对……冷漠地表示赞许，实则贬低
2. filthy adj.
filth n.
1) extremely or disgustingly dirty
非常肮脏
2) obscene
淫猥的
3) (colloq.) (of weather) very unpleasant （口语）（天气）非常糟糕
eg. Take off that filthy coat; it needs washing.
Nowadays internet is filled with dirty sites which provides filthy contents.
3. smash
v. n.
1) break up into pieces
打碎
2) bring or come to sudden or complete destruction or defeat or disaster 摧毁
3) break in with crushing blow
猛冲（掷；撞；开）
4) hit with great force(esp. downwards)
（尤其是向下）压平；猛击
eg. The boy smashed the vase with a hammer.
The car was badly smashed in that accident.
Their main force was to smash a whole in the West Front.
He angrily smashed out a cigar in the ashtray.
smash-up n. complete smash, violent collision
撞车；毁灭
smash-and-grab a. (collog) (of robbery) in which thief smashes window seizes
goods （口语）砸窗抢劫的
4. smug a. self-satisfied; tidy 自鸣得意的；整洁体面的
eg. A smug smile was on his face.
You’re got nothing to smug about.
You look smug, man.
Para 5 If I do have to look at it, then I’ll have to walk into the bedroom, and that will
be something to do.如果我实在要看, 那么我得走进卧室, 这样一来我就有事情可
做了
Para 6
1. Couldn’t you please relent? Couldn’t you? I don’t even ask you to let him
telephone me this minute, God only let him do it in a little while. 上帝你真的不能发
点慈悲吗？真的不能？我也不求您让他现在就来电话，只请您保佑，让他呆会儿
再打吧！
relent: vi.
1) become less severe 发慈悲；怜悯
2) slow down 减弱；变缓
eg. He relented at the sight of her grief.
Evening was evidently approaching, but the sun didn’t relent.
while
1) n. space of time, time spent in some action
表时间段
2) vt. pass (time etc.) away in leisurely or interesting time
消磨时光
eg. Where have you gone? We’ve been waiting quite a while.
He prefers to while away his weekend chatting with friends.
[idioms]
between whiles: in the intervals
不时；时时
for a while: for some time
有一段时间；有一会
in a while: soon
马上；即刻
worth one’s while: worth the time and effort spent 值得（某人花时间，精力等）
while the time away: pass the time leisurely 消磨时光
2. Oh, please, dear God, dear kind God, my blessed Father in Heaven, let him call
before then. 噢，拜托，主啊，仁慈的主，神圣的天父啊，让他在那之前来电话
吧！
blessed: a. holy; happy 神圣的；幸福的
bless: v.
1) ask for God’s favor and protection for sb. / sth.
2) holify
eg. She often brings baskets of food to the church to be blessed.
[idioms]
be blessed with (a good quality or skill) 有幸得到（好的特点或技术）
bless me
（感叹语）老天爷啊
(God) bless you（感叹语）（上帝）保佑你 (表达感谢或对打喷嚏的人所说的惯
用语）
Key Structures
Sentences in the text:
I won’t ask anything else of you, truly I won’t. (Para.1)
He couldn’t have minded my calling him up. (Para.3)
It would hurt you to ring, wouldn’t it? (para.4)
1. verb + object + of + phrase
In this verb pattern, a verb is followed by a noun group and a prepositional
phrase which consists of “of” and a noun group. With some verbs, the preposition is
sometimes followed by an “-ing” clause. The passive pattern is be v-ed of n. Typical
verbs used in this pattern include: free, rob, cheat, deprive(剥夺), clear, relieve, cure,
unburden(减去负担), advise, convince, remind, persuade, warn, assure, inform,
accuse, suspect, ask, make, see, expect, think, hear, require.
eg. The solution cleared your mind of other thoughts.
People were cheated of their retirement cash.
His business was not doing very well so I didn’t see much of him, and we were
under a lot of financial pressure.
He was heard singing in the bathroom last night.
2. couldn’t + have done
If you say that someone had the ability to do something but did not in fact do it,
you say that they could have done it. If you say someone did not do something
because they did not have the ability to do it, you say that they could not have done it.
eg. You could have given it all to me.
You couldn’t have gone with me, because you were in London then.
You also use could have to say there is a possibility that something was the case
in the past. Might/May have can be used similarly. However, could not have can’t be
used to say there is a possibility that something was not the case. Instead, you use
might/may not have. But you use could not have to mean it is impossible that
something was the case.
eg. I couldn’t have known that in a few weeks I would lose control too.
3. it + v + n + to-infinitive
In this verb pattern, a verb is followed by a now group and a to-infinitive clause.
Besides link verbs such as become, be, remain, seen, other verbs can also be used in
this patter, including alarm, disturb, scare, amaze, interest, shame, amuse, frighten,
shock, annoy, surprise, bother, comfort, grieve, pain, touch, delight, horrify, pain,
delight, please, upset, hurt, sadden, worry, benefit, pay, help, mean, take, cost, kill.
eg. It disturbs me to see you unhappy, darling.
It hurts my pride to depend on her for our daily bread.
I’m jealous, but it kills me to admit that I am.
It takes courage to face the unknown.
It means a lot to win the world cap.
It broke my heart to see him go.
Synonym Comparison
1. dirty filthy foul nasty
They all mean either physically or morally unclean or impure.
Dirty emphasizes the presence of dirt more than emotional reaction to it or stresses
meanness.
eg. The children were dirty from play.
Filthy carries a strong suggestion of offensiveness and of gradually accumulated(堆
积的) dirt that has turned into sticky or greasy substance.
eg. A stained greasy floor, utterly filthy; it also means extreme obscenity (下流) .
Filthy language.
Foul implies extreme offensiveness and an accumulation of what is rotten or stinking,
or disgusting obscenity or loathsome (可悲的)behavior.
eg. A foul-smelling slaughter house, a record of foul deeds.
Nasty applies to what is actually foul or is opposite to one used to or expecting
freshness, cleanliness, or sweetness.
eg. It’s a nasty job to clean up after a sick cat.
2. yield
submit
relent
They all mean go give way to someone or something that one can no longer resist.
Yield in reference to a person implies being overcome by force or earnest request, but
in reference to a thing it implies such qualities as elasticity(伸缩性) or weakness that
results in a giving way.
eg. Yield to their pleas for popcorn, a mattress that yielded to pressure.
Submit suggests a full surrendering after resistance or conflict to the will or control of
another. eg. They were forced to submit to military discipline.
Relent implies a yielding through pity or mercy by one who is superior.
eg. The mother finally relented and let the children stay up late.
1. sweet engaging winning
They all mean pleasing or charming.
Sweet is likely to be a term of mild general approval for what pleases or attracts
without stirring deeply.
eg. What a sweet cottage!
Engaging is likely to stress the power of attracting and often of holding favorable
attention, eg. an engaging smile.
Winning, is likely to stress the power of a person to please or delight, eg. a girl with a
ready smile and very winning ways.
4. smash shatter splinter burst snap split crack
Smash, shatter, splinter and burst all mean something breaks into many small pieces.
Smash emphasizes the noisy breaking of something being dropped or hit.
eg. Dad smashed a dish in kitchen yesterday.
Shatter is usually applied to the breaking of glass.
eg. The bowl shatters into a thousand pieces as soon as it hits the floor.
Splinter means something (esp. wood) break into thin, sharp pieces.
eg. Our dog died when a bone splintered in his throat.
Burst is applied to the breaking of something filled with too much air such as a tyre, a
pipe or a balloon.
eg. The flood was caused by a burst pipe.
Snap and split mean something breaks into two pieces. Snap is applied to the
breaking of some long thin object, accompanied by a sudden short loud noise, eg.
snapping firewood over one’s knees.
Split stresses breaking something such as wood or bone into two parts along a straight
line.
eg. His hammer fell on the box, splitting the lid.
If something cracks, lines appear in its surface and it becomes damaged or starts to
break but is not broken into pieces.
eg. The mirror cracks easily.
Exercises
2. Language work
A Fill in the following blanks with the words or phrases from the text. Key:
1. count 2. smash
3. hurt
4. going on
5. shiny
6. cared 7. relent
B Rewrite the following sentences with the expressions in the box.
Key:
1. You are asking too much of him if you expect him to work at weekends.
2. She looked smug when her boy came out first in the race.
3. The unexpected news that his name was not on the promotion list smashed all his
hopes.
4. We don’t mind working in that garage because we can learn something about
auto-repairs.
5. Women did not gain the right to vote until the First World War.
6. The company was caught up in some filthy business.
7. With the computer, you can solve the problem in a little while.
8. The students would keep making the same mistake if their teacher did not point it
out.
C Word study
Key:
a. for reference
1. not…until: not happen before that time and happen after it
eg. They didn’t find her until the next day.
2.could have minded doing something: is possible that someone minded doing sth.
可能某人计较过……
could not have minded doing something: is impossible that someone minded
doing sth 某人不大可能会计较……
eg. He could have minded my borrowing money from his sister.
He couldn’t have minded my using his computer.
3. hurt: v. cause(mental or physical) pain to; suffer pain
eg. Her words hurt me like a stab.
My arm hurts.
2. smash: v. break into pieces; destroy; break in with crushing blow; hit with great
force
eg. I nearly smashed the TV set.
A plate dropped from his fingers and smashed on the kitchen floor.
The police smashed their way into eleven homes.
The sea smashed the boat against the rock.
Key
b. for reference
1. a. The little boy won’t go to bed alone until his mother comes back home.
b. I won’t give him the check until he puts all the products into my warehouse.
c. The teacher won’t let the student leave the classroom until he corrects all
the mistakes on the examination paper.
2. a. He couldn’t have minded my asking him one or two personal questions.
b. She couldn’t have minded your comment on her personality because she was
deaf.
c. His friends couldn’t have minded Beethoven’s rude behaviour since they knew
how painful he was when he found himself deaf.
3. a. I don’t think it would hurt you to try on this thick coat.
b. Wouldn’t it hurt you to jump a little higher?
c. It won’t hurt you to jump into the swimming pool.
4. a. I tried to use long knife to cut the watermelon into pieces instead of smashing
it with my hands.
b. He was so furious that he smashed the vase against the wall.
c. Some naughty kids in my neighbourhood smashed the bottles into pieces on
the wall of my house.
1. Dictation
A woman is waiting impatiently at home, wondering if the man she loves will
phone her. She has been waiting a long time. She doesn’t call him first because she
doesn’t like to disturb his work. She imagines what she will say when he finally
rings, and decides to be sweet to him because she was nice to him at first. As time
passes, she gets more and more impatient, until, by the end of the story, she is
unable to wait any longer and starts to dial the number.
2. Read more Key:
1. NM 2. F 3. T 4. NM 5. T
6. T
7. T
8. F
9. NM
3 Grammar work
Correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
Key
1. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. –– You couldn’t have seen her. She is still
abroad.
2. I left my bicycle here and it’s gone. It must have been stolen.
3. How did he get out of the burning house? –– He must have got down from the
window because that was the only way out.
4. Don’t remind me of that awful day –– I made such a fool of myself when I called
him.
5. Divide 15 by 3, Tom. How much does it make?
6. She asked me for a drink.
7. We congratulated her on her coming first in the exam.
8. I could never forgive him for his being so rude.
The boy keeps troubling his mother with questions.
4 Word formation
Fill in the following blanks with derivatives of the words in the box.
-able/-ible---These two suffixes are added to verbs or nouns to form adjectives.
They have three meanings:
1) able to receive the action of the stated verb (that can be ____ ed), e.g., breakable /
washable / movable / presentable;
2) worth receiving the action of the stated verb, e.g., an admirable person / an
acceptable answer;
3) having the quality or condition of the stated noun, e.g., knowledgeable (knowing a
lot)/ comfortable.
Key
1. countable
2. unavoidable
3. valuable, valueless
4. unbelievable
5. sensible
6. unacceptable
7. changeable
8. agreeable
5 Vocabulary work
Key
1. crossed
2. changed
3. Bear
4. brought
5. take
6. set
7. speak
8. made up
9. put / set
10. keep
6 Translation
1. I’ll do it my own way if you don’t mind.
2. John couldn’t have been in the classroom. We were there just a few minutes ago.
3. Such rude behaviour cannot be excused.
4. My salary went up by half when I changed companies.
5. The workers smashed the bottles with the hammer.
6. I don’t think it hurts (anybody) to get up earlier .
7. You are asking too much of me.
8. I keep making the same mistake. It’s really annoying.
7. Writing
Key:
a.
Girl: Could I speak to Mr. Walt Krup please?
WK: Speaking.
Girl: Oh, er … it’s Dorris here…
WK: Hi, Dorris, what’s up?
Girl: Mm …, nothing special. You’re promised to call me at five, haven’t you?
WK: I’m so terribly sorry, I almost forgot it. Please forgive me.
Girl: That’s all right. I’ve been waiting for your phone call in the last two hours. Is
there anything wrong?
WK: No. My memory is wrong. Do forgive my carelessness, darling. Can we have
dinner together tomorrow?
Girl: Sure I can.
WK: Then I’ll pick you up at six thirty at the gate of your house.
Girl: OK. That’s a deal. See you tomorrow.
WK: See you.
b
1. Most experienced lovers would agree with Shakespeare’s opinion that love is blind.
Overpowered by hat passion, lovers usually go to extremes. Whatever they do,
right or wrong by common sense, they could always resort to one
justification---devotion to or love for the other. Armed by this, they turn from
persistent to stubborn, from stubborn to obstinate. Then a squabble may escalate
into a stormy fight, then they hurt each other. Luckily, one party would stoop and
say sorry first, the other would accept the surrendering signal like a conqueror and
finally they make up. At this time, their friends may throw in a comment with a
shrug, “why, love is blind”.
2. It is doubtful that loving brings more pleasure than being loved. To love somebody
is certainly intoxicating; however delayed or no response may transform sweetness
into bitterness. Being loved by someone you don’t love is next to eating a fat fly.
To love is to expect. But such expectation should not last too long, other wise it
will become a disappointment or even disgrace. In mutual and successful love,
loving is as important as being loved.
3. It takes a long story to defend wild’s opinion; it also takes quite an experience to
challenge it. If we say all love stories follow the same pattern---deceiving oneself in
the beginning and deceiving others in the end, that’ll be absurd. But there is grain
of truth in such an opinion. Love between different sexes, on the whole, originates
from a biological behaviour, which is usually selfish. So, deceit is unavoidable in
love.
the best man: 伴郎
bridesmaid：伴娘
bouquet：花束
tuxedo：男晚礼服