\documentstyle[12pt,mathsing]{book}
%
\numberlikebook
\let\ts=\thinspace
\let\picplace=\vspace
%
\newfont{\fivebf}{cmbx7 scaled 714} %Fonts fuer die Vektor-definition
\newfont{\sevenbf}{cmbx7}
%
\makeatletter
\def\laTeX{{\rm L\kern-.35em\raise.3ex\hbox{\LARGE A}\kern-.15em
T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
\newcommand{\BibTeX}{{\rm B\kern-.05em{\sc i\kern-.025em b}\kern-.08em
T\kern-.1667em\lower.7ex\hbox{E}\kern-.125emX}}
%
\def\textfontii{\the\textfont\tw@}
\def\AmSTeX{{\textfontii A}\kern-.1667em\lower.5ex\hbox
{\textfontii M}\kern-.125em{\textfontii S}-\TeX}
%
\def\runnheadl{Single-Author Mathematics -- \LaTeX{} Style File}
\def\runnheadr{Documentation}
\def\@evenhead{\rm\small\thepage\hspace{1.5cm}\runnheadl\hfil\hbox{}}
\def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\hfil\rm\small\runnheadr\hspace{1.5cm}\thepage}
%
% braik: \tableofcontents changed to produce arabic page numbers
\def\tableofcontents{
\@restonecolfalse
\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn\fi
\chapter*{Table of Contents}
\markboth{Table of Contents}{Table of Contents} % headline
\renewcommand{\thepage}{\arabic{page}}
% arabic page numbers
\@starttoc{toc}\if@restonecol\twocolumn\fi
}
% braik: \chapter should not start new page
\def\chapter{\vskip18pt \global\@topnum\z@
\@afterindentfalse \secdef\@chapter\@schapter}
%
\def\@makechapterhead#1{{\parindent 0pt \noindent\raggedright
{\Large \bf \thechapter.\hspace{0.3cm}#1\par}%
\nobreak\vskip\baselineskip} }
\def\@makeschapterhead#1{{\parindent 0pt \raggedright
\Large \bf #1\par
\nobreak \vskip\baselineskip} }
%%%
\makeatother
%
\begin{document}
% hier geht's dann los!
\thispagestyle{empty}
\noindent
\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}
\vspace*{11mm}
\noindent
{\Huge \bf Single - Author Mathematics}
\vspace*{11mm} \noindent
{\huge \laTeX{} MathSing Style File}
\vspace*{11mm} \noindent
\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}
\vspace*{11mm}\noindent
Version 1.1
\vfill
\noindent
{
{\huge Springer-\kern-1pt Verlag}\\
\LARGE
Berlin\enspace Heidelberg\enspace New~Y\kern-2.5pt ork\\
London\enspace Paris\enspace Tokyo\enspace Hong~Kong \\
Barcelona\enspace Budapest}
\newpage \noindent
\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}
\section*{For further information please contact us\newline
at Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg:}
%
%begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{.35cm}}p{0.75\textwidth}}
Mailing address: & Springer-Verlag\\
& New Technologies/Product Developement\\
& P.O.~Box 105280\\
& D-6900 Heidelberg 1, FRG\\[2mm]
bitnet/EARN:
& SPRINGER @ DHDSPRI6 \\[2mm]
Telex:
& 46\,17\,23 \\[2mm]
Telefax:
& (0) 62\,21 43\,982
\end{tabular}
\bigskip\noindent
All Springer macros are also available through our mailserver
SVSERV@DHDSPRI6.bitnet.
\noindent Send an e-mail just containing the word "help"
to this e-mail address and you will receive further information.
%end{flushleft}
\bigskip\bigskip\noindent
Once you have completed your work using this style file, please
submit your own printout of the {\it final version together with the
disk/magnetic tape\/}$^*$ containing your \LaTeX{} input (source) file
and
the final DVI file and make sure that the text is {\it identical in both
cases}. Moreover, please check that you have also copied the dataset
containing your macros on the disk.
\vfill
\begin{itemize}
\item[$^*$] {\it The following formats are acceptable:}
%\smallskip
\item[] $5.25^{\prime\prime}$ or $3.5^{\prime\prime}$ diskette MS-DOS,
$5.25^{\prime\prime}$ CP/M, $3.5^{\prime\prime}$ diskette Apple
Macintosh, 9-track 1600 bpi magnetic tape VAX/VMS, 9-track 1600 bpi
magnetic tape ANSI with label, SUN-Streamer Tape.\par
\end{itemize}
\bigskip\bigskip
\rule{\textwidth}{1pt}
%%%
\newpage
\tableofcontents
\newpage
%
%
\chapter{Introduction}
%
Authors wishing to code their book
with \LaTeX{}, as well as
those who have already coded it with \LaTeX{},
will be provided with a style file that will give the text the
desired layout. Authors are requested
to adhere strictly to these instructions; {\em the \LaTeX{}-mathsing file
must not be changed}.
For the main body of the text
you should use the commands of standard \LaTeX{}.
Even if you are familiar with these commands, we urge you to read
this entire document thoroughly. It contains many suggestions on
how to use our commands properly; thus with little work your book
will be formatted exactly to the Springer standard.
If you are already familiar with \LaTeX{}, then the \LaTeX{}
MathSing file should not give you any major difficulties.
This style file will change the layout to the required MathSing style
(for instance it will define the layout of \verb|\section|).
We have also invented some extra commands,
which are not provided by \LaTeX{}.
The majority of these hints are not specific for MathSing; they may
improve
your use of \LaTeX{} in general.
Furthermore, the documentation provides suggestions for the proper
editing and use
of the input files (capitalization, abbreviation, etc. -- see
Sects.~\ref{refedit} ff).
\vspace{12pt}
\chapter{How to Begin}
Please insert the enclosed diskette or tape into your computer. You will
find the following files:
%end{document}
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{1cm}}l}
{\em mathsing.doc}
& General instructions (this document).\\
{\em mathsing.dem}
& Run this to get a sample output.\\
{\em mathsing.sty}
& \LaTeX{} MathSing file for use with normal CMFonts.\\
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
You need to run your file with the command:
\verb|latex filename|.
If you have citations or references run it
once more with the same command.
\section{How to invoke the \LaTeX{} MathSing style file}
The \LaTeX{} MathSing style file is substyle for the \LaTeX{}
``book'' style.
Therefore you may use all ``book'' style commands to prepare your
manuscript except the command \verb|\part|. \LaTeX{} MathSing style file
is invoked by requesting ``book'' in the
\verb|documentstyle|-command:
\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[12pt,mathsing]{book}
\begin{document}
<your book>
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
Do not use any other document-style options!
\section{Text Already Coded with \LaTeX{} Without
the \LaTeX{} mathsing file}
If your file is already coded with \LaTeX{}
you can easily adapt it a posteriori to \LaTeX{} MathSing style.
Please refrain from using any \LaTeX{} or \TeX{} commands
that affect the layout or formatting of your document (i.e. commands
like \verb|\textheight|, \verb|\vspace|, \verb|\hoffset|, etc.).
There may nevertheless be exceptional occasions
when some of them may be used.
The \LaTeX{}-MathSing style file has been carefully designed to produce
the right layout
from your \LaTeX{} input. If there is anything specific you would like
to do and for which the style file does not provide a command,
{\em please contact us.\/}
If you have your own macros or definitions, insert them as shown here:
\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[12pt, mathsing]{book}
<your own macros or definitions>
\begin{document}
<your book>
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
or, if your macros are in a separate file:
\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[12pt, mathsing, <macrofilename>]{book}
\begin{document}
<your book>
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
\noindent
Please supply comments with your macros to help us understand them.
\section{Problems with PC\ts\TeX{}}
In PC\ts\TeX{} the default memory capacity is not sufficient to
accommodate
our fonts. To cope with this problem, invoke \TeX{} with the following
command:
\begin{verbatim}
latex file.tex /f=26000 /m=65000
\end{verbatim}
\chapter{General Rules for Coding Formulas}
With mathematical formulas, you may proceed as described
in Sect.~3.3 of the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport (1986), Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Reading, Mass.
A formula that appears in the running text is produced by enclosing
it in \verb|$| signs, e.g. \verb|$ x^{2} $|
produces $x^{2}$.\label{math}
Displayed formulas are produced by the
equation environment; here
equations are automatically numbered sequentially throughout
the chapters of your book using arabic
numerals in parentheses on the right-hand side.
You can choose between two kinds of numbering:
\begin{itemize}
\item the command \verb|\numberlikebook| at the beginning of your file,
after the
\verb|\documentstyle| and before the \verb|\begin{document}| command
invokes structured numbering, e.g. (1.1), (1.2) of equations, tables
and figures.
\item Replacing this command by the command
\verb|\numberlikearticle| results in ``ordinary" numbering e.g. (1),
(2).
\end{itemize}
If you have to break equations, please use the eqnarray environment
described in Sect.~3.3.5 on p.~49 of the \LaTeX{} book.
If you wish to start a new paragraph immediately after a displayed
equation, insert a blank line to produce the required
indention. If there is no new paragraph either do not insert
a blank line or insert a blank line and
type \verb|\noindent| immediately before continuing the text.
Please punctuate a displayed equation in the same way as
ordinary text.
Note that the sizes of the parentheses or other delimiter
symbols used in equations should ideally match the height of the
formulas being enclosed. This is automatically taken care of by
the following \LaTeX{} commands, e.g.\ \
\verb|\left(| \quad or \quad \verb|\left[| \quad and \quad
\verb|\right)| \quad or \quad \verb|\right]|.
\section{Italic and Roman Type in the Math Mode}
\begin{itemize}
\item[a)]
In the math mode \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} treat all letters as though they
were mathematical or physical variables; hence they are typeset in
italics. However, any textual elements within formulas should be
set in roman. Roman should also be used for
subscripts and superscripts {\em in formulas\/} where these are
merely labels and not in themselves variables, e.g.\\
\verb|$T_{\rm eff} = 5\,10^{9} \mbox{ K}$|\quad produce\quad
$T_{\rm eff} = 5 \cdot 10^{9} \mbox{ K}$\\
\verb|$T_{\rm K}$|\quad produce\quad $T_{\rm K}$ (K = Kelvin)\\
\verb|$m_{\rm e}$|\quad produce\quad $m_{\rm e}$ (e = electron).
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{equation}
\left(\frac{a^{2} + b^{2}}{c^{3}} \right) = 1 \quad
\mbox{ if } c\neq 0 \mbox{ and if } a,b,c\in \bbbr.
\end{equation}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}
\begin{equation}
\left(\frac{a^{2} + b^{2}}{c^{3}} \right) = 1 \quad
\mbox{ if } c\neq 0 \mbox{ and if } a,b,c\in \bbbr.
\end{equation}
%\begin{itemize}
\item[b)]
Please ensure that {\em physical units\/} (e.g.\ pc, erg\ts s$^{-1}$\ts
K, cm$^{-3}$, W\ts m$^{-2}$\ts Hz$^{-1}$, m\ts kg\ts s$^{-2}$\ts
A$^{-2}$) and
{\em abbreviations} such as Ord, Var, GL, SL, sgn, const.\
are always set in roman type. To ensure
this use the \verb|\mbox| command: \verb|\mbox{Hz}|.
On p.\ 46 of the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport you will find the names of
common mathe\-matical functions, such as log, sin, exp, max and sup.
These should be coded as \verb|\log|,
\verb|\sin|, \verb|\exp|, \verb|\max|, \verb|\sup|
and will then automatically appear in roman.
\item[c)]
In order
to distinguish ``d'' used as ``differential sign'' and ``e''
used as ``exponential function'' from normal variables,
please set those in roman.
%
\item[d)]
Chemical symbols and formulas should be set in roman,
e.g.\ Fe not $Fe$, H$_{2}$O not {\em H$_{2}$O\/}, H$\alpha$ not
{\em H${\alpha}$}.
\end{itemize}
\chapter{How to Edit Your Input (Source) File}
\section{Headings}
All words in headings should be capitalized except for conjunctions,
prepositions up to five letters (e.g. on, of, by, and, or, but, from,
with, with, under) and definite and indefinite articles (the, a, an)
unless they appear at the beginning of a sentence. Formula letters must
be typeset as in the text.
\section{Capitalization and Non-capitalization}\label{refedit}
\begin{itemize}
\item[a)] The following should always be capitalized:
\begin{itemize}
\item Headings (see preceding Sect.\ts 4.1)
\item Abbreviations and expressions in the text such as
Fig(s).,
Table(s), Sect(s)., Chap(s)., Theorem, Corollary, Definition, etc. when
used with numbers, e.g. Fig.\ts 3.1, Table 1.1, Theorem 2.1.
\end{itemize}
\item[]
Please see below the special rules in Sect.\ts 4.3 for
referring to equations.
\item[b)] The following should {\it not\/} be capitalized:
\begin{itemize}
\item The words figure(s), table(s), equation(s),
theorem(s) in the text when used without an accompanying number.
\item Figure legends and table captions except for names and
abbreviations.
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\section{Abbreviation of Words}
\begin{itemize}
\item[a)] The following {\it should\/} be abbreviated in the running
text
{\it unless\/} they come at the beginning of a sentence: Chap., Sect.,
Fig.; e.g. The results are depicted in Fig.\ts 5. Figure 9 reveals that
\dots
\item[] {\it Please note\/}: Equations should be referred to solely by
their number in parentheses e.g. (14). However, when the reference comes
at the beginning of a sentence, the unabbreviated word ``Equation"
should be used: e.g. Equation (14) is very important. However, (15)
makes it clear that \dots
\item[b)] If abbreviations of names or concepts are used throughout the
text, they should be defined at first occurrence, e.g. Plurisubharmonic
(PSH) Functions, Strong Optimization (SOPT) Problem.
\end{itemize}
\section{Foreign Words and Phrases}
Foreign words that have not come into general use are italicized.
If a word or phrase or its abbrevation can be found in the main body
of {\em Webster's\/} (and this also applies to British usage),
it and its abbrevation are considered to be in general use and
are not italicized. E.g. et al., cf., e.g.,
a priori, in situ, brems\-strah\-lung, eigenvalues, should not be
italicized.
\chapter{Sectioning Commands}
Main headings will be automatically numbered by the following macros.
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\chapter{This is a First-Order Title}
\section{This is a Second-Order Title}
\subsection{This is a Third-Order Title}
\subsubsection{This is an Bold Run-in Heading.}
\paragraph{This is an Italic Run-in Heading}
\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\paragraph{Sample Output}\
\chapter*{1. This is a First-Order Title}
\section*{1.1 This is a Second-Order Title}
\subsection*{1.1.1 This is a Third-Order Title}
\subsubsection*{This is an Bold Run-in Heading.} The text continues in
regular roman typeface.
\paragraph{This is an italic run-in heading.} The text
continues \dots
\chapter{Minienvironments}
We have defined a number of minienvironments, namely for lemma,
propositions, theorems, corollaries, exercises, problems, solutions,
definitions, examples, notes and questions.
These commands automatically provide the correct fonts and print the
appropriate run-in headings. They all come in two flavors: without an
asterisk they produce automatically numbered run-in heading.
An optional argument is enclosed in [\ ] brackets. Note that unlike
the standard \LaTeX syntax, no brackets or fullstops are provided
automatically but have to be typed by the user.
Using an asterisk will turn off the automatic numbering:
General syntax:
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{<env.name>}
<text>
\end{<env.name}
\end{verbatim}
or
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{<env.name>}[<text>]
<text>
\end{<env.name}
\end{verbatim}
or
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{<env.name>*}
<text>
\end{<env.name*}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{lemma}
Every day the night falls
\end{lemma}
\begin{lemma}[(Proverb).]
At night, all cats are grey
\end{lemma}
\begin{theorem*}
Every day the cats are grey
\end{theorem*}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}\
\begin{lemma}
Every day the night falls
\end{lemma}
\begin{lemma}[(Proverb).]
At night, all cats are grey
\end{lemma}
\begin{theorem*}
Every day the cats are grey
\end{theorem*}
\section{Defining new minienvironments}
If you want to define similar minienvironments or alter existing ones,
you can do so by using the command
\begin{verbatim}
\newthe{<environmentname>}{<environmentname>}
{lemmacount}{<title of heading>}
{<font of heading>}
{<font of text>}
\end{verbatim}
\chapter{Fine Tuning of the Text}
The following should be used to improve the readability of the text:
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{.5cm}}p{.7\textwidth}}
\verb|\,|
& a thin space, e.g.\ between numbers with more than
5 digits; a line division will not be made
following this space,\\
\verb|--|
& en-dash; two strokes, without a space at either end,\\
\verb*| -- | & em-dash; two strokes, with a space at either end,\\
\verb|-|
& hyphen; one stroke, no space at either end,\\
\verb|$-$|
& minus, in the text {\em only},\\
\verb|~|
& tilde between parts of names.
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
20\,000 km, 1\,000\,000 s, NGC 468\,324
1950--1985, p.~11--21
this -- written on a computer -- is now printed
signal-to-noise ratio, early-type, metal-poor, non-relativistic
$-30$ K, $-5^{\circ}$C
Dr~h.c.~Rockefeller-Smith and Prof.~Dr~Mallory
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}
\begin{flushleft}
20\,000 km, 1\,000\,000 s, NGC 468\,324\\
1950--1985, p.~11--21\\
this -- written on a computer -- is now printed\\
signal-to-noise ratio, early-type, metal-poor, non-relativistic\\
$-30$ K, $-5^{\circ}$C\\
Dr~h.c.~Rockefeller-Smith and Prof.~Dr~Mallory
\end{flushleft}
\chapter{Special Typefaces}
Normal type (roman) need not be specified. {\em Italic\/}
(not {\sl slanted\/}) should be used for emphasis in the text or, if
not avoidable, {\bf boldface} could be used too.
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{.5cm}}l}
\verb|{\em <text>}|
& {\em Emphasized Text}.\\
\verb|\begin{petit}|
the \\
\verb|<text>|
or for \\
\verb|\end{petit}|
importance.\\
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
& Paragraph in small print (petit) for passages in
& text that the reader may skip upon first reading
& exercises or sections of similar
For the use of further typefaces, please refer to Sect. 3.1 of the
\LaTeX manual by Lamport.
\chapter{Footnotes}
Footnotes need to be punctuated at the end.
Footnotes within the text should be coded
\begin{verbatim}
\footnote{<text>}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
Text with a footnote\footnote{The footnote is automatically
numbered.} and text continues \dots
\end{verbatim}
\noindent
{\bf Remark}: Please avoid using footnotes in headings.
\paragraph{Sample Output}
\begin{flushleft}
Text with a footnote\footnote{The footnote is automatically
numbered.} and text continues \dots
\end{flushleft}
\chapter{Lists}
Please code lists as described below:
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item.
\item Second item.
\begin{enumerate}
\item First nested item.
\item Second nested item.
\end{enumerate}
\item Third item.
\end{enumerate}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}
\begin{enumerate}
\item First item.
\item Second item.
\begin{enumerate}
\item First nested item.
\item Second nested item.
\end{enumerate}
\item Third item.
\end{enumerate}
\chapter{Figures}
{\it The figures\/} (line drawings and those containing halftone inserts
as well as halftone figures) {\it should not be pasted into your
laserprinter output}. They should be enclosed separately in camera-ready
form (original artwork, glossy prints, photographs and/or slides). The
lettering should be suitable for reproduction, and after reduction the
capital letters should be at least 1.8 mm and not more than 2.5 mm in
height. Check that lines and other details are uniformly black and that
the lettering on figures is clearly legible.
To leave the desired amount of space for the height of your figures,
please use the following coding. As can be seen in the output, we will
automatically provide 1\ts cm space above and below the figure, so that
you should only leave the space corresponding to the size of the figure
itself.
If the figure is narrower than the page-width, please do not try to fill
up the empty space with text.
The final positioning of floating objects (i.e. figures and tables)
should be done at the end of development of your text.
For further information see also Sect.~3.6.2 on p.~63 of the
{\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport (1986), Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Reading, Mass.
Figure legends should be inserted after or before
(not in) the paragraph in which the figure is first mentioned.
They will be numbered automatically.
The figure, including the legend, must not exceed 23~cm in height.
Taller figures will be swallowed by \LaTeX{} without warning.
Please code as follows:
\begin{flushleft}
\verb|\begin{figure}|\\
\verb|\picplace{<height> cm}|\\
\verb|\caption[ ]{<text of caption>}| \quad
(Type [ ] to save auxiliary space)\\
\verb|\end{figure}|
\end{flushleft}
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{figure}
\picplace{2.5cm}
\caption[ ]{This is the caption.}
\end{figure}
\end{verbatim}
\noindent
Please use the minipage environment to place two figures next to each
other.
\paragraph{Sample Output}\ \\[2mm]
see fig.\ts 11.1
\begin{figure}%\label{table11.1}
\picplace{2.5cm}
\caption[ ]{This is the caption.}
\end{figure}
\chapter{Tables}
Tables should be treated
in the same way as figure legends, except that
the table captions appear {\em above\/} the tables. The
will be numbered automa\-tically.
tables
Table columns should be set flush left. Vertical lines
are normally not necessary and should only be inserted
in exceptional cases for the sake of clarity. Please note that tables
should be set in small print using the \verb|\small| command.
For further information you will find a complete description of
the table and tabular environment
on p.~63~ff. and p.~182 of the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \&
Reference Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport.
Height of tables must not exceed 23 cm. Taller tables will be swallowed
by \LaTeX{} without warning.
\section{Tables coded with \LaTeX{}}
As an example for simple coding of a table we give you
the following advice for the coding.
(Before continuing your text after the
table environment you need an empty line.)
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{table}
\caption[ ]{Critical $N$ values}
\begin{flushleft}
\small
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\hline
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
$M_$\sun & $beta_{0}$ & $T_{\rm c6}$
& $N_{\rm crit}^{\rm L}$
& $N_{\rm crit}^{\rm Te}$\\
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
\hline
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
30 & 0.82 & 38.4 & 35.7 & 154 & 320
60 & 0.67 & 42.1 & 34.7 & 138 & 340
120 & 0.52 & 45.1 & 34.0 & 124 & 370
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
\end{table}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}\ \\[2mm]
See table\ts12.1
\begin{table}
%\label{table12.1}
\caption[ ]{Critical $N$ values}
\begin{flushleft}
\small
\begin{tabular}{llllll}
\hline
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
$M_\sun$ & $beta_{0}$ & $T_{\rm c6}$
& $N_{\rm crit}^{\rm L}$
& $N_{\rm crit}^{\rm Te}$\\
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
\hline
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
30 & 0.82 & 38.4 & 35.7 & 154 & 320
60 & 0.67 & 42.1 & 34.7 & 138 & 340
120 & 0.52 & 45.1 & 34.0 & 124 & 370
\noalign{\vskip 3pt}
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
\end{table}
\newpage
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{table}
& $\gamma$
\\
\\
\\
& $\gamma$
\\
\\
\\
\caption[ ]{Observational results from NGC 4827}
\small
\begin{flushleft}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllll}
\hline
& & \multicolumn{3}{l}{RA (1950)} &\
& \multicolumn{3}{l}{Dec (1950)}
& $S$
& Pol
& \% & $\log P$\\
\cline{3-5}\cline{7-9}
&
&(h) & (m) & (s)
& & (\degr) & (\arcmin)
& (\arcsec) & (mJy) & (mJy) & & (W Hz$^{-1}$)\\
\hline
Core & (5 GHz) & 12 & 54 & 18.0 & & 27
& 26 & 56.2
& 8
&
&
& 21.64
\\
Total&(327 MHz)&
&
&
& &
&
&
& 210
&
&
& 23.13
\\
&(1.4 GHz)&
&
&
& &
&
&
& 57
& 1.3
& 2 & 22.49
\\
& (5 GHz) &
&
&
& &
&
&
& 26
& 0.73
& 3 & 22.15
\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\end{flushleft}
\end{table}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}\ \\[2mm]
See table\ts 12.2
\begin{table}
\label{table12.2}
\caption[ ]{Observational results from NGC 4827}
\small
\begin{flushleft}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\tabcolsep=0.9\tabcolsep
\begin{tabular}{lllllllllllll}
\hline
& & \multicolumn{3}{l}{RA (1950)} &\
& \multicolumn{3}{l}{Dec (1950)}
& $S$
& Pol
& \% & $\log P$\\
\cline{3-5}\cline{7-9}
&
&(h) & (m) & (s)
& & (\degr) & (\arcmin)
& (\arcsec) & (mJy) & (mJy) & & (W Hz$^{-1}$)\\
\hline
Core & (5 GHz) & 12 & 54 & 18.0 & & 27
& 26 & 56.2
& 8
&
&
& 21.64
\\
Total&(327 MHz)&
&
&
& &
&
&
& 210
&
&
& 23.13
\\
&(1.4 GHz)&
&
&
& &
&
&
& 57
& 1.3
& 2 & 22.49
\\
& (5 GHz) &
&
&
& &
&
&
& 26
& 0.73
& 3 & 22.15
\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\end{flushleft}
\end{table}
\section{Tables Not Coded with \LaTeX{}}
If you do not wish to code your table using \LaTeX{}
but prefer to have it reproduced separately,
proceed similarily as for figures and use the following coding:
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{flushleft}
\verb|\begin{table}| \\
\verb|\caption[ ]{<text of caption>}|\\
\verb|\vspace{<actual height of table> cm}| \\
\verb|\end{table}|
\end{flushleft}
\chapter{Appendices}
Type \verb|\appendix| to set all sectioncounter etc to 0.
Begin the actual appendix by typing\\
\verb|\section{Appendix}|
\chapter{Signs and Characters}
\section{Special Signs}
You may need to use special signs. Though quite a number is supplied by
{\em \LaTeX{}} (see
{\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport,
pp.~44~ff.) we have created further
symbols.
\section{Mathematical Symbols}
\begin{flushleft}
%\small
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\begin{tabular}{lll@{\hspace{1.5cm}}lll}
\hline
Input & Explanation & Output & Input & Explanation & Output\\
\hline
\verb|\la|
& less or approx
& $\la$
&
\verb|\ga|
& greater or approx
& $\ga$\\
\verb|\getsto| & gets over to
& $\getsto$ &
\verb|\cor|
& corresponds to
& $\cor$\\
\verb|\lid|
& less or equal
& $\lid$
&
\verb|\gid|
& greater or equal
& $\gid$\\
\verb|\sol|
& similar over less
& $\sol$
&
\verb|\sog|
& similar over greater & $\sog$\\
\verb|\lse|
& less over simeq
&
\verb|\gse|
& greater over simeq
\verb|\grole| & greater over less
&
\verb|\leogr| & less over greater
\verb|\loa|
& less over approx
&
\verb|\goa|
& greater over approx
\verb|\qed|
& less over approx
&
\hline
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\end{flushleft}
$\lse$
&
& $\gse$\\
$\grole$ &
& $\leogr$\\
$\loa$
&
& $\goa$\\
$\qed$
& \\
\section{Special Roman or Blackboard Bold}
\begin{flushleft}
%\small
\footnotesize
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.25}
\begin{tabular}{lll@{\hspace{1cm}}lll}
\hline
Input & Explanation & Output & Input & Explanation & Output\\
\hline
\verb|$\bbbc$| & complex numbers
& $\bbbc$ &
\verb|$\bbbf$| & blackboard bold F & $\bbbf$ \\
\verb|$\bbbh$| & blackboard bold H & $\bbbh$ &
\verb|$\bbbk$| & blackboard bold K & $\bbbk$ \\
\verb|$\bbbm$| & blackboard bold M & $\bbbm$ &
\verb|$\bbbn$| & natural numbers N & $\bbbn$ \\
\verb|$\bbbp$| & blackboard bold P & $\bbbp$ &
\verb|$\bbbq$| & rational numbers
& $\bbbq$ \\
\verb|$\bbbr$| & real numbers
& $\bbbr$ &
\verb|$\bbbs$| & blackboard bold S & $\bbbs$ \\
\verb|$\bbbt$| & blackboard bold T & $\bbbt$ &
\verb|$\bbbz$| & integer numbers
& $\bbbz$ \\
\verb|$\bbbone$| & symbol one
& $\bbbone$ & & & \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1}
\end{flushleft}
\section{Gothic (Fraktur)}
If gothic letters are {\em necessary}, please
use those from \AmSTeX{},
available from the American Mathematical Society.
For the real and imaginary parts
of a complex number within math mode the commands \verb|$\Re$|
and \verb|$\Im$| have been redefined to produce Re and Im
instead of gothic letters.
\section{Script}
For script capitals use the coding\\
\verb|${\cal AB}$| which yields ${\cal AB}$
(see p.~43 of the \LaTeX{} book).
\section{Vectors}
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{\hspace{.5cm}}l}
\verb|\vec{<Symbol>}| & Vectors may only appear in math mode.\\
\end{tabular}
\end{flushleft}
\verb|$\vec{A} \times \vec{B} \cdot \vec{C}|\quad
yields $\vec{A}\times\vec{B}\cdot\vec{C}$.\\
\verb|$\vec{A\/}^{\rm T} \otimes \vec{B} \otimes \vec{\hat D}$|\\
yields $\vec{A\/}^{\rm T} \otimes \vec{B} \otimes
\vec{\hat D}$.
\def\refchapter{\chapter*{References}
\parindent0pt\parskip0pt\small}
\chapter{References}
There are three reference systems available; only one, of course,
should be used. With each system (by author-year,
by number only or by letter-number) a reference list
containing all citations in the
text, should be included at the end of your book.
\newpage
\paragraph{Examples of Typical Text Containing Reference Citations}\
\\[2mm]
This is implicit in recent work of Arnold (1968) and Lerch et al. (1983)
\dots\\
Consider as an example the following theorem [1].\\
We refer now to the hypothesis as given in [S1].
\section{Author-Year System}
References are cited in the text by name and year in parentheses, e.g.
(Smith 1970, 1980), (Ekeland et al. 1985, Theorem 2), (Jones and Jaffe
1986; Farrow 1988, Chap.\ts 2) or only the year in parentheses if the
name is part of the sentence, e.g. Ekeland et al. (1985, Sect.\ts 2.1).
The reference list should contain all citations contained in the text,
ordered alphabetically by surname (with initials following). If there
are several works by the same author(s) the references should be listed
in the appropriate order indicated below:
\medskip
\begin{itemize}
\item[a)] One author: list works chronologically;
\item[b)] Author and same co-author(s): list works chronologically;
\item[c)] Author and different co-authors: list works alphabetically
according to co-authors.
\end{itemize}
\medskip
If there are several works by the same author(s) and in the same year,
but cited separately, they should be distinguished by
the use of ``a", ``b" etc., e.g. (Smith 1982a), (Ekeland et al. 1982b).
To achieve a reference list in the author-year system, please use the
following springer macro syntax
\noindent
\verb|\begin{references}{}|\quad Don't forget those empty braces\\
\verb|\refer <text>|\\
\verb|\refer ...|\\
\quad $\vdots$\\
\verb|\end{references}|
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{references}{}
\refer
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982, Nonlinear oscillations
and boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
\refer
Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions
of a Hamiltonian system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
{\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{references}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Output}\
\begin{references}{}
\refer
\refer
Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982, Nonlinear oscillations and
boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions of a Hamiltonian
system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. {\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{references}
\section{References by Number Only or by Letter-Number}
The author-year system is probably the most convenient to the reader.
However,\newline
refer\-en{}ces may instead be cited in the text by
numbers
in square brackets, e.g. [1], [2] etc. used sequentially throughout your
text or by letter-number, e.g. [E1, S2], [P1] etc. or a
similar version.
For example, the first two references are given as [1] and [2] in the
text, and as 1. and 2. (i.e. the brackets are dropped) in the reference
list.
\subsection{Syntax for Number-Only System}
\verb|\begin{references}{<widest number used in ref. list>}|\\
\verb|\refno{<no.>}<text>|\\
\verb|\refno ...|\\
\quad $\vdots$\\
\verb|\end{references}|
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
%
\begin{references}{1.}
\refno{1.} Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982, Nonlinear oscillations
and boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
\refno{2.} Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions
of a Hamiltonian system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
{\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{references}
\end{verbatim}
\newpage
\paragraph{Sample Output}\
\begin{references}{1.}
%Springer macros
\refno{1.} Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982, Nonlinear oscillations and
boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
\refno{2.} Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions of a Hamiltonian
system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. {\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{references}
\subsection{Letter-Number system}
Here you have the choice between the traditional \LaTeX{}-way of doing
things and Springer macros.
\smallskip\noindent
Traditional \LaTeX{} syntax
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}
\bibitem[<label>]{name}<text>
\bibitem[<label>]{name}<text>
\end{thebibliography}
\end{verbatim}
% \LaTeX{} standard macros
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{thebibliography}{[MT1]}
\bibitem[CE1]{CE1} Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982,
Nonlinear oscillations and boundary-value
problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78},
(1982) 315--333
\bibitem[Ra1]{Ra1} Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions
of a Hamiltonian system. Comm. Pure Appl.
Math. {\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{thebibliography}
\end{verbatim}
\paragraph{Sample Ouput}\
\begin{thebibliography}{[MT1]}
\bibitem[CE1]{CE1} Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982, Nonlinear oscillations
and
boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems, Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal.
{\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
\bibitem[Ra1]{Ra1} Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions of a
Hamiltonian system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. {\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{thebibliography}
\noindent
For overall information on the reference environment
see the {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference
Manual\/} by Leslie Lamport, p.~73.
\subsection{Springer macros syntax}
\verb|\begin{references}{[<widest label used in your list>]}|\\
\verb|\refmark{[<label>]}<text>|\\
\verb|\refmark ...|\\
\quad $\vdots$\\
\verb|\end{references}|
\paragraph{Sample Input}
\begin{verbatim}
%
\begin{references}{[CEW]}
\refmark{[Aa]} Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982,
Nonlinear oscillations and boundary-value
problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
\refmark{[Bi]} Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions
of a Hamiltonian system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math.
{\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{references}
\end{verbatim}
\noindent{\em Sample Output}
\begin{references}{[CEW]}
\refmark{[Aa]} Clarke, F., Ekeland, I. 1982, Nonlinear oscillations
and
boundary-value problems for Hamiltonian systems,
Arch. Rat. Mech. Anal. {\bf 78}, (1982) 315--333
\refmark{[Bi]} Rabinowitz, P.: On subharmonic solutions of a
Hamiltonian
system. Comm. Pure Appl. Math. {\bf 33} (1980) 609--633
\end{references}
\smallskip
In reality, all these references start at the top of a new right page
thus creating an empty page if necessary.
\smallskip\noindent
{\it Very important\/}: For each entry in the reference list please
follow {\it exactly\/} the order shown in the examples and
ensure that the references cited in the text (name-year,
number or letter-number) correspond exactly with the entries
in the reference list.
\section{The use of\/ {\rm\BibTeX{}}}
If you normally use \BibTeX{} to produce your references please
customize its bibliography style according to the things mentioned
above.
\chapter{Postscriptum}
We include a file named mathsing.dem on the diskette containing the
\TeX{} -- input for an example of a text being formatted with the
MathSing style-file.
\end{document}