How To Use The English-Visayan Cebuano Dictionary
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HOW TO USE THE ENGLISH-VISAYAN CEBUANO DICTIONARY MAIN WORDS OR ENTRIES (MGA NAG-UNANG PULONG) by Atty. Cesar P. Kilaton, Jr The main words or entries included in this dictionary English words and their meaning or equivalent in Visayan-Cebuano. It’s recognized that English dictionaries also borrow foreign words. And so are some Visayan words which are adopted, such as water ox or carabao from karabaw, cogon from kugon, lauan from lawaan, etc. Various English dictionaries were used for etymologies; scientific and legal terms are likewise included. Phrasal verbs are also inserted usually under the main entries of verbs. Each main entry has an abbreviation for the appropriate part of speech. However, the editors of this dictionary did not dare to create and classify the parts of speech of those words which the English did not so classify, as, for example, idioms and some archaic foreign maxims and phrases. ACCENTUATION (KALIGDANGAN) The Cebuano language has four (4) kinds of actual marks or diacritical marks. 1. Hantuo [´] (accute accent) – This mark is slanted forward and placed above the vowel given with stress or emphasis. báhaw bása (read) múmho pínggan dágaw sugílon húlbot tingáli 2. Hanla [`] (grave accent) – This mark is slanted downward and placed above the vowel given with stress or emphasis. batò buòk lumàd lusòt magày putòs sigày silà 3. Pahagsa [^] (circumflex accent) – This mark formed like an arrowhead is placed above the vowel of the syllable given stress. basâ (wet) bahô lugtî putî bugtô subô hagâ tahô 4. Painat [¯] (prolonged accent) -This mark is used especially on abbreviated, contracted, or apocoped words, such as: malala sulog - mala sug pulong - pung ulo - u N.B.: Inasmuch as these accents are not found in the keys of a typewriter or even in ordinary personal computers, writers just write their scripts without using them. To understand the words used is just to comprehend the entire sentence, like the words bása (read) and basâ (wet). Ang bata nagbasa og komiks. (reading) Ang manok nabasa sa ulan. (wet) STRESSES IN PRONUNCIATION (MGA PANGHIMUG-AT SA KAPANGLITOKAN) The stresses in pronunciation of the Cebuano language are classified into five (5): 1. Malumoy (penultimate stress). The stress is placed on the second from the last syllable. bahin lamian baid binuhat kalipay magbabaol panganod salimbong 2. Hundak (penultimate with glottal end). The stress is placed on the second from the last syllable with glottal end. baligho huslo bata pagbati bugto kasaba pinili tabako 3. Panumoy (end stress). The stress is placed at the end or on last syllable of the word. baliko palit buhis kulong ligis patay sinako tulod 4. Pahagsa (end stress with glottal end). The stress is placed at the end or on the last syllable with glottal end. bati luko bugha luta kasuko salapi dugo tungha 5. Duhagsa (double stress with glottal end on both syllables or on the second or third and last syllables). The stress is placed on two syllables or at the second or third syllable and on the last syllable. bata-bata suso kipi-kipi taluto lata-lata tiki-tiki mumo titi CEBUANO ALPHABET (SINUGBUANONG TITIKANAN) The pronunciation in the Cebuano language is based on the syllabic sound. Thus, each letter has its own syllable. The vowels comprise of A, E, I, O, ug U; and the consonants are B, K, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, ug Y. The vowels are each sounded with "-a," like Ba, Ka, Da, etc. However, there are foreign words which are inevitably adopted, especially those without equivalents to provide appropriate meaning. For this reason, the following letters may be loaned: C, CH, F, J, Ll, Ñ, Q, RR, V, X and Z. Scientific symbols in chemistry, physics, biology, etc. remain as they are. H2O (water) NaCl (salt) Ca (calcium) CaC2 (calcium carbide) CaO (lime) Sn (tin) - tubig asin kalsiyum kalburo apog istanyo So are foreign-sounding names: Churchill Guillermo Elizabeth Jerez Thatcher William As are the names of places: Brazil Vietnam Zambia Likewise business names, trade names and trade marks: Band-Aid Bristol Coke Colgate Jockey Levi’s Mitsubishi Pentax Rolex Volkswagen Xerox The mother-tongue translation of names of places and organizations may still be used: Alemanya Aprika Arabigo Asya Ehipto Espanya Gresya Hapon Hudeya Indiya Inglatera Italya Palestina Pransiya Roma Romanya Rusya Tsina Uropa Istados Unidos o Tinipong Bansa sa Amerika Tinipong Kanasoran (United Nations) ORTOGRAPHY (PANITIKAN) Ortography is part of the study of language which refers to letters and spelling. It emphasizes writing using the correct letters based on standard use and rules of the language. RULES IN THE CEBUANO SPELLING (MGA LAGDA SA SINUGBUANONG PANITIK) A. VOWELS 1. A -- a. The sound of "a" in Cebuano language is always of short "a", like abaga, bahak, kaha, dalaga, gaba, etc. The long "a" sound in English, such as, mate, pain, wait, etc. cannot be used. Any sound similar to this, the letter "e" or "ey" will be used, like "cake" to "keyk." b. Letter "a" is also used in adopting foreign words without changing the phonetics, such as: abnormal alibi apply natural night club time out - abnormal - alibay - aplay - natural - nayt klab - taym awot 2. E -- a. Letter “e” is used in adopting foreign words without changing the spelling. alegre almagre bote entrante estomago estropa gabinete ignorante imperdible imposible interes libre lote memorandum peste petsa presidente primera rebelde referendum b. Letter "e" is also used in syllables to retain the source of the foreign words where the spelling of the consonants is changed or consonants not found in the Cebuano alphabet. calambre camote coche fecha fuerte insurgente inteligente leche - kalambre - kamote - kotse - petsa - puwerte - insurhente - intelihente - letse c. Letter "e” is likewise used to retain the source of foreign words (English, Spanish, etc.) which have an "e" equivalent in English and Spanish. defensa defense economia economy ejercisio exercise eleccion election elefante elephant elegante elegant elemento element energia energy especial special experimento experiment depensa ekonomiya ehersisyo eleksiyon elepante elegante elemento enerhiya espesyal eksperimento Exceptions: 1) If the Spanish word has no spelling equivalent in English, letter "e" may be changed to "i." ataque avance cabeza es poco capella estaca capellan estacion empacho estar empaque estatua empella estilo escandaloestorbo escultor estructuracajeta caldero - ataki abansi kabisa ispoko kapilya istaka kapilyan istasyon impatso istar impaki istatuwa impilya istilo iskandalo istorbo iskultor istruktura kahita kaldiro cantena combate enano espejo flete mantel mantener relevo salvaje serrado tendera tenedor - kantina kombati inano ispiho plite mantil mantinir relibo salbahi sirado tindera tinidor 2) If the Spanish word uses "i" but with English equivalent in "e", the latter letter may be used: actriz - actress - aktres d. If the English word to be used in the local language has a long "a" phonetic sound the letter may be changed to "ey"; short “a” phonetic sound may be changed to "e". Long “a”: cake date late - keyk deyt leyt Short “a”: candy - kendi e. If the rootword of a foreign word starts or ends with a syllable with "e" and an affix is added, "e" may be changed to "i." bayle bigote kamote kape higante tental - baylihan bigotilyo kamotihan kapihan higantihon maninintal 3. I -- a. Letter “i” is used in all native words: baki kitiw iti pinili bahi gahi itik sinipit bati hilit lili singgit kiki ihi ngilit titi Exception: There are native words where "e" is used instead of "i." babaye pangadye butete sikwate b. Letter “i” is also used in foreign words for “ue”, “ui”, or “uie.” ataque empaque guerra guerrilla guia guisado guisar higuera queibrar quilate quinque quiosco - ataki impaki giyera girilya giya gisado gisal igira kibra kilates kingki kiyosko c. Letter “i” is likewise used in adopted English words with double "e" (ee). jamboree jeep referee - dyambori dyip reperi d. Letter “i” is likewise used in adopted words ending in "y" pronounced as short "i." allergy sexy sorry X-ray - alerdyi seksi sori Iksri e. Letter "i" is also used in place of letter "e" of Spanish words with English translation starting with "s": escala escandalo escriba escribiente escritura escultura estaca estatuwa scale scandal scribe scribe script sculpture stake statue iskala iskandalo iskriba iskribiyente iskritura iskultura istaka istatuwa 4. O -- a. Letter “o” is used in the last syllable of the native word: balod dako lukot nahot bato guso luog pusod bukong hilo maot sungsong kuko libot nasod takong Exception: If the borrowed word ends in "u" or has "u" in the last syllable, the Cebuano word also uses "u" in its last syllable or its last letter. album bonus krus menu asul baul (chest, trunk) birtud kawkus korum kopun espiritu isyu memorandum reperendum segun tribu b. Letter “o” is retained if "o" is used in the first syllable of foreign or borrowed word. aporo bola bolkan bolsa bomba (bomb) botante boto(vote) komusta kosina kota (quota) koto (limit) dosis mota obra ostiya pobre polis politika pondo porma sobre solitaryo tokador tomar tonto toril tornilyo toro torpedo torta tortilyas tostado Exception: If the foreign word, espcially Spanish, has similar English equivalent, the vowel of the first syllable may be "u" instead of "o." bomba boton corriente kortina cruz droga fondo sorpresa sostener sostento sospecha pump bumba button butones current kuryente curtain kurtina crux (also cross) krus drug druga fund pundo surprise surprisa sustain sustener support sustento suspect suspetsa k. Letter “o” is retained on affixed root words: abo bungtod buot handom hayop igso libot lungsod sangpot sugo tinuod tuno - abohan kabungtoran kabuotan handomanan kahayopan igsoon kalibotan kalungsoran sangpotanan sulugoon matinuoron tinunoan 5. U -- a. Letter “u” is used in the first syllable of the words with phonetic sound "o" or of words with similar phonetic sound. bituon buang bug-at buhat bungtod dalunggan hinuon mug-ot taudtaod ugat bungi buot kuto dugho haruhay hinunoa lahutay lungag lungis salumsom salagunting tarurot tuhoy tumong turutot ungot upaw yungit b. There are some loaned words where "u" is used instead of "o." colchon corazonada golpe horma hormiga polvo polvora polvoron postizo romper - kutson kursonada gulpi hulma hulmigas pulbos pulbora pulboron pustiso rumpi c. “U” is used on repeated syllable. buhat puhonan buhis sulat hukngay tudlo hukom tuon - magbubuhat magpupuhonan magbubuhis magsusulat maghuhukngay magtutudlo maghuhukom magtutuon d. "U" is used in apocopes having two or more syllables without the use of an aportrophe. bulong kulong dulog dulot gulot hulog pulong sulod sulog sulong tulod tulog - bung kung dug dut gut hug pung sud sug sung tud tug 6. U and O -- a. The sequence of "u" and "o" is used when the word has two separate phonetic sound of "o". bituon kaguol guod guot matuod puol tinuod tuok suod tuod suol tuon b. The sequence of “u” and “o” is likewise used in words with syllables of the same phonetic sound. bugsok kulon lusok bulong dulog putot butong bus-ok gutom lugod tukmod tusok Exception: When the word is a noun, it need not be changed, as title of nobility, name of person, place, or thing. Ginoo Looc Sogod Marioone Booc Bonbon Pook Poog Colon Bontoc Maribojoc Pollock c. "U” and “o” are also for rootwords used repeatedly with two syllables. bukbok bunbon dukdok hulhol hushos luklok pukpok sumsom suksok tuktok tugtog tungtong d. “U” and “o” are likewise used in repeated rootwoods showing repeated action, names of plants, insects, or animals, similar or imitated things, etc. Hyphen need not be used. buot duog guot hubo hubog humok lukso pugong putol tuyok tulog udto - buotbuot duogduog guotguot hubohubo huboghubog humokhumok luksolukso pugongpugong putolputol tuyoktuyok tulogtulog udtoudto N.B: Hyphen may only be used when the word becomes confusing. ulhos ulhosulhos ulhos-ulhos e. The sequence of “u” and “o” is used on repeated word having two or more syllables, but not rootwood, which refers to a noun. balungbalong (shanty) bukubuko (back) bukungbukong (kneecap) dakudako (foreman) habuhabo (drizzle) luyuluyo (assistant) pakupako(latisimus dorsis) palupalo(washbat) bahugbahog (battle) lamuklamok (brawl) -----------------------------------------On the Making of an English-Cebuano Visayan Dictionary Mayor Adelino B. Sitoy President, Akademiyang Bisaya,Cebu City External Vice President, League of Municipalities of the Philippines, Cebu Chapter Municipality of Cordova Cordova, Cebu 6017 Tel No. (032) 238-5096 cordovatourism@yahoo.com Our first step was the formation on July 26, 1995 of a duly registered Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters Foundation, Inc. (changed to AKADEMIYANG BISAYA on April 22, 2009) which is a non-stock, non-profit and non-sectoral corporation. Its primary purposes are: (1) to preserve and develop the Visayan-Cebuano language and culture; (2) to encourage the adherence to such language and culture by the Visayans; (3) to work for the teaching of the Cebuano-Visayan language in the Visayan-speaking areas; and (4) to undertake projects to achieve the foregoing objectives. The original founders of the Akademiya: Adelino B. Sitoy (LUDABI) Estanislao T. Empinado (LUDABI) Jesus F. Estaño (LUDABI) Winefredo M. L. Seco (+) (BATHALAD) Alex A. Abellana (Puting Dagagan) Jorge E. Alcoseba (Free Lancer) Antonio Ml Allego (BATHALAD) Anatolio Cardente (SUKNA) Lamberto Ceballos (BATHALAD) Quirino L. de Gracia (Puting Dagagan) Cesar P. Kilaton, Jr. (Dagang Foundation) Carlos C. Rusiana (+) (Puting Dagagan) Lorenzo M. dela Serna (Ang Sugbuanon) Marianita U. Mangubat (LUDABI) Imelda J. Perez (LUDABI) Jes B. Tirol (LUDABI) Except for one free lancer, the original organizers came from the different organizations of Cebuano-Visayan writers such as the Lubas sa Dagang Bisaya (LUDABI), Bathalad-ong Halad sa Dagang (BATHALAD), Puting Dagang, Dagang Foundation, and Ang Sugbuanon. Atty. Adelino B. Sitoy, Akademiya President, was four-time President of Lubas sa Dagang Bisaya (LUDABI). The first Chairman of its Board of Directors was the late Atty. Jesus P. Garcia, Sr., himself a consummate lover of the Cebuano-Visayan language, who was also the Board Chairman of SUNSTAR DAILY. To the Akademiya, Chairman Garcia was God-given because SUNSTAR DAILY has a printing facility. Days before his demise, he kept repeating his wish that the Akademiya’s first project, the English-Cebuano Visayan dictionary, be completed and printed. Years back, he prematurely ordered SUNSTAR DAILY to purchase a costly kind of paper (Bible class) which unfortunately became moldy and non-usable when the dictionary was ready for printing. Even before the Akademiya’s incorporation, meetings were already held towards its formation. The first one took place in 1994 at the City Hall of Cebu City with the blessings of Mayor Tomas R. Osmeña and Vice-Mayor Alvin B. Garcia. Twenty Visayan-Cebuano writers attended it. It was agreed that an Akademiya be organized with members from all the Cebuano-Visayan writers’ organizations in the Visayas and Mindanao. The ultimate objective was to be able to put up a comprehensive English-Visayan Cebuano dictionary. Elected President Atty. Adelino B. Sitoy was responsible for the incorporation of the organization first known as the Visayan Academy of Arts and Letters Foundation (Akademiyang Bisaya). During the incorporation process, Atty. Sitoy thought of including as members of the Board such Cebuano big names as Gov. Lito Osmeña, Cebu City Congressmen Antonio Cuenco, Raul del Mar, businessman Joseph Gaisano and Sunstar Board Chairman Jesus Garcia, Sr. for his support of the operation of the Foundation. After the incorporation, the Akademiya started to hold weekly and monthly meetings. Writers from Cayagan de Oro City and Iligan City went out of their way to attend the meetings in Cebu City. But later, attendance dwindled. So, it was decided to request Atty. Cesar Kilaton, Jr. and Mr. Rogelio S. Pono to focus on the project until its completion. Luckily, they agreed. Meantime, Atty. Sitoy had to shoulder the necessary expenses himself. In the course of the operation, the City of Cebu also provided some financial assistance. Rep. Cuenco also allotted funds for the project. Chairman Garcia assisted too. But the bulk of the expenses were shouldered by Atty. Sitoy. The dictionary Editorial staff was composed of: Atty. Adelino B. Sitoy - President and Managing Editor, Atty. Cesar P. Kilaton, Jr. – Executive Editor, Rogelio S. Pono – Associate Editor, Gumer M. Rafanan, Alex A. Abellana, Jesus F. Estaño (+) 2000, Estanislao T. Empinado, Imelda J. Perez and Marianita U. Mangubat – Research Editors and Ma. Chona S. Maestrado – Secretary. The Akademiya President, Adelino Sitoy, was Dean of the College of Law, University of Cebu-Banilad, Cebu City. He was Assemblyman for Cebu province when the regular Batasang Pambansa was organized. “Addy”, as he is fondly called, obtained his Bachelor of Laws Degree (Ll.B.) from the University of San Carlos, Cebu City, in 1960 – cum laude. He finished his Master of Laws Degree (Ll.M.) in the University of Southern Philippines, Cebu City, in 1969 with a rating of “Excellent” in thesis writing. His examiners were former Senate President Jovito Salonga, former Supreme Court Chief Justice (former Senate President) Marcelo B. Fernan, and former Mayor Ronald Duterte of Cebu City. He was Press Secretary to Hon. Jose L. Briones, Governor of Cebu, in 1961. During his student days, he was Editor of several student publications such as, the Light of Lapu-lapu, official publication of Abellana National School, Cebu City; Sudents Catholic Action Newsletter; The Students Courier, Cebu Daily News supplement; The Lower Case, Journalism Class publication, University of San Carlos; The Carolinian, official publication, University of San Carlos; and the YOL Courier [the youth’s political organ of Serging Osmeña in Cebu). Cesar P. Kilaton, Jr. was a professor in business law of the University of San Carlos, Cebu City. This year, he received an Outstanding Alumnus award from the University of the Visayas, Cebu City, his alma mater. A prize-winning pen-pusher, he writes short stories, poems, articles, essays, dramas and novels. His novel entitled “Kon Maantigong Moantos Ang Kasingkasing” was best seller among pocket books printed by ABC Publications. His English poems included anthologies of the different publications outside of the Philippines. He is a member of the International Society of Poets, U.S.A. He is one of the founders of the Dagang Foundation, Inc., a non-stock corporation or group of writers coming from Cebu City. He is the Chairman of its Board of Trustees since 1992 until now. He wrote the hymn titled “Dagang” for the Foundation including its musical notes. Atty. Kilaton, Jr. translated the New Testament of the Bible into Binisaya headed by Mons. Patricio Alo, Bishop of Mati, Davao in cooperation with Pauline Publications, Cebu City. One of his novels is serialized in the “Ang Lungsoranon”, the official organ of the Archdiocese of Cebu. While working on the dictionary, he wrote the Visayan-Cebuano Grammar presently adopted by Akademiyang Bisaya. Rogelio S. Pono is a short story writer, poet and novelist. He worked before in the Department of Public Information, now the Philippine Information Agency. He was once the President of BATHALAD. Pono was an Editorial Assistant of Southern Outlook, Associate Editor of Bantayan sa Hari, and Editor of Tubod ug Kahayag Newsletter, Sugid, Hiyas and Kaliwat magazines. His works were published in different magazines and newspapers and even books like MGA KATITIKANONG ANI, WAGAS BULAWANONG ANI ’88, SUGBUANONG BALAK (1940-1988), LUBASAN, SANGGI, LUNHAWNG HANGIN, KALIRING and ABC PUBLICATIONS (love novels). He was the 1994 Writing Grand Awardee for short story in the Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) and the 1994 Writer of the Year in Dr. Leonardo C. Malalis Writer of the Year-BATHALAD AWARD. His awards include the following: first prizes: 1 novel, 2 short stories, 1 article, 2 poems; second prizes: 3 short stories, 5 poems, 1 script writing, 1 short short story, 3 articles; and third prizes: 3 essays, 1 script writing, 1 short novel, 4 short stories, 4 poems and 1 article. He wrote six novels that were published in Bisaya magazine and 12 love novels in ABS Publications. The dictionary consists of 1,214 pages and 66,000 words. It was formally launched by Cebu Gov. Gwendolyn F. Garcia at the Capitol Social Hall on May 7, 2009 in the presence of provincial officials and Cebu’s town Mayors and other invited guests. Kilaton, Jr., in a separate paper, explains how to use the English-Visayan Cebuano dictionary. Meanwhile, the newly recognized AKADEMIYANG BISAYA was formally launched on October 17, 2009 at Parklane Hotel under the leadership of its new Chairman, Atty. Jesus B. Garcia, Jr. (former Secretary, Department of Transportation and Communication, during President Fidel V. Ramos’ time). The Akademiya’s next project: to assist the DepEd in its implementation of Department Order No. 74 of the Secretary of Education which directs the use of regional languages as bridges in the teaching of subjects in the preparatory schools, Grades I, II and III.
