Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides – bacteriocidal in action, by inhibiting protein synthesis
in strains of gram-negative bacteria, therefore destabilizing the cell
membrane. Side effects include auditory nerve damage, tinnitus, deafness,
renal toxicity.
Amikacin
Gentamicin
Streptomycin
Tobramycin
Kanamycin
Neomycin
Cephalosporins (Cef.......) – bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic, prevent cell
wall stability when the bacteria divide. Side effects include cross-sensitivity
to a person who is allergic to penicillin, GI effects, and nephrotoxicity.
cefaclor
cefazolin
cefditoren
cefotaxime
cefoxitin
cefpoxidime
ceftibuten
cefuroxime
cefhapirin
cefadroxil
cefdinir
cefepime
cefotetan
ceftazadime
cefprozil
ceftriaxone
cefhalexin
lorcarbef
Flouriquinolones – bactericidal, by interfering with DNA enzymes
necessary for bacterial reproduction. Side effects include GI distress,
inhibiting bone growth, and neurotoxicity with CNS symptoms, i.e. lowers
the seizure threshold.
ciprofloxacin
gemifloxicin
lomefloxacin
norfloxacin
sparfloxacin
gatifloxacin
levofloxacin
moxifloxacin
ofloxacin
trovafloxacin
Macrolides – interfere with protein synthesis in bacteria. Side effects
include GI distress, and pseudomembranous colitis, and neurotoxicity with
CNS symptoms.
erythromycin
azithromycin
clarithromycin
dirithromycin
Lincosamides – similar to macrolides but more toxic. Side effects include
bone marrow depression and pain, and toxic colitis
clindamycin and lincomycin – used for resistant organisms
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Monobactam Antibiotics – disrupts the cell wall and causes cell death by
leakage. Side effects include GI distress, hepatic enzyme elevation, allergic
response to someone who is anaphylactic to penicillins.
aztreonam
Penicillins (....cin’s) – Bactericidal by interfering with bacterial cell wall
reproduction. Side effects include GI distress, sore mouth, furry tongue,
rash, anaphylaxis.
amoxicillin
carbenicillin
PCN-G – potassium
PCN – V
pipercillin
ampicillin
PCN –G –benthazine
PCN –G – procaine
ticarcillin
Penicillinase Resistant Antibiotics –bactericidal by same mechanisms but
better fit for drug resistant organisms that produce penicillinase.
dicloxicillin
nafcillin
oxacillin
Sulfonamides – bacteriostatic byblocking PABA, thereby inhibiting folic
acid synthesis (which is necessary for replication of purines and
pyrimidines), precursors of RNA and DNA; becoming less used as bacteria
are becoming more resistant. Side effects are GI, rash, birth defects.
cotrimoxazole
sulfazadine
sulfasalazine
sulfasoxazole
sulfadiazine
Tetracyclines (....cline’s) - = “four rings”, bacteriocidal by inhibiting
protein synthesis. Side effects; disturbed bone and tooth growth, enamel
formation, GI effects, and hepatic toxicity. Wide-spectrum antibiotics
demeclocycline
minocycline
tetracycline
doxycycline
oxytetracycline
Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics – bactericidal by DNA inhibition
Anti-Tuberculosis drugs – need to be used for at least six months to 2 years
to be effective. This is because mycobacterium take so long to grow and replicate.
capreomycin
cycloserine
ethambutol
ethionamide
isoniazid (INH)
pyrazinamide
rifampin - + INH = liver toxicity
rifapentine
streptomycin – common anaphylaxis after the first dose has sensitized the pt.
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Anti-mycobacterial antibiotics – bactericidal and bacteriostatic
Leprostatic Drugs – antibiotics used to treat leprosy and other skin diseases
dapsone – used for PCP pneumonia, leprosy, skin infections, and recluse bites.
clofazimine – used for dapsone - resistant leprosy
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