ADDITIONAL READINGS ON HUMAN RELATIONS GROUPS
A. Human Relations Group Processes
Adler, N. E., & Goleman, D. (1975). Goal setting, T-group participation, and self-rated
change: An experimental study. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 11, 197-208.
Anderson, C., & Slocum, J. W. (1973). Personality traits and their impact on T-group training
success. Training & Development Journal, 27, 18-25.
Anderson, J. D. (1975). Human relations training and group work. Social Work, 20(3), 195199.
Anderson, J. D. (1978). Growth groups and alienation: A comparative study of Rogerian
encounter, self-directed encounter, and gestalt. Group and Organization Studies, 3, 85107.
Bates, B., & Goodman, A. (1986). The effectiveness of encounter groups: Implications of
research for counselling practice. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 14, 240251.
Bean, B. W., & Houston, B. K. (1978). Self-concept and self-disclosure in encounter groups.
Small Group Behavior, 9, 549-554.
Bennis, W. G., & Shepard, H. A. (1956). A theory of group development. Human
Relations, 9, 415-437.
Bion, W. R. (1948a). Experiences in groups (Part I). Human Relations, 1, 314-320.
Bion, W. R. (1948b). Experiences in groups (Part II). Human Relations, 1, 487-496.
Blumberg, A., & Golembiewski, R. T. (1976). Distinguishing features of the T-group. In A.
Blumberg & R. T. Golembiewski, Learning and change in groups (pp. 57-75).
Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin.
Braatan, L. J. (1974/1975). Developmental phases of encounter groups: A critical review of
models and a new proposal. Interpersonal Development, 75, 1144-1150.
Campbell, J. P., & Dunnette, M. D. (1968). Effectiveness of T-group experiences in
managerial training and development. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 73-104.
Casey, N. A., & Solomon, L. (1971). The effect of seating arrangement of T-group interaction
and sociometric choices. Interpersonal Development, 2, 9-20.
Cohen, A. M., & Smith, D. (1976). A theory of group growth and development. In A. M.
Cohen & D. Smith, The critical incident in growth groups (pp. 155-181). La Jolla, CA:
University Associates.
Cooper, C. L. (1972a). An attempt to assess the psychologically disturbing effects of T-group
training. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 342-345.
Cooper, C. L. (1972b). Coping with life stress after sensitivity training. Psychological
Reports, 31, 602.
Cooper, C. L. (1973). A bibliography of current encounter and T-group research: 1971-1973.
Interpersonal Development, 4, 65-68.
Cooper, C. L. (1975). How psychologically dangerous are T-groups and encounter groups?
Human Relations, 28, 249-260.
Cooper, C. L., & Kobayashi, K. (1976). Changes in self-actualization as a result of sensitivity
training in England and Japan. Small Group Behavior, 7, 387-396.
D’Augelli, A. R., Chinsky, J. M., & Getter, H. (1974). The effect of group composition and
duration on sensitivity training. Small Group Behavior, 5, 56-64.
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Davis, T. B., Frye, R. L., & Joure, S. (1975). Perceptions and behaviors of dogmatic subjects
in a T-group setting. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, 375-381.
DeJulio, S., Bentley, J., & Cockayne, T. (1979). Pregroup norm setting: Effects on encounter
group interaction. Small Group Behavior, 10, 368-388.
di Maco, N. (1973). T-group and workgroup climates and participants’ thoughts about
transfer. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 9, 757-764.
Faith, M. S., Wong, F. Y., & Carpenter, K. M. (1995). Group sensitivity training: Update,
meta-analysis, and recommendations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42, 390-399.
Ganzarain, R. (1974-1975). A psychoanalytic study of sensitivity training. Interpersonal
Development, 5, 60-70.
Gottschalk, L. A. (1966). Psychoanalytic notes on T-groups at the Human Relations
Laboratory, Bethel, Maine. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 7, 472-487.
Handlin, V., Breed, G., Noll, G., & Watkins, J. (1974). Encounter groups process as a
function of group length: The race toward confrontation, support, and living in the here
and now. Small Group Behavior, 5, 259-273.
Harrison, R. (1966). Cognitive change and participation in a sensitivity training laboratory.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 30, 517-520.
Hartley, D., Roback, H., & Abramowitz, S. (1976). Deterioration effects in encounter groups.
American Psychologist, 3, 247-255.
Highhouse, S. (2002). A history of the T-group and its early applications in management
development. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6, 277-290.
Hogan, D. B. (1974). Encounter groups and human relations training: The case against
applying traditional forms of statutory regulation. Harvard Journal of Legislation, 11,
659-701.
House, R. J. (1967). T-group education and leadership effectiveness: A review of the
empirical literature and a critical evaluation. Personnel Psychology, 20, 1-32.
Klingberg, H. E. (1973). An evaluation of sensitivity training effects on self-actualization,
purpose in life, and religious attitudes of theological students. Journal of Psychology and
Theology, 1(4), 31-39.
Levin, E. M., & Kurtz, R. R. (1974). Structured and nonstructured human relations training.
Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 526-531.
Lewis, P., Dawes, A. S., & Cheney, T. (1974). Effects of sensitivity training on beliefs in
internal control of interpersonal relationships. Psychotherapy Theory, Research and
Practice, 11, 282-284.
Lundgren, D., & Knight, D. J. (1978). Sequential stages of development in sensitivity training
groups. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 14, 204-222.
Lundgren, D. C., & Schaeffer, C. (1976). Feedback processes in sensitivity training groups.
Human Relations, 29, 763-782.
Mabry, E. A. (1975c). Sequential structure of interaction in encounter groups. Human
Communication Research, 1, 302-307.
Marks, M. W., & Vestre, N. D. (1974). Self-perception and interpersonal behavior changes in
marathon and time-extended encounter groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 42, 729-733.
Mitchell, R. R. (1975). Relationships between personal characteristics and change in
sensitivity training groups. Small Group Behavior, 6, 414-420.
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O’Banion, T., & O’Connell, A. (1970). The process of the human encounter group. In T.
O’Banion & A. O’Connell, The shared journey: An introduction to encounter (pp. 74100).
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Pan, P. J. D. (1998). A study on group effects, verbal interaction, and related factors of
volunteer human relations groups. Journal for Chinese Association of Mental Hygiene,
11, 29-72.
Peters, J. (1973). Do encounter groups hurt people? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research &
Practice, 10, 33-35.
Reddy, W. B. (1972a). On affection, group composition, and self-actualization in sensitivity
training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 38, 211-214.
Reddy, W. B. (1972b). Interpersonal compatibility and self-actualization in sensitivity
training. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 8, 1-5.
Reddy, W. B. (1973). The impact of sensitivity training on self-actualization: A one-year
follow-up. Small Group Behavior, 4, 407-413.
Reddy, W. B., & Beers, T. (1977). Sensitivity training . . . and the healthy become selfactualized. Small Group Behavior, 8, 525-532.
Shambaugh, P. W. (1985). The mythic structure of Bion’s groups. Human Relations, 38, 937951.
Smith, P. B. (1964). Attitude change associated with training in human relations. British
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3, 104-112.
Smith, P. B. (1975). Controlled studies of the outcome of sensitivity training. Psychological
Bulletin, 82, 597-622.
Smith, P. B. (1976a). Social influence processes and the outcome of sensitivity training.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1087-1094.
Smith, P. B. (1976b). Sources of influence in the sensitivity training laboratory. Small Group
Behavior, 7, 331-348.
Tindall, J. (1979). Time-limited and time-extended encounter groups: Descriptive stage
development. Small Group Behavior, 10, 402-413.
Walker, D. N. (1975). A dyadic interaction model for nonverbal touching behavior in
encounter groups. Small Group Behavior, 6, 308-324.
Weigel, R. G. (2002). The marathon encounter group—Vision and reality: Exhuming the
body for a last look. Counseling Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 54, 186298.
White, K. R. (1974). T-groups revisited: Self-concept change and the “fishbowling”
technique. Small Group Behavior, 5, 473-485.
Wilson, J. E., Mullen, D. P., & Morton, R. B. (1968). Sensitivity training for individual
growth: Team training for organizational development? Training and Development
Journal, 47-53.
Wimer, S., & Derlega, V. J. (1983). Attributions in T-groups: A test of Kelly’s ANOVA
model. Small Group Behavior, 14, 50-62.
B. Facilitation of Human Relations
Bolman, L. (1971). Some effects of trainers on their T-groups. Journal of Applied Behavioral
Science, 7, 309-325.
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Boyd, R. D. (1990). An approach to facilitating personal transformations in small groups.
Small Group Research, 21, 522-537.
Culbert, S. A. (1968). Trainer self-disclosure and member growth in two T-groups. Journal of
Applied Behavioral Science, 4, 47-73.
Golden, Jr., W. P. (1972). On becoming a trainer. In W. G. Dyer (Ed.), Modern theory
and method in group training (pp. 3-29). New York: Van Nostrand.
Hurley, J. R. (1975). “Some effects of trainers on their T groups” reconsidered. Journal of
Applied Behavioral Science, 11, 190-196.
Hurley, J. R. (1976). Two prepotent interpersonal dimensions and the effects of trainers on Tgroups. Small Group Behavior, 7, 77-98.
Larkin, M., & Costanzo, P. R. (1975). The leader and the experiential group. In C. L. Cooper
(Ed.), Theories of group processes (pp. 205-234). London: John Wiley.
Lieberman, M. A., Yalom, I. D., & Miles, M. B. (1973). The leaders: Their behavior and
impact. In M. A. Lieberman, I. D. Yalom & M. B. Miles, Encounter groups: First facts
(pp. 226-267). New York: Basic Books.
Lundgren, D. C. (1971). Trainer style and patterns of group development. Journal of Applied
Behavioral Science, 7, 689-709.
Lundgren, D. C. (1974). Trainer-member influence in T groups: One-way or two-way?
Human Relations, 27, 755-766.
Lundgren, D. C. (1975). Interpersonal needs and member attitudes toward trainer and group.
Small Group Behavior, 6, 371-388.
Lundgren, D., & Knight, D. J. (1974b). Leadership styles and member attitudes in T groups.
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1, 263-266.
Lundgren, D., & Knight, D. (1977). Trainer styles and member attitudes in T groups. Small
Group Behavior, 8, 47-64.
Lundberg, C., & Lundberg, J. (1974). Encounter co-training: Benefits and pitfalls. Training
and Development Journal, 28(10), 20-26.
Mangham, I. (1977). Definitions, interactions, and disengagement: Notes towards a theory of
intervention processes in T-groups. Small Group Behavior, 8, 487-510.
Mann, R. D. (1966). The development of member and member-trainer relationships in selfanalytic groups. Human Relations, 19, 85-115.
O’Banion, T., & O’Connell, A. (1970). Styles of leadership. In T. O’Banion & A. O’Connell,
The shared journey: An introduction to encounter (pp. 140-170). Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Seldman, M. L., McBrearty, J. F., & Seldman, S. L. (1974). Deification of marathon
encounter group leaders. Small Group Behavior, 5, 80-91.
Shapiro, R. J., & Klein, R. H. (1975). Perceptions of leaders in an encounter group. Small
Group Behavior, 6, 238-248.
Tannenbaum, R. E., Wescheler, I. R., & Massarik, F. (1970). The role of the trainer.
Reprinted in R. T. Golembiewski & A. Blumberg (Eds.), Sensitivity training and the
laboratory approach (pp. 139-140). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
Weinstein, M. S., & Hanson, R. (1975). Leader experience level and patterns of participation
in sensitivity training groups. Small Group Behavior, 6, 123-140.