Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Pathogen
E. coli O157:H7
Source
wildlife
Location
U.S., California
Prevalence and levels
1.16% of 3,202 samples positive
non-O157 STEC
wildlife
U.S., California
7.37% of 3,202 samples positive
Salmonella
turtles
(Trachemys
scripta elegans)
turtles (Emys
orbicularis)
Spain, eastern
15.0% of 83 samples were positive
Spain, eastern
8.0% of 83 samples were positive
turtles
(Trachemys
scripta elegans)
turtles (Emys
orbicularis)
Spain, eastern
0.0% of 83 samples were positive
Spain, eastern
0.0% of 83 samples were positive
S. enterica
gulls
U.S., eastern shore
of Virginia
17.2% of 360 fecal samples
22 serotypes and 26 PFGE DNA fingerprint patterns,
including S. Newport pattern 61, were identified.
E. coli O157:H7
rodents
U.S., California
agricultural farms
0.2% of 1,043 samples were positive
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Campylobacter
Cryptosporidium
spp.
S. enterica
S. enterica
Salmonella
rodents
rodents
rodents
amphibians
U.S., California
agricultural farms
U.S., California
agricultural farms
U.S., California
agricultural farms
Spain
Deer mice were the most abundant rodent species
trapped (72.5%)
26.0% of 285 samples were positive
Deer mice were the most abundant rodent species
trapped (72.5%)
24.2% of 285 samples were positive
Deer mice were the most abundant rodent species
trapped (72.5%)
2.9% of 1,043 samples were positive
Deer mice were the most abundant rodent species
trapped (72.5%)
0% of 72 amphibian samples were positive
Reference
Cooley, M.B., M. Jay-Russell, E.R. Atwill, D. Carychao, K. Nguyen, B.
Quiñones, R. Patel, S. Walker, M. Swimley, E. Pierre-Jerome, A.G.
Gordus, and R.E. Mandrell. 2013. Development of a robust method for
isolation of Shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from fecal,
plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in
California. PLoS One 8:e65716.
Cooley, M.B., M. Jay-Russell, E.R. Atwill, D. Carychao, K. Nguyen, B.
Quiñones, R. Patel, S. Walker, M. Swimley, E. Pierre-Jerome, A.G.
Gordus, and R.E. Mandrell. 2013. Development of a robust method for
isolation of Shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) from fecal,
plant, soil and water samples from a leafy greens production region in
California. PLoS One 8:e65716.
Marin, C., S. Ingresa-Capaccioni, S. González-Bodi, F. Marco-Jiménez,
and S. Vega. 2013. Free-living turtles are a reservoir for Salmonella but
not for Campylobacter. PLoS One 8:E72350.
Marin, C., S. Ingresa-Capaccioni, S. González-Bodi, F. Marco-Jiménez,
and S. Vega. 2013. Free-living turtles are a reservoir for Salmonella but
not for Campylobacter. PLoS One 8:E72350.
Marin, C., S. Ingresa-Capaccioni, S. González-Bodi, F. Marco-Jiménez,
and S. Vega. 2013. Free-living turtles are a reservoir for Salmonella but
not for Campylobacter. PLoS One 8:E72350.
Marin, C., S. Ingresa-Capaccioni, S. González-Bodi, F. Marco-Jiménez,
and S. Vega. 2013. Free-living turtles are a reservoir for Salmonella but
not for Campylobacter. PLoS One 8:E72350.
Gruszynski, K., S. Pao, C. Kim, D.M. Toney, K. Wright, A. Colón, T.
Engelmeyer, and S.J. Levine. 2014. Evaluating gulls as potential
vehicles of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport (JJPX01.0061)
contamination of tomatoes grown on the Eastern shore of Virginia.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80:235-238.
Kilonzo, C., X. Li, E.J. Vivas, M.T. Jay-Russell, K.L. Fernandez, E.R.
Atwill. 2013. Fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild
rodents in a major agricultural region of the Central California coast.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:6337-6344.
Kilonzo, C., X. Li, E.J. Vivas, M.T. Jay-Russell, K.L. Fernandez, E.R.
Atwill. 2013. Fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild
rodents in a major agricultural region of the Central California coast.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:6337-6344.
Kilonzo, C., X. Li, E.J. Vivas, M.T. Jay-Russell, K.L. Fernandez, E.R.
Atwill. 2013. Fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild
rodents in a major agricultural region of the Central California coast.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:6337-6344.
Kilonzo, C., X. Li, E.J. Vivas, M.T. Jay-Russell, K.L. Fernandez, E.R.
Atwill. 2013. Fecal shedding of zoonotic food-borne pathogens by wild
rodents in a major agricultural region of the Central California coast.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 79:6337-6344.
Briones, V., Téllez, J. Goyache, C. Ballesteros, M. del Pilar Lanzarot,
L.Domínguez, and J.F. Fernández-Garayzábal. 2004. Salmonella
diversity associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in Spain.
Environ. Microbiol. 6:868-871.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 1
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Salmonella
reptiles
Spain
Salmonella
dog feces
Italy
41.5% of 94 reptile samples were positive
Subspecies Salmonella enterica enterica accounted for
up to 50% of isolates. Serotypes Anatum, Herzliya,
Abony, were the most frequently isolated.
0% of 418 samples were positive
E. coli O157
mice, wood
droppings
Czech Republic
0% of 7 samples positive
E. coli O157
pigeons and
sparrows,
domestic
Czech Republic
0% of 70 samples positive
E. coli O157
Rat colons
Czech Republic
40% of 10 samples positive
Campylobacter
ducks, Mallard,
wild
U.K.
9.2-52.2% of fecal samples collected on five sampling
occasions (60-100 wild ducks had been observed at
location prior to sampling)
Salmonella
raccoons, feces
U.S., Pennsylvania
Only one isolate of the 47 serotypes of Campylobacter
recovered were commonly associated with human
disease.
7.4% of 738 samples were positive
7.8% of 128 samples from rural areas were positive
8.7% of 332 samples from forested areas were positive
5.7% of 278 samples from suburban areas were positive
0% of 1 sample positive
Clostridium
perfringens
deer, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
Clostridium
perfringens
duck, wood,
feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
44.4% of 9 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
fox, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
100% of 1 sample positive
Clostridium
perfringens
goat, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
100% of 5 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
kangaroo, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
9.1% of 11 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
pig, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 5 samples positive
Briones, V., Téllez, J. Goyache, C. Ballesteros, M. del Pilar Lanzarot,
L.Domínguez, and J.F. Fernández-Garayzábal. 2004. Salmonella
diversity associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in Spain.
Environ. Microbiol. 6:868-871.
Cinquepalmi, V., R. Monno, L. Fumarola, G. Ventrella, C. Calia, M.F.
Greco, D. de Vito, and L. Soleo. 2013. Environmental contamination by
dog feces: A public health problem? Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Hlth.
10:72-84.
Čížek, A., P. Alexa, I. Literák, J. Hamřík, P. Novák, and J. Smola.
1999. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle and
Norwegian rats from a large-scale farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28:435439.
Čížek, A., P. Alexa, I. Literák, J. Hamřík, P. Novák, and J. Smola.
1999. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle and
Norwegian rats from a large-scale farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28:435439.
Čížek, A., P. Alexa, I. Literák, J. Hamřík, P. Novák, and J. Smola.
1999. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in feedlot cattle and
Norwegian rats from a large-scale farm. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 28:435439.
Colles, F.M., J.S. Ali, S.K. Sheppard, N.D. McCarthy, and M.C.J.
Maiden. 2011. Campylobacter populations in wild and domesticated
Mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 3:574580.
Compton, J.A., J.A. Baney, S.C. Donaldson, B.A. Houser, G.J. San
Julian, R.H. Yahner, W. Chmielecki, S. Reynolds, and B.M. Jayarao.
2008. Salmonella infections in the common raccoon (Procyon lotor) in
Western Pennsylvania. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46:3084-3086.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 2
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Clostridium
perfringens
platypus, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 11 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
possum,
brushtail, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 2 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
rabbit, feral,
feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 4 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
rat, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 5 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
wallaby, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 10 samples positive
Clostridium
perfringens
wombat, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
28.6% of 7 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
deer, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
100% of 1 sample positive
Cryptosporidium
duck, wood,
feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 9 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
goat, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 3 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
kangaroo, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
36.4% of 11 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
pig, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 5 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
platypus, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 6 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
possum,
brushtail, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
100% of 2 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
rabbit, feral,
feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
50% of 2 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
rat, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 4 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
wallaby, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 10 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
wombat, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 5 samples positive
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 3
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Giardia
deer, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 1 sample positive
Giardia
duck, wood,
feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
44.4% of 9 samples positive
Giardia
fox, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
100% of 1 sample positive
Giardia
goat, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 3 samples positive
Giardia
kangaroo, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 11 samples positive
Giardia
pig, feral, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 5 samples positive
Giardia
platypus, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 6 samples positive
Giardia
possum,
brushtail, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 2 samples positive
Giardia
rabbit, feral,
feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 2 samples positive
Giardia
rat, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 4 samples positive
Giardia
wallaby, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 10 samples positive
Giardia
wombat, feces
Australia, Sydney
watersheds
0% of 5 samples positive
E. coli, STEC
deer, red and roe
feces
Germany
70% and 73% of 30 samples each were positive for red
deer and roe deer, respectively.
Salmonella
enterica
birds, feces or
cloaca
U.S., California
6.6% of 105 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
blackbird, feces
U.S., California
0% of 57 samples were positive
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Cox, P., M. Griffith, M. Angles, D. Deere, and C. Ferguson. 2005.
Concentrations of pathogens and indicators in animal feces in the
Sydney watershed. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5929-5934.
Eggert, M., E. Stüber, M. Heurich, M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Y.
Burgos, L. Beutin, and E. Märtlbauer. 2013. Detection and
characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in faeces and
lymphatic tissue of free-ranging deer. Epidemiol. Infection. 141:251259.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 4
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Salmonella
enterica
coyote, feces
U.S., California
5% of 40 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
deer, feces
U.S., California
1.9% of 104 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
elk, feces
U.S., California
2.6% of 39 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
geese, feces
U.S., California
0% of 17 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
junco, feces
U.S., California
0% of 2 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
mallard, feces
U.S., California
0% of 3 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
mouse, feces
U.S., California
0% of 24 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
pig, wild, feces
U.S., California
2.4% of 41 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
rabbit, feces
U.S., California
0% of 57 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
raccoon, feces
U.S., California
0% of 2 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
skunk, feces
U.S., California
30.7% of 13 samples were positive
Salmonella
enterica
squirrel, feces
U.S., California
0% of 28 samples were positive
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 5
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Salmonella
enterica
titmouse, feces
U.S., California
0% of 1 sample was positive
Salmonella
enterica
warbler, feces
U.S., California
0% of 1 sample was positive
Salmonella
enterica
woodpecker,
feces
U.S., California
0% of 1 sample was positive
Cryptosporidium
pigs, feral
Australia, west
0.3% of 292 samples were positive
Giardia
pigs, feral
Australia, west
1.7% of 292 samples were positive
E. coli O157:H7
bird feces
collected from
cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
0.5% of 200 pooled samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
cat feces
collected from
cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
0% of 33 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
dog feces
collected from
cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
3.1% of 65 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
flies collected
from cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
3.3% of 60 pooled samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
rodents collected
from cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
0% of 300 samples positive
E. coli O157:H7
wildlife, misc.
feces collected
from cattle farm
U.S., Northwest
0% of 34 pooled samples
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Gorski, L, C.T. Parker, A. Liang, M.B. Cooley, T.M. Jay-Russell, A.G.
Gordus, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2011. Prevalence, distribution,
and diversity of Salmonella enterica in a major produce region of
California. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:2734-2748.
Hampton, J., P.B.S. Spencer, A.D. Elliot, and R.C.A. Thompson. 2006.
Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens from feral pigs in major public
drinking water catchments in Western Australia. EcoHealth 3:103-108.
Hampton, J., P.B.S. Spencer, A.D. Elliot, and R.C.A. Thompson. 2006.
Prevalence of zoonotic pathogens from feral pigs in major public
drinking water catchments in Western Australia. EcoHealth 3:103-108.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Hancock, D.D., T.E. Besser, D.H. Rice, E.D. Ebel, D.E. Herriott, and
L.V. Carpenter. 1998. Multiple sources of Escherichia coli O157 in
feedlots and dairy farms in the Northwestern USA. Prev. Vet. Med.
35:11-19.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 6
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Salmonella
enteritidis
mice and rats,
feces
U.S., Maine
16.2% of 715 mice and rat samples were positive for
Salmonella enteritidis. On contaminated farms, 24.0%
of the mice were positive whereas on clean farms, S.
enteritidis was not detected in mice.
Henzler, D.J. and H.M. Opitz. 1992. The role of mice in the
epizootiology of Salmonella enteritidis infection on chicken layer farms.
Avian Dis. 36:625-631.
S. enteritidis concentrations in the feces of one mouse
yielded 2.3 x 105 CFU/fecal pellet.
Campylobacter
wildlife, feces
Netherlands
S. enteritidis persisted at least for 10 months in an
infected mouse population.
13.8% of 897 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
parvum
wildlife, feces
Netherlands
Of positive samples, 59.8% were recovered from
corvidae and 22.4% from meadow birds and waterfowl.
0% of 897 samples were positive
E. coli O157
wildlife, feces
Netherlands
0.5% of 897 samples were positive
Giardia lamblia
wildlife, feces
Netherlands
0.01% of 897 samples were positive
Salmonella
wildlife, feces
Netherlands
0.1% of 897 samples were positive
E. coli O157:H7
swine, feral,
feces
U.S., Central
California
14.9% of 87 samples were positive
Isolates from feral swine were matched to an outbreak
strain.
E. coli O157:H7
Campylobacter
spp.
Wildlife, feces
swine, feral
U.S., Central
California
U.S., California
0% of 26 samples were positive
Wildlife feces included coyote (n=1), deer (n=4), dog
(n=1), horse (n=2), sheep/goat (n=3), waterfowl (n=2),
unknown species (n=11) and owl (n=2)
40% of 30 feral swine gastrointestinal and oral cavity
specimens were positive.
Juveniles had a greater prevalence (54.5%) compared to
adults (31.6%)
Heuvelink, A.E., J.T.M. Zwarkruis, C. Van Heerwaarden, B. Arends,
V. Stortelder, and E. de Boer. 2008. Pathogenic bacteria and parasites
in wildlife and surface water. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
133:330-335.
Heuvelink, A.E., J.T.M. Zwarkruis, C. Van Heerwaarden, B. Arends,
V. Stortelder, and E. de Boer. 2008. Pathogenic bacteria and parasites
in wildlife and surface water. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
133:330-335.
Heuvelink, A.E., J.T.M. Zwarkruis, C. Van Heerwaarden, B. Arends,
V. Stortelder, and E. de Boer. 2008. Pathogenic bacteria and parasites
in wildlife and surface water. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
133:330-335.
Heuvelink, A.E., J.T.M. Zwarkruis, C. Van Heerwaarden, B. Arends,
V. Stortelder, and E. de Boer. 2008. Pathogenic bacteria and parasites
in wildlife and surface water. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
133:330-335.
Heuvelink, A.E., J.T.M. Zwarkruis, C. Van Heerwaarden, B. Arends,
V. Stortelder, and E. de Boer. 2008. Pathogenic bacteria and parasites
in wildlife and surface water. Tijdschrift Voor Diergeneeskunde
133:330-335.
Jay, M.T., M. Cooley, D. Carychao, G.W. Wiscomb, R.A. Sweitzer, L.
Crawford-Miksza, J.A. Farrar, D.K. Lau, J. O'Connell, A. Millington,
R.V. Asmundson, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2007. Escherichia
coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, Central
California coast. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:1908-1911.
Jay, M.T., M. Cooley, D. Carychao, G.W. Wiscomb, R.A. Sweitzer, L.
Crawford-Miksza, J.A. Farrar, D.K. Lau, J. O'Connell, A. Millington,
R.V. Asmundson, E.R. Atwill, and R.E. Mandrell. 2007. Escherichia
coli O157:H7 in feral swine near spinach fields and cattle, Central
California coast. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13:1908-1911.
Jay-Russell, M.T., A. Bates, L. Harden, W.G. Miller, and R.E.
Mandrell. 2012. Isolation of Campylobacter from feral swine (Sus
scrofa) on the ranch associated with the 2006 Escherichia coli O157:H7
spinach outbreak investigation in California. Zoonoses and Publ. Hlth.
More females had a greater prevalence (42.1%)
compared to males (36.4%).
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 7
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii
E. coli (EHEC)
Campylobacter
spp.
mouse, house, on
organic pig
farms, brain and
heart tissue
mouse, wood, on
organic pig
farms, brain and
heart tissue
rat, common, on
organic pig
farms, brain and
heart tissue
shrew, whitetoothed, on
organic pig
farms, brain and
heart tissue
geese, Canada,
feces
Netherlands
6.5% of 31 samples were positive
Kijlstra, A., B. Meerburg, J. Cornelissen, S. De Craeye, P. Vereijken,
and E. Jongert. 2008. The role of rodents and shrews in the
transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 156:183-190.
Netherlands
14.3% of 7 samples were positive
Kijlstra, A., B. Meerburg, J. Cornelissen, S. De Craeye, P. Vereijken,
and E. Jongert. 2008. The role of rodents and shrews in the
transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 156:183-190.
Netherlands
10.3% of 39 samples were positive
Kijlstra, A., B. Meerburg, J. Cornelissen, S. De Craeye, P. Vereijken,
and E. Jongert. 2008. The role of rodents and shrews in the
transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 156:183-190.
Netherlands
13.6% of 22 samples were positive
Kijlstra, A., B. Meerburg, J. Cornelissen, S. De Craeye, P. Vereijken,
and E. Jongert. 2008. The role of rodents and shrews in the
transmission of Toxoplasma gondii to pigs. Vet. Parasitol. 156:183-190.
U.S., Colorado
6.0% of 151 samples were positive
gull, California
Callifornia
45% of the 159 fecal samples were positive for
Campylobacter at the genus level.
Most campylobacters were novel and not closely related
to species commonly associated with human illness.
Kullas, H., M. Coles, J. Rhyan, and L. Clark. 2002. Prevalence of
Escherichia coli serogroups and human virulence factors in feces of
urban Canada geese (Branta canadensis). Int. J. Environ. Hlth. Res.
12:153-162.
Lu, J., H. Ryu, J.W. Santo Domingo, J.F. Griffith, and N. Ashbolt.
2011. Molecular detection of Campylobacter spp. in California gull
(Larus californicus) excreta. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:5034-5039.
STEC (Shiga
toxin-producing E.
coli)
boars, wild
Spain, northwest
C. jejuni and C. lari were detected in fewer than 2% of
the 159 isolates
8.4% of 262 samples were positive
STEC (Shiga
toxin-producing E.
coli)
deer, roe
Spain, northwest
53% of 179 samples were positive
STEC (Shiga
toxin-producing E.
coli)
foxes
Spain, northwest
1.9% of 260 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
deer feces
Australia
3.1% of 950 samples were positive
Mora, A., C. Løpez, G. Dhabi, A.M. Løpez-Beceiro, L.E. Fidalgo, E.D.
Díaz, C. Martínez-Carrasco, R. Mamani, A. Herrera, J.E. Blanco, M.
Blanco, and J. Blanco. 2012. Seropathotypes, phylogroups, Stx
subtypes, and intimin types of wildlife-carried, Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli strains with the same characteristics as humanpathogenic isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:2578-2585.
Mora, A., C. Løpez, G. Dhabi, A.M. Løpez-Beceiro, L.E. Fidalgo, E.D.
Díaz, C. Martínez-Carrasco, R. Mamani, A. Herrera, J.E. Blanco, M.
Blanco, and J. Blanco. 2012. Seropathotypes, phylogroups, Stx
subtypes, and intimin types of wildlife-carried, Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli strains with the same characteristics as humanpathogenic isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:2578-2585.
Mora, A., C. Løpez, G. Dhabi, A.M. Løpez-Beceiro, L.E. Fidalgo, E.D.
Díaz, C. Martínez-Carrasco, R. Mamani, A. Herrera, J.E. Blanco, M.
Blanco, and J. Blanco. 2012. Seropathotypes, phylogroups, Stx
subtypes, and intimin types of wildlife-carried, Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli strains with the same characteristics as humanpathogenic isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:2578-2585.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 8
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Cryptosporidium
rabbit feces
Australia
8.4% of 263 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
possum,
common
brushtail, feces
Australia
0% of 6 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
kangaroo,Eastern
grey, feces
Australia
2.5% of 485 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
water birds feces
Australia
0% of 29 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
fox feces
Australia
4.3% of 23 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
emu feces
Australia
0% of 8 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
dingo feces
Australia
0% of 1 sample were positive
Cryptosporidium
cat feces
Australia
0% of 4 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
dog feces
Australia
3.1% of 32 samples were positive
Giardia
deer feces
Australia
2.2% of 950 samples were positive
Giardia
rabbit feces
Australia
1.1% of 263 samples were positive
Giardia
possum,
common
brushtail, feces
Australia
0% of 6 samples were positive
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 9
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Giardia
kangaroo,
Eastern grey,
feces
Australia
6.6% of 485 samples were positive
Giardia
water birds feces
Australia
3.4% of 29 samples were positive
Giardia
fox feces
Australia
0% of 23 samples were positive
Giardia
emu feces
Australia
0% of 8 samples were positive
Giardia
dingo feces
Australia
0% of 1 sample was positive
Giardia
cat feces
Australia
0% of 4 samples were positive
Giardia
dog feces
Australia
3.1% of 32 samples were positive
Cryptosporidium
canids, wild
California, Central
coast
22.2% of 18 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
cats
California, Central
coast
10.8% of 74 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
dogs
California, Central
coast
1.1% of 182 samples positive
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Nolan, M.J., A.R. Jex, A.V. Koehler, S.R. Haydon, M.A. Stevens, and
R.B. Gasser. 2013. Molecular-based investigation of Cryptosporidium
and Giardia from animals in water catchments in southeastern
Australia. Water Res. 47:1726-1740.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
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Page 10
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Cryptosporidium
felids, wild
California, Central
coast
0% of 11 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
gulls
California, Central
coast
0% of 145 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
opossums
California, Central
coast
25% of 68 samples positive
Cryptosporidium
sea otters
California, Central
coast
1.0% of 103 samples positive
Giardia
canids, wild
California, Central
coast
38.9% of 18 samples positive
Giardia
cats
California, Central
coast
14.9% of 74 samples positive
Giardia
dogs
California, Central
coast
8.8% of 182 samples positive
Giardia
felids, wild
California, Central
coast
18.2% of 11 samples positive
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 11
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Giardia
gulls
California, Central
coast
2.1% of 145 samples positive
Giardia
opossums
California, Central
coast
14.7% of 68 samples positive
Giardia
sea otters
California, Central
coast
1.0% of 103 samples positive
Salmonella
enterica subsp.
Enterica
wildlife
Australia
Salmonella
deer, whitetailed, feces
U.S., Nebraska
Isolates recovered from Australian mammals or reptiles
could be members of either clade A or B. However,
isolates from reptiles were significantly overrepresented
in clade B. Of the 41 isolates recovered from reptiles,
33(80%) were members of clade B, while only 5 (33%)
of the15 isolates recovered from mammals were
assigned to clade B.
1% of 500 samples were positive
E. coli O157:H7
boars, wild.
feces
Spain, southwest
Serovars isolated (Litchfield, Dessau, Infantis, and
Enteritidis) are known to be pathogenic to humans and
animals.
3.3% of 212 samples were positive
non-O157 STEC
boars, wild,
feces
Spain, southwest
5.2% of 212 samples were positive
E. coli (VTEC)
rabbits, wild
U.K., Norfolk
15.5% of 129 samples were positive
Positive samples were only collected in summer and not
in late winter
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Oates, S.C., M.A. Miller, D. Hardin, P.A. Conrad, A. Melli, D.A.
Jessup, C. Dominik, A. Roug, M.T. Tinnker, and W.A. Miller. 2012.
Prevalence, environmental loading, and molecular characterization of
Cryptosporidium and Giardia isolates from domestic and wild animals
along the Central California coast. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78:87628772.
Parsons, S.K.. C.M. Bull, and D.M. Gordon. 2011. Substructure within
Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica isolates from Australian wildlife.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:3151-3153.
Renter, D.G., D.P. Gnad, J.M. Sargeant, and S.E. Hygnstrom. 2006.
Prevalence and serovars of Salmonella in the feces of free-ranging
white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Nebraska. J. Wildlife Dis.
42:699-703.
Sánchez, S., R. Martínez, A. García, D. Vidal, J. Blanco, M. Blanco,
J.E. Blanco, A. Mora, S. Herrera-León, A. Echeita, J.M. Alonso, and J.
Rey. 2010. Detection and characterization of O157:H7 and non-O157
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in wild boars. Vet. Microbiol.
143:420-423.
Sánchez, S., R. Martínez, A. García, D. Vidal, J. Blanco, M. Blanco,
J.E. Blanco, A. Mora, S. Herrera-León, A. Echeita, J.M. Alonso, and J.
Rey. 2010. Detection and characterization of O157:H7 and non-O157
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in wild boars. Vet. Microbiol.
143:420-423.
Scaife, H.R., D. Cowan, J. Finney, S.F. Kinghorn-Perry, and B. Crook.
2006. Wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) as potential carriers of
verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Vet. Rec. 159:175-178.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 12
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
Salmonella
birds, cloacal
swabs
Denmark
1.5% of 1285 samples were positive
Salmonella was detected in birds on farms carrying
Salmonella-positive production animals (more often
from cattle herds than pig herds) and only during the
periods when Salmonella was detected in the production
animals.
Salmonella
dogs and cats,
feces
Denmark
The following birds had positive samples: barn swallow
(1); blackbird (8); chaffinch (1); house sparrow (4); pied
wagtail (3); starling (1); Willow warbler (1); great tit
(1); Significantly associated with the food preferences
of the birds
6.5% of 46 samples were positive
Salmonella
rodents, feces
Denmark
2% of 135 samples were positive
Clostridium
difficile
pigs, feral, feces
U.S., North
Carolina
4.4% of 161 samples were positive
Salmonella
pigs, feral, feces
U.S., North
Carolina
5.0% of 161 samples were positive
Campylobacter
spp.
boars, wild
Switzerland
0% of 153 tonsil samples were positive
0% of 73 fecal samples were positive
Listeria
monocytogenes
boars, wild
Switzerland
26 (17%) of 153 tonsil samples were positive
1 (1%) of 73 fecal samples were positive
Salmonella spp.
boars, wild
Switzerland
L. monocytogenes strains belonged to serotypes 1/2a
(42%), 1/2b (19%), and 4b (38%).
19 (12%) of 153 tonsil samples were positive
0% of 73 fecal samples were positive
Most of the Salmonella spp. strains were of serotype
Salmonella Enteritidis (75%) followed by serotypes
Salmonella Stourbridge (13%) and Salmonella
Veneziana (13%).
14 (9%) of 153 tonsil samples were positive
0% of 73 fecal samples were positive
stx-positive
Escherichia coli
boars, wild
Switzerland
Yersinia
enterocolitica
boars, wild
Switzerland
53 (35%) of 153 tonsil samples were positive
4 (5%) of 73 fecal samples were positive
Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis
boars, wild
Switzerland
30 (20%) of 153 tonsil samples were positive
0% of 73 fecal samples were positive
Skov, M.N., J.J. Madsen, C. Rahbek, J. Lodal, J.B. Jespersen, J.C.
Jørgensen, H.H. Dietz, M. Chriél, and D.L. Baggesen. 2008.
Transmission of Salmonella between wildlife and meat-production
animals in Denmark. J. Appl. Microbiol. 105:1558-1568.
Skov, M.N., J.J. Madsen, C. Rahbek, J. Lodal, J.B. Jespersen, J.C.
Jørgensen, H.H. Dietz, M. Chriél, and D.L. Baggesen. 2008.
Transmission of Salmonella between wildlife and meat-production
animals in Denmark. J. Appl. Microbiol. 105:1558-1568.
Skov, M.N., J.J. Madsen, C. Rahbek, J. Lodal, J.B. Jespersen, J.C.
Jørgensen, H.H. Dietz, M. Chriél, and D.L. Baggesen. 2008.
Transmission of Salmonella between wildlife and meat-production
animals in Denmark. J. Appl. Microbiol. 105:1558-1568.
Thakur, S., M. Sandfoss, S. Kennedy-Stoskopf, and C.S. DePerno. 2011.
Detection of Clostridium difficile and Salmonella in feral swine
population in North Carolina. J. Wildlife Dis. 47:774-776.
Thakur, S., M. Sandfoss, S. Kennedy-Stoskopf, and C.S. DePerno. 2011.
Detection of Clostridium difficile and Salmonella in feral swine
population in North Carolina. J. Wildlife Dis. 47:774-776.
Wacheck, S., M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M. Konig, A. Stolle, and R.
Stephen. 2010. Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne
pathogens. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:307-312.
Wacheck, S., M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M. Konig, A. Stolle, and R.
Stephen. 2010. Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne
pathogens. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:307-312.
Wacheck, S., M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M. Konig, A. Stolle, and R.
Stephen. 2010. Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne
pathogens. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:307-312.
Wacheck, S., M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M. Konig, A. Stolle, and R.
Stephen. 2010. Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne
pathogens. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:307-312.
Wacheck, S., M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M. Konig, A. Stolle, and R.
Stephen. 2010. Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne
pathogens. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:307-312.
Wacheck, S., M. Fredriksson-Ahomaa, M. Konig, A. Stolle, and R.
Stephen. 2010. Wild boars as an important reservoir for foodborne
pathogens. Foodborne Path. Dis. 7:307-312.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 13
Wildlife/Rodents/Pets as Vectors – Natural Contamination
(last updated 1/12/2014)
E. coli O157:H7
European
starlings
U.S., Ohio
1.2% of 430 starling intestinal samples were positive
Williams, M.L., D.L. Pearl, and J.T. LeJeune. 2011. Multiple-locus
variable nucleotide tandem repeat subtype analysis implicates
European starlings as biological vectors for Escherichia coli O157:H7
in Ohio, USA. J. Appl. Microbiol. 111:982-988.
Compiled by Marilyn Erickson, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia
Downloaded from the website: A Systems Approach for Produce Safety: A Research Project Addressing Leafy Greens found at:
http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/index.html.
See http://www.ugacfs.org/producesafety/Pages/TermsofUse.html for disclaimers & terms for use of information in this document.
Page 14