Biol 1144
Exam I Study Guide
1
Evolution:
Know and understand each of the 5 major tenets of evolution that we discussed in class.
Understand how the tenets relate to each other.
Know the difference between scientific theory and irrational conjecture
Know some examples of other well accepted scientific theories – ie gravitational theory, theory of electromagnetism
Be familiar with some of the examples we discussed showing how genes control embryonic development, how these genes
are conserved in function in vastly different species (flies & mice), and how slight changes in gene function or expression can
result in major morphological changes. Know how these examples support the tenets of evolutionary theory.
Cells
Match the name to the labeled organelles in diagram at right.
___ Nucleus
___ Mitochondria
___ Golgi apparatus
___ Endoplasmic reticulum
___ Ribosomes
___ Plasma membrane
Briefly describe the function of each of these organelles
Genes and gene expression
Know that the type of cell a cell is depends on which sets of genes are expressed in that cell. The process of gene expression
occurs in two fundamental steps which have been called the Central Dogma.
This is DNA is TRANSCRIBED to synthesize RNA which is TRANSLATED to synthesize proteins
Be sure you know this process.
Biol 1144
Exam I Study Guide
2
Fill in the blanks for each stage of mitosis diagramed below.
Study the diagrams of a cell going through meiosis I and II and using them as a guide, draw your own diagrams showing a
meiosis for a cell with 3 pairs of homologous chromosomes (a total of 6). Be sure to understand when and why crossing over
occurs and what the consequences of crossing over are for the possible arrangement of alleles on the recombinant
chromosomes that result from crossing over.
Biol 1144
Exam I Study Guide
3
Fill in the table to test your knowledge of tissues:
Primary Tissue
Type
Special Proteins made
by cells of tissue
Functions/
Major Features
Cell Types included
in tissue
Epithelial
Neural
Muscle
Connective
Genetics
Be sure you know the definitions for the following terms:
Genotype
Phenotype
Dominant
Recessive
Allele
Locus (loci)
Homologous chromosome
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Sex-linked
Linkage
Keeping in mind the two main genetic principles/laws, write the alleles in circles representing the gametes to show
all the possible gamete genotypes that could occur. Chromosome 1 and 1’ are homologous and each represents a pair
of sister chromatids (you just can’t see them separately). Just place the appropriate letters in the gametes (you don’t
have to draw the chromosomes).
gametes
Chromosome 1’
Chromosome 1
T
t
2
1
1’
Y
Chromosome 2
Chromosome 2’
2’
y
Biol 1144
Exam I Study Guide
4
In the previous practice question, the T allele makes Tight skin and is dominant to the t allele which makes loose
skin. The Y allele makes Yellow eyes and is dominant to the y allele which makes orange eyes. If two organisms,
both with the genotype TtYy mated, fill in the Punnett square to show all the possible genotypes of the progeny.
Also write what proportion (ie 9/16, 1/16 etc) have each phenotype.
Strategy:
List the possible gametes that would be formed for each of the above possible parent genotypes:
Male gametes
1
2
3
4
Female gametes
1
2
3
4
Female gamete genotypes
Male
gamete
genotypes
proportion tight, yellow ____________
proportion tight, orange ____________
proportion loose, yellow ____________
proportion loose, orange ____________
Ecology
Know the definitions of these ecology terms:
Environment
Habitat
Niche
Population
Community
Carrying capacity
Keystone species
Biol 1144
Exam I Study Guide
5
Understand the difference between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition
Understand the difference between biotic factors and abiotic factors. Know and be able to recognize examples of
each type of factor.
In an example of a ecosystem, be able to identify primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and
decomposers. You can do this if you understand what role each type of organism plays in the ecosystem. Practice
on this example:
Savannah ecosystem (consisting of grassy plain with scattered copses of trees). Sampling of macroscopic
organisms found: blue grass, dandelions, coneflowers, post oak trees, red-tailed hawk, pocket gopher, field mouse,
grasshoppers, butterfly, mosquitoes, meadow larks, cardinals, dung beetles, bison, earthworms, soil nematodes,
mushrooms.
Put each organism into its proper trophic level.
Primary producers:
Primary consumer:
Secondary consumer:
Decomposer: