A.P. US
Mods 6/7/8
Artem Kholodenko
0109
Notes for pgs. 335 – 343
Public-School Reform
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Horace Mann
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Mann’s Ideas
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Support and Opposition
for Mann’s Ideas
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Abolition
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Lack of Freeing of Slaves
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David Walker
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Benjamin Lundy
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William Lloyd Garrison
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At the time there were few schools, which had students
ages from 3 – 20, who were taught a little to read and
count
Horace Mann of MA said as many of the time did, that
schools needed to become more educational, although at
the time parents strongly financially supported the school
that were there already
He wanted to make states instead of parents pay for the
schools along with an extended school term, setting up a
grade system by age, getting standard text books, and
considering attendance
The school reformers wanted to give all kids the same
opportunities and to spear culture
Everyone would be learning, competing for better scores,
and reading the same material
The south didn’t get influenced much, yet the north
reformed most of its schools, with MA passing a
compulsory school law of 1852; may farmers disagreed
and said the present school were fine and Catholics said
the textbooks had a lot of anti catholic and Irish content
Reformers won due to thing like free schooling,
punctuality, discipline, especially attracting women, who
saw that the grading would allow women to get the
teaching jobs and by 1900 70% of teachers were women
Native-born Americans saw schools as a better chance to
get ahead of the increasing # of immigrants
Reformers hoped to give children common values
through experience, but few stresses integration of
blacks with whites, and blacks went to different schools
The American Colonization Society (1817) was the only
thing that came close to dealing with the problem of
slavery after the revolution, suggesting to send freed
slaved back to Africa and repay slave owners
The economy began to depend too much on slaves with
things like cotton, and not many owners freed their
slaves, even if paid, with only 1,400 between 1820-30
going to Liberia, most already free, and slaves grew
naturally in US from births, increasing by 9,000 in 20
years of 1810-1830
By 1820s, most slaves were native born, and asked to be
treated only as well as immigrants, and some, like
Walker, who wrote an Appeal to crush slavery thought it
was unfair
He started a news paper, Genius of Universal
Emancipation and said that internal slave trade should be
outlawed and 3/5 clause repealed and slavery be
abolished
Lundy hired Garrison to help him, who in 1831
established the Liberator paper and showed how
controversial he was; he suggested that blacks have
same rights as whites
He got support for blacks, who made-up ¾ of the
subscribers of his paper
Disagreements Between
Whites and Blacks
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“Lane Rebels”
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Women’s Role in Slavery
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Ways to End Slavery
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Gag Rule
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Women’s Rights
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Mistreatment of Female
Abolitionists
Female Declaration of
Independence
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Penitentiaries and
Asylums
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Effect of Revivals and
Reforms
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Whites wanted legal equality, but blacks also wanted
social equality
Abolitionists said slavery was a sin, but Protestant
churches didn’t back it as much as temperance
A group of student from Oberlin College led by Finney
formed the nucleus of antislavery activity at their school
The rebel groups also argued among each other, with
implemented force
Women, like the Grimke sisters, who led anti-slavery
speeches, began to participate, but their actions were
questioned because they also lectured men, whom they
“had to obey”
But the 2 gained support and even wrote books in 1838
and Garrison supported female equality
By 1840 there were over 1,500 societies, mostly in MA,
NY, OH, for anti-slavery
One way was to flood the Congress with petitions to end
slavery in D.C., but the # of petitions was too much and
they were disregarded
Secured by the southerners, it tabled abolitionists’
petitions, and prevented them from disturbing the courts
and congress, and getting listened to, but the MA rep,
ex-pres. Adams, won a repeal in 1845 for the gag rule
Women had no right to vote and own property and only
could help in things like fighting alcohol
Women wanted legal equality and wanted to leave
finance and politics to men
Some new abolitionists were the Grimke sisters, L =.
Stone, A. Kelly who said that men and women were
created equal, and even if of different race, like black
women, who were forced into sexual orientations
Lucy Stone was the 1st to lecture on only women’s’
rights
In an anti-slavery convention in London, women were
put into a different section away from the men
In 1848 Mott and Stanton organized a women’s rights
convention and put together their own version of the
declaration of independence – Seneca Falls Declaration,
“all men and women are created…”
Temperance and school reforms were much more popular
and women had to secure right to vote until 1920, but
abolitionist activities gave women something new to do
in addition to home life
Institutions were established to fight poverty, crime and
insanity
Poverty was thought of as a social position and given by
god by the colonists
During the 19-th century it was proven that the poverty
and crime (which were rising) were causes of broken
homes and drinking, but many wouldn’t have believed if
not their ideas on changing of individual qualities
Revivals and reforms changed the personal ideas of the
people
Jails are Created
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Support for the Poor
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Dorothy Dix
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Utopian Communities
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New Harmony and
Robert Owen
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Utopians have Trouble
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Brook Farm
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To punish criminals, the reformers created the
penitentiary, which had a high degree of order and
discipline
Before the jails were sued to hold people awaiting trial,
but now they thought that time spent in the penitentiary
would be good for reform
Solitary confinement was insisted upon and between
1819-25, NY built the Auburn and Ossining penitentiaries
By day people would work together but not speak, and in
the PA one, prisoners didn’t get outside news
The poor were given relief with homes and work-houses
for the able-bodied
But soon the poor, insane, and sick were stuck in the
same room, with up to 7 in one cell
She noticed that her Sunday school insane students were
badly treated
With support from Mann and Howe, she encouraged the
legislature to build insane asylums
No one knew the right environment which the captive
needed to prosper
In these societies people were believed to live perfect
lives, but unlike Mormons, they didn’t claim to have
visions of God
Owen, a British industrialist started the New Harmony
community in Indians
He had a good reputation from managing cotton mills
and he saw the problems of society as being social and if
social arrangements could be perfected, all problems
would go away
He predicted that by 1827, after being lured to the US by
cheap land, people would embraces his utopian ideas and
a lot of people did get interested in the society
In the early 1830s the ideas weakened, but by late 30s,
and early 40s, the economic chaos strengthened the
ideals of utopianism
It was a creation of a group of religious philosophers, and
it was a retreat and a model
The farm didn’t get more than 100 residents, it did
attract several writers, like Emerson, Hawthorne
The farm closed in 1849, and Hopedale in 1853, because
the utopian communities attracted less people than
religious ones, but the utopians commuted with society