Course Name:
Phytochemistry
Course Number: 700321
Credit Hours:
4 Hrs. ( 3 Lect. + 1 Pract. )
Course Description
This course covers the study of the chemistry of crude drugs such as volatile
oils, glycosides, alkaloids bitter principles, resins and saponins etc. The
study covers the chemical and physical properties, identification tests,
methods of isolation and methods of assays.
Aims
To provide students with a thorough knowledge of natural products
including their occurrence and classification.
To study different classes of secondary plant metabolites and their
biogenetic origin.
To provide student with knowledge of drug constituents, their structures,
their analysis and uses.
General Objectives
The student should:
Have knowledge of different extractioon techniques
Have knowledge of heterocyclic chemistry
Have knowledge of different analytical methods
Have knowledge of different chromatographic methods.
Course contents
Theory:
1. Introduction ( 1 Hr)
Definitions and aims . Classification of the secondary plant metabolites
according to their biogenetic origin and chemical structures.
2. Carbohydrates (2 Hrs)
Occurrence, distribution, chemical classification, properties,medicinal
and pharmaceutical uses.
3. Lipids
(2 Hrs)
Chemistry of lipids (fixed oils, fats and waxes), medicinal and industrial
uses.
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4. Volatile oils (4 Hrs)
Occurrence and distribution, methods of perpetration, physical properties,
chemical classification (hydrocarbons - alcohols - aldehydes - ketones,
esters, oxides, peroxides) , their chemical properties, uses in medicine and
industry.
5. Resins and resins combinations (2 Hrs)
Physical properties, chemical properties, preparation, chemical
composition, balsams, uses.
6.Terpenoids:
(2 Hrs)
Occurrence, distribution, functions, physical and chemical properties,
extraction and detection, classification (monoterpenes, sesquiterpences
diterpenes, sesterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes, polyterpenes),
degradative terpenoids (quassinoids, liminoids) miscellaneous
isoprenoids.
7. Phenolic compounds: ( 3 Hrs)
Classification, naphthoquinones, lignans and lignins, chromones,
xanthones anthocyanidins and anthocyanins.
8.Tannins. ( 2 Hrs)
Occurrence, qualitative and quantitative determination, classification,
hydrolysable, condensed (proanthocyanidins) medicinal and biological
properties.
9. Glycosides: (8 Hrs)
Occurrence, properties, chemical linkages, classification anthraquinones,
cardiac, saponins, cyanogenetic, flavonoids and their glycosides,
coumarins and their glycosides, alcohol and aldehyde glycosides,
thioglycosides.
9. Alkaloids (8 Hrs)
Definition, occurrence and distribution, extraction detection, classification
pyridine, pieridine, tropane quinoline, isoquinoline, phenantherene,
indole, imidazole, purine, steroidal, alkaloidal amines.
10. Miscellaneous Natural compounds (2 Hrs)
Occurrence and chemical properties.
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Methods of instruction
Lectures.
Computer assisted sessions.
Practicals.
Tutorials.
Practical:
Extraction procedures.
Isolation of starch from potato.
Isolation of pectin from Grape fruit.
Isolation of Palmitic acid from bee’s
wax.
Determination of acid value.
Determination of saponification
value.
Determination of volatile oils in crude
drugs.
Assay of aldehyde and ketones.
Separation of menthol/thymol
mixture.
10. Extraction and detection of anthracene glycosides.
11. Extraction and detection of cardiac glycosides.
12. Extraction and detection of saponins.
13. Isolation of Tannic acid from galls.
14. Extraction and detection of alkaloids.
15. Isolation of caffeine from Tea.
Main Text Book :
Trease and Evans "Pharmacognosy", W.C. Evans, W.B.Saunders Company Ltd.,
London, 1996
Additional Reference:
1. Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, By J.E. Robbers, M.K.Speedie and V.E.
Tyler, Pub. William and Wilikins, 1996
Journals
1. Journal of Natural Products.
2. Journal of Phytochemistry.
3. Planta Medica.
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Pre-requisites-course code
1. General Pharmacognosy
2. Biochemistry I
3. Instrumental Analysis II
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course code 700127.
course code 700231.
course code 700425