Name: ________________________________
Biology Period: _____
Date _________________
Biology Midterm Review 2013
1) Analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data.
List the dependent and independent variable on each graph and write a narrative to interpret the data illustrated.
(write under the appropriate graph)
2) Compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules,
including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Fill in the chart. (Chapter 2)
Organic
monomer
monomer
polymer
macromolecule
drawing
Carbohydrates Monosaccharides
(glucose)
Proteins
Amino acids (20)
Lipids
Glycerol and
fatty acids
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides
Purpose/Function
Polysaccharides
(starch)
Quick Energy for cells
Poly-peptides
(proteins are used for
structure & function)
Long term energy storage
Saturated &
unsaturated
fats (fats,
oils, waxes,
sterols)
Nucleic acids
(DNA &
RNA)
Carries genetic
information
3) Describe how the order of monomers (subunits) might affect the function of the biomolecules. (Chapter 2)
In proteins and nucleic acids the order of the monomers determine the type of protein or the trait.
Analogy: their, there, they’re
Identify and investigate the role of enzymes
4) What are enzymes? Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions
5) What is their function? Controls cellular activities
6) What type of macromolecule are enzymes? proteins
7) List some examples. Amylase, maltase, lactase, Sucrase, helicase DNA polymerase (“ASE” endings)
8) Describe the effect of temperature or pH on enzyme activity. pH or temperature may denature enzymes and
affect their function.
Explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new
molecules.
9) What is homeostasis? Cellular activities that maintain a steady state, helping it maintain stable internal
environment.
10) What is the role of the cell membrane as related to homeostasis? The cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
regulates the movement of molecules in/out of the cell.
11) What processes move molecules into and out-of cells? The types of transport include: osmosis, diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, active transport.
12) Compare osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of any molecule from a high to low concentration
(down the concentration gradient). Osmosis is the movement of water from a high purity to a low purity.
13) How do cells produce their energy? Cells convert energy from glucose during the process of cellular
respiration to charge up ADP to ATP.
Compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of
energy and matter using the diagram to the right. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration:
(Ch. 8 & 9)
14) What kind of energy transformation occurs during the process of photosynthesis?
Light Energy(sun) to chemical energy (glucose)
15) Matter is (recycled/transformed) Circle one.
Energy is (recycled/transformed) Circle one.
16) Describe the 3 stages of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis is the first stage and occurs in the cytoplasm making 2 ATP.
Kreb’s Cycle is the second stage and occurs in the matrix of the Mitochondria making 2 ATP.
Electron Transport Chain is the final stage and occurs in the inner membrane space making 32 ATP.
17) Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered to be opposite processes?
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back. ( The
equations are flipped/reversed.)
Photosynthesis
Chemical
Equations
What cell
organelle?
Purpose?
6CO2 + 6H2O  6O2 + C6H12O6
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
ATP
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
To create glucose
To make ATP for the cell
Cellular Reactions
2 Types of Cellular Respiration (describe each):
18) Aerobic Respiration – Occurs when oxygen is present (Cellular Respiration)
19) Anaerobic Respiration – Occurs when no oxygen is present to make ATP
Ex. Lactic Acid Fermentation – occurs in the muscle cells when oxygen is not present and causes muscle
soreness. Less ATP is made during fermentation.
Mitosis/Cell Cycle (Ch. 10) Describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication,
mitosis and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms.
20) What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
The purpose of the cell cycle is to produce more cells for: Growth, Development, Repair, and Replacement.
21) What is the result for the cell if DNA replication does not occur properly during the S-phase?
If DNA does not replicate properly during the S phase, the new cells would receive mutated DNA which could cause
cancer.
Cell Cycle
Stages: Describe each
22) Interphase: Most of the cell’s life is spent in Interphase. Proteins are being
made throughout this phase. This phase consists of 3 phases: G1, S, G2.
23) G1 – Basic growth of the cell
24) S – Replication (synthesis) of DNA. DNA gets repaired here when needed.
25) G2 – Final preparation stage before Mitosis.
26) Mitosis: This is the actual division of the NUCLEAR MATERIAL (DNA) and Cell Division.
27) Prophase – Chromatin condenses (turns into ) Chromosomes
28) Metaphase – Chromosomes are lined up in the middle at the Metaphase Plate (equator)
29) Anaphase – The sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the centrioles at the “poles”
30) Telophase – Chromosomes start to unravel back into Chromatin and a NEW nuclear envelope forms around the
new chromatin.
31) Cytokinesis – The cell starts to pinch in half making two new identical cells.
32) What disorder results when human body cells lose the ability to respond to
internal regulatory signals that control cell growth?
Cancer
33) During which phase of the cell cycle is damaged DNA repaired?
S Phase of Interphase
34) Cancer is uncontrolled cell division (MITOSIS)
Identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying the traits of
an organism is carried in the DNA
(Chapter 12)
35) What subunits make up a DNA nucleotide?
Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar, and a Nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C)
36) Describe DNA. Fill in the chart.
Characteristics
Number of
DNA
2 (double helix)
Strands
Location
Nucleus of a Eukaryotic cell
Cytoplasm of a Prokaryotic cell
Sugar
Deoxyribose (Pentose Sugar)
Nitrogen base
A pairs with T (Apples in the Tree)
pairing rules
C pairs with G (Car in the Garage)
37) Describe the contributions of Rosalind Franklin & Watson and Crick to the study of DNA:
They each contributed to determining the structure and shape of DNA as a double helix with two complementary
strands of nitrogenous bases held together by weak hydrogen bonds and supported by a sugar-phosphate backbone.
38) What is the importance in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA? The sequence of nucleotides in DNA
determines the traits of the organism.
39) What is the purpose of DNA replication? The purpose of DNA replication is to make an exact copy of
DNA before the start of Cell division (Mitosis) so that each new cell will have an exact copy of the DNA.
40) Describe two characteristics of the image to the right  The DNA molecule begins as one and
after DNA replication produces to molecules of DNA that are identical to each other and the original
strand of DNA.
41) Describe the process of DNA replication, fill in the chart below.
Step 1
Step
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Description of each step
DNA replication begins with one DNA molecule
DNA unzips because the enzyme helicase breaks the weak hydrogen bonds.
DNA creates two new complementary strands.
At the end of DNA Replication, two identical molecules of DNA are produced and are identical to
the original DNA molecule.
42) What is the DNA sequence, following replication, complementary to the one below?
AAGTATCGAATTCCGGG
T T CAT AGC TT AAGGCCC
43) DNA Replication and Repair: Occurs during S phase of Interphase
Body Systems: (Chapters 35 – 40)
Students are able to analyze the levels of organization in biological systems and relate the levels to each other and to
the whole system. And describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation,
nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals.
Know that biological systems are composed of multiple levels.
44) List the levels of organization of multicellular organisms.
Cells, tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism
Fill in the table:
Body System
Integumentary
Muscular
Main Organs Involved
Function
Skin, hair, and glands (also nails)
Protection from outside elements
3 types of muscle tissue:
Movement
Skeletal muscle, Smooth muscle( lining your
digestive system) and Cardiac muscle (heart)
Axial skeleton – contains skull, vertebral column,Structure and Support
and rib cage.
Skeletal
Appendicular skelton – contains upper and
lower limbs and pelvis.
Transport nutrients and gases
Heart, Blood Vessels (artery, vein, capillaries) and
Circulatory
spleen.
Mouth/Nose→Pharynx→Larynx→
Respiratory
Gas exchange
Epiglottis/Trachea→left/right bronchus→
Lungs→Bronchioles→alveoli
Mouth→Esophagus→ Stomach, Small intestines, Breakdown food and remove solid waste
Digestive
→Large intestines→Rectum.
Kidneys, Ureter, Urinary Bladder, Urethra,
Excretory
Filter blood and remove liquid waste
Renal Artery, and Renal Vein.
Nervous
Brain, Nerves, Neuron, and Spinal Cord.
Control through electrical signals
Endocrine
Pituitary Gland and hormones.
Control through hormones
Female: Ovary – produces eggs
Make life
Reproductive
Lymphatic
(Immune)
Male: Testis/Testes – produces sperm
Lymph Nodes, Thymus, Spleen,
Fight foreign particles/infections
Leukocytes aka White blood cells
The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation.
45) What is known about the DNA and function of the following types of cells?
Cells have specific/different functions for an organism, but the same DNA is present in each cell of that
organism. (CELL DIFFERENTIATION)
46) Muscle cells → cells that work together for the functions of the muscular system (movement).
47) Epithelial cells → cells that work together for the functions of the integumentary and digestive
systems.
48) Nerve cells → cells that work together for the functions of the nervous system (sending electrical signals).
49) Neurotransmitters are part of which body system? Nervous System
50) What two main body systems would vertebrates use to swim, slither, fly, hop, walk and run?
The Skeletal and Muscular System are used because both systems are involved in movement.
51) What is diabetes? Diabetes is a metabolic disease caused by high levels of sugar in the blood. In most cases, insulin is
not being secreted by the pancreas. The hormone insulin is released by the endocrine system into the circulatory system
to regulate the sugar levels.
52) Why does blood go from the heart to the lungs before being pumped to the rest of the body?
Blood travels through the pulmonary artery from the heart to the lungs so it can be enriched with oxygen.
53) Compare smooth muscle with skeletal muscle.
Smooth muscle lines the organs of the digestive system and skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton.
54) Choose 3 systems and describe how they may work together to perform a particular function.
The nervous system sends electrical signals to the muscular system to move the muscles that work with the
skeletal system for movement.
Cell Transport (Chapter 7)
55) What is the function of the cell’s plasma membrane? The Cell Membrane is made up of phospholipid molecules
and controls what enters and leaves the cell to maintain homeostasis.
56) What does semi-permeable mean? A semi-permeable cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
57) Types of Transport (describe each): Passive (H→L) no ATP required and Active (L→H) ATP needed
58) Passive Transport – There are 3 types of passive transport: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
59) Simple Diffusion – movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (H→L) concentration.
No ATP required!!
60) Facilitated Diffusion – movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (H→L) concentration.
Facilitated diffusion requires a protein channel to move across membrane, but NO ATP required.
61) Osmosis – movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (H→L)
concentration/purity. No ATP is required for osmosis to occur.
62) Active Transport – movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from (L→H) concentration
moving against the concentration gradient. This movement requires a transport protein and ATP.
Flow of Molecules
With/Against Concentration
Gradient
Is Energy Required?
Passive Transport
H→L
Active Transport
L→H
With Concentration Gradient
Against Concentration Gradient
No energy(ATP) Required
Energy (ATP) Required
Cell Solutions
63) Solute – the substance that dissolves in a given solution. Ex: salt or sugar
64) Solvent – the substance that does the dissolving. Ex. Water the universal solvent
65) Solution – the solute and the solvent combined make up the solution. Ex: salt water
3 Types of Solutions
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
(fill in the chart):
Which way will WATER flow?
Into the cell
Out of the cell
What happens to cell?
Picture
Using the Isotonic cell as
an example, draw a
picture of what the cell
would look like in the
beakers of solution
Show the direction of water
movement by drawing arrows
The cell will increase in size
The cell will shrink/shrivel up
Isotonic
Into and out of the
cell
The cell stays the
same
The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific
functions and that viruses are different from cells.
66) Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic Cell
No membrane-bound both
Organelles
Unicellular only
DNA
Bacteria only
Eukaryotic Cell
Membrane-bound
organelles (nucleus)
cytoplasm/cytosol
Ribosomes
Unicellular & Multicellular
Plant, protest, fungi and Animal Cells
Cell Membrane
67) Viruses are made of PROTEIN (coat) around a Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA)(core)
68) Disease causing agents are called Pathogens.
69) Are viruses considered to be living? Explain.
Viruses are not living because they do not fit all 8 characteristics of life.
70) Explain why water is a polar molecule
Unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and the hydrogens create charges.
71) What is hydrogen bonding?
When positively charged hydrogen on one water molecule are attracted to the
Negatively charged oxygen on a different water molecule forming a hydrogen bond.
72) How does hydrogen bonding affect cohesion?
The polar nature of water molecules causes cohesion because one side is more positive
and the other side is more negative causing them to attract and “stick” together.
Plants: Students describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport,
reproduction, and response in plants. (Chapters 22 – 25)
73)What do plants provide to the ecosystem?
Plants give off O2 which is released into the atmosphere. Plants also transform energy from the sun into glucose
which is used by heterotrophs during cellular respiration to charge ADP into ATP.
Describe the function of each by filling in the chart.
Plant Part
Function
Xylem
A type of vascular tissue in plants that moves water and minerals up from the roots
Phloem
A type of vascular tissue in plants that moves glucose throughout the plant.
Stomata
The stomata is an opening in the spongy layer of the leaf that is used for gas exchange.
CO2 goes in and O2 is released into the atmosphere.
Guard Cells
Opening and closure of the stomata pore is regulated by changes in the water pressure
(turgor pressure) of the two guard cells. The guard cells work to control the amount of
water lost through transpiration.
A part of the female reproductive organ of the flower. In the structure of flowers, the
ovary will turn into the fruit.
Ovary
Stamen
Pistil (Carpel)
The male reproductive organ of the flower. The Stamen consists of a stalk-like filament
which holds up the anther. Pollen grains containing sperm are held in the anther.
The female reproductive organ of the flower. The Pistil/Carpel has three parts:
The stigma at the top is often sticky and is where the pollen attaches. The style is the long tube
that attaches the stigma to the ovary.
Mesophyll
(palisade and spongy)
The palisade layer of the leaf is tightly packed with cells to increase light absorption. The
spongy mesophyll layer of the leaf is loosely packed to increase gas exchange ( CO2 and
O2)
*******Also review the following information:
 Cell Organelles and their function.
 The endosymbiotic theory
 Understand how to read and interpret a cladogram (in plant book)
 Understand why angiosperms are the most successful of the land plants.