Biology 101: Spring 2007
The Diversity of Animals (Kingdom Animalia): Part 2
Lecture outline
I.
Four key features of chordates (Phylum Chordata)
II.
Invertebrate chordates
III.
Jawless vertebrates
1.
Hagfish
2.
Lamprey
IV.
Cartilaginous fishes
V.
Bony fishes
VI.
Amphibians
VII. Reptiles
1.
The amniotic egg
2.
Other adaptations of reptiles (and birds) to terrestrial life
3.
Diversity (briefly)
VIII. Birds
1.
Similarities to reptiles
2.
Adaptations for flight
3.
Diversity (briefly)
IX.
Mammals
1.
Key features
2.
Three major groups
Study questions (see also note on previous outline)
1.
To which other Phylum of Kingdom Animalia is Phylum Chordata considered to be most closely
related?
2.
List/briefly describe the four key features of chordates. Do humans have these features at some
stage in their life?
3.
Do tunicates have any/all of these features as larvae? Which of these features do they lose when
they become adults? Which of these structures are used for feeding in adult tunicates?
4.
Hagfish!
a.
Why is the inclusion of hagfish within the vertebrates problematic?
b.
How does a hagfish feed?
5.
Lampreys!
a.
Describe one key difference between hagfish and lampreys.
b.
On what type of organisms are lampreys frequently parasitic? How do they feed on their
host?
6.
List/briefly describe three “new” (derived) features seen in cartilaginous fish that are not seen in
either group of jawless fishes.
7.
Provide two examples of cartilaginous fish. What is a common mode of feeding for the
cartilaginous fish?
8.
List/briefly describe the one “new” (derived) feature seen in bony fish that is not seen in the
cartilaginous fishes. (HINT: It is not mineralized skeleton/bone!) What is the function of this new
feature in the fish? What does this structure develop into in the land vertebrates?
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9.
Briefly describe the life of a male, deep sea anglerfish. Does he live an independent life? What
appears to be his sole purpose?
10.
Why do seahorses have such a long, tubular mouth? For what does it use its long and flexible tail?
And which gender has a pouch for brooding young?
11.
Provide at least two examples of common amphibians. Then, briefly describe the “double lives”
of amphibians, pointing out the key differences between gas exchange and movement in the
aquatic larvae vs. the semi-terrestrial adults.
12.
Why are adult amphibians considered only “semi-terrestrial” instead of truly terrestrial? In other
words, what ties them to the water (two answers, although one is always true whereas the other is
only sometimes true…)
13.
Which groups of animals have amniotic eggs? What is an amniotic egg able to do that a fish or
amphibian egg cannot, and why is this an advantage for the groups of animals with amniotic eggs?
What is the amniotic sac, and what is its function?
14.
In addition to the amniotic egg, describe three other adaptations of reptiles and birds to a terrestrial
life.
15.
Provide several examples of reptiles (you should be able to list five major groups.)
16.
Describe three reptile-like and one bird-like feature of Archaeopteryx, a well-known “reptilebird.” Note: It is considered a bird because it has __________________.
17.
Describe three adaptations that make birds “light for flight!”
18.
In addition to being “light for flight,” describe three other adaptations of birds for flight.
19.
What bird is the largest in the world?
20.
What are the two key features of the mammals?
21.
Name the group of mammals that:
a.
Lays eggs.
b.
Is born rather early in development.
c.
Completes embryonic development within the uterus
d.
Has an extensive placenta (and know the key functions of the placenta)
e.
Completes its embryonic development in the pouch.
f.
Includes kangaroos and koalas.
g.
Includes the duck-billed platypus.
h.
Includes cats, dogs, gorillas and humans.
22.
And finally…where are the nipples on a marsupial? And on a monotreme? (HINT: You might
consider this second bit a “trick question.”)
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