國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
Multiple-Choice (70%):
Each of the following questions has four choices marked (a), (b), (c), and (d), but there is only ONE
correct answer. Please decide which one is the CLOSEST correct answer. Then, write down the
corresponding letter on your answer sheet.
1. Considering walking with bilateral crutches (腋下柺杖), which of the following
biomechanical advantages would be expected in terms of improvement in stability?
a. to move the center of pressure more backward
b. to recruit the involvement of arm muscles
c. to increase the base of support
d. to lower down the center of mass
2. Please rank the stability of the following three conditions from the most stable to the
least stable:
(1) standing with crutches ahead the body,
(2) standing with crutches by side, and
(3) standing with crutches behind the body.
Assume the horizontal distances between tips of two crutches are equal in these
conditions.
a. (1) > (2) > (3)
b. (1) > (3) > (2)
c. (3) > (1) > (2)
d. (2) > (3) > (1)
3. Which of the following joint has the greatest sagittal-plane angular displacement during
a gait cycle?
a. pelvis
b. hip
c. knee
d. ankle
4. Which of the following joint has the greatest transverse-plane angular displacement
during a gait cycle?
a. pelvis
b. femur
c. tibia
d. foot
5. Consider the vertical motion of the center of body mass (COM) during level walking,
which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
a. The amplitude of motion is approximately 5 cm at average walking speed.
b. The COM reaches the highest point when the stance leg is immediately after the
termination of the swing phase.
c. The vertical motion presents 2 sinosoid curves during one gait cycle.
d. Knee flexion is necessary to lower the COM by changing the vertical length of the
supported leg.
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
6. According to Dr. C Pai’s biomechanical simulation, the balance is still maintained even
the COG falls outside the base of support if _____.
a. the postural sway of the body is large enough
b. the mass of the body is light enough
c. the time to stay in that position is short enough
d. the velocity of the center of mass of the body is large enough
7. An individual stood on a force platform, reached forward quickly, and then held in the
maximum reach position for 2 minutes. What would be the relationship of the center
of pressure and the center of gravity at the maximum reach position?
a. The position of the center of pressure is anterior to that of the center of gravity.
b. The position of the center of pressure is the same as that of the center of gravity.
c. The position of the center of pressure is posterior to that of the center of gravity.
d. Unable to tell because it depends on the subject’s foot length.
8. Continuing with Question #7, the _____ muscle must activate to prevent falling down.
a. tibialis anterior
b. gastrocnemius
c. tibialis posterior
d. peroneus logus
9. Continuing with Question #7, if the peak velocity of the center of body mass is 20
cm/sec, the velocity of the center of body mass during holding position is approximately
_____ and the acceleration of the center of body mass is approximately _____.
a. 20 cm/sec, 0 cm/sec2
b. 0 cm/sec, 20 cm/sec2
c. 0 cm/sec, 0 cm/sec2
d. insufficient information to know
10. Given the following information:
body weight = 700 N
ground reaction force in vertical direction = 720 N
distance from the insertion of the Achilles tendon to the ankle joint center = 5 cm
distance from the position of center of pressure to the ankle joint center = 10 cm
distance from the position of COG to the ankle joint center = 6 cm
The force of the calf muscles is _____ if the effect if other muscle can be neglected.
a. (720  10) / 5 = 1440 N
c. (700  6) / 5 = 840 N
b. [(720  10) + (700  6)] / 5 = 2280 N
d. [(720  10) – (700  6)] / 5 = 600 N
11. Continuing with Question # 51, if the foot length = 27 cm and distance from the heel to
the ankle joint center = 7 cm, the safety margin is _____.
a. (27-7-10) / 10 = 1.0
b. (27-7-6) / 10 = 1.4
c. (27-7-10) / 27 * 100 = 37.0%
d. (27-7-6) / 27 * 100 = 51.9%
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
12. Concerning with the inverted pendulum model of stance, which of the following
statements is NOT TRUE?
a. Only ankle moment is considered in this model.
b. It states that the body sways like a pendulum pivoting around the ankle joint during
quiet stance.
c. It is assumed that the center of pressure shifts further ahead the center of gravity at
quiet stance.
d. The difference between the center of pressure and the center of gravity is linear to the
acceleration of the inverted pendulum.
13. When an individual stands on a moving platform and the anterior aspect of the platform
tilt upwards suddenly, the individual will _____ by contracting _____ muscle in order to
regain balance.
a. lean forward, gastrocnemius
b. lean backward, gastrocnemius
c. lean forward, tibilis anterior
d. lean backward, tibialis anterior
14. The moment of inertia increases as more body segments _____ the longitudinal axis of
rotation when an individual rotates free in the air.
a. move toward
b. move away from
c. keep in line with
d. decrease
15. The time rate of change of the _____ vector is the velocity.
a. displacement
b. speed
c. acceleration
d. jerk
16. Which of the following measurement techniques is NOT a direct measurement method?
a. video-camera system
b. electrogoniometer
c. accelerometer
d. universal goniometer
17. According to he sampling theorem, signals must be sampled at a frequency at least
_____ Hz if the motion presents a highest frequency at 11 Hz in the frequency analysis.
a. the same as
b. twice as high as
c. triple as high as
d. as high as possible
18. If signals are collected at the sampling rate of 60 Hz, it indicates _____ samples are
digitized per minute.
a. 30
b. 60
c. 90
d. 120
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
19. A baseball player throws a ball to a target 37 m away from him within 1 s. The
averaged speed of the ball is _____.
a. 3.7 ms/s
c. 370 m/s
b. 37 m/s
d. 3700 m/s
20. Same as Question 19. If his throwing elbow moves from 135 to 0, the averaged
angular speed of the elbow is about _____.
a. 2.2 rad/s
b. 22 rad/s
c. 1.5 rad/s
d. 15 rad/s
21. When an individual kick a football, the muscles are activated in the order of _____.
a. abdominal, hip, and knee
c. knee, hip, and abdominal
b. abdominal, knee, and hip
d. knee, abdominal, and hip
22. Momentum is calculated as the product of ____.
a. mass and acceleration
b. weight and acceleration
c. mass and velocity
d. weight and velocity
23. If an object experienced an acceleration of 10 m/s2 , what would its velocity be after 2
seconds? Assumed the initial velocity is zero.
a. 20 m/s
b. 13 m/s
c. 23 m/s
d. 30 m/s
24. The yield point of a bone indicates _____.
a. the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic region
b. the transition point from the elastic region to the plastic region
c. the point that the bone can sustain before failure
d. all of the above
25. The load relaxation phenomenon indicates the _____ decreases as time increases if the
_____ keeps constant.
a. force, loading
c. deformation, loading
c. orientation of the wave
b. loading, force
d. loading, deformation
d. projected area of the object
26. The deep zone of an articular cartilage is structured to resist _____ stress and the
orientation of the collage fibers is _____ to the articular surface.
a. shear, parallel
b. shear, perpendicular
c. compressive, parallel
d. compressive, perpendicular
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
27. Which of the following quantities is NOT a scalar quantity?
a. A person’s body mass is 70 kg.
b. The walking distance between room A and room B is 400 meters.
c. The area of a bedroom is 365 squared feet.
d. A car travels north on the highway with 90 meters per hour.
28. Increased velocity in bicycling produces increased air resistance (drag) acting against
the body. Which of the following strategies a cyclist (自行車選手) might use to
reduce the drag during bicycling racing?
a. to lower down the body
b. to raise the handlebar position
c. to wear a shinny helmet
d. to increase the duration of the power phase
29. When standing on a bus and facing the direction of bus moving, the person tends to be
thrown backward during sudden acceleration. This response is an example of
Newton’s _____.
a. Law of Inertia
c. Law of Reaction
b. Law of Acceleration
d. (no answer)
30. Which of the following statements about the anisotrophic phenomenon is TRUE?
a. Aniosotrophy indicates the phenomenon that the tissue exhibits different mechanical
properties when loaded in different speeds.
b. Only the bone tissue in human body presents the anisotrophic phenomenon.
c. That the bone can tolerate more tensile stress in the horizontal direction than that in
the longitudinal direction is one kind of anisotrophic phenomenon.
d. Both stiffness and strength are greatest in the direction in which daily loads are most
commonly imposed.
31. The yield point of a bone indicates _____.
a. the slope of the stress-strain curve in the elastic region
b. the transition point from the elastic region to the plastic region
c. the point that the bone can sustain before failure
d. all of the above
32. When a three-bending force applies to a bone, the fracture site would be at _____.
a. the point where the middle force applies
b. the middle area if the bone
c. the weakest point
d. the point where the highest stiffness occurs
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
33. Consider that a skier who is falling forward, subjecting the tibia to a forward bending
moment. High tensile stress is produced on the posterior aspect of the tibia, and high
compressive stress acts on the anterior aspect. Contraction of the _____ muscle can
protect the tibia from failure in tension.
a. gastrocnemius
b. tibialis anterior
c. quadricepts
d. tibialis posterior
34. During the early stage of the healing process of a fractured bone, callus formation at the
fracture site is important for increasing the strength of the bone because the callus area
has a higher ____ than the intact area.
a. bone resorption activity
b. moment of inertia about the neutral axis
c. creep phenomenon
d. tensile strength
35. With immobilization there is a marked reduction in the amount of cancellous bone and
a decrease in the thickness of cortical bone. These changes diminish bone
a. strength only
b. stiffness only
c. both strength and stiffness
d. neither strength nor stiffness
36. By Comparing the morphology and functions of fascia with those of tendon, which of
the following statements is TRUE?
a. Tendon is dense a connective tissue whereas fascia is a loose connective tissue.
b. Tendon is composed of Type I collagen fibers whereas ligament is composed of Type
II collagen fibers.
c. The cells in tendon are fibroblasts whereas that in fascia are chondrocytes.
d. The collagen fibers are organized in parallel bindles in tendon whereas there are
some nonparallel fibers in fascia.
37. On the stress–strain curve of the anterior cruciate ligament, a toe region is noted when
the load is applied. This toe region indicates that _____.
a. major failure of the ligament takes place
b. the ligament starts to have plastic behavior
c. the deformation of the ligament is irreversible (不可逆)
d. the wavy collagen fibers are straightened out
38. The ultimate strain of the elastin fibers is approximately _____.
a. 6-8%
b. 37-39%
c. 50-55%
d. >60%
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
39. By comparing the mechanical properties of bone and collagen fibers, which of the
following statements is NOT TRUE?
a. For an adult, the ultimate strength of collagen fibers is about 50% of that of cortical
bone tested in tension.
b. Bone remodel in response to the mechanical demands placed upon it while collagen
fibers remodel in response to the supply of calcium ions.
c. Bone withstand high compressive loads more than tensile loads while collagen fibers
withstand high tensile loads more than compression loads.
d. Both bone and collagen fibers behave like a viscoelastic material.
40. A bright-green rectangular object is subjected to an external stress like the graph below.
Given r = 20, d= 0.5 mm, h= 20 mm, the shear strain is _____.
a. 0.5 * cos (20)
b. 0.5 / 20
c. 0.5 * sin (20)
d. 0.5 * 20
41. The Poisson ratio is defined as
a. lateral strain / axial strain
b. axial strain / lateral strain
c. lateral stress / axial stress
d. lateral stress / axial stress
42. Which of the following physical quantity is NOT dimensionless?
a. energy dissipation ratio
b. normal strain
c. Young modulus
d. Poisson ratio
43. Given an individual stands on a force platform as the
graph below. If he leans to forward, which
components of the ground reaction force will be
changed the most?
a. Fx
b. Fy
c. Mx
d. My
44. _____ is the mechanical analysis of a system that
determines the forces from the movement.
a. Forward dynamics
b. Inverse dynamics
c. Static analysis
d. Anthropometric measurement
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
45. According to Hill’s model, _____ strength increases as the velocity of muscle
contraction increases.
a. eccentric
c. concentric
b. isometric
d. isokinetic
46. Considering the length-tension curve, the skeletal muscle is subject to _____ as it is
stretched beyond its original (resting) length.
a. active tension only
b. passive tension only
b. both active and passive tension
d. none because of rupture
47. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE as the skeletal muscle is compared to
the tendon?
a. The skeletal muscle mainly consists of elastic muscle fibers while the tendon is
mainly composed of non-elastic collagen fibers.
b. The ultimate strain is greater in the muscle than in the tendon.
c. The fibers in the muscle is parallel while those in the tendon is less parallel.
d. The muscle can contract either in a concentric or an eccentric way while the tendon is
unable to contract actively.
48. When we stretched the hamstring muscles, we held it in the elongated position using
the same load for more than 5 seconds. Later, we found that the hamstring muscles
became more elongated than that before stretching. Which of the following
phenomena can explain this phenomenon?
a. load relaxation phenomenon
b. creep phenomenon
c. hysteresis phenomenon
d. anisotropy phenomenon
49. Inverse pendulum model is based not only on scientific knowledge and insight, but also
a couple of assumptions. Which of the following patterns of model is the inverse
pendulum model more likely to be?
a. analytic model
b. semi-analytic model
c. black box model
d. conceptual model
50. When a chair is placed on the top of a force platform. The coordinates of the force
platform are shown as the graph below. The coordinates of the center of pressure can
be expressed as _____.
a. (My / Fz, -Mx / Fz)
b. (My / Fz, Mx / Fz)
c. (Mx / Fz, -My / Fz)
d. (Mx / Fz, My / Fz)
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
51. Which of the following stance is one kind of self-perturbed stance?
a. standing on a moving Metro train (捷運車廂)
b. standing on a balanced beam (平衡木)
c. standing in a dark room where nothing can be seen
d. standing in a room where a 360-movie is present
52. Which of the following conditions indicates the best balance given other conditions are
the same?
a. greater center of pressure excursion during quiet stance with eye open
b. greater center of pressure excursion with eye closed
c. greater center of pressure excursion when the force platform moves forward suddenly
d. greater center of pressure excursion when leaning forward
53. For the same muscle, which of the following strength has the greatest value given other
conditions are the same?
a. eccentric isokinetic strength
c. isometric strength
b. concentric isokinetic strength
d. depending on muscle mass
54. Which of the following conditions indicates the best strength given other conditions are
the same?
a. greater strain
b. greater stress
c. greater stiffness
d. all of the above
55. Which of the following statement about isokinetic contraction is NOT TRUE?
a. An isokinetic contraction occurs when the speed of the movement is constant.
b. The concept of isokinetic contraction was postulated by Hislop and Perrine in 1967.
c. During an isokinetic contraction the working muscle reach maximum output
throughout the full range of motion
d. The isokinetic contraction can be performed by self-control of an individual.
56. The main difference between Cybex and KIN_COM isoknetic machine is _____.
a. The Cybex machine measures muscle torque while the KIN-COM machine measures
muscle force only.
b. The Cybex machine uses load cells for measurement while the KIN-COM machine
use the dynamometer system for measurement.
c. The Cybex machine measures concentric strength while the KIN-COM machine
measures eccentric strength.
d. The Cybex machine measures isokinetic strength while the KIN-COM machine
measures isotonic strength.
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
57. Which of the following statements is NOT the disadvantage of electric goniometer?
a. only provide relative data
b. expensive
c. too many straps and cables if a large number of joints are tested
d. Most joint to be tested is not a hinged joint
58. Which of the following statements is NOT the disadvantage of optoelectric motion
analysis system?
a. laboratory use only
b. expensive
c. need well-trained personnel
d. minimum movement encumbrance
59. Which of the following instruments is NOT a optoelectric motion analysis system?
a. Vicon
b. Flock of Birds
c. Peak performance
d. Motion analysis system
60. Analog signals are _____ in time and amplitude while digital signals are _____ in time
and amplitude.
a. continuous, continuous
b. continuous, discrete
c. discrete, continuous
d. discrete, discrete
61. Which of the following methods is used to determine the cutoff frequency of motion
signals from the optoelectric motion analysis?
a. Residual analysis
b. Static analysis
c. Kinematic analysis
d. Modeling analysis
62. Continuing with Question #61, who is the person that develops this method?
a. D. B. Chaffin
b. Fourier
c. Dempster
d. D. A. Winter
63. Except applying in human beings and cadaver, _____ are also used as research
materials in anthropometry.
a. metal
c. fossil
b. plastic material
d. fluid
64. The equation for estimating location of center of mass is ____.
a. x 
1
M
m x
i
b. x 
1
 mi v i
2
c. x 
1
M
m x
2
i
d. x 
1
mi vi2

2
i
i
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
65. Two children sit on opposite sides of a playground seesaw (翹翹板).
If the boy,
weighing 200 N, is 1.5 m from the seesaw’s axis of rotation and the girl, weighing 190
N, is 1.6 from the axis of rotation, which end of the seesaw will drop?
a. the boy end
b. the girl end
c. in equilibrium status
d. no sufficient information to know
66. If the arm is placed close to the body and the elbow flex to 90, how much force must
be produced by the elbow flexor to maintain this position? Given weight of forearm =15
N, moment arm for the muscle = 5 cm, moment arm for the forearm COM = 15 cm.
a. 5 N
b. 30 N
c. 45 N
d. 1125 N
67. Same condition as Question #66, what is the magnitude of the joint reaction force if the
arm keeps in stationary?
a. 45 N downward
c. 45 N upward
b. 30 N downward
d. 30 N upward
68. An individual stands and pushes a desk forward.
If he exerts a force of 100 N
anteriorly and inferiorly at an angle of 30 from the horizontal plane. How much of
his force is used for pushing the desk forward? Note: sin30 = 0.5 cos30=0.866
a. 50N
b. 86.6N
c. 100N
d. 173.2N
69. Same condition as Question #68, how much of his force is used for stabilizing the
desk?
a. 50N
b. 86.6N
c. 100N
d. 173.2N
70. In the side-by-side position the _____ muscles are dominant in M/L balance while ____
muscles dominant for the A/P balance.
a. ankle, ankle
c. hip, ankle
b. ankle, hip
d. hip, hip
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國立台灣大學物理治療學系九十二學年度生物力學期末考試卷
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