Elizabeth Andre
Roger Ciuffo
Eileen Heideman
Stephanie Gordin
Sara Jamison
Nicole Janton
Mary Stadalnick
1

2

Introduction
Cultural Resources
The purpose of this section is to provide a context for interpreting the complex cultural history of the Round Pond property, including the Landon Family Farm parcel. It is difficult to imagine that several acres of a section of land such as this one can reveal the layers of history that are described in this report. Through the careful study of the patterns of growth, chronicle of dates, years, and manual labor in South Hero, we can interpret the few cultural resources that we have identified on the property.
In order to define cultural resources, we borrow the definition provided by the 2003 LIA
Consultants in The Milton Municipal Forest Inventory, Assessment, and Recommendations .
Made up of three components, the first includes specific, tangible cultural features found on the landscape, which give evidence of human habitation. These features are either directly associated with human production such as a barbed wire fence, which can be traced back to human hands, or are less apparent such as an outcropping of white birch trees, which tend to grow in distressed ground areas. The second component of cultural resources is made up of the oral histories, primary and secondary sources, and other sources of information used to interpret the cultural features of the property’s landscape. These sources were vital in interpreting the history of human existence. The 2003 LIA Consultants define the third component as the history itself.
That is, the story of the land which is both lost to natural occurrences or human intervention, but which leaves evidence despite development, the processes of nature, or is retold in the sources mentioned above.
1
Methods
In order to provide documentation of the invaluable sources used in telling the history of the
Round Pond Parcel of land, we list some of the primary sources both in this methods section and in footnotes within the text. Research on the Landon family and information on the town of
South Hero began in the Special Collections Department of the Bailey Howe Library at the
University of Vermont. The Atlas of Chittenden County . by F.W. Beers, published in 1869, the
1882-1883 Gazetteer and Business Directory of Chittenden County , complied by Hamilton Child, and the Vermont Agricultural Census records for the 19 th Century were essential preliminary sources. Deeds and maps were found at the South Hero Town Clerk’s office which aided in understanding land usage. Further information about South Hero’s rich farming history was gleaned from research at the South Hero Historical Society that included personal interviews with
1 LIA Consultants, Milton Municipal Forest: Inventory, Assessment, and Recommendations, July 2003, 20.
3

the residents and land owners who have lived the history we report on. The aforementioned cultural features were found during several visits to the property, and a global positioning system
(GPS) unit was used to record the locations of the features found. Using these and other secondary sources, we have compiled a chronological history in order to reveal the intricate layers of growth of a small parcel of land in South Hero.
Pre-settlement History
(Archaeology section in progress.)
Island to Township; The Early Settlers: 1779 – 1800
The founding of the town of South Hero began with a resolution on October 27, 1779 signed by
Governor Chittenden, which allotted the plot of land now known as Grand Isle County to three parties: General Ethan Allen, Colonel Samuel Herrick and Major Benjamin Wait. The island measured twelve miles long and four miles wide at its broadest point and soon became separated into two towns: North Hero, settled by Alexander Gordon and South Hero, settled by Ebenezer
Allen.
2 Allen transformed his home into a public house, or tavern for travelers and new settlers arriving in North or South Hero, which still stands. The population growth of the town quickly necessitated town regulation and government and at the first town meeting held on March 28,
1786, town officers were elected. The first tax was in place one year later, and Col. Ebenezer
Allen was appointed as town treasurer on March 11, 1788.
3 In 1800, the second town meeting was held wherein officials were reelected and taxes were raised to three and four shillings per bushel on wheat and corn respectively.
4 The increase in tax revenue allowed the townspeople to support a new schoolhouse, fund the transport of goods to other areas, and create roads.
Settlers in South Hero originally utilized Native American footpaths as early transportation routes until the first roads were constructed, which were the result of a tax paid in physical labor passed in 1779.
5 Resulting roads were wide enough for oxen carrying a yolk, but by 1791, the community voted to hire a work crew to build and repair roads, funded by a one-cent per acre tax levied upon all landowners.
6 Another obstacle in early transportation was the sand-bar, the only connection between South Hero and the Vermont mainland. The bar was a narrow strip of land which was exposed when the water in the lake was low. When the lake was frozen, people could cross over the ice, however for most of the year the island was isolated by the lake waters.
2 Leroy Wilbur Wood, South Hero in the Garden Spot of Vermont (Providence: Rollinson and Hey, 1923)9.
3 Cass Lewis Aldrich, History of Franklin and Grand Isle Counties, (Syracuse: D. Mason and Company,
1891) 22.
4 Aldrich, 27.
5 Allen L. Stratton, History of the South Hero Island being the Towns of South Hero and Grand Isle
Vermont, Volume I (Burlington: Queen City Printers, 1980) 70.
6 Stratton, 72.
4

Occasionally, floating cedar logs propelled by oars were used as rafts during warmer months.
The eastern end of the Sand-bar (from the present Sand-bar State Park) to Milton was a vast marsh with as much as eleven feet of quagmire, which was crossed only with great perseverance.
7
POPULATION OF
SOUTH HERO & GRAND ISLE 1790-1970
The first settlers of South Hero took advantage of the fertile soil by
Year South Hero Grand Isle
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
280
609
826
842
817
664
705
617
586
620
559
917*
605
606
1930
1940
1950
1960
641
611
567
614
857
791
735
624
1970 868
*Year the R.R. Line was constructed.
809
798
682
749
793
851
839
808
257
680
619
898
748
724
666 becoming subsistence farmers, growing fruit, tending gardens, maple sugaring, dairying and spinning and weaving fabric from domestic materials. As the town grew, the main source of income for residents came from farming, dairying and fruit growing as the fertile land generated abundant crops, good for community development.
9 Apple growing in particular became a viable part of the South Hero economy. Apple growing in Vermont began in 1776 with the birth of John McIntosh who eventually began selling apple seedlings to settlers. The McIntosh apple became the dominant apple in Vermont because
Table 1 8 of its acclimation to cool nights and warm, sunny days. Wheat was another vital crop for farmers, which was so precious that it was used as money by the earliest settlers of the island.
By the late 18 th century, production on the island began an industrial incline. Lumbering forests for oak produced much needed money and cleared land for farming.
10 Large fallen trees were ideal for crafting masts for ships and were usually shipped and sold in Quebec. Production of hats was also an early trade that utilized local wool and beaver hides from trappers while other early commerce included use of a limekiln; distillery; engraver; blacksmiths; brick makers; and a dyeing shop.
7 Stratton, 98.
8 Abby Hemenway. The Vermont Historical Gazeteer. Volume II, (Burlington: Abby M. Hemenway, 1871)
573.
9 Aldrich, 37.
10 Stratton, 250.
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Among the first early settlers of South Hero were the Landons. Thaddeus Landon (1766-1846) arrived from Litchfield, Connecticut by way of Cornwall, Vermont and settled in South Hero c.1795. He lived in the Southeast part of town, was a large and prosperous land owner, and farmer. He was very active in town affairs and offices, became Selectman from 1817-19, and oversaw the poor in 1821. He was the superintendent of building a bridge over the creek in 1817, had a large family, and numerous prominent descendents. Benjamin Landon (1744-1817) was born in Litchfield, Connecticut and was married to Abigail Dickinson until her death in 1765. He then married Jerusha Woodruff (1745-1803). In a deed dated November 17, 1787, Benjamin purchased a tract of land totaling 190 acres in South Hero. He settled on lot number 33 originally owned by Joshua Tucker. Tradition tells that he built the first frame house in South Hero, which was located just west of Featherbed Lane near the Sand-bar on a knoll on the north side of U.S.
Route 2. Benjamin died June, 20 1817 in South Hero and possessed a considerable estate which was divided among his heirs. Jesse Landon (1796-1889) was the first child bearing the Landon name born in South Hero, VT, son of Thaddeus Landon. A successful farmer, he lived on what is known as Landon road. He was active in the affairs of the South Hero Congregational Church, serving as Deacon for 55 years. He was one of the committee of three that approved the selection in 1840 of O.G. Wheeler as pastor; he was to serve the Congregational Churches of South Hero and Grand Isle for 46 years. Jesse Landon lived all of his life in South Hero (93 years) as a much respected and revered man.
Growth and Development: 1801-1850
Most important to the growth of South Hero in the early half of the 19 th Century was agriculture and transportation. The fertile soil has helped the town continue its agricultural practices and maintain a steady population through the centuries. Grand Isle County directories and agricultural census records confirm the dominance of a continual agrarian lifestyle and growth of agriculture throughout the 19th Century.
Orchard farming in Vermont has been primarily limited to apples, which thrive in the Vermont climate and soil. By 1810, Vermont was producing enormous quantities of apples, the bulk of which were manufactured into cider. Cider and cider brandy became a staple drink to
Vermonters and in 1810, 173,285 gallons of cider brandy were produced by 125 distilleries. By the early 19th Century, nearly every farm had at least one apple tree. The early apple orchards in
Vermont were small and unsystematically planted, often on hillsides and sloping sites, which protected the trees from frost. In order to make the most of the land, trees were widely spaced, and the surrounding land was cultivated with corn, beans and buckwheat. A large variety of
6

natural apple strains were produced in the early days, as many Vermont farmers were not skilled in cultivating specific varieties. Apple production was also a means of supplementing the family diet, and was subject to a wide variety of uses. Apples were stored in the house cellar or possibly a separate stone cellar. The first apple farm of remarkable size in Vermont appeared in 1819 on the Phelps family farm in South Hero consisting of 20 acres of unimproved, ungrafted trees. Bees were also acquired by farmers during blossoming periods to ensure cross-pollination and many of the orchard farmers kept apiaries which provided honey and bee’s wax.
Apple farming in Vermont transitioned in 1840 when production plummeted due to soil exhaustion and harsh weather conditions. Temperance activists also shut down the cider brandy industry, leaving only two distilleries and reducing the cider brandy production to 3,500 gallons.
In 1850, the Vermont Horticultural Society was founded and horticulture as a science began to grow. Farmers learned how to graft trees in order to cultivate quality apples of specific varieties, and to systematically plant and maintain their orchards. The competition with large Midwestern farmers in grain production led more farmers to choose apple farming.
In sheep farming, the 1810's marked a transition from subsistence to a larger industry unique to
Vermont. This type of farming in South Hero dates back to the 18th Century when settlers introduced the animals into the area. The original sheep were a non-specific English stock, used for subsistence mutton and wool production. Spanish Merino sheep were introduced to Boston in
1810 and were sent to Weatherfield Bow, Vermont, in 1811. Saxony Merino became another popular breed during the 1820's and 1830's. Sheep were used for breeding and wool production and the decline of the grain industry led more Vermont farmers to take advantage of the hilly terrain, already ideal for sheep farming. Farmers erected small, rudimentary sheds as sheep barns and flocks fed on pasture in the summer and hay and roots stored in the barn or root cellar in the winter. The early land clearance created a hearty supply of pasturage, and the opening of the
Champlain Canal in 1823 provided access for the wool surplus to go into the major urban centers of southern New England and New York. The next decade and a half saw a quadrupling of the sheep population, which impacted the growth of woolen mills; in 1836, there were 33 woolen mills, and by 1850, there were 100.
7

Figure 1 11
The type of wooden fencing on the Round Pond Property, known most commonly as a Virginia snake fence, or worm fence and was used throughout the 18 th and 19 th centuries for the managing of sheep flocks. The fence is constructed of split rails averaging twelve feet in length and stacked up to ten rails high in a zigzag line. The fence surrounds the hayfield near the western edge of the
Round Pond property and would have encompassed a hayfield or orchard, used to pen livestock into or out of the area. Each section of fence lies at an angle to the next and is woven together by alternately stacking the rails at the corner (Figure 2). The condition of the fence varies; at some points it appears to be in relatively good repair, standing up to ten rails high, and in other areas all that remains is one or two rails positioned in a line with the rest of the fence.
Figure 2. Virgina Snake Fence.
12
11 Hamilton Child, Gazetteer and Business Directory of Chittenden County, (Syracuse: Business Office,
1882) 254.
12 Russell, 186.
8

Transportation also evolved rapidly in the first half of the 19 th Century. A charter for the formation of the Sand Bar Bridge was signed on November 11, 1847 to O.G. Wheeler, Melvin
Barnes and 33 others who came together to form a company that would connect the island with
Milton, Vermont with a capital stock of $25,000 sold in $10.00 shares.
13 There was little to no dissent amongst the people of South Hero to the bridge proposal and they contributed liberally to its construction by taking stock in the company, some in considerable amounts.
Receipt for stock purchase 14
Some of those men included Wallis Mott ($1,000), Lewis Mott ($1,000), Abner B. Landon
($1,000), Jesse Landon ($800), John Landon ($500), James Mott ($500), and many others took from $100 to $500 according to their means, and eagerness to have a bridge to the mainland. The distance from South Hero to Milton across the lake is 1 ¼ miles in length. This part of the bridge was built by Samuel Boardman for $18,000. The road through the marsh, a distance of 2 miles, was built by A.G. Whittemore for $5,500. The entire cost of the structure, including toll-house, gate, fixtures and equipment was $24,016.62. While the people of South Hero purchased the stock of the company liberally, the enterprise had not proved to be a lucrative investment by way of cash returns, but as a public convenience the bridge was the greatest advantage to the islanders, as it eased the burden of shipping produce to Milton for marketing.
15
13 Stratton, 92.
14 Stratton, 94.
15 Hemenway, 573.
9

Figure 4:Rates Sand Bar Bridge Crossing 16
Although the earnings from the bridge were adequate, no dividend was ever paid to the stockholders who paid the same rate of toll as the others traveling the Sand-bar. So much damage was done every spring by the ice and water, that all of the earnings were required to keep the bridge in repair. Hundreds of dollars were spent in labor by the stockholders and citizens just to keep the bridge in repair and make it passable in the spring when the ice had dissipated from the lake. The bridge was opened for public crossing, December 5, 1850.
Buel Landon (1821-1882) also involved with the Sand-Bar Bridge Company. He was born in
South Hero, Vermont, son of Bird (Birdey) Landon and was a successful farmer and fruit grower
(180 acres) and was active in town affairs and town offices. He was an Assistant judge for Grand
Isle County Court (1851-1861), Senator, for the Vermont Legislature from Grand Isle County
(1876-1877) and served an unusually long term of service as South Hero Town Clerk from 1852 until his death in 1882 when his widow Miriam Phelps Landon was elected to succeed him and served until 1918, a total of 65 years. Buel Landon was also a director of “The Sand-Bar Bridge
Company” and contributed much time and thought to the maintenance of the Sand-bar crossing.
His son Thomas B. Landon (1862-1934) became particularly versed in all the legal aspects of
“The Sand-Bar Company.”
John S. Landon (1813-1907) was born in South Hero, son of Thaddeus and Anne Marsh Landon.
He settled on his father’s farm, one of the largest farms in town (300 acres) and was very active in
16 Stratton, 96.
10

town affairs and held many town offices. He twice represented South Hero in the Vermont legislature, 1854-1856. For many years he had charge of the work on the Sand-bar crossing. It was his double team that did most of the work, there being no machinery of any kind. For a considerable amount of years he served as First director of “The Sand-Bar Bridge Company.”
Not one man in South Hero devoted more time, interest and effort, and with very little compensation, to the arduous challenge of maintaining the fragile Sand-bar crossing.
George Landon (1817-1899) was born in South Hero, Vermont son of Bird (Birdsey) Landon. In
1849 or 1850, he caught the “Gold Fever” and with others made the dangerous trip overland to
California. After a few years he returned to South Hero and there was married to Mary Sanford in 1857. They then moved to Williston, Vermont. Later (after 1875), his wife having died,
George Landon then moved to Washington, Kansas where he died and is buried.
Inclines and Industrialization: 1851-1900’s
The bulk of South Hero production during the latter half of the 19th Century was in cattle and sheep livestock; wool; butter; apples; potatoes; peas; beans; barley; oats; corn; buckwheat; cheese; maple products; honey; beeswax; peaches; and swine, though the town is primarily recognized for its sheep, dairy and apple industry.
17 By the end of the 19 th century, South Hero had a small slate quarry, a sawmill to process local lumber and The South Hero Creamery
Association . In the early 20 th century The South Hero Canning Factory canned sweet corn from local farmers and The South Hero Bean Company processed dry beans.
18 Franklin and Grand Isle
County Directories, 1882-83, list 55 businesses, nearly half of which are agriculture related, including sixteen livestock breeders and dealers. The directories contain 148 individual resident listings, 129 of which show involvement in agricultural practices. Data extracted from the directory listings include:

27 orchards, averaging 200 trees per orchard, the largest has 700 trees

18 flocks of sheep, averaging 100 sheep per flock

3 apiaries with 11, 14 and 28 swarms

15 herds of cattle averaging 19 cows per herd
 average farm land is 116 acres, with the majority being 150-200 acres 19
The years between 1870 and 1890 mark a heyday for Vermont apple farmers and a transitional period from small subsistence orchards to commercial orchards. The Landon Farm for example had 200 apple trees in 1883, which is representative of many farms in South Hero. Northern
Vermont became one of the most important apple growing regions on the continent, supplying the
17 Child, 545..
18 Stratton, 228-229.
19 Child, 544-548.
11

United States, Canada, South America and Europe, with fruit. Grand Isle County led production and became known as the Garden Spot for its fertile soil, producing 55,000 barrels of fine grafted apples in 1896. In 1899, Vermont boasted 1,675,131 apple trees and produced 1,176,822 bushels of apples. Vermont continued commercial apple production into the 20th Century but declined with Vermonters’ reluctance to modernized facilities. The introduction of the automobile boosted apple production once again for Vermont, and production has continued through the present. In
1955, Vermont produced in excess of 1,100,000 bushels and in the 1980's roughly 79 commercial growers on 3,500 bearing acres of land produced roughly 1.25 million bushels annually.
20
Currently, in South Hero, three apple orchards remain from the dozens which dotted the landscape a century ago.
In 1877, wool production reached 10, 251lbs. in South Hero, partially a result of the Civil War and the increased demand for wool blankets and uniforms. Following the war, the drop in currency, surplus of wool products and increase in cotton production led sheep farmers to sell their flocks and begin dairying. By the 1870s, dairying had surpassed sheep farming and has since been the leading Vermont industry. South Hero seems to be an exception to the rule, however, with sheep farming continuing to prosper throughout the century. Originally, dairying began as a seasonal operation, and large farms shipped their surplus to city markets while small farms used butter and cheese for bartering.
The Landon Farm, for example had five cows in
1880. The 1870s saw both an increase in butter production and a specialization in cattle breeds, including Ayshires for cheese, Jerseys for butter, and Holsteins for milk. Increasing demand for purebred dairy cows led to the development of breeder associations. Dairying aided in the evolution of barns and in the 1860s, bank barns, allowing the storage of manure in the basement, were constructed. The larger bank barns, three to four stories with interior ventilation followed.
At the turn of the century, the round barn was built in an attempt at efficiency. Other architectural structures that supported the dairy industry include silos, built in the 1880's for yearround feed storage, ice houses and milk houses. In South Hero, a milk separation station was established as a stock company in 1892, becoming The South Hero Creamery in 1897. By the end of 1913, the creamery had received 1,781,310lbs. of milk, 362,610lbs. of cream and produced
189,622lbs. of butter. Also during the 1870s, butter replaced cheese as the leading commercial dairy product, only to be replaced by milk after the turn of the century. Iced butter cars on the
Central Vermont and Rutland Railways enabled farmers to produce butter year round. By 1900,
20 Vermont Preservation Plan, “Apple Orchards,” 6.
12

Vermont was the leading butter producer in the United States and peaked in 1915 with a record output of 20,423,529lbs.
Figure 5 21
According to census records, roughly 200 acres of land on the Landon farm were improved in the late 19th Century, and the other 100 acres remained woodland. The Landon farm was fairly similar in size and production to the other farms in South Hero, although they typically were slightly above average in the size of their apple orchards and sheep flocks. The 1880 Agricultural
Census for the Landon parcel includes:

8 bushels grass seeds

6 horses

20 milk cows, 35 other cows, 22 cows sold living

2276 lbs. butter

100 pure blood Merino sheep, 100 fleeces shorn, 600 lbs. fleece

4 swine

35 poultry, 100 doz. eggs

4 acres, 80 bush. buckwheat

10 acres, 250 bush. corn

6 acres, 250 bush. oats

2 acres, 30 bush. wheat

50 bush. peas

1 lb. hops

150 lbs. maple sugar

4 acres, 100 apple trees

150 bush. apples

50 lbs. honey 22
21 Stratton, 225.
22 Vermont Agricultural Census, 1880.
13

The Landons were one of only a few families in South Hero who owned an apiary with eleven swarms in 1883. These were most likely used for pollination of the orchard. The Landon Family produced 150 lbs. of maple sugar in 1870 and 1880, comparable to the town average.
The second type of fencing found on the Landon farm site, like the first, refers only to fencing found south and west of Round Pond. Property to the north has not yet been surveyed. At least four types of barbed wire, three of which were patented in the late 19 th century (the fourth is modern barbed wire) are found on the property. The barbed wire fencing primarily follows the edge of the property along East Shore Road and continues along the southern boundary of the property. Barbed wire was also added to the snake fencing in several locations. Porcelain insulators from electric fencing are located at various points around the property, but no electric fences are currently in use. It can be speculated that suck barbed wire would be used to contain herds such as dairy. The snake fence slowly fell out of favor following the invention of barbed wire in 1873.
23
The first type of barbed wire is actually steel ribbon fencing known as “Buckthorn,” patented on
July 26, 1881. This fencing material was expensive to produce and was not sold after 1900.
During the twenty-year period in which it was sold, it was popular with sheep farmers because its width made it easily visible to the animal and wool did not catch on the wide barb.
24 The second type of barbed wire is known as Ross’s Four-Point, patented on June 10, 1879. The third variety of barbed wire remains undated, but its double-strand, four-barb design is similar to others patented in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.
The patents of some of the barbed wire coincide with the shift into dairy farming, possibly indicating the need for a more effective form of fencing for a new type of livestock on the Landon
Farm. The Buckthorn is noted for its effectiveness with sheep however, the effectiveness of the various types of barbed wire with cattle has not been uncovered in our research.
Work began on the Rutland Railroad in the winter of 1889 and began service to the Islands in
1901. In the winter of 1889, over 200 men were working at Allen’s Point, South Hero and by the spring of that same year, another 300 men were working at Tromp’s Point on Grand Isle.
25 The crossing from Colchester Point to Allen’s Point was constructed of three and a quarter miles of rock rubble stone embankments which was the longest embankment of this type in the world at that time.
23 Henry D. and Frances T. McCallum, The Wire That Fenced the West (Oklahoma City: University of
Oklahoma Press, 1965) 34.
24 McCallum, 259-60.
25 Stratton, 156.
14

The Rutland Railroad linked Boston and Montreal via Vermont, and traveled westward to
Ogdensburgh, NY, on the Hudson River. For residents of Grande Isle and South Hero, this expansion of the railroad represented an opportunity to sell produce outside of the community, and allowed for improvements in the canning, drying and packaging of apples. The Islands also became an available destination for middle-class vacationers. The railroad was used until 1961, when it fell into financial difficulties.
Tourism in Vermont surged with the introduction of the railroad. Escape from heat and congestion of the cities drew visitors to the picturesque landscapes and quaint villages during summer months. Farmers opened their homes to visitors for lodging and sold produce, dairy products and maple syrup. Springs were another phenomenon that drew crowds into the State.
Though not as grand as those in New York or in Virginia, their role in the history of tourism is important. Brochures from Vermont and New York Mineral Springs boast their water’s curative properties and general pleasantness, accommodations, and beauty of the scenery. These pamphlets often included notes from physicians on the ingredients of the water and testimonials of other visitors.
There is no evidence to suggest that the Landon’s mineral spring, which appears on the 1857
Walling Map and the 1871 Beers Atlas Map of the area, was one of these destinations. The spring marked on the two maps appears in different locations on each. Field visits to the property revealed that the pond near the intersection of Landon Road and East Shore Road is approximately three feet deep near the center and does not appear to be seasonal. The other location marked on the 1871 map is an area where there is a drainage pipe from the west side of
Landon Road that supplies water run off that has eroded a small feeder brook to a stream that empties into the marsh. The water that runs across the property has a slight odor of Sulphur which was noticeable in the larger streams and the run off from the high points of the adjacent lands.
Recommendations
(in progress)
15

Aldrich, Cass Lewis. History of Franklin and Grand Isle Counties. Syracuse: D. Mason and
Company, 1891.
Beers, F.W. Atlas of Chittenden County, Vermont. Rutland: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc.,
1971.
Child, Hamilton. Gazetteer and Business Directory of Chittenden County, Vermont. Syracuse:
Journal Office, 1882.
Hemenway, Abby. The Vermont Historical Gazeteer. Volume II, Burlington: Abby M.
Hemenway, 1871.
LIA Consultants, Milton Municipal Forest: Inventory, Assessment, and Recommendations, July
2003.
McCallum, Henry D. and Frances T. The Wire That Fenced the West. Oklahoma City:
University of Oklahoma Press, 1965.
Russell, Howard S. A Long, Deep Furrow: Three Centuries of Farming in New England.
Hanover: University Press of New England, 1976.
Sloane, Eric. Our Vanishing Landscape. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1955.
Stratton, Allen L., History of the South Hero Island being the Towns of South Hero and Grand
Isle Vermont. Volume I, Burlington: Queen City Printers, 1980.
Vermont Agricultural Census. 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880.
Vermont Preservation Plan.
Walling, H.F. Map of Chittenden County, Vermont. Boston: Baker, Tilden and Co., 1857.
Wood, Leroy Wilbur. South Hero in the Garden Spot of Vermont. Providence: Rollinson and
Hey, 9123.
(in progress)
16