AP Biology
Cells and Transport Questions
Name ____________________________________
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1.
A phospholipid has a phosphate-containing head and two fatty acid tails attached to a backbone of
a. guanine.
b. glycogen.
c. glucose.
d. glycerol.
____ 2.
Which of the following will diffuse across a lipid bilayer?
a. sodium ions
b. glucose
c. carbon dioxide
d. DNA
____ 3.
Which of the following are not components of the plasma membrane?
a. nucleic acids
b. sterols
c. phospholipids
d. proteins
____ 4.
What type of membrane proteins bind extracellular substances that can trigger changes in cell
activities?
a. recognition proteins
b. transport proteins
c. adhesion proteins
d. receptor proteins
____ 5.
A gap junction
a. moves ions against their concentration gradients.
b. is a type of ATPase pump.
c. connects the cytoplasm of adjoining cells.
d. all answers are correct.
____ 6.
The rate of diffusion is influenced by
a. temperature.
b. electrical gradients.
c. pressure gradients.
d. all of the choices.
____ 7.
Which of the following solutions is hypertonic relative to the others?
a. 10 percent sodium chloride solution
b. 10 percent urea solution
c. 10 percent fructose solution
d. 10 percent glucose solution
____ 8.
Water constantly moves into the freshwater protistan Paramecium because the cell is _______ relative
to its environment.
a. hypotonic
b. none of the choices.
c. isotonic
d. hypertonic
1
____ 9.
The diffusion of water between two regions separated by a semipermeable membrane is
a. active transport.
b. passive transport.
c. exocytosis.
d. osmosis.
____ 10.
In the plasma membrane, the tails of the phospholipids
a. form a barrier to polar substances.
b. face the cytoplasm.
c. are linked to one another by hydrogen bonds.
d. all choices are correct.
____ 11.
Most membrane functions are carried out by
a. complex carbohydrates.
b. phospholipids.
c. proteins.
d. nucleotides.
____ 12.
Which of the following is true of the transport proteins in the plasma membrane?
a. They have a rigid, three-dimensional structure.
b. They are found only on the outer surface of the membrane.
c. They are anchored in place by adhesion proteins.
d. They span the lipid bilayer.
____ 13.
Which of the following processes does not involve formation of a vesicle?
a. exocytosis
b. osmosis
c. phagocytosis
d. receptor-mediated endocytosis
_____14. ________ proteins bind extracellular substances, such as hormones, that trigger changes in cell activities.
a. Receptor
b. Adhesion
c. Transport
d. Recognition
_____ 15. In a lipid bilayer, the phospholipid tails point inward and form a(n) ________ region that excludes water.
a. acidic
b. basic
c. hydrophilic
d. hydrophobic
______ 16.
A protistan adapted to life in a freshwater pond is collected in a bottle and transferred to a saltwater
bay. Which of the following is likely to happen?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The cell bursts.
Salts flow out of the protistan cell.
The cell shrinks.
Enzymes flow out of the protistan cell.
Nothing; the cell would be isotonic with the external environment.
2
______ 17.
________.
O2, CO2, H2O, and other small, electrically neutral molecules move across the cell membrane by
a. electric gradients
b. receptor-mediated endocytosis
c. passive transport
d. active transport
______ 18.
Ions such as H+, Na+, K+, and Ca++ move across cell membranes by ________.
a. receptor-mediated endocytosis
b. pressure gradients
c. passive transport
d. active transport
______ 19.
The fluid mosaic model is used to describe ________.
a. the process by which particles are exported from the cell
b. the structure of the cell membrane
c. the movement of water across a membrane
d. the action of transport proteins
______ 20.
A cell is placed in a beaker containing a solution of 40 percent NaCl and 60 percent water. After a few
minutes you notice that the cytoplasm of the cell is shrinking in size. The cell is ________ in relation to the contents of
the beaker.
a. isotonic
b. hypotonic
c. hypertonic
d. saturated
______ 21.
Which of the following types of membrane proteins would be used as a molecular identification tag?
a. recognition proteins
b. transport proteins
c. adhesion proteins
d. receptor proteins
______ 22.
________ subunits form the basic components of microtubules.
a. Protein
b. Carbohydrate
______ 23.
Microtubules and microfilaments are involved in most aspects of eukaryotic cell ________.
a. movement
b. chemistry
______ 24.
The fluid movement of organelles and materials within a cell is called ________.
a. cytoplasmic streaming
b. endosymbiosis
______ 25.
Sperm and many other free-living cells use ________ as whiplike tails for swimming.
a.
b.
flagella
cilia
3
______ 26.
a. flagella
b. cilia
______ 27.
________.
The human respiratory tract is lined with ________.
The irregular cellular projections of amoebas and macrophages that aid in movement are called
a. flagella
b. pseudopods
______ 28.
Membranes consist of ________.
a. a lipid bilayer
b. embedded proteins
c. phospholipids
d. all of these
______ 29.
The cellular structure in animals that is involved in the process of intracellular digestion is the
________.
a. nucleus
b. lysosome
c. rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. microtubules
e. mitochondria
______ 30.
The nucleolus is the site where ________.
a. the protein and RNA subunits of ribosomes are assembled
b. the chromatin is formed
c. chromosomes are bound to the inside of the nuclear envelope
d. chromosomes duplicate themselves prior to cell division
______ 31.
Which of the following is not found as a part of prokaryotic cells?
a. ribosomes
b. DNA
c. nucleus
d. cytoplasm
e. cell wall
______ 32.
The ________ is free of ribosomes and curves through the cytoplasm like connecting pipes; it is the
main site of lipid synthesis.
a. lysosome
b. Golgi body
c. smooth ER
d. rough ER
______ 33.
Which of the following is not present in all cells?
a.
b.
c.
d.
cell wall
plasma membrane
ribosomes
DNA molecules
4
______ 34.
As a part of the endomembrane system, the ________ put the finishing touches on lipids and proteins to
permit sorting and packaging for specific locations.
a. endoplasmic reticulum
b. Golgi bodies
c. peroxisomes
d. lysosomes
e. mitochondria
______ 35.
Chloroplasts ________.
a. are specialists in oxygen-requiring reactions
b. function as part of the cytoskeleton
c. trap sunlight energy and produce organic compounds
d. assist in carrying out cell membrane functions
______ 36.
Mitochondria convert energy stored in ________ into forms that the cell can use, principally ATP.
a. water
b. carbon compounds
c. sunlight
d. carbon dioxide
______ 37.
________ are sacs of enzymes that bud from ER; they produce potentially harmful hydrogen peroxide
while breaking down fatty acids and amino acids.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Lysosomes
Ribosomes
Golgi bodies
Peroxisomes
True or False
_________________________38.
Because membranes exhibit selective permeability, concentrations of dissolved
substances can increase on one side of the membrane or the other.
_________________________39.
A water concentration gradient is influenced by the number of solute molecules
present on both sides of the membrane.
_________________________40.
The relative concentrations of solutes in two fluids are referred to as turgor
pressure.
_________________________41.
An animal cell placed in a hypertonic solution will swell and perhaps burst.
_________________________42.
Water tends to move from hypotonic solutions to areas with more solutes.
_________________________43.
Physiological saline is 0.9 percent NaCl; red blood cells placed in such a
solution will not gain or lose water; therefore, one could state that the fluid in red blood cells is hypertonic.
5
Choose the most appropriate answer for each term.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
These let signals travel rapidly between two adjoining cells
These specific channels allow molecules to move through without expending energy
Use the energy of adenosine triphosphate to actively transport molecules across the
membrane
A composition of phospholipids, proteins, sterols, and glycolipids
The general name for proteins that are physically embedded within the cell membrane
The primary component of the cell membrane; consists of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
regions
These bind extracellular substances that trigger changes in the cell's activity
These help cells of the same type stick together
This general group of proteins are positioned at the surface of the membrane
Contain molecular gates that move small molecules
The double layer of phospholipids that forms the cell membrane
Allow materials to pass through the cell membrane using the interior of the protein
Act as molecular fingerprints to identify tissues or individuals
_____ (44)
_____ (45)
_____ (46)
_____ (47)
_____ (48)
_____ (49)
_____ (50)
_____ (51)
_____ (52)
_____ (53)
_____ (54)
_____ (55)
_____ (56)
fluid mosaic model
phospholipid
adhesion proteins
transport proteins
communication proteins
integral proteins
recognition proteins
peripheral proteins
receptor proteins
lipid bilayer
passive transporters
ion-selective transporters
ATPases
Choose from the following mechanisms of protein-mediated transport:
a. passive transport
b. active transport
c. applies to both active and passive transport
_____ (57)
_____ (58)
_____ (59)
_____ (60)
_____ (61)
_____ (62)
_____ (63)
_____ (64)
_____ (65)
_____ (66)
_____ (67)
_____ (68)
The calcium pump
The glucose transporter
The transport protein must receive an energy boost, usually from ATP
A carrier protein has a specific site that weakly binds a substance
Solute binding to a carrier protein leads to changes in protein shape
The sodium-potassium pump
Transport proteins span the bilayer, and their interior is able to open on both sides
of it
A solute is pumped across the cell membrane against its concentration gradient
Part of the transport protein closes in behind the bound solute--and part opens up
to the opposite side of the membrane
Involves a transporter protein that is not energized
Net movement will be down the solute's concentration gradient
During a given interval, the net direction of movement depends on how many
solute molecules make random contact with vacant binding sites in the interior of
proteins
6
Match the substance to the correct transport mechanism.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
diffusion
exocytosis
active transport
osmosis
endocytosis
facilitated diffusion
_____ (69)
_____ (70)
_____ (71)
_____ (72)
_____ (73)
_____ (74)
_____ (75)
_____ (76)
_____ (77)
_____ (78)
H2O
CO2
Na+
Glucose
K+
O2
Substances moved through the interior of a protein; requires energy
Substances moved through the interior of a protein; no energy required
Bulk movement of substances into a cell using a vesicle
Bulk movement of particles out of the cell
Choose the most appropriate answer for each.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Refers to the relative solute concentrations of the fluids
Having the same solute concentrations
Mass movement of one or more substances in response to pressure, gravity, or other
external force
The amount of force that prevents further increase in a solution's volume
The fluid on one side of a membrane that contains more solutes than the fluid on the other
side of the membrane
The diffusion of water in response to a water concentration gradient between two regions
separated by a selectively permeable membrane
Osmotically induced shrinkage of cytoplasm
The term for hydrostatic pressure in plants
The fluid on one side of a membrane that contains fewer solutes than the fluid on the other
side of the membrane
The general term for a fluid force exerted against a cell wall and/or membrane enclosing the
fluid
_____ (79)
_____ (80)
_____ (81)
_____ (82)
_____ (83)
_____ (84)
_____ (85)
_____ (86)
_____ (87)
_____ (88)
bulk flow
osmosis
tonicity
hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution
isotonic solutions
hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure
turgor pressure
plasmolysis
7
Choose the most appropriate description for each term.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
A cell engulfs microorganisms, large edible particles, and cellular debris
Membrane initially used for endocytic vesicles returns receptor proteins and lipids back to
the plasma membrane
Vesicles form around small volumes of extracellular fluid of various content
A cytoplasmic vesicle moves to the cell surface; its own membrane fuses with the plasma
membrane while its contents are released to the environment
Chemical recognition and binding of specific substances; pits of clathrin baskets sink into
the cytoplasm and close on themselves
_____ (89)
_____ (90)
_____ (91)
_____ (92)
_____ (93)
exocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
bulk-phase endocytosis
phagocytosis
membrane cycling
Match the eukaryotic organelles to the correct function.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
endoplasmic reticulum
ribosome
vesicles
cytoskeleton
Golgi body
nucleus
mitochondria
_____ (94) Modifying polypeptide chains into mature proteins; sorting and shipping proteins
and lipids for secretion or use inside the cell
_____ (95) Localizing the cell's DNA
_____ (96) Producing many ATP molecules in highly efficient fashion
_____ (97) Overall cell shape and internal organization; moving the cell and its internal
structures
_____ (98) Transporting or storing a variety of substances; digesting substances and structures
in the cell; other functions
_____ (99) Assembling polypeptide chains
____ (100) Routing and modifying newly formed polypeptide chains; lipid synthesis
8
Study the following illustrations and match each component of the endomembrane system with the description of
its function.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
spaces within smooth membranes of ER
nucleus
Golgi body
vesicles from Golgi
vesicles budding from rough ER
endocytosis with vesicles
exocytosis with vesicles
spaces within rough ER
vesicles budding from smooth ER
lysosomes
peroxisomes
_____ (101)
_____(102)
_____ (103)
_____ (104)
_____ (105)
_____ (106)
_____ (107)
_____ (108)
_____ (109)
_____ (110)
_____ (111)
_____ (112)
_____ (113)
Incorporates proteins into ER membrane
Lipid assembly
DNA instructions for building polypeptide chains
This site modifies proteins after they have been assembled
Proteins and lipids take on final form
Sort and package lipids and proteins for transport to proper destinations following
modification
Vesicles formed at plasma membrane transport substances into cytoplasm
Sacs of enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids, forming hydrogen
peroxide
Special vesicles budding from Golgi bodies that become organelles of
intracellular digestion
Transport unfinished proteins to a Golgi body
Transport finished Golgi products to the plasma membrane
Release Golgi products at the plasma membrane
Transport unfinished lipids to a Golgi body
9
Fill in the blanks.
If a membrane has selective (1) ________, it possesses a molecular structure that permits some substances but not
others to cross it in certain ways, at certain times. If the concentration of a substance in one region differs from that in
an adjoining region, it is called a (2) ________. A (3) ________ is a difference between the number of molecules or
ions of a given substance in adjoining regions. (4) ________ is the name for the net movement of like molecules or ions
down a concentration gradient; it is a factor in the movement of substances across cell membranes and through
cytoplasmic fluid. Diffusion is faster when a gradient is (5) ________. A net distribution of molecules that is nearly
uniform through two adjoining regions is called "dynamic (6) ________." In addition, the rates of diffusion are faster at
(7) ________ temperatures. Molecular (8) ________ also affects diffusion rates. The rate and direction of diffusion may
also fall under the influence of a(n) (9) ________ gradient, a difference between electric charges in adjoining regions.
The presence of a(n) (10) ________ gradient may likewise affect the rate and direction of diffusion.
The (11) ________ transporters permit a substance to follow its concentration gradient across a membrane. This process
is also sometimes called (12) ________ diffusion. The ATPase pumps engage in (13) ________ transport, with the net
direction of movement being (14) ________ the concentration gradient. Unlike passive transport, active transport
requires an input of (15) ________ to counter the concentration gradient. In the bulk movement of substances across a
membrane, the process of (16) ________ moves particles into the cell by forming a vesicle from the plasma membrane.
In (17) ________, a membrane-bound vesicle inside the cell fuses with the plasma membrane, allowing particles to exit
the cell.
1______________________________
10______________________________
2______________________________
11______________________________
3______________________________
12______________________________
4______________________________
13______________________________
5______________________________
14______________________________
6______________________________
15______________________________
7______________________________
16______________________________
8______________________________
17______________________________
9______________________________
10
Osmosis
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
ANS:
D
C
A
D
C
D
A
D
D
A
C
D
B
SHORT ANSWER
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
14.
ANS:
d
f
h
l
a
e
m
i
g
k
b
j
c
15.
ANS:
permeability
gradient
concentration gradient
Diffusion
steep
equilibrium
higher
size
electric
pressure
passive
facilitated
11
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
active
against
energy
endocytosis
exocytosis
16.
ANS:
b
a
b
c
c
b
c
b
c
a
a
a
17.
ANS:
d
a
c
f
c
a
c
f
e
b
18.
ANS:
c
f
a
i
e
b
j
d
h
g
19.
ANS:
20.
ANS:
21.
ANS:
22.
ANS:
T
T
F
F
12
23.
ANS:
24.
ANS:
25.
ANS:
d
e
c
a
b
26.
ANS:
27.
ANS:
28.
ANS:
29.
ANS:
30.
ANS:
31.
ANS:
32.
ANS:
33.
ANS:
34.
ANS:
e
f
g
d
c
b
a
35.
ANS:
T
F
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
a
d
c
c
d
b
b
a
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
h
a
b
c
c
d
f
k
j
e
d
g
i
13
36.
ANS:
37.
ANS:
38.
ANS:
39.
ANS:
40.
ANS:
41.
ANS:
42.
ANS:
43.
ANS:
44.
ANS:
45.
ANS:
46.
ANS:
47.
ANS:
48.
ANS:
49.
ANS:
50.
ANS:
51.
ANS:
a
a
a
a
b
b
d
b
a
c
c
a
b
c
b
d
14