Name______________________
Biology CP
Final Exam Review Packet
June 2015
Instructions:
Review this packet using your notes and/or textbook.
If you take your time, review each topic, and answer all the questions thoroughly you should find that you will
be well-prepared for the exam. If you don’t put effort into this packet you will likely find the test to be very
difficult. Please note that you should also study your notes, homework, labs, etc – this packet should not be the
only thing you study; it is meant only as a helpful guide for your studying efforts.
Date of your exam: June 19th, 2015
Time of your exam: 10:30am – 12:00pm
Location of your exam:______________________
REMEMBER TO BRING 2 #2 PENCILS AND YOUR TEXTBOOK TO THE EXAM!
Study Tips
Begin preparing for the Final Exam in advance
Review notes, handouts, and labs given in class
Know the meaning of vocabulary words
Practice the problems in homeworks, labs, and handouts
If you have a question about something while you are studying, write it down and ask a friend or a
teacher
Study with a friend
If you think you may need extra help, ask your teacher a few days before the exam
Units of Study on the Final Exam:
Cell Structure and Function

Structure and function of all major parts of the cell: plasma membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus,
ribosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vacuoles,
cilia/flagella, cytoskeleton

Identify cell structures in a diagram

Know structures involved and sequence of production, and secretion of a protein

Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Distinguish between plant and animal cells in at least three different ways
o Materials that enter/leave plant vs. animal cell
o Composition of the cell membrane and cell wall

Distinguish prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells & plant vs animal cells

Know all the characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
a) Which cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles?
b) What groups of organisms have prokaryotic cells? Eukaryotic?
c) What structures do the two cell types have in common?
d) What important organelle do both cell types have? What is the function of
that organelle?
e) List at least 4 life processes that both groups of cells undergo.

Describe the differences between an animal and a plant cell. Which organelles are found
in plant cells but not in animal cells? Which are found in animal cells but not plant cells?
DNA Structure

DNA: structure - What are the parts of a nucleotide?
o Sugar, phosphate, N-bases (and be able to identify these parts on a diagram)

A-T / T-A / C-G / G-C (complementary N-base pairing between 2 strands in the DNA
molecule)

Types of bonds that hold the DNA molecule together

Overall shape - twisted ladder - 2 strands (double helix)

Location of DNA in a cell

How DNA replicates

How its code is used to make proteins for the cell (incl. RNA and ribosomes)

Definition of a gene

Relationship between cell, nucleus, chromosomes, genes, DNA and RNA

Mutations - definition, how they can be passed on to offspring, what causes mutations

If each cell in your body has the same DNA, what causes you to have different cell and
tissue types in your body?

“C” Words
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Gene Expression-Protein Synthesis

What is a gene? What does it hold the code for?

How does one protein differ from another?

Francis Crick and the triplet code-three nucleotides code for one amino acid

Universality of the genetic code

Differences/similarities between DNA & RNA – location in cell, type of sugar, number
of strands, nitrogen bases, copied or replicated

Different forms-tRNA, mRNA, rRNA and their functions

Steps in transcription-molecules involved in the process and location

Steps in translation-molecules involved in the process and location

Roles of tRNA and ribosomes in translation
o Be able to use/read mRNA triplet codon chart to identify the amino acid sequence
in the Polypeptide

Given a DNA code of a number of nucleotides, determine the number of amino acids in
the polypeptide produced

What are the final products of protein synthesis

Mutations - definition, occurrence during replication or by mutagen

How are mutations passed to the next generation

Additions (Insertions), deletions, and substitutions, which is most lethal

If each cell in your body has the same DNA, what causes you to have different cell and
tissue types in your body?
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Cell Size and Shape:

Importance of surface area to volume ratio in relationship to the efficiency of cell
transport.

How does the structure of certain cells (ie, red blood cells, cells lining the small intestine)
contribute to the efficiency of transport into or out of the cell?

Importance of cell membrane in determining surface area of cell

Comparing various cells – different SA/Vol, shapes, which one would be most efficient

Diffusion speed is constant – but the time it takes to reach all parts of cell will vary
depending on size/shape of cell

What will a cell do when its SA/Vol ratio is no longer efficient?

Factors which limit cell size

Which is better – a high or low SA/Vol ratio?
Cell Reproduction – Mitosis and Meiosis

Asexual vs. sexual reproduction

Cell Cycle – general steps

Mitosis – steps, diagrams, purpose
o Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Meiosis – steps, diagrams, purpose including spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Fertilization – steps, diagrams, purpose

How do Mitosis, Meiosis and fertilization work together to keep the correct
chromosome number in an organism?

How mitosis causes growth in an organism
o Why does your body grow? What happens to the cells – more cells? Larger cells?

Similarities / differences between mitosis and meiosis

Number of chromosomes in body cells vs. sex cells
5
Genetics

Chromosome number in body cells vs. sex cells

Sex Chromosomes - male XY, female XX (23rd pair)

Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes

Punnett Square to predict chances of having a boy or girl

Human Traits
o dominant: examples include free earlobes, dimples, widow's peak
o recessive: examples include attached earlobes, no dimples, smooth hairline

Genes
o Definition of ‘gene’
o body cells (2 of each gene); sex cells (1 of each gene)
o dominant vs. recessive
o genes on X chromosome (ex, color blindness)

Diseases: down’s syndrome, hemophilia, color blindness, cystic fibrosis,

X vs. Y chromosome (shape/size/content)

Heterozygous (hybrid), homozygous (purebred) dominant, homozygous (purebred)
recessive

What does it mean if we say someone is a “carrier” for a disease?

Define “genetics” – (the study of what?)

Gregor Mendel – father of Genetics (pea plant research)

Complete Dominance, Codominance, Incomplete Dominance, Sex-Linked traits

Genotype – definition (examples?)

Phenotype – definition (examples?)

Probability – what it means; what is the difference between observed and expected
results?

Identify the relationship between the following terms:
o cell, nucleus, chromosomes, genes, DNA

Summarize Mendel's work.
6

Punnett squares
o be able to do punnett squares
o multiplication rule / FOIL
o what do letters on outside vs. inside represent?
o be able to use to predict offspring or figure out parents
o genotypic & phenotypic ratios
o monohybrid crosses
o boy vs. girl prediction
Evolution and Natural Selection

Source of genetic variation

Variation leads to genetic diversity

Can be helpful/harmful or neutral variations

Genetic Diversity can cause genetic adaptations in a changing environment

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Examples of natural selection (moths, finches, bacterial resistance)

Fossils, Biogeography, Molecular Biology (genetics), and Comparative
embryology/anatomy are ways to support the theory of natural selection
Questions you should be able to answer…

The change in the characteristics of a species over time is called what?

Can individuals evolve? Why or why not?

What is a species?

How do mutations lead to genetic diversity?

How does a single mutation become part of the population?

What is variation?
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Human Body Systems:

All organisms are made of cells.

Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.

Cells are made of atoms and molecules.

There is a hierarchy of organization in a multicellular organism.

Living organisms share certain characteristics.

What is a system?

How do systems interact?

How do humans exchange materials with their environment?

What is the relationship between structure and function in living systems?

Digestive organs--Be able to identify and describe parts --process of digestion

Respiratory organs --Be able to identify and describe parts --process of respiration

Circulatory organs --Be able to identify and describe parts --process of circulation

Excretory organs --Be able to identify and describe parts --process of excretion
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