Midterm Review Key 2014
Chapter 1 – Study of Life
1. Definitions a-h see your textbook
2. a. Problem – know what you are trying to find the answer to.
b. Gather Information – Research, observations, data
c. Hypothesis – Make an educated guess
d. Experiment – Be sure to have a control, independent variable, dependent
variable to test the hypothesis
e. Conclusion – Results- was the problem solved, explain.
3. Control – standard to compare variables with
Independent Variable – the variable the scientist chooses to manipulate or keep
track of.
Dependent Variable – the variable that results because of the independent variable
4. Qualitative – descriptive data, using language or words
Quantitative – numerical data
Chapter 6 – Chemistry of Life
1. Definitions a-d see your textbook
2. There are many, including vinegar reacting with baking soda, burning something,
etc. (If the resulting product is completely different than the reactants, than its
most likely a chemical reaction.)
3. There are many, example includes water, salt, glucose, etc.
4. Neutrons and protons are in the atoms nucleus. Electrons orbit around in a shell or
cloud.
5. Macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. They are
large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes other
elements.
6. Saturated lipids have single bond carbon with as many hydrogen attached as
possible. Unsaturated lipids have double or triple bonds and there is not as much
hydrogen.
7. Carbohydrates – contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (the latter two are in a 2:1
ratio); they are the main source of energy.
Lipids – contain carbon, hydrogen and very little oxygen. They are a source of
energy.
Proteins – contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur.
They are made of smaller building blocks called amino acids. They help with
many metabolic reactions, including their role as enzymes.
Nucleic acids – contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. They
are made of smaller building blocks called nucleotides. They determine the
genetic traits.
8. Covalent bonding – when electrons are shared between two atoms.
Ionic bonding – when two atoms are held together by opposite charges due to the
transfer of electrons.
Hydrogen bonding – when two molecules are attracted to each other because they
are polar.
9. Acids have a pH under 7. Bases have a pH above 7. Neutral solution pH = 7.
Chapter 7 – A View of the Cell
1. Cell theory – all organisms made of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells,
cells are the basic unit of function and structure.
2. Folded membranes are an advantage because they provide more surface area for
materials to go in or out of the cell.
3. Electron microscopes have a much higher magnification ability.
4. Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or membrane bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles.
5. The cell membrane is composed of many molecules. The most important
molecules are phospholipids (which make up the bilayer), and proteins, which are
embedded within the bilayer. (Fluid Mosaic Model)
6. nucleus, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, chloroplast are the most important ones to
know.
Chapter 8 – Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
1. The goal of diffusion is to reach a dynamic equilibrium.
2. Diffusion occurs because there is a concentration gradient in which solute is more
concentrated in one area, leading it to flow towards where there is less of it.
3. Hypertonic – the one solution has more solute, Isotonic – solute concentration is
equal between two solutions, Hypotonic – the one solution has less solute.
4. Passive transport does not require energy. Examples include simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, osmosis. Active transport requires energy. Examples include
movement against the concentration gradient through carrier proteins,
endocytosis, exocytosis.
5. See above.
6. Interphase – consisting of G1(growth and metabolism), S (synthesis of
DNA/chromosomes), G2 (prep for cell division) and mitosis (cell division).
Interphase is the longest of all phases in the cell cycle.
7. See Study guides 8.2 and 8.3 and remember PMAT
Chapter 9 – ATP, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
1. Chloroplast has grana, which are stacks of thylakoids where chlorophyll is found.
It also has a liquid stroma.
2. ADP has a sugar ribose connected to adenine to form adenosine. It also has two
phosphates.
3. ATP stores its energy in the bonds of the phosphate portions of the molecule.
4. The light dependent reactions release oxygen. ATP and NADPH are produced to
be used in the light independent or Calvin cycle.
5. The final electron acceptor in the ETC of photosynthesis is ATP. The final
electron acceptor in cell respiration is oxygen.
6. See outline guide 9.2
7. Leaves appear green because light is reflected from their surface.
8. The Calvin cycle takes in carbon dioxide to make the sugar glucose.
9. All living organisms use cellular respiration.