Citation Skills
Made Easy!
Two main types of citation methods are
referred to in this booklet, they are:
Harvard System
and the
British Standard
Stimulating and Supporting Innovation in Learning
Further details please contact
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Tel: 028 90974417
Page 1
Content Page
Harvard System
Page 4 General Information when Citing
How to Cite References within my Work
Page 5
Two Authors
Page 5
No author name
Page 5
No author and date of publication
Secondary Referencing
Page 5
In the body of your text
How to cite References in bibliography
Page 6
Within your bibliography
Page 6
For books
Page 6
Chapter of book
Page 7
Journal Article
Page 7
Newspaper articles
Page 7
Electronic books (e-books)
Internet Pages
Page 8
Referencing Internet site
Page 8
Electronic Journals (with paper copies)
Page 9
Electronic Journals (published solely on Web no
paper copy)
Page 9
Images
Internet Database
Page 8
Citing a section/extract from internet database
Page 8
Citing whole internet database
Page 8-9
Quoting article form CD ROM database
Communications
Page 9
Letter
Page 9
Conversation
Page 9
Fax
Page 9
E-Mail
Page 9
Text message
Electronic Discussion Group
Page 9
Cite message from discussion group
Page 9
Cite entire discussion group
Virtual Learning Environment
Page 10
Tutor’s notes
Page 10
Citing journal article from VLE
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Page 2
Page 10
Page 10
Page 11
Using material from digitised book stored on VLE
Citing a message from discussion group from VLE
Computer Programmes
Reference Materials
Page 11
Citing Conference
Page 11
Citing Conference paper(s)
Page 11
Conference papers published on internet
Page 11
Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias whole volume
Page 12
Cite an article from Dictionary/Encyclopaedia
Page 12
Citing one volume from a series
Page 12
Illustrations and Tables
Page 12
Interviews
Page 12
Manuscripts
Page 13
Maps
Page 13
Geographical maps
Page 13
Reports
Page 13
Theses
Page 13
Reviews
Visual and Audiovisual
Page 14
Microfilm
Page 14
Television
Page 14
Radio
Page 14
Audiocassette
Page 14
Film
Page 14
Videocassette
Page 15
DVD
Page 15
Photographs and Slides
Page 15
Musical scores
British Standard
How to cite references within my work
Page 15
Numeric System
How to cite within Bibliography
Page 16
For a book
Page 16
Off the web
Page 16
Newspaper
Page 16
Footnotes
Page 16
Abbreviations
Page 16
Conclusion
Stimulating and Supporting Innovation in Learning
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Page 3
Harvard System
General Information when citing
Author/editor
Put surname first, followed by initial of forename
If there is more than three authors put et al
If book is edited they put (ed.) after their name
Year of publication
Put the year of publication or last date website was updated in round
brackets
Title
Always quote the title found on the title page,
Never abbreviate
Always start with capital letter
Edition
If it is a first edition you do not need to record this
Editions after the first are always recorded
Edition shortened to edn.
Place of publication and publisher
This information is usually found at bottom of title page
Series
Include series and volume number if applicable
Page Reference
If using material from a page quote that page number
Always put the letter p in front of the number
Title of Journal/Newspaper
Always use the title on front page
Never abbreviate
Use italics to make it stand out clearer
Issue Information
Volume number
Issue number, month or season
Year of publication
Page reference
Same as for books
URL
The uniform Resource Locator (url) as it is written in the address bar on
computer http://www ….Date accessed
The date you found the information on the web place in round brackets( )
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Page 4
Harvard Method - How to cite references within my
work
Author’s name, year of publication, page number(s) examples:
Guy (2005, p.78) confirmed that people living…….
or
In a recent article relating to people living in poor housing (Guy, 2005,
p.78) stated that…..
In cases were there are two authors
Guy & White (2005, p.78) stated that……
When the name of the author cannot be identified then quote the
title of the article were you found the information:
In a recent report (Living condition in Britain, 2005 p.78) it was stated
that…..
If there is no author and date of publication is unknown
In a recent report (Living condition in Britain, date unknown, p.78) it
was suggested….
In this modern age more people are using the web as references, follow the
guideline above, but in cases were there is no identifiable author or title then
they following method is accepted:
In a recent report (http://www.recentreport.gov.uk, 2005)
Return to content page
Secondary Referencing
If you are using a piece of work that has already been cited in someone else’s
work
you must make it clear that you have not read the original work and that you
are referring to it as a secondary source.
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Page 5
In the body of your text
Author, Year of publication ( ), author of original piece of work
Little (2004, pp12-13) agreed with the findings of Guy on the causes of
poverty in Britan
Return to content page
Harvard Method – How to cite references in
bibliography
Within your bibliography entries are listed alphabetically
Within your bibliography
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of publication (in italics), Place of
publication: Publisher
Little, A.(2004), Poverty and its Causes, London: Collins Press.

You do not include information on Guy as you have not read the
original text. The reader of your work can go to the bibliography in
Little to find the full bibliographic reference to Guy’s work
For Book(s)
Author’s name (if no name then list by title), year of publication, title, edition,
place of publication/publisher
Guy (2005) Living Conditions in Britain. 3rd edn. HarperCollins
Chapter from a book
Author of chapter, year of publication (round brackets), Title of chapter (in
quotation marks), ‘in’ author/editor of book, Title of book(in italics), Place of
publication/publisher, page reference
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Page 6
Grey, S. (2005) ‘How the other half live’, in Guy, Living conditions in Britain,
Birmingham:Collins, pp71-77
Reprint Edition of Books
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (italics), Reprint, Place of
publication: publisher, Date
Guy, D. (1904), The last Dance, Reprint, Birmingham, Oldham Press, 2004.

On more recent work you should also give the original
publication details, enter after the title of the book and before
Reprint.
Journal Article
Author, year of publication ( ), Title of article in (quotation marks), Title of
journal in (italics), Issue information (volume, part number, month or season),
page reference
Guy, (2005) ‘Slum dwellings in London 1879’ Poverty in Nineteenth
Century Britain, vol. 3, Jan, pp.89-91
Newspaper Articles
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (single quotes), Title of
newspaper, Day and Month, Page reference
Smith P. (2005) ‘Water Ban Imposed’ Belfast Telegraph, 23 June, p.1

If no author is given start with title of publication in italics
Electronic books (e-books)
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (italics), Name of e-book supplier,
Online in [ ], Available at: url, (accessed: date)
Guy, (2005) Times gone Bye, Virtual Library [Online]. Available at
http://www.virtuallibrary.com (accessed 31 August 2006)
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Page 7
Internet pages
Referencing internet site
Author, year site was published ( ), Title of internet site (italics). Available at
url, (accessed when)
Guy, (2004) Housing through the ages. Available at:
http://www.housingin Britain.com/ (accessed: 31August 2005)
Electronic Journals
These are journals that have a paper original but can also be found on the
internet
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of
journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of collection (in italics)
[Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
Guy, (2004) ‘How the other half live’, Journal British History, vol. 24(2),
pp90-120, Emerald, [Online]. Available at
http://www.emerald.org/britishhistory, (Accessed: 31 August 2005)
There are journals that are now published on the internet solely
and have no paper copy
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of
journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, [Online]. Available at: URL,
(Accessed: date)
Guy, (2004) ‘How the other half live’, Journal British History, vol 24(2),
pp90-120, [Online]. Available at http://www.emerald.org/britishhistory,
(Accessed: 31 August 2005)
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Page 8
Images
Author/Artist, Year of publication ( ), Title of image (in italics), [Online image],
Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
Guy (2005) Langford Street 180, [Online image]. Available at
http://www.images.com/langfordstreet/
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Internet Database
Citing a section or extract from an internet database
Title of section/extract (in quotation marks), Year of publication ( ), Name of
database (in italics), [Online]. Available at: URL, (Accessed: date)
‘Allocation of rooms report’ (2004 august), Happy Face Hotel
reservation database [Online]. Available at:
http://www.happyfacehotel.com/reservations/
(Accessed: 31 August2005)
Citing whole internet database
Database title (in italics), Year of publication ( ), [Online]. Available at: URL,
(Accessed: date)
Happy Face Hotel reservation database, (2004 august), [Online].
Available at: http://www.happyfacehotel.com/reservations/ (Accessed:
31 August2005)
Quoting an article (journal/newspaper) from a CD ROM database
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (in quotation marks), Title of
journal/newspaper (in italics), Volume, date, page numbers, [CD ROM].
Producer, Available.
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Page 9
Guy, (2005), ‘The good life’, Belfast Telegraph, vol 1, 23rd August pp2123 [CD ROM]. World of CD. Belfast Telegraph.
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Communications
In the electronic age communication between people occurs using many
different mediums; telephone, fax, letter, e-mail and lectures are all dealt with
below:
Sender/speaker/author, Year of communication ( ), Medium. Receiver of
message. Day/Month of communication
White, (2005) Letter to C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Conversation with C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Fax to C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Telephone conversation with C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) E-mail to C. Guy, 21 August
White, (2005) Text to C. Guy, 21 August
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Electronic Discussion Group
To cite a particular message from a discussion group.
Author, Year of message ( ), Subject of the message (in quotation marks),
[Online], Electronic conference (in italics), Date posted: day/month, Available
e-mail: email address
Guy, (2005) ‘Rowntree poverty report’ [Online], Third year Social
Science discussion group, 2 September. Available E-mail: socscience@jiscmail.com
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To cite the entire discussion group
List name (in italics), [Online], Available E-mail: email address
Third year Social Science discussion group, [Online], Available e-mail:
soc-science@jiscmail.com
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Virtual Learning Environment
Using Tutor’s notes
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of item (single quotation marks), Name of
academic module (in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning
environment, (Accessed: date)
Guy (2005) ‘useful quotes for assignment on poverty’, Poverty
Nineteenth Century Britain, [Online], Available at:
http://www.queensonline.ac.uk (Accessed: 2 September 2005)
Citing a journal article found on VLE
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of article (single quotation marks), Title of
Journal (in italics), Volume, issue, page numbers, Name of academic module
(in italics), [Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment,
(Accessed: date).
Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, British History, vol. 2, 23, pp.2329,
Poverty [Online], Available at: http://www.queensonline.ac.uk,
(accessed 2 September 2005)
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Using material from a digitised book stored on Virtual Learning
Environment
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of book (in italics), Place of publication:
publisher (if available) page number(s), Name of academic module (in italics),
[Online], Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).
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Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, Birmingham, Smith Publishing,
pp.23-29, Poverty [Online], Available at:
http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)
Using a message from a course discussion board
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of message (in quotation marks), Title of
discussion board (in italics), Name of academic module (in italics), [Online],
Available at: URL of virtual learning environment, (Accessed: date).
Guy, (2005), ‘Poverty the Stark reality’, Third year Social Science
discussion group, Poverty [Online], Available at:
http://www.queensonline.ac.uk, (accessed 2 September 2005)
Computer Programmes
Citing a computer programme
Author, Date ( ), Title of programme (in italics), Version ( ), [Form], Availability:
(how to get access to programme e.g. distributor, address, order /list number)
Guy (2005) Heart monitoring, (version 2, Java for PC) [Computer
programme] Available BIC Software, High Street, Belfast, List number
2434
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Reference Materials
Citing the Conference
Author/Editor, Year of publication ( ), Title of conference (italics), Location and
date of conference, Place of publication: publisher.
Sudgan, F (2005) Plagiarism, Manchester 23 September 2005,
Manchester: Manchester University Press
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Citing Conference paper(s)
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of paper (single quotes), Title of
conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Place of publication:
publisher, Page references for paper
Sudgan, F (2005) ‘Plagiarism in HE’, Plagiarism, Manchester 23
September 2005, Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp 24-35
Conference papers published on internet
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of paper (single quotes), Title of
conference (italics), Location and date of conference, Publisher, Available at:
URL (Accessed: date), Page references for paper
Sudgan, F (2005) ‘Plagiarism in HE’, Plagiarism, Manchester 23
September 2005, Manchester University Press, Available:
http://www.manchester-university.ac.uk/plagiarism/plagiarismh.html/ ,
(Accessed 21 September 2005)
Return to content page
Dictionaries/Encyclopaedias
To cite whole volume
Title (italics), Date ( ), Place of Publication/Publisher
Collins Gem English Dictionary (2000), Glasgow: Omnia Books Ltd
To cite an article from a volume
Author, Date ( ), Title of article (quotes), Name of Volume, Edition, Volume,
Page
Smith, J ( 2001), ‘Famine’ Reader’s Digest Encyclopaedia, edn 3, vol
A-M, pp. 22-24
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Citing one volume from a series
Title (Italics) Volume, Year of publication ( ), Place of publication/publisher
Readers Digest Encyclopaedia, vol 1, (1999), London: Corpus
publishers
Illustrations and Tables
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title (italics), Place of publication: publisher,
Page reference, illustration/ figure/ table/ map.
 Illustration can be abbreviated to illus, figure to fig.
White J. (2004) Toy story Woody Flying, London, London Press, p.45
illus.
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Interviews
Person Interviewed, Year of interview ( ), Title of interview (if any, single
quotes), Interview by, Interviewer’s name, Title of publication (in italics),
[Medium in which interview appeared], Publication details.
Sitting Bull (1717) ‘Battle of Little Big Horn’, interview with
Chief Sitting Bull, Interview by Mary Smith, London Telegraph, 2nd
edn. September 1717.
Manuscripts
Author, Year ( ), Title of manuscript (in italics), Date (if available), Name of
collection containing manuscript and reference number, Location of
manuscript
Shakespeare W. (1598) King Lear, Shakespearn Manuscripts, KL-1,
British Museum.
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
If Author is not known cite the title of the manuscript in Italics
Maps
Ordnance survey, Year of publication ( ), Title (italics), Sheet number, scale,
Place of publication, Series ( )
Ordnance survey (2004), Belfast, sheet 29, 1:1000,000. Belfast. ( DOE
road series)
Geographical maps
Author and publisher, Year of publication ( ), Title (italics), Sheet number,
scale, Place of publication, Series ( )
DOE road service (2004), Belfast, sheet 29, 1:1000,000. Belfast. ( DOE
road series)
Reports
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of report (italics), Place of publication:
publisher, Report code and number ( ).
Guy (2005) Case studies on poverty in Birmingham, Birmingham:
Corpus publishers, (CSPB – 1)
Theses
Author, Year of submission ( ),Title of thesis (italics), Degree statement,
Degree awarding body.
Sudgan, F (2005) Plagiarism in HE, MSc thesis, Manchester University.
Reviews
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Name of reviewer, Year of publication of the review ( ), Title of review (single
quotes), Review of, Identification of the work reviewed (italics), Author/Director
of work being reviewed, Publication details (title in italics)
Little, J. (2005) ‘Only Fools and Horses’ Review of Only Fools and
Horses, directed by Peoples, M. , Belfast Telegraph, 31 September.
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Visual and Audiovisual
Microfilm
Author, Year of publication ( ), Title of microform (in italics),[Medium], Place of
publication: publisher.
Smith, A. (1990) Space Travel, [Microfilm], University Manchester:
University Press.
Television
Title of programme (in italics), Year of publication ( ), Name of Channel, Date
of transmission (day/month/time)
Growing up, (2005), BBC Two, 14 September. 11:00-11:20am
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Radio
Title of programme (in italics), Year of publication ( ), Name of Channel, Date
of transmission (day/month/time)
Bernard’s Buttons (2005), BBC Radio Ulster MW 1341, 21 September.
11:40-11:51am
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Audiocassette
Author (or title if author not known), Year of publication ( ), Title of recording
(in italics), [audiocassette], Place of publication: publisher
Gallagher, L. (2004) Long Lost Summer, [audiocassette], London,
Pinewood studios.
Film
Title of Film (in italics), Year of distribution ( ), Director, [Film], Place of Place
of distribution: distribution company.
Bat Man II, (2004), Steven Spielberg, [Film]. Hollywood: MG Studios
Videocassette
Title of Programme/Film (in italics), Year of distribution ( ), Director,
[Videocassette], Place of distribution: distribution company.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, (2003), Steven Spielberg.
[Videocassette], London: Pinewood studios.
DVD
Title of Film (in italics), Year of distribution ( ), Director, [DVD], Place of
distribution: distribution company.
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2003), Steven Spielberg,
[DVD],
London: Pinewood studios.
Photographs and Slides
Photographer, Year( ), Title (in italics), Medium [ ], Place of publication:
publisher.
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Bailey, D. (2003) Buckingham Palace,[Photograph], London: Bailey
Press
Musical Scores
Composer, Year of publication ( ), Title of score (in italics), Notes, Place of
publication: publication
Little, A. (2004), Winter Morning Sun, London: Sound vision publishing.
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British Standard
How to cite references within my work
This method is usually used when citing within the Humanities. To cite with
ones own work a numeric system is used. For example
When discussing the result of the eclipse Moore (1) explained that …..
or
When discussing the result of the eclipse Moore [1] explained that…..
or
When discussing the result of the eclipse Moore 1 explained that ……
It is your choice whether to use rounded brackets or square or superscript.
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British Standard - How to cite references in bibliography
Within your bibliography entries are listed numerically as they
appear in your written text.
First citation in text was Moore (1)
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This citation would be referenced as:
For a book
1. Moore, R. (2004) ‘The Sky at Night’, London: Heath Press. pp 45-46
Off the web
1. Moore, R. (updated 13 August 2004), The sky at night. Available at:
http://www.worldscience.co.uk/skyatnight/. (accessed 12 September
2004)
Newspaper
1. Moore, R (2004) ‘The Sky at Night’, London Tribune, 31 August , p2.
The information required when referencing for a bibliography using the British
Standard follows the same format as the Harvard Method. But remember the
number you used when citing within your work must correlate to the same
number in your bibliography
Footnotes
When citing numbers are used, these numbers have corresponding footnotes
at the bottom of the page giving detailed bibliographic details of the author.
An advantage of this method is that the reader has information regarding the
author cited in front of them and does not have to refer to a separate
reference list to find this information.
Abbreviations
When referring to work that has three or more authors you can use
Et al. (means others) for example, Guy, Smith, White and Brown all wrote
‘The Long Road’
To cite these writers Guy Et al. (1999) The Long Road. London: Heath
Press, 2000.
Et al can be used in both British Standard and Harvard Method.
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British Standard Only
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Ibid. is used when two or more consecutive references are from the same
source:
Example
1. Guy Et al. (1999) The Long Road. London: Heath Press pp45-47
2. Ibid. p.23
3. Ibid. p.57
Op.cit. is used after an author name to mean the same as last cited for this
author
Example
1. Guy R. (2004) Heaven Sent Birmingham: Fern press. pp78-89
2. Guy op.cit. pp89-90
To conclude, this booklet is designed to assist you cite your work properly
or how to teach students to cite.
Before you use either method referred to in this booklet check with your
department or lecturer the citation method that they use.
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Page 20