The male genitalia of the family Atemnidae (Pseudoscorpiones) by Finn Erik Klausen (p. 641)
ABSTRACT. Knowledge of the male genitalia of the Atemnidae is still limited, although several authors have previously contributed to our understanding of their structure. This study deals with the morphology and configuration of the male genital organs. Forty-four species belonging to 16 different genera have been investigated, including species of 4 genera of Miratemninae. Anatemnus longus Beier 1932 is synonymized with A. voeltzkowi (Ellingsen 1908),
Paratemnoides ceylonicus (Beier 1932) is synonymized with P. pallidus (Balzan
1892), and P. minor (Balzan 1892) with P. nidificator (Balzan 1888). Tamenus equestroides (Ellingsen 1906) is moved to the genus Cyclatemnus . The genitalia of the investigated specimens are described and a general diagnostic description of the male genitalia of the family is given. The study reveals an overall uniformity in the genitalic configuration of the family, which indicates monophyly. With respect to the affinities with other families of the Cheliferoidea, the male genitalia suggest that the Atemnidae might be closer to the Withiidae than to the
Cheliferidae or Chernetidae. Claimed differences between the Atemninae and
Miratemninae are considered, but the morphology of the male genitalia does not support their division into two families. Comparison of species of the genera
Anatemnus , Catatemnus , Oratemnus and Paratemnoides reveals greater variation within the genera than between different genera. This infers that the present systematic grouping of species does not reflect true phylogenetic relationships within the family.
Keywords: Arachnida, pseudoscorpion, genitalia, morphology, phylogenetic relationships
Extremely short copulations do not affect hatching success in Argiope bruennichi
(Araneae, Araneidae) by Jutta M. Schneider, Lutz Fromhage & Gabriele Uhl (p. 663)
ABSTRACT. Females of the orb-weaving spider Argiope bruennichi are very cannibalistic and regularly terminate copulations by aggressively attacking the male. Few males survive mating and they escape only if they mate no longer than 8 seconds on average. We speculated that the brief copulations of surviving males will not result in complete fertilization of all of a fe male’s eggs and that multiple mating is necessary to compensate for that. Surprisingly, we found no difference in the proportion of hatched young in clutches of females that were experimentally assigned to mate once or twice. Even females that mated with one male for less than 10 seconds produced clutches with hatching rates no different than treatments with two matings. The question remains why males risk their lives by prolonging copulation duration. Possible causes and functions in the context of sexual selection are discussed.
Keywords: Sexual cannibalism, sexual conflict, orb-weaving spiders, mating

behavior

Parameters affecting fecundity of Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão 1934 (Araneae,
Sicariidae) by Marta L. Fischer & João Vasconcellos-Neto (p. 670)
ABSTRACT. In this study, the process of egg sac construction and the factors that determine fecundity in the spider Loxosceles intermedia were analyzed by comparing lab-reared females that had mated only once ( n 5 180 ovipositions) and females with unknown reproductive histories ( n 5 76 ovipositions). Among females known to have mated only once ( n 5 84), the number of viable eggs correlated positively with the duration of mating and with the age of the female at the time of fertilization and decreased significantly with successive ovipositions.
In females with unknown ( n 5 36) reproductive histories, up to three fertile egg sacs were obtained from the same female with a third oviposition being observed only once. Oviposition was more frequent among larger females than smaller females. Among the reproductive variables evaluated, there were correlations between the number of eggs and the weight of the female spiders. More fertile eggs were laid by females with unknown reproductive histories than by females that mated only once. The existence of more stable environmental conditions, abundant food, and multiple fertilizations are probable factors which favor greater fertility of L. intermedia in urban Curitiba, located in southern Brazil, and can partly explain the success of this species in occupying this ecological niche.
Keywords: Ovipositions, fertility, reproduction, mating success
Refining sampling protocols for inventorying invertebrate biodiversity: influence of driftfence length and pitfall trap diameter on spiders by Karl E.C. Brennan, Jonathan D. Majer & Melinda L. Moir (p. 681)
ABSTRACT. The limited resources available to inventory biodiversity and conduct ecological monitoring requires efficient protocols for sampling with pitfall traps. Here we consider adding different length drift-fences to pitfall traps on spiders. Four different fencing treatments (no fence, or fence lengths of 2, 4 and
6 m) were evaluated in combination with three trap diameters (4.3, 7.0 and 11.1 cm). Three-way ANOVAs revealed no significant interaction effects between any combinations of fencing treatments, trap size or the spatial positioning of transects within the study site along which traps were arranged. Post-hoc tests showed fences significantly increased the abundance of individuals and richness of spider families, and species collected. Traps with 6 m fences were significantly higher in all of these variables than traps with 2 m fences. ANOSIMs revealed taxonomic composition differed significantly between fenced and unfenced traps at familial, and specific ranks. Among fenced traps, taxonomic composition was influenced primarily by trap diameter rather than fence length. ANOSIMs showed significant differences in taxonomic composition between each trap diameter for fenced traps. An optimal combination of fencing treatment and trap diameter was determined by constructing smoothed species accumulation curves for increasing numbers of traps. Four criteria were considered: equivalent numbers

of traps, standardized cumulative trap circumference, standardized cumulative fence length (fenced traps only) and standardized cumulative handling time. For the same number of traps, 11.1 cm traps with 4 and 6 m fences collected the most species. At a standardized trap circumference, long fences were best, with all trap sizes catching similar numbers of species. When fence length was standardized, 11.1 cm traps with 2 or 4 m fences collected the most species. At a standardized handling time all traps caught very similar numbers of species, although most 11.1 cm diameter traps collected more species than other trap sizes and those with 4 m fences were most efficient. Given the similar performance of fenced and unfenced traps for standardized handling time, we outline reasons why unfenced traps may be best.
Keywords: Arthropods, barriers, guides, inventory, sampling methods
Male residency and mating patterns in a subsocial spider by Barrett A. Klein, Todd C. Bukowski & Leticia Avilés (p. 703)
ABSTRACT. Male mating strategies are often deployed with regard to female maturity and receptivity, possibly in response to sperm utilization patterns on the part of the female. We examined the pattern of male residency with females during the mating period of the subsocial spider Anelosimus cf. jucundus
(Araneae, Theridiidae). We first examined patterns of male cohabitation with naturally occurring penultimate instar and adult females in the field. Males were significantly more likely to be found in association with adult females, rather than with penultimate instar females. Penultimate instar and virgin adult females of known age were then placed into the field and monitored for residency by subsequently marked males. Males were, again, significantly more likely to be found in association with adult females, rather than with penultimate-instar females, although we were unable to determine if this pattern was due to differential arrival or to differential retention of males at adult female web sites.
Aspects of A . cf. jucundus natural history, including duration of male residency and frequency of mating in the field, are provided for the first time. We discuss the patterns of male residency in relation to predictions based on sperm utilization patterns by female A . cf. jucundus spiders.
Keywords: Anelosimus , female maturity, male cohabitation, residency, sperm utilization
A redescription of Chrysso nigriceps (Araneae, Theridiidae) with evidence for maternal care by Jeremy Miller & Ingi Agnarsson (p. 711)
ABSTRACT. Chrysso nigriceps is redescribed and the male is described for the first time based on material from Colombia. Evidence for maternal care of juveniles in Chrysso is presented. This evidence is consistent with predictions based on phylogenetic analysis that maternal care is primitively present in the

lost colulus clade, the lineage containing all social theridiids.
Keywords: Chrysso , evolution of sociality, maternal care, taxonomy, South
America
A ‘swimming’
Heteropoda species from Borneo (Araneae, Sparassidae, Heteropodinae) by Peter Jäger (p. 715)
ABSTRACT. Heteropoda natans new species (Araneae, Sparassidae,
Heteropodinae) is described from Borneo. Additional illustrations of the genitalia of H. hosei (Pocock 1897) are provided for comparison purposes. The lectotype of H. hosei is designated.
Keywords: Sparassidae, Heteropoda , taxonomy, new species, Borneo
Three new species of Solifugae from North America and a description of the female of
Branchia brevis (Arachnida, Solifugae) by Jack O. Brookhart & Paula E. Cushing (p. 719)
Visual acuity of the sheet-web building spider Badumna insignis (Araneae, Desidae) by Christofer J. Clemente, Kellie A. McMaster, Liz Fox, Lisa Meldrum, Barbara
York Main & Tom Stewar t (p. 726)
A new species of Bothriurus from Brazil (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) by Camilo Iván Mattoni & Luis Eduardo Acosta
(p. 735)
Diel activity patterns and microspatial distribution of the harvestman Phalangium opilio
(Opiliones, Phalangiidae) in soybeans by Cora M. Allard & Kenneth V. Yeargan (p. 745)
Identity and placement of species of the orb weaver genus Alcimosphenus (Araneae,
Tetragnathidae) by Herbert W. Levi (p. 753)
Development and life tables of Loxosceles intermedia Mello-Leitão 1934 (Araneae,
Sicariidae) by Marta L. Fischer & João Vasconcellos-Neto (p. 758)
Mate choice and sexual confl ict in the size dimorphic water spider Argyroneta aquatica ( Araneae, Argyronetidae ) by Dolores Schütz & Michael Taborsky (p. 767)
Molecular insights into the biogeography and species status of New Zealand’s endemic
Latrodectus spider species; L. katipo and L. atritus (Araneae, Theridiidae)

by James W. Griffi ths, Adrian M. Paterson & Cor J. Vink (p. 776)
Revision of the spider genus Hesydrus (Araneae, Lycosoidea, Trechaleidae) by James E. Carico (p. 785)
Description of two new spider genera of Trechaleidae (Araneae, Lycosoidea) from South
America by James E. Carico (p. 797)
Living with the enemy: jumping spiders that mimic weaver ants by Ximena J. Nelson, Robert R. Jackson, G.B. Edwards & Alberto T. Barrion (p.
813)
A new technique for examining surface morphosculpture of scorpions by Erich S. Volschenk (p. 820)
Review Article
The emergence of manipulative experiments in ecological spider research (1684–1973) by James R. Bell (p. 826)
Short Communications
Food storage by a wandering ground spider (Araneae, Ammoxenidae, Ammoxenus ) by Ansie S. Dippenaar-Schoeman & Rupert Harris (p. 850)
Parthenogenesis through fi ve generations in the scorpion Liocheles australasiae
(Fabricius 1775) (Scorpiones, Ischnuridae) by Kazunori Yamazaki & Toshiki Makioka (p. 852)
The effects of moisture and heat on the effi cacy of chemical cues used in predator detection by the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae, Lycosidae) by Shawn M. Wilder, Jill DeVito, Matthew H. Persons & Ann L. Rypstra (p. 857)
Description of male Phrynus asperatipes (Amblypygi, Phrynidae) by Mariá-Luisa Jiménez & Jorge Llinas-Gutiérrez
(p. 862)
Confi rmation of parthenogenesis in Tityus trivittatus Kraepelin 1898 (Scorpiones,
Buthidae) by Carlos A. Toscano-Gadea (p. 866)
Allometry of genitalia and fi ghting structures in Linyphia triangularis (Araneae,
Linyphiidae)

by Sebastian Funke & Bernhard A. Huber (p. 870)
Matriphagy in the neotropical pseudoscorpion Paratemnoides nidifi cator (Balzan 1888)
(Atemnidae) by Everton Tizo-Pedroso & Kleber Del-Claro (p. 873)
Book Review
Review of Fossil Spiders in Amber and Copal (by Joerg Wunderlich) reviewed by George Poinar, Jr.
(p. 878)