Multiple Choice:
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. a
5. c
6. d
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. d
11. a
12. a
13. b
14. d
15. c
Short Answer
1.y
2.y
3.n
4.n
5.n
6. If a newly cut piece of pine wood gives a geiger tube reading of 139 counts per minute of
radiation, and an artifact from the same type of wood gives a reading of 34.75 cpm, how old is
the artifact?
34.75/139=25%= 2half-lives= 5730*2=11,460 years old
7. A radiologist determines an igneous rock to have 4parts Uranium 235 to 3 parts Lead 207.
How old is this rock?
4/7=57.14%~.85 half-life*713million=606,050,000 ya
8. What are some differences of apes from humans?
Some differences of apes from humans are, that apes are quadrupeds. They have a smaller brain
capacity, small neo cortex. They are small, and their skulls rest on their spine, so that when they
are hunched over, they see strait ahead. Humans on the other hand, have their skull set so that
when they stand up straight, they see straight ahead, not angled up or down.
9. What was the significance of Lucy and her kind?
Lucy was significant because she was an almost complete skeleton of Australopithecus Afarenis.
She and her kind were bipedal. They could walk longer distances than apes, showing that they
started to leave the trees.
Date
Period
Foram Ranges
Stratigrapic CrossEra
MYA
10.
A=Cenozoic
B=Mesozoic C=Paleozoic D=65 E=248 F=541 G=Permian
Section
H=Carboniferous
I=3 J =8 K =1 L=6 M=7
0
R=10 S=4
A) N=9 O=11 P=5 Q=2 Quaternary
a,t,s,q,g
I)
D)
B)
E)
C)
F)
Tertiary
a,t,sch,s
J)
Cretaceous
a,t,sch,h,q
K)
Jurassic
a,t,sch
L)
Triassic
a,t,sch
M)
G)
a,t,sch
N)
H)
a,t,Sch
O)
Devonian
a
P)
Silurian
a
Q)
Ordovician
a
R)
Cambrian
a
S)
#
Stratum
Info/Clue
1
limestone
fossils of Ammodiscus, Textularia,
Quinqueloculina,Hedbegella
2
shale intruding
into extensive
limestone
fossils of Ammodiscus, algae, coral; the
shale is on a layer of igneous rock dated
430 mya; lava above the sediments dated
410mya
3
shale
fossils of Ammodiscus, Textularia,
Saracenaria; second youngest stratum of
the Cenozoic Era
4
shale
fossils of Ammodiscus, extensive trilobites;
oldest stratum of the Paleozoic Era
5
sandstone
fossils of Ammodiscus, bony fishes, shark
teeth; oldest stratum that contains fossils
bony fishes and shark
6
shale sandstone
fossils of Ammodiscus, textularia,
ammonites; stratum above this contains
fossils of Hedbergella
7
conglomerate
fossils of Ammodiscus, Textularia,
ammonites; stratum above, same fossil
types;stratum below, same foram plus
Schwargerina, no ammonites
8
shale sandstone
fossils of Ammodiscus, Textularia,
Saracenaria;stratum below contains fossils
of Hedbergella
9
shaley
conglomerate
fossils of Ammodiscus, Textularia,
Schwagerina; no strata above this contains
trilobites nor horn corals
10 limestone
fossils of Ammodiscus, trilobites, horn
corals; igneous rock above this limestone
stratum is dated 430mya
11 sandstone,
unusually large
amounts of coal
fossils Ammodiscus, trilobites, shark teeth;
the second oldest stratum which contains
shark fossils
11.
A)Identify and label all the unconformities in this image.
L-R, W-B, E-H
B) Is Rock Layer P younger or older than M? What Principle did you use to find your answer?
P is older than M, I used Law of Superposition, stating that the one on top is younger.
C) The Igneous Intrusion T is older or younger than J?
T is younger J, Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships
D) List the sequence from oldest to youngest.
P,M,L,K,A,R,J,W,T,B,F,E,H
12. How can we tell that Lucy was bipedal.
We can tell that Lucy was bipedal, because her pelvis was connected to the legs, similar to a
Human. Her pelvis was bowl shaped, meaning that she stood upright, because her pelvis supports
her organs. Apes have a thick ribs, because they bear the weight of the organs. Also her knees
could lock in place, femur is angled toward the knee, and the shinbone goes to the ground. Also,
the toe bone is long and not curled.
13. How can we tell the age when a hominid died.
You can find out how old the hominid was when it died according to its teeth. They look at the
adult teeth developing in the mandible.
14. How and why did bipedalism occur?
Bipedalism became to be due to the change of environment. The once abundant forests thin out,
so food sources become scarce. Energy became more important, and walking upright correctly
saves much more energy than the ape way of walking on all fours. Chimps use 4 times the
amount of energy compared to humans walking. With endurance, hominids could travel a farther
distance to get food.
15. How does variation, selection, and time to interact with evolution?
Variation is how the DNA changes from recombination, or mutation in the genome, which
changes our trait from our parents. Mutations are like typos in the copying of DNA.
Recombination is changing the ordering of the DNA sequence. Selection controls which traits
are kept, or lost. Advantageous traits are kept down the generations, but the advantageous ones
stay. Time allows for significant variations and selection to occur, which makes the traits more
common and widespread.
16. Which region has the most genetic diversity, and why?
Africa has the most genetic diversity, because they are the oldest people, so they have had a long
to to admix, and evolve.