Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
(Blood transport)
I.
Purpose of Circulatory System
1. Transports materials
a. Needed materials to cells
- oxygen from lungs
- glucose to cells for energy
b. Takes away waste materials
- carbon dioxide from cells to lungs
c. White blood cells
- warriors against disease
II.
Parts and functions of Circulatory System
1. Heart
a. Definition – hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
- may beat over 3,000,000,000 times in lifetime
b. Heart Structure
1. atrium
a. upper chambers
b. blood flows into the heart in the atrium
2. ventricle
a. pumps blood out of heart
3. valves
a. openings into and out of the heart
b. only flow one way
c. How the heart works
1. Phase I – heart relaxes and fills with blood (in atrium)
2. Phase II – muscles contract
a. blood is pushed from atrium to ventricle (lub)
b. blood is pushed from ventricle out of heart (dub)
2. Pathways
a. Where does the blood go?
1. leaves heart ventricles – to arteries
2. arteries – to capillaries
3. capillaries – to veins
4. veins to atria in heart
b. Two loops
1. Lungs (pulmonary)
a. leaves right ventricle (in heart) – goes to artery
b. artery - to lung
c. capillaries (inside lungs) pick up oxygen (gets rid of carbon dioxide)
d. lungs – to veins
e. veins to left atrium (in heart) – to right atrium (in heart)
2. Body
a.
b.
c.
d.
leaves right ventricle (in heart) – goes to artery
artery – to capillaries (delivers material to cells)
capillaries (picks up wastes) – to veins
veins to right atrium (in heart) – to right ventricle (in heart)
3. Blood vessels
a. Arteries
1. leave the heart
2. blood moves through arteries from pressure of heart contraction
b. Capillaries
1. very small
2. goes to all cells
3. materials are exchanged between body and blood cells by diffusion
c. Veins
1. blood goes from capillaries to veins
2. returns blood to heart
3. blood moves through veins due to skeletal muscles and one-way valves
4. What is blood made of?
a. Red blood cells
1. produced in bone marrow
2. picks up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to cells
b. White blood cells – warriors of the body
1. produced in bone marrow
2. recognize and destroy disease-causing pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
c. Plasma
1. liquid part of blood
2. blood is made up of 55% plasma
3. 10% dissolved materials – 90% water
d. Platelets
1. small cell fragments
2. helps stop bleeding
5. Blood Types
a. Blood types
1. A, B, AB, O
b. Blood transfusions
1. transfusion – transfer of blood from one person to another
2. O is universal donor
- A type – can take A or O
- B type – can take B or O
- AB type - can take A, B, AB, or O
- O type – can only take O
Respiratory System
I. Purpose – moves oxygen from the outside environment into the body.
1. Gas Exchange
A. Obtain oxygen for body
a. oxygen is needed to help obtain energy from sugars
B. Get rid of carbon-dioxide
II. Definitions
1. Breathing – movement of air into and out of the lungs
2. Respiration – complex chemical process in cells where oxygen is used to help get energy from sugars.
III Air
1. Nitrogen – 78%
2. Oxygen – 21%
3. Other (CO2, helium and other gases)
IV Pathway of air
1. Nose
a. two nostrils separated by thin wall
2. Pharynx (throat)
a. air goes from nasal cavity to pharynx
b. shared with digestive system
3. Trachea (wind pipe)
a. connects pharynx to bronchia
4. Bronchia and lungs
a. bronchia
- pathway of air from trachea to lungs
b. lungs – main organ of respiration
- inside lungs bronchia break into smaller and smaller tubes
c. alveoli – small structures at end of tubes
- increases surface area of lungs
- gas exchange occurs here
V. Gas Exchange
1. What gases are exchanged?
a. oxygen goes from alveoli into blood stream
b. carbon dioxide goes from blood stream into alveoli
2. How are the gases exchanged?
a. diffusion – molecules moving from areas of higher conc. to areas of lower conc.
- gases in blood stream do the same thing
b. thin wall in alveoli between inside of lung and blood stream allows the
gases to move across barrier
c. amount of CO2 is greater in the bloodstream - CO2 goes to area of lesser conc. into lungs
d. amount of O2 is greater in lungs - O2 goes to area of lesser conc. into bloodstream
3. Large Surface Area
a. alveoli increase surface area
b. adult lung has 300,000,000 alveoli
c. increases surface to about the area of 3 bowling lanes
d. give a lot of area for the lung to exchange gas with bloodstream
VI How do you breath?
1. Diaphram a. large dome shape muscle that helps breathing
- muscle goes down – you breath in - inhale
- muscle goes up – you breath out - exhale