Polynesian Sounds
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LING345/640G Y. Otsuka Polynesian Sounds II. Phonotactics Syllable o Syllable is a unit of speech, which can be defined roughly as follows: Syllable: a vowel and one or more consonants that are pronounced as a unit o There are two kinds of syllables: open and closed. Open syllables: V, CV, CCV, CCCV, etc. Closed syllables: VC, CVC, CCVC, CVCC, etc. o Syllable structure: nucleus (V), onset (C preceding V), and coda (Cs following V). ENGLISH C-V-C CC-V-C CCC-V-C s-i-t sk-i-t str-i-ng C-V-C C-V-CC C-V-CCC t-e-n t-e-st t-e-mpt Syllables in Polynesian Languages o Only open syllables: no coda. o No consonant clusters in the onset: V, CV. TAHITIAN pu -ro -tu ta -‘a -ta CV-CV-CV CV-CV-CV ‘beautiful’ ‘man’ u - ri V- CV ‘dog’ o Exceptions in Polynesian Outlier languages Closed syllables: CVC WEST FUTUNA-ANIWA am-ke-a tam -ta -ne VC-CV-V CVC-CV-CV ‘take away’ ‘boy’ non -ta -ri -ki CVC-CV-CV-CV ‘son’ IFIRA-MELE fin -la -ke CVC-CV-CV ‘because’ tas -min CVC-CVC ‘salt’ for - sa CVC-CV ‘to spread out’ at -na VC-CV ‘mother’, 1 LING345/640G Y. Otsuka Consonant geminate clusters (C1C2V) in Nukuoro, Kapingamaragi, Takuu, and Tuvalu. Consonant clusters: C1C2V WEST FUTUNA-ANIWA (Capell 1960: 72) hke -re hna-mu hpa-lo CCV-CV CCV-CV CCV-CV ‘to dig’ ‘to smell’ ‘long’ IFIRA-MELE tfa -tu tfe -nu-a CCV-CV CCV-CV-V ‘the stone’ ‘the land’ (t- is a definite article) Question 1 hva -ro CCV-CV ‘to yell (pl.)’ tfi -a -fi CCV-V-CV ‘the afternoon’ Is a long vowel a single (V) or two syllables (V-V)? TONGAN kumā ‘mouse’ tānaki ‘to collect’ fakamā ‘embarrassing’ TAHITIAN marō ‘dry’ horōi ‘to wash’ tamāroa ‘boy’ TUVALUAN1 maataeao ‘tomorrow’ taagata ‘man’ Question 2 htu-ki CCV-CV ‘to strike’ pakaakaa ‘thin’ What about sequences of two non-identical vowels, e.g., ai and ua? MĀORI tamaiti ‘child’ haere ‘to go’ ingoa ‘name’ SAMOAN teine ‘girl’ sau ‘to come’ fanua ‘land’ HAWAIIAN maika‘i ‘good’ keiki ‘child’ lua ‘two’ Stress Placement o In some languages, stress is phonemic. ENGLISH 1 ímport [noun] impórt [verb] JAPANESE háshi ‘chopsticks’ hashí ‘bridge’ hashi ‘edge’ In Tuvaluan orthography, long vowels are indicated by double vowels instead of a macron; g is velar nasal. 2 LING345/640G Y. Otsuka o In Polynesian, stress is not phonemic. o In most Polynesian languages, stress falls on the penultimate syllable. CV́CV CVCV́CV CVCVCV́CV HAWAIIAN kúpu ‘to grow’ kupúna ‘ancester’ kupapá‘u ‘corpse’ SAMOAN tálo talófa talosága ‘taro’ ‘hello’ ‘prayer’ TONGAN móko momóko mokomóko ‘gecko’ ‘cold’ ‘cool’ o Māori is an exception. CV́CV ngáta póno wéra ‘satisfied’ ‘true’ ‘hot Also: CVCVˉ matā́ kurī́ ‘bullet’ ‘dog’ CV́CVCV tángata wáhine nánahi CVCVV maráe ‘courtyard’ matáu ‘hook’ ‘man’ ‘woman’ ‘yesterday’ CV́CVCVCV rángatira támariki mánuhiri CVCVˉCV manā́ ki atā́ hua ‘to support’ ‘beautiful’ CVCVVCV tamáiti ‘child’ CVCVCVˉ pakakā́ anipā́ ‘chief’ ‘child’ ‘visitor’ ‘seal’ ‘anxious’ o Exceptions in Polynesian Outlier: stress is antepenultimate in Mae and Ifira-Mele. MAE nánafi ‘yesterday’ tángata ‘man’ síkoti ‘with’ Stress and Long Vowels o Are long vowels treated as single syllables or two? SAMOAN móli ‘orange’ molī́ ‘lamp’ Question 3 táma tamā́ ‘boy’ ‘father’ It seems that in tamā and molī, it is the last syllable, not the penultimate one, which is stressed. How do you account for this exception? Can we account for the following data in a similar manner? HAWAIIAN páu ‘finished’ kái ‘sea’ húhu ‘termite’ pa‘ū́ kaī́ huhū́ ‘moist’ ‘interjection’ ‘angry’ pā́ mu kā́ ne hā́ na ‘palm’ ‘man’ ‘alert’ 3 LING345/640G Y. Otsuka Stress and Diphthongs o Diphthongs: a sequence of two unlike vowels that behaves as a single phonological unit. ENGLISH site is monosyllabic (s-ai-t), not disyllabic (s-a, i-t) o Are sequences of two unlike vowels diphthongs in Polynesian? HAWAIIAN káona ‘áina kéiki máuka hóupo ‘hidden meaning in poetry’ ‘meal’ ‘child’ ‘toward the interior’ ‘chest’ TAHITIAN tíare ráiti tía‘a tamáiti ‘flower’ ‘rice’ ‘shoe’ ‘boy’ Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Circle the vowel on which the stress falls. HAWAIIAN koana moana ‘space’ ‘ocean’ kokua makua ‘to help’ ‘parent’ TONGAN mahina ‘olunga fonua ‘moon’ ‘above’ ‘country’ kakai fa‘ē fiekaia ‘people’ ‘mother’ ‘hungry’ SAMOAN maile teine taua falaoa ‘dog’ ‘girl’ ‘war’ ‘bread’ va‘ai va‘aia vao vaoa ‘to see’ ‘to see’ ‘forest’ ‘be overgrown with weeds’ Tongan demonstrative suffix –ni “this” triggers stress shift: e.g., mahína + –ni ‘month’ ‘this’ → mahiná-ni ‘this month’ Attach –ni to the following Tongan words and circle the stressed syllables. kolo pongipongi maama ho‘atā ‘town ‘morning’ ‘world’ ‘afternoon’ ta‘u ‘efiafi ‘aho pō ‘year’ ‘evening’ ‘day’ ‘night’ 4
