EDUCATIONAL PLAN
of the lectures, practicals and seminars in veterinary pharmacology
WINTER SEMESTER
WEEKS LECTURES
(1)
Introduction to Pharmacology
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
PRACTICALS & SEMINARS
Introduction and scope of pharmacology. History of
veterinary pharmacology. Drugs and their sources, drug
development, evaluation & regulation, screening, clinical
trials, systems of classifying drugs. Drug information.
Formulations: external and internal dosage forms.
Techniques of drug administration in animals. Forensic
Pharmacy and Drug Laws. Drug prescribing
Case study & Test.
Introduction to
Drug sources, including biotechnology.
pharmaceutical compounding Drug formulations and routes of their administration.
technology. Terminology and Physicochemical characteristics of drugs and transport
tests
mechanism across biomembranes.
Terminology, weights and measures, statistical and other
calculations. Partition coefficient of drugs.
Drug assays. Tests for screening of residues: Nitrates,
Nitrites. Identification of various drugs.
Tests.
Pharmaceutical dosage forms. Introduction and definitions, types of pharmaceutical
Characterization and
preparations, physical pharmacy, weights and measures,
classification.
calculations.
Drug dosage forms and their characteristics, routes of
drug administration, characterization of drug effects. Role
of pharmaceutical industry in use and abuse of drugs,
monitoring of drug use, hazards of drug therapy, drug
interaction and its clinical significance, drug safety.
Weights and measures, calculations
Tests.
Preformulation and
Oral dosage forms, ointments, pastes and jellies,
formulation requirements on
suppositories and pessaries.
preparation of veterinary
Preparation of ointments, liniments and tinctures.
pharmaceutical dosage forms. Tests.
Pharmaceutical packaging.
Containers and closures, labeling, color and flavour,
Advantages and
solutions, suspensions, emulsions and creams.
disadvantages of different
New technologies for application of veterinary
packaging materials.
therapeutics.
Requirements and tests.
Exercises in the preparation of different solutions,
extracts, suspensions, emulsions, ointments etc. for
external and internal uses.
Tests.
Biotechnology and
Sterilization practices in pharmaceutics, sterilization of
1
biopharmacy in veterinary
pharmaceutical practice.
Current trends, innovations
and future perspectives.
(7)
Pharmacokinetics of drugs.
Pharmacogenetics and drug
idiosyncrasy
(8)
Pharmacodynamics of Drugs.
Autacoids and their
pharmacological influence
(9)
Adverse Drug Reactions
injections and other pharmaceutical products,
classification of injections, sterility testing and aseptic,
techniques, preservation of pharmaceutical products.
Drug residues.
Study of different types of incompatibilities. Formulation of
injections, sterilization, aseptic techniques and sterility
testing methods.
Colloquium I: Lectures 1 – 6
Pharmacokinetics of drugs. Pharmacogenetics
Definitions. Transmembrane transport of drugs. P-gp and
MDR. Absorption and various routes of drug
administration. Distribution, Metabolism
(biotransformation), and Excretion of Drugs.
Pharmakokinetic parameters. Pharmacogenetics, drug
idiosyncrasy and drug toxicity due to impaired drug
metabolism. Altered sensitivity to drugs. Species
defferences in pharmacokinetics. Examples.
Tests.
Pharmacodynamics of Drugs. Autacoids
General Pharmacodynamics: Mechanism of action, drug
targets and drug effects. Non-specific drug actions.
Specific drug actions. Specific targets of drug actions.
Different types receptors and ligands. Sensitization and
desensitizations of receptors. Dose-response
relationships. Graded and alternative dose response.
Different type of doses. Therapeutic index. Factors,
affecting drug concentration at the site of action. Structure
activity relationship. Autacoids and their pharmacological
influence: Histamine and antihistamines, 5-HT and its
agonists and antagonists, eicosanoids, COX inhibitors
and PAF, peptides, and cytokines. Examples.
Drug prescriptions & Tests.
Adverse Drug Reactions
Principles of toxic drug action, selective toxicity, safety
testing of drugs including husbandry and the use of
experimental animals, common plant poisons, organic
poisons including therapeutic drugs, inorganic
compounds such as the metals, pesticides including
rodenticides, toxins of animal origin, investigation of
suspected poisoning cases, use of emetics and antidotes,
and relevance of toxic and drug residues in carcasses
and the environment.
Types of ADRs – A, B, C, D, E & F. Side & toxic effects.
Overdosage & acute toxicity. Identification of ADRs. Drug
resistance, drug tolerance and physical dependence, and
mechanism of development of dependence. Drug abuse
2
(10)
(11)
(12)
and doping.
Drug allergy – immunologic basis. Tests for predicting
drug allergies. Drug residues and their veterinary and
public health concerns, role of veterinarian in prevention
of residues. Mass medication and growth promoting
agents.
Case study & Test.
Drugs Acting on CNS – part I: Drugs Acting on CNS – part I
Neurotransmitters in CNS.
Neurotransmitters in CNS. General anestethics. PreAnestethics.
anesthetic medication. Local anesthetics. Anesthesia in
Analgetics. Euthanizing
dogs, buffaloes cows and sheep. Opioid analgesics and
Agents
their antagonists. Antipyretic analgesics. Mechanism of
action, clinical applications in VM (veterinary medicine),
kinetics, ADRs, known interactions. Antiarkinsonian
drugs. Euthanizing agents and rules.
Drug prescriptions & Tests.
Drugs Acting on CNS – part II: Drugs Acting on CNS – part II
Anticonvulsants. Sedatives
Anticonvulsants (barbiturates, bromides, hydantoins,
and Behavior-Modifying Drugs benzodiazepines, carboxamides, valproates, analogs of
GABA etc.). Sedatives used in VM (typical neuroleptics,
benzodiazepines, alfa-2 adrenergic agonist, herbal
preparations). Behavior-modifying drugs: H1-blockers
from first generations, psychotripic drugs (phenothiazines,
butyrophenones, benzodiazepines, including as
euhypnotics, azapyrones, tricyclic antidepressants,
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, MAO-B inhibitors,
lithium, psychostimulants, nootropics), antiadrenergic
drugs, non-selectiv beta-blockers, opioid agonists and
antagonists, progestins, and pheromones.
Drugs Acting on ANS.
Drugs Acting on ANS
Neuromuscular blocking
Anatomical properties of ANS. Cholinergic mediations.
agents
Direct-acting cholinergic drugs and mushroom
intoxications. Indirect-acting cholinergic drugs
(anticholinesterase drugs). Bulgarian contribution to the
creation of anticholinergic drugs. Anticholinergic drugs:
M-cholinolytics and Neuromuscular blocking agents
(competitive and their antagonists) and depolarizing (and
their toxicity). Adrenergic mediations. Direct-acting
adrenomimetics (alpha-, selective beta-1 or beta-2, nonselective and mixed adrenomimetics). Indirect-acting
adrenomimetics (alkaloids etc.). Antiadrenergic drugs:
beta-blockers (selective beta-1, nonselective, mixed),
alpha-blockers, centrally acting drugs (alfa-2 agonists, I1agonists), and adrenergic neuron blockers. Mechanism of
action, clinical applications, kinetics, ADRs, known
interactions.
3
(13)
Drugs acting on
cardiovascular system
(14)
Drugs acting on respiratory
system
(15)
Drugs acting on
gastrointestinal tract
Colloquium II: Lectures 7 – 12
Cardiovascular system – dynamics of blood flow and
conduction system. Role of ANS and renin-angiotensin
system in cardiovascular function. Antiarrhythmic drugs –
classification, mechanism of action, ADRs, drug
interactions. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, Calcium
channel blockers. Positive cardioinotropic drugs: cardiac
glycosides. Antihypertensives, vasodilators, diuretics,
antiatherosclerotic drugs. Other drugs used in CV
diseases.
Case study & Test.
Respiratory system function & protective mechanism.
Coughing mechanism & antitussives, mucolytics,
expectorants, decongestants. Bronhodilators – beta-2
adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines. Other drugs for
respiratory diseases – antimicrobials, corticosteroids,
antihistamines, diuretics, oxygen, carbogen.
Case study & Test.
Function & control of GIT – species differences. ANS
control of GIT. Emetics & antiemetic drugs. Laxatives,
cathartics, purgatives & antidiarrheal drugs. Appetite
stimulants. Antiacids & antiulcer drugs. Ruminatorics &
antibloat medications. Other drugs for GIT diseases –
antimicrobials. Drugs used in dental disorders. Oral
electrolyte replacement. Pancreatic enzyme supplements.
Drugs for treatment of liver diseases.
Case study & Test.
4
EDUCATIONAL PLAN
of the lectures, practicals and seminars in veterinary pharmacology
SUMMER SEMESTER
WEEKS
(1)
LECTURES
Drugs acting on the
blood. Drugs acting
on fluid and
electrolyte balance
(2)
Inflammation &
Allergy.
Anti-inflammatory
drugs: NSAIDs &
Glucorticisteroids.
Hondroprotectors
Endocrine
pharmacology
(3)
(4)
Drugs acting on
reproductive system
(5)
Antibacterial Drugs –
part I:
Beta-lactam
antibiotics,
glycopeptides,
aminoglycosides, and
tetracyclines
(6)
Antibacterial Drugs –
part II:
Amphenicols,
PRACTICALS & SEMINARS
Drugs affecting renal functions and electrolyte metabolism,
diuretics, drugs for urinary retention & incontinence. Treatment of
navicular disease. Drugs used in the treatment of mastitis. Drugs
used in the treatment of renal failure, cystitis & urinary tract
infections. Drugs that alter urinary pH.
Drugs stimulating hemopoiesis. Hemostatics.
Antianemia drugs, anticoagulants (heparin, LMWH, oral
anticoagulants) & antiaggregants, fibrinolytics.
Case study & Test.
Non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) & corticosteroids.
Topical antiinflammatory & antiallergy drugs. Treatment of gout.
Case study & Test.
Pituitary & hypothalamic hormones. Thyroid & antithyroid drugs.
Corticosteroids – gluco & mineralcorticoids. Anabolic steroids.
Anti-diabetic Drugs – insulins & oral antidiabetics, diabetic
ketoacidosis, hypoglycemia. Drugs for treatment of hyper– and
hypo-adrenocorticism. Parathyroid disease – calcium regulating
drugs.
Case study & Test.
Drugs used to promote gonadal function. Sex hormones –
estrogens, progestogens, androgens & antihormones.
Prostaglandins. Myometrial stimulants & relaxants. Prolactin
antagonists, non-hormonal abortificients. Drugs used in uterine
infections. Contraceptives.
Case study & Test.
Antibacterial Drugs – part I
Classification of antiinfective agents used in VM. Aims of
antibacterial therapy. ADRs (incl. resistance and hypersensitivity).
Beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins,
carabapenems, monobactams, beta-lactamase inhibitors),
glycopeptides, aminoglycosides and tetracyclines. Mechanism of
action, clinical applications in VM, pharmalokinetics, ADRs,
known interactions.
Drug prescriptions & Tests.
Antibacterial Drugs – part II
Amphenicols, macrolides, lincosamides, polymixins,
streptogramins, oxaziolidinones, sulfonamides, quinolones,
5
(7)
macrolides,
lincosamides,
polymixins,
streptogramins,
oxaziolidinones,
sulfonamides,
quinolones,
oxyquinolones,
nitrofurans,
metronidazole etc.
Principle of rational
antibacterial
chemoterapy
Antiviral drugs.
Treatment of selected
viral diseases
(8)
Antifungal drugs
(Antimycotics)
(9)
Drugs for malignant
diseases.
Immunology &
vaccines
(10)
Drugs used for
oxyquinolones, nitrofurans, metronidazole, rifampicin and
clofazimine. Principle of rational antibacterial antibacterial
therapy. Mechanism of action, clinical applications in VM, kinetics,
ADRs, drug interactions.
Drug prescriptions & Tests.
Antiviral drugs. Treatment of selected viral diseases
Classification of viruses by genome type. Targets of antiviral
therapy. Antiviral induced neurotoxicity. Antiherpetic drugs
(pyrimidine nuclosides, purine nuclosides, and others).
Antiretroviral drugs in human and cats (nucleoside and nonnucleoside analogs, HIV-protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors;
drug for treatment of opportunistic HIV infections). Drug used in
influenza viral infections in humans: cyclic amines and
neuraminidase inhibitors, influenza virus vaccines. Interferones
(INFs). Mechanism of action, clinical applications in VM,
pharmacokinetics, ADRs, known interactions. Treatment of
selected canine viral infections. Treatment of selected feline viral
infections
Colloquium III: Lectures 1 – 6
Antimycotics, violating permeability of the cell membrane
(Imidazoles, Triazoles, Griseofulvin, Polyene antibiotics, etc.).
Antifungals inhibiting chitin synthesis in the cell wall. Antifungals
inhibiting synthesis of nucleic acids.
Case study & Test.
Cytotoxic drugs – alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor
antibiotics, vinca alkaloids, platinum compounds & others. Sex
hormones & hormone antagonists. Chemotherapy of neoplastic
diseases: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, hormones and other
antiproliferatives.
Immunity – passive & active. Principles of immunology, specific
and nonspecific immunotherapy, active and passive
immunization, types of vaccines, administration of vaccines,
vaccine failures, ADRs to vaccines, adjuvants, and
immunostimulants. Contra-indications, side-effects, storage &
handling of vaccines.
Immunosupressants.
Endoparasiticides – drugs for roundworms (nematodes),
6
external and internal
parasites,
coccidiostats and
blood parasites
tapeworms (cestodes), flukes (trematodes). Compound
endoparasiticides. Ectoparasiticides, insect growth regulators,
repelents & environmental control.
Case study & Test.
(11)
Drugs acting locally
on the skin and
mucus membrane of
eyes and ears
(12)
Forensic veterinary
pharmacology - drugs
used in the treatment
of animals used in
competition
Wound management. Shampoos. Skin cleansers & desinfectants.
Antiinfective aer preparations, ear cleansers & sebolytics.
Administration of drugs to the eye. Antiinfective &
antiinflammatory eye preparations, mydriatics & cycloplegics,
drugs used in glaucoma & local anestetics. Drugs acting on feet –
antiinfectives & hoof care preparations.
Colloquium IV: Lectures 7 – 11
Controlling organs, threshold levels. Considerations of drug
administration. Medication & vaccination in equine competitions.
Medication & vaccination in canine competitions. Medication &
vaccination of racing pigeons. Medication & vaccination of show
animals – dogs & cats.
Case study & Test.
(13)
Veterinary toxicology
(14)
Medicinal plants and
herbal drugs used in
veterinary medicine
(15)
Nutritional
pharmacology. Water
soluble and fat
soluble vitamins.
Homeopathy
Concepts in veterinary toxicology. Terms and definitions,
toxicodynamics, basic principles of diagnosis and treatment.
Organ toxicity, carcinogenesis, pesticides & herbicides –
insecticides & molluscicides, rodenticides & avicides, herbicides &
fungicides, industrial toxicants. Veterinary antidotes – indications
& dosages. Animal bites and stings: snake venom, scorpion,
spider and insect stings and toad poisoning. Bacterial toxins:
botulism.
Case study & Test.
Types of herbal drugs. Composition and problems about their
standardization. Steps in creating of phytoproducts. Toxicity of
medicinal plants. Plants containing cyanide, nitrate/nitrite, oxalate,
lectins and cardiotoxic glycosides. Plants producing lathyrism,
thiamine deficiency and photosensitization. Poisonous plants:
Classification, identification and chemical constituents of
poisonous plants. Toxicology of mycotoxins: aflatoxins,
rubratoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, tremorgens and ergot.
Poisonous, hallucinogenic, narcotic, allergenic, teratogenic toxic
plants and their mode of action.
Drug prescriptions & Tests.
Nutritional Pharmacology. Electrolyte & water replacement.
Plasma substitutes, oral & parenteral nutrition. Drugs for ketosis.
Vitamins & minerals. Multivitamin & mineral preparations. EFAs.
Nutrition in critically ill animals – dietetic foods in liver. Renal &
congestive heart failure, diarrhea, diabetes, Homeopathic drugs.
Case study & Test.
7
RECOMMENDES REFERENCES
1. Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics – 2nd ed. D.M. Boothe (ed.). Elsevier. Inc. London,
2008.
2. Small Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. D.M. Boothe and (ed.). Elsevier. Inc. London, 2012.
3. Veterirnary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. J.E. Riviere and M.G. Papich (eds.) – 9th ed. Wiley-Blackwell,
2012.
3. Lectures and Seminars
4. Георгиев, Б.Г. (под ред.) Ветеринарно-медицински фармакологичен справочник. Изд.
„Мултипринт” ЕООД. София, 2010.
5. Conspectus
6. Web site: www.medpharm-sofia.eu/Lectures and Tests/Veterinary Pharmacology
FINAL EXAMINATIONS
(1) Written Paper I (duration: 30 min):
This paper is designed to test the student knowledge of the principles of Veterinary Pharmacology. This
written paper will focus on basic concepts.
(2) Written Paper II (duration: 20 minutes):
This paper is designed to (a) test the student ability to apply the principles of Veterinary Pharmacology
to particular cases/problems. This paper will focus on practice and clinical applications.
(3) Drug Prescriptions or Pharmacokinetic Tasks (duration: 10 min)
(4) Oral Examination (duration: 15 min):
This examination requires the candidate to demonstrate achievement of the Learning Outcomes listed
earlier. Questions will be delivered verbally and the student will deliver an oral explanation.
8