PATHOLOGY QUESTIONS FOR NPLEX
INFLAMMATION
Which complemant proteins increase vascular
permeability?
Which one is also chemotactic and increases
inflammatory cell adhesion?
Which one acts as an opsonin?
What do C5b through C9 do?
What can cause irreparable tissue damage during
inflammation?
What cytokine can cause systemic vasodilation and
shock in tissues experiencing massive tissue injury or
extreme infection?
HEMODYNAMICS
What is required for regeneration of damaged cells?
What percentage of blood vol can be lost without
causing symptoms?
Does the edema fluid in Exudates have high or low
protein content?
Is Exudates or Transudates normally contain
inflammatory cells?
Does transudate have a low or high protein content?
What is suppurative exudates?
What are the 5 main types of circulatory shock?
What is happening in compensated/nonprogressive
shock?
What is happening in decompensated/progressive
shock?
What is happening at the irreversible stage?
What is the diff btwn a thrombus and an embolus?
After platlets adhere to exposed endothelial bm what
do they release?
What initiates the intrinsic coagulation system?
What pathway of bld clotting (intrinsic or extrinsic) has
fewer steps and occurs rapidly?
Why is it called extrinsic?
What does plasmin do?
What inhibits platlet aggregation?
What is pulmonary emboli from?
Where are arterial emboli most commonly from?
C3a and C5a
C5a
C3b
They come together as a complex on target cell membranes
to create holes and cause lysis
Lysomal leakage from overenthusiastic, chronic or dead
neutrophils and macrophages
TNF-alpha
Intact basement membrane and tissue is made of cells that
are still capable of mitosis
15%
High
Exudates
Low
Purulent exudate accompanied by liquification necrosis
(pus)
Hypovolemic
Neurogenic
Allergic(anaphylaxis)
Septic
Cardiogenic
Increased HT rate and peripheral resistance. Increase
respiration rate to compensate for lactic acid build-up
Vessel musculature fails, vasodilation occurs and less bld
gets to HT. Cells start to die d/t lack of oxygen especially
brain and KI
First acute tubular necrosis occurs (potentially reversible)
then full renal failure. Also sever metabolic acidosis, coma
and HT failure
Embolus is a clot that has detached from the lumen. It can
also be made from marrow (fat embolus) or air bolus (gas
embolus)
ADP and thromboxane A2. (vasoconstrict and promote
platlet aggregation). Also with damaged endothelium, tissue
factor (thromboplastin) is released to initiate extrinsic
coagulation system
Factor XII (Hageman Factor)
Extrinsic
Bc the tissue protein TF (thromboplastin) leaks into the bld
vessel from outside the cell
Breaks down fibrin and thrombus
Nitric oxide and prostacyclin PGI2
Leg venous thrombi→IVC→right atrium→right
ventricul→lung
Mural thrombi on wall of HT or major artery
Where do arterial emboli most commonly lodge?
What are examples of organs that are anemic (white)
infarcts?
What are examples of organs that are hemorrhagic
(red) infarcts?
NEOPLASIA
What are the types of benign tumors?
What are malignant types?
Are most tumor composed of homogenous or
heterogeneous cells?
What are two common genes found in most cancers?
Does the core of a tumor normally have good bld
supply?
What is it called when neoplastic cells develop
mutations to evade the immune system?
What can neoplastic cells do to telomerase?
What is dedifferenation?
What is local invasion?
Does the tumor grow because it has rapid growth?
Are growth rates highly variable btwn diff tumors?
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
Is more or less differentiated better for the prognosis
of cancer?
What else is considered in prognosis of cancer?
What does T N & M stand for when staging cancer?
What would the prognosis be for a cancer rated as T3,
NI, MI and stage 4?
What cancer is highly correlated to the presence of
alpha feto-protein and human chorionic
gonadotrophin?
What about Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)?
GENETICS
What is an example of an autosomal disorder?
What are two examples of a sex chromosome
disorder?
-Branches of carotid artery causing cerebral infarction
(stroke)
-Branches of mesenteric arteries causing hemorrhagic
infarction of the intestines.
-Branches of renal artery causing infarcts of the renal cortex.
HT, SP, KI
LU, GI
-Adenoma- glandular pattern
-Cystadenoma – adenoma with large cysts
-Pleomorphic adenoma – arise from single tissue with
multiple cell types (eg salivary)
-Papilloma – epithelial cells that project outwards
-Polyp – projects into lumen
-Teratoma- with cells originating from more than one stem
cell
-Sarcoma – from mesenchymal (connective) tissue
-Carcinoma – from epithelial tissue
-Adenocarcinoma – glandular pattern
-Squamous cell carcinoma
-Many subtypes named by location or cell type
heterogeneous?
Oncogenes- and tumor suppressor genes
No
Immunologic alterations
Lengthen chromosome tips instead of shrink them
Regression from a more specialized or complex form to a
simpler state. E.g. thyroid-derived neoplasia loses the ability
to produce thyroid hormone
The neoplastic cell growth is no longer inhibited when is
touches nearby cells. Also they secrete protease to dissolve
connective tissue and seed other body cavities
No, it grows bc the cells that are produced are immortal and
thus accumulate
Yes
Disorders arising from metabolic effects of cancer on tissue
remote from the tumor. Such disorders may appear as
primary endocrine or neuromuscular for example
More is better
Mitotic index
Genetic analysis
Receptor analysis
T= degree of local invasion of primary tumor
N= lymph involvement or not
M= distant metatasis or not
Very poor
Non-seminoma testicular cancer
Monitors therapeutic responses to colorectal cancers
Down’s syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome and Turner’s syndrome
What are the 3 patterns of inheritance that mutations
involving a single gene follow?
What are two examples of autosomal dominant
disorders?
What are three examples of autosomal recessive
abnormalities? Hint- these 3 are all caused by
mutations in enzyme proteins
What are examples of X-linked disorders?
What classification does Kearns-Sayre syndrome and
Leigh’s dzs fit into?
HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM PATHOLOGIES
Anemia is defined as the decrease in any of these 3
things
What are symptoms of macrocytic anemia?
What is an autoimmune dzs that decreases intrinsic
factor and B12?
What are some of the symptoms of hemolytic
anemia?
What are examples of hemolytic anemias?
What are some of the symptoms of sickle cell
anemia?
What is thalassemia?
What is heredity spherocytosis?
What is the anemia called that results from the loss of
the precursor cells for red bld cells?
What is polycythenmia?
What is polycythemia vera?
Is there an increase in erythropoietin in polycythemia
vera or secondary polycythemia?
How are leukemias classified?
What leukemia is characterized by the Philadelphia
chromosome?
What leukemia normally affects the youngest
population?
What is the term for a proliferation of white bld cells?
What WBC is increased with bacterial infections and
tissue necrosis?
What is multiple myeloma?
What are the key symptoms of multiple myeloma?
Where are Bence-Jones proteins found?
What is distinctive about Hodgkin’s lymphoma?
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked
-Familial hypercholestrolemia (mutation in receptor protein)
-Huntington dzs
-Phenylketonuria (PKU) – inability to catabolize Phe.
-Lysomal storage dzs (eg Tay-Sachs dzs)
-glycogen storage dzs
-Hemophilia A - >99% loss of factor VIII
-Hemophelia B- deficiency of factor IX
-Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
-Fragil X syndrome
Mitochondrial gene disorders
-total # of red blood cells
-amount of hemoglobin
-vol of packed red bld cells in the body
Glossitis, wt loss, peripheral neuropathy, depression and
paranoia
Pernicious anemia
-Jaundice
-Hemosiderosis (systemic deposition of iron)
-Thalassemia
-Sickle cell anemia
-Hereditary spherocytosis
-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
-chronic leg ulcers
-repeated infarcts of LU and SP
-severe pain in limbs, back, abdomen and chest
A group of genetic disorders characterized by deficient
production of either of the 2 globin chains of hemoglobin
causing hypochromic microcytic anemia
Genetic defect that causes large red bld cells which get
stuck in the SP and destroyed.
Aplastic anemia
Increased number of red bld cells
A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the neoplastic
clonal proliferation of the myeloid stem cells in the marrow
Secondary polycythemia. There is a decrease in
polycythemia vera
-chronic vs acute
-myelocytic vs granulocytic vs lymphocytic
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Leukocytosis
Neutrophils
Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells (B-lymphocytes that
have been activated to produce antibodies)
-bone pain and fracture
-hypercalcemia
-increased bacterial infections
-renal failure
multiple myeloma
Mainly affects young men and has Reed-Sernberg cells
What would you suspect if the cervical lymph nodes
were enlarged and there was sever itching?
Does the African or American form of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma involve abdominal tumors?
What is the most common cause of abnormal
bleeding?
VASCULAR PATHOLOGIES
What is the most common vasculitis?
Polyarteritis Nodosa is an immune-mediated
inflammatory dzs affecting what sized arteries and
which organs are most commonly affected?
What are the stages of PAN?
Which Raynaud’s is secondary to an underlying
disorder?
What would cause a tearing pain in the chest or
interscapular region?
What is diff btwn thrombophlebitis and
phleothrombosis?
What are some common hemangiomas?
CARDIAC PATHOLOGIES
What is cor pulmonale?
What is left-sided HT failure secondary to?
If the left ventrical is affected first what would you
see?
If it was the right ventrical?
What are some complications of congestive HT
failure?
What are 4 simultaneous compensations?
What does a shift to the right in the oxygenhemoglobin dissociation curve do?
Does the release of renin from the KI increase or
decrease bld vol?
What are four basic syndromes that can result from
ischemic HT dzs
What are 3 main causes of ischemic HT dzs
What kind of necrosis is found in myocardial
infartions?
What are the 2 types of damage in MI?
What form of angina pectoris is not helped from
nitroglycerin?
What is a mural thrombosis?
What bacteria is associated with Rheumatic HT dzs?
What happens in Rheumatic Ht dzs?
What is cardiac tamponade?
What are 3 types of cardiomyopathies?
Hodgkin’s dzs
American. African involves mandible or maxilla
Thrombocytopenia
Temporal arteritis
Small to medium. Mainly found in KI, HT, LIV and GI
1. immune complex deposits
2. Healing stage
3. Last stage (cord of collagen with Ca deposits and
no lumen)
Raynaud’s phenomenon
Aortic dissection
Thrombophlebitis is associated with inflammation of the
veins
-Portwine stains
-strawberry marks
-cavernous hemangiomas
-vascular spiders
Right sided HT failure dt LU dzs
Acute myocardial infarction
Pulmonary edema
Peripheral edema
LIV cirrhosis, acute tubular necrosis of KI, stroke, intestinal
congestion, and senile dementia
-baroreceptor response
-oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
-increase in bld vol
-myocyte hypertrophy
Makes the oxygen disassociate with the hemoglobin
Increases
-angina pectoris
-myocardial infarction
-chronic ischemic HT dzs
-sudden cardiac death
-reduced coronary bld flow
-increased myocardial demand
-decreased availability of oxygen in the bld
Coagulation
Transmural and Subendocardial
Unstable
A thrombus that forms over an infarct that can lead to an
embolism
Streptococcus pyrogenes
Inflammation of all 3 layers of HT. Can also have migratory
polarthritis, red rash, subcutaneous nodules, fever and
chorea
A restriction of the HT filling
Dilated, restrictive, hypertrophic
What are the 4 congenital defects that are often found
together in Tetralogy of Fallot?
RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGIES
What is atelectasis?
What are 3 main mechanisms of atelectasis?
What is the term used for any dzs that results in
enlarged alveolar spaces and an increase in residual
vol of the LU?
What is the clinical definition of chronic bronchitis
(blue bloaters)?
What is bronchiectasis?
Is extrinsic or intrinsic asthma a Type I
hypersensitivity?
Is there wheezing and real damage to the airways in
restrictive LU dzs?
What is found in restrictive LU dzs?
What is sarcoidosis?
What happens in primary atypical pneumonia (aka
walking pneumonia)?
In what LU pathology is Ghon complexes found?
What is pleural effusion?
What is Chylothorax?
What is the neoplasm that encloses the LU with a
thick, gelatinous tumor and is associated with
asbestos exposure?
DIGESTIVE PATHOLOGIES
What is the clinical name for canker sores?
When do you find Koplick’s spots?
When do you see parotitis?
What type of gastritis is associated with H. pylori?
Is it gastric or duodenal ulcer suffers that feel pain
90mins to 3 hrs after a meal and the pain is relieved
by eating?
What is the diff btwn intussusception and volvulus?
What is distinctive about Crohn’s dzs compared to
Colitis?
What are the symptoms associated with acute
panceatitis?
What LIV enzymes are increased in hepatic failure?
Which hepatitis viruses are transmitted sexually and
parenterally?
Which ones frequently lead to chronic hepatitis?
What is steatosis?
Where would you find Mallory bodies?
What is cholelithiasis?
URINARY PARHOLOGIES
What is the most abundant protein lost in nephrotic
syndrome (aka nephrosis)?
What are the symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
-Ventricular septal defect
-Pulmonary stenosis
-Overriding aorta
-Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
Collapsed or airless state of LU which can be acute or
chronic and may involve all or part of the LU
Obstruction, Compression and Collapse/contraction
Emphysema (aka pink puffers)
Productive cough occurring at least 3 consecutive months
over at least 2 consecutive years
Permanent abnormal bronchial dilation causing inflammation
and necrosis of the bronchial wall
Extrinsic
No
Decreased Lu vol and compliance. Leads to dyspnea,
tachypnea, cyanosis
A disorder characterized by noncaseating epithelioid
granulomas with little or no necrosis
Involves lymphocytes and results in thickened alveolar
septa, hyaline membranes and proliferation of Type II
alveolar cells like in ARDS
Tuberculosis
Accumulation of transudate or serous exudates in the
pleural space
Accumulation of lymph or chyle in the pleural cavity as a
result of lymphatic obstruction
Malignant mesothelioma
Aphthous stomatitis
Measles
Mumps, also with other infections
Antral (type B) – there is no change in gastric acid
Duodenal
Volvulus is twisting of bowel and intuss is invagination of
segment of proximal bowel into distal
Crohn’s is transmural, has granulomas and can be
anywhere in GI
Severe abdominal pain, prostration, increased serum
amylase, and hypocalcemia
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate
aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
HBV, HDV
HBV, HCV
Non-inflammatory, fatty infiltration of the LIV
Alcoholic hepatitis
The presence or formation of gallstones
Albumin
Massive edema, heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminema and
susceptibility to intercurrent infections
What is happening in membranous glomerulonephritis
the most common type of nephrotic syndrome in
adults?
What symptoms are found in chronic renal failure?
What usually causes tubulointerstitial nephritis?
What are the 3 common points where KI stones get
lodged in the ureter?
What are Staghorn calculi?
FEMALE PATHOLOGIES
What virus is condyloma acuminatums caused by?
What is the most common tumor affecting females?
What is the second most common cause of female
cancer deaths?
What is the most common cancer after breast cancer
in females?
What is salpingitis and what is it normally caused by?
MALE PATHOLOGIES
Is it hypospadias or epispadias where the urethral
meatus opens on the ventral surface of the penis?
What is balanitis?
Where is the serous fluid accumulating in hyrocele?
What origin are most testicular cancers?
What are the symptoms of prostatitis?
What prostate lobe is associated with PC?
ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGIES
What is the most common type of hyperpituitarism?
What is hypothyroidism called in children and adults?
Where do papillary and follicular carcinomas arise
from?
What are the symptoms of Addisons’s dzs?
What is pheochromocytoma?
Is there an increase or decrease in insulin secretion in
insulinoma?
MUSCULOSKELETAL PATHOLOGIES
What is the most common and severe muscular
dystrophies?
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
Who are affected by type I osteoporosis and what are
the common fractures?
In what dzs does an X-ray reveal a sunburst pattern?
In what disorder are nodular tophi found?
Is osteoarthritis an inflammatory dzs?
IMMUNOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES
What is the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system?
What is HLA-B27 associated with?
What is HLA_DR4 associated with ?
Non-inflammatory deposition of antibody-antigen immune
complexes in the bm
-Azotemia
-Metabolic acidosis
-Hyperkalemia
-Increased bld Vol and hypertension
-Hypocalcemia
-Anemia
Drugs or toxins
Ureteropelvic junction, pelvic brim, ureterovesical junction
Stones that fill the entire renal pelvis
HPV esp. types 6 and 11
Leiomyoma (aka fibroids)
Ovarian cancer
Endometrial cancer
Inflammation of one or both of the fallopian tubes. Caused
by chlamydia and gonorrhea
Hypo.
Inflammation of the skin of glans penis
Tunica vaginalis
Germ cell origin
-Low back pain
-Dysuria
-Urgency
-Nocturia
Posterior
Prolactinoma and then Somatotrope
Cretinism in children
Myxedema in adults
Follicular cells
-Hypotension
-Increased pigmentation of skin
-Increased serum potassium
-Decreased serum Na, Cl, glucose, & bicarbonate
Tumor of adrenal medulla, derived from chromaffin cells
Increase
Duchenne (X-linked,almost exclusive to males)
An autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies to ACH
receptors in neuromuscular junctions
Post-menopausal women (assumed due to low estrogen) –
wrist and spine
Ewing’s sarcoma
Gouty arthritis
No
Is a system of designation for the gene products of at least
four linked loci (A,B,C,D) and the # of subloci on the sixth
human chromosome
Ankylosing spondylitis
Rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile diabetes
What are examples of autoimmune dzs?
What is an example of a type II hypersensitivity
reaction?
What is an example of a type III hypersensitivity
reaction?
What is an example of a type IV hypersensitivity
reaction?
What is Sjogrens’s syndrome?
NEUROLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES
What are Lewy bodies and where are they found?
Where are neurofibrillary tangles found?
What are Glial cells?
What are the 3 types of cerebral edema?
Does non-communicating hydrocephalus have
obstruction in the ventricular system?
What is the diff btwn hypoxia of the brain and
infarction?
Are infarcts or hemorrhages more common in the
brain?
Intracrainal hemorrhages are associated with…
What accounts for 60% of all primary intracranial
neoplasms?
What are examples of demylinating diseases?
What is Huntington’s chorea?
-Lupus
-Sjogrens’s syndrome
-Scleroderma
-Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis
-RA
Pernicious anemia
Rheumatoid arthritis
Contact dermatitis
Always secondary to another autoimmune dzs and causes
autoimmune destruction to salivary and lacrimal glands
Intraneural bodies found in the brains of people with
Parkinsonism
Brains of Alzheimer’s patients
Support for neuronal activity protecting neurons and
facilitate rebuilding after damage
-Vasogenic (most common)
-Cytotoxic
-Interstitial
Yes
Hypoxia affects whole brain
Infarcts- most often cause by thrombosis
Hypertension
Gliomas
-Multiple Sclerosis
-Pervenous Encephalomyelitis (aka post-infection/postvaccinal encephalomyelitis)
-Guillain-Barre Syndrome
Autosomal dominant fatal dzs with progressive degeneration
and atrophy of the basal ganglia and frontal cortex
Tyrosine
Pompe’s
PKU is an inability to convert phenylalanine into what?
What dzs results in the accumulation of glycogen?
DERMATOLOGICAL PATHOLOGIES
We can wing-it on this section! GOOD LUCK WITH THE REST OF STUDYING!!