REPORT
ON
THE PRELIMINARY INVENTORIES
OF
THE POPS PROJECT IN TURKEY
(UNIDO-Project No. GF/TUR/03/008)
By
Prof.Dr. Altan Acara
The National Project Coordinator
and
The Six Task Teams
1. Research Task Team Coordinator: Dr. Alev Burçak et al
2. Contamination Task Team Coordinator: Beyhan Ballı et al
3. Emission Task Team Coordinator: Sönmez Dağlı et al
4. Institution Task Team Coordinator: Fehim İşbilir et al
5. Health Task Team Coordinator: Nur Ergin et al
6. National Chemical Profile Preparation Team Coordinator: Prof.Dr. Sahir Çörtoğlu et al
March 2005
Ankara, TURKEY
CONTENTS
CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................................... ii
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ v
International Implementation .............................................................................................................................................. v
National Implementation .................................................................................................................................................... v
Brief Summary of Inventories ........................................................................................................................................... vi
Introduction (1) ................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Country baseline (2) ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
Country profile (2.1) ........................................................................................................................................................... 1
Institutional, policy and regulatory framework (2.2) .......................................................................................................... 1
Environmental policy, sustainable development policy and general legislative framework (2.2.1) ................................... 2
Roles and responsibilities of Ministries Agencies and other governmental institutions involved in POPs life cycles
(from source to disposal, environmental fate and health monitoring) (2.2.2) ..................................................................... 4
Relevant International commitments and obligations (2.2.3) ............................................................................................. 4
Description of existing legislation and regulations addressing POPs (manufactured chemicals and unintentionally
produced POPs) (2.2.4)....................................................................................................................................................... 4
Key approaches and procedures for POPs chemical and pesticide management including enforcement and monitoring
requirements (2.2.5) ............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Assessment of the POPs issue in the country (2.3) ............................................................................................................. 5
REPORT OF THE RESEARCH TEAM ............................................................................. 6
Summary............................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Assessment of the POPs Issue 2.3. .................................................................................................. 8
Inventory: POPs Pesticides (Annex A, Part I Chemicals) 2.3.1. ..................................................... 8
Past, Present and Projected Future Production and Use of POPs Pesticides .................................................................... 15
Status of pesticides placed in POPs list in Turkey ......................................................................... 18
Import and Export of POPs pesticides ........................................................................................... 19
Identified Stockpiles and Wastes of POPs Pesticides .................................................................... 20
Present Management (production, use, stockpiles and waste) of POPs Pesticides and Empty
Containers ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Assignment of Responsibility and Liability................................................................................... 20
General Assessment of Inventory of POPs Pesticides ...................................................................................................... 22
Inventory: PCBs (Annex A, Part II Chemicals) 2.3.2. ................................................................... 22
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 22
History and place of use of PCBs ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Present Regulations Pertaining PCBs ............................................................................................................................... 24
Closed and Semi-closed Applications of PCBs ................................................................................................................ 24
Open Applications of PCBs ........................................................................................................... 27
PCBs- containing Wastes ............................................................................................................... 27
General Assessment of Inventory of PCBs .................................................................................... 28
Inventory: DDT (Annex B Chemicals) 2.3.3. ................................................................................ 29
Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 29
History of DDT ................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Institutional and Regulatory Framework .......................................................................................................................... 29
Literature survey ............................................................................................................................................................... 29
Past, Present and Projected Future Production and Use of DDT ...................................................................................... 29
Import and Export of DDT............................................................................................................. 31
Identified Stockpiles of DDT and DDT Waste .............................................................................. 31
Present Management of DDT and Empty Containers .................................................................... 31
Current Capacity and Experience in the Field of DDT .................................................................. 31
Assignment of Responsibility and Liability................................................................................... 32
General Assessment of Inventory of DDT ..................................................................................... 33
Preliminary inventory of production, distribution, use, import, and export .................................. 33
References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 34
REPORT OF THE CONTAMINATION TEAM ............................................................. 35
Summary........................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Preliminary inventory of stocks and contaminated sites; assessment of opportunities for
disposal of obsolete stocks (2.5) ....................................................................................................................................... 37
ii
Incirlik Military Base ........................................................................................................................................................ 37
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) ................................................................................................................................... 38
The transformers with PCBs in Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Corporation. ..................................... 38
Pesticides .......................................................................................................................................................................... 39
HCB and DDT in Kocaeli ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Illegally dumped hazardous waste in barrels along the Black Sea Coast ......................................................................... 40
POPs Contamination in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea ........................................................................................ 40
Possible Contaminated and Priority Sites ......................................................................................................................... 43
Current Capacity and Experiences for identification and elimination of contamination .................................................. 44
General Assessment .......................................................................................................................................................... 45
References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 46
REPORT OF THE EMISSION TEAM ............................................................................. 47
Summary........................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Inventories ........................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Preliminary Inventory of Releases to the Environment, Dioxins and Furanes (2.6.) ........................................................ 49
Category 1. Waste Incineration ........................................................................................................................................ 50
Category 2. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production .................................................................................................... 51
Category 3. Power generation and heating/cooking ...................................................................... 57
Category 4. Production of Mineral Products ................................................................................. 59
Category 5. Transportation ............................................................................................................ 61
Category 6. Uncontrolled combustion process .............................................................................. 61
Category 7. Production of Chemicals, Consumer Goods ............................................................. 64
Category 8. Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................. 67
Category 9. Disposal/Landfilling ................................................................................................... 67
Category 10. Identification of Hot Spots ....................................................................................... 70
Assessment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Assessment of Releases from Unintentional Production of Annex C Chemicals (2.3.4.) ............. 72
Summary of Future Production, Use and Releases of POPsrequirements for exemptions (2.3.6.) ............................................................................................. 73
Details of any relevant system for the assessment and listing of new chemicals (2.3.12.) ........... 73
References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 74
REPORT OF THE INSTITUTION TEAM ...................................................................... 75
The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey-MRC ................................................. 75
Summary........................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 77
Inventories ........................................................................................................................................................................ 77
Assessment of infrastructure capacity and institutions to manage POPs, including regulatory
controls; needs and options for strengthening them (2.8) .............................................................. 81
Assessment of monitoring and R&D capacity(2.11) ..................................................................... 82
Assessment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 85
Current level of information, awareness and education among target groups; existing systems to
communicate such information to the various groups; mechanism for information exchange with
other Parties to the Convention(2.3.8) ........................................................................................... 85
Relevant activities of non-governmental stakeholders (2.3.9) ....................................................... 85
Overview of technical infrastructure for POPs assessment, measurement, analysis, alternatives
and prevention measures, management, research and development - linkage to international
programs and projects (2.3.10) ...................................................................................................... 86
References ........................................................................................................................................................................ 90
REPORT OF THE HEALTH TEAM ................................................................................ 91
Summary........................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Existing Programmes For Monitoring Releases And Environmental And Human Health Impacts,
Including Findings (2.3.7) .............................................................................................................. 92
Inventories ........................................................................................................................................................................ 93
Declaration and Reporting of Priority Pollutant Releases: ........................................................... 93
Current Monitoring Standards and Capacity for POPs: ................................................................. 93
Background on Potential Sources of POPs Impacts: ..................................................................... 94
Environmental Levels Toxicological And Ecotoxicological Characterization.............................. 94
iii
Concentrations of POPs in Abiotic Compartments........................................................................ 94
Air and Precipitation ...................................................................................................................... 94
Fresh and wastewaters ................................................................................................................... 96
Seawater ....................................................................................................................................... 104
Soils and sewage sludges ............................................................................................................. 108
Concentrations of POPs in Biota Freshwater environment: fish and aquatic birds ..................... 109
POPs Levels In Humans .............................................................................................................. 109
Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs).............................................................................................. 109
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) ............................................................................................... 123
POPs Levels In Food................................................................................................................... 129
Potential Risk Groups: ................................................................................................................. 139
Identification of Impacted Populations or Environments, Estimated Scale and Magnitude of
Threats to Public Health and Environmental Quality and Social Implications for Workers and
Local Communities (2.3.11) ........................................................................................................ 140
Declaration and Reporting of Priority Pollutant Releases: ......................................................... 140
Current Monitoring Standards and Capacity for POPs: ............................................................... 140
Current Occupational Safety Measures of POPs Pesticides and PCBs: ..................................... 141
Potential Risk Groups .................................................................................................................. 141
General Assessments ...................................................................................................................................................... 141
References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 143
REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE TEAM ............................... 147
Summary......................................................................................................................................................................... 148
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 151
Inventories ...................................................................................................................................................................... 154
Chapter 1. National background information .............................................................................. 154
Political/Geographic Structure Of The Country .......................................................................... 154
Industrial and Agricultural Sectors .............................................................................................. 155
Industrial Employment by Economic Sectors .............................................................................. 156
Chapter 2: Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use .......................................................... 157
Chemical Industry by 2002, in 1998 prices ................................................................................. 158
Chemical Waste ........................................................................................................................... 160
Chapter 3: Priority Concerns Related to Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use ............ 161
Chapter 4: Legal Instruments and Non-Regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals ....... 164
Standards Related with POPs and Chemicals that are published by Turkish Standards Institute170
Non-regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals ............................................................... 178
Chapter 5: Ministries, Agencies and Other Institutions Managing Chemicals ............................ 178
Chapter 6: Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups and the Research Sector ..... 179
Chapter 7: Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating Mechanisms ................................. 180
Chapter 8: Data Access and Use .................................................................................................. 181
Location of National Data ............................................................................................................ 182
Chapter 9: Technical Infrastructure ............................................................................................. 186
Chapter 10: International Linkage ............................................................................................... 188
Participation in Relevant Technical Assistance Projects ............................................................. 190
Chapter 11: Awareness / Understanding of Workers and the Public ........................................... 191
Chapter 12: Resources Available and Needed for Chemical Management ................................. 192
Resources Needed by Government Institutions to Fulfill Responsibilities Related to Chemical
Management ................................................................................................................................. 192
Assessment ..................................................................................................................................................................... 193
Details of any relevant system for the assessment and listing of new chemicals (Existing
regulatory schemes for assessing new chemicals) (2.3.12) ......................................................... 194
Details of any relevant system for the assessment and regulation of chemicals already in the
market (Existing regulatory schemes for assessing chemicals already in the market) (2.3.13) .. 194
References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 196
Annex 1 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 197
Abbreviations.................................................................................................................................................................. 202
iv
Executive Summary
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Polluters (POPs) was adopted by 125 countries
including Turkey, on 22 and 23 May 2001 with the objective of protecting human health and
environment, focusing on eliminating or reducing releases of 12 POPs, the so called “Dirty
Dozen”.
These 12 chemicals include aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex and
toxaphene used principally as pesticides, two industrial chemicals polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) used in industry but also produced unintentionally together
with dioxins and furans.
Persistent Organic Polluters (POPs) are organo-chlorine compounds of concern to the
international community because they are:




Highly toxic to humans and environment,
Persistent in the environment, resisting biodegradation,
Taken up and bioaccumulated in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and
Capable of long-range transboundary atmosphericand ground water transport and
deposition.
In nature these chemicals effect plant and animal development and growth. They can cause reduced
reproduction success, birth defects, behavioral changes and death. They are suspected human
carcinogens and disrupt the immune and endocrine systems and may also have effects on the health
infants and fetuses.
The Convention entered into force and became legally binding after the ratification by the fiftieth
country, on 17 May 2004.
International Implementation
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) has been identified as the Secretariat and
Global Environmental Facility (GEF) designated as funding sources for the Stockholm Convention.
Since the Stockholm Convention opened for signature in 2001 United Nations Development
Organization (UNIDO) has become one of the principal agencies assisting developing and
transition economy countries to meet their obligations under the Convention.
Over 50 member states requested assistance and won GEF approval for proposal for about over 40
countries.
National Implementation
In Turkey, on 15 Jan. 2004, the POPs project started by the Ministerial approval Prof.Dr. Altan
Acara was identified as the National Project Coordinator (NPC), thereafter a unit was formed by
the NPC in the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, under the Director General Environmental
Management Mr. Musa Demirbaş, Vice Director Dr. Aydın Yıldırım, Section Head Tansu Kaynak
and some staff.
v
During the first phase of the project, two workshops were organized, one was the Enabling
activities as inception workshop to facilitate understanding the Stockholm Convention on POPs and
second was the training on inventory workshop.
The main objective of this project is to prepare inventories by the responsible authorities that will
agree upon the information and experience gathered national environmental priorities evolve.
This document produced by the preliminary inventory workshop on POPs which is the first
essential requirement of the Convention that will assist the Country can address the POPs issue in
the context of the requirements of the Stockholm Convention.
During the first phase of the project, Six Task Teams identified with their coordinators and
members that were selected from the responsible institutions and the ministries based on the
requirements of the POPs to prepare national inventories.
These six task teams are constituted of:

Research Team to undertake inventories of trade use and distribution of POPs containing
products.

Contamination Team to assess contaminated sites, and make absolute stocks and disposal
opportunities.

Emission Team to prepare preliminary inventories of unintentionally produced inventories
of unintentionally produced POPs (PCDD/PCDF, HCB and PCBs).

Institution Team to assess infrastructure, enforcement, monitoring and R & D capacities.
This will include POPs assessment, measurement, analyses, linkage to international
programmes and projects.

Health Team to assess the population’s exposure to POPs. Existing programmes for
monitoring releases and environmental and human health impacts, including findings
identifications of impacted populations or environments estimated scale and magnitude of
treats of public health and environmental quality and social implications for workers and
local communities.

National Chemical Profile Preparation Team to study relevant systems for assessment and
listing of new chemicals details of any relevant system for assessment and regulation of
chemicals already in the market.
All these Six Task Teams reports prepared in accordance with the GEF guidelines in step 2 and the
recommended format by the UNEP.
Obtained inventories and assessment in these task teams reports will develop a preliminary
informal priority list based on their findings which can then be used as an input into developing
formal national priorities for the National Implementation and Action Plans for Turkey.
Brief Summary of Inventories

In Turkey, according to the statistics, the total usage of pesticides which were not classified
as POPs pesticides was 36.662 tons in 1985, 33.713 tons in 1997, 35.487 tons in 1998,
32.280 tons in 1999, 33.548 tons in 2000, 29.798 tons in 2001 and 30.792 tons in 2002.
vi

The pesticides were banned and have no country specific exemptions and will be filled for
the Convention. They were subject to ban of production use, export and import, in 1979 for
aldrin and chlordane, in 1971 for dieldrin, in 1979 for heptachlor and endrin, in 1989
texaphane, in 1978 DDT and mirex have never been registered. The pesticide levels were
lower than the accepted level (for Turkish codex) which were 0.05 mg/kg for DDT, 0.01
mg/kg for endrin 0.02 mg/kg for aldrin and others, 0.01 mg/kg for HCB and 0.1 mg/kg for
taxophen.

According to the information, Turkey has 10.930 kg of DDT and 2.700 tones of HCB in
stocks.

It is known that since 1930, PCBs have been widely used for cooling fluid transformers and
dielectric fluid in capacitors. Minor applications of PCBs in equipment were as heat
transfer fluids and hydrolic fluids in industry and as cooling fluids in switches, voltage
regulators and motors.

After big efforts conducted by the authorities including officially circulated questionnaires
the results were not satisfactory. According to the registered total numbers of transformers
6 capasitor and two hydrolic fluids 163, 29 of them were inactive transformers and 126
were active. The number of capacitors was only 6. For the partially close application, two
hydrolic fluids were also identified. The total amount of PCBs in the transformers, capasitor
and hydrolic fluids are around 187.736 kg and 2188 Lt.

PCBs especially its open applications need further investigation and study. The total
inventory of transformers and capacitors may not be representative at present and it might
be at least twice as higher than estimated figures and need further monitoring.

Details of PCBs containing equipments and lists of PCBs with trade names, list of DDT with
trade names are given in the inventory.

Certain amount of poisonous materials (about 150 tons) including POPs in barrels were
illegally dumped by a foreign ship along the coast between Samsun and Sinop on the Black
Sea were taken out and stored.

Two major contamination sites were identified; one is the İncirlik Military base near Adana,
for the PCBs and the other is the storage of Merkim Industrial Products A.Ş. in Şirintepe,
Derince, Kocaeli, 2.700 tons for HCB. According to the investigation conducted in the
Military Base, 100 cm deep soil in the area of 5.080 sq.m excavated the product exported to
aboard to rehabilitate the area. However, the area needs further monitoring. It is
considered as a priority issue to eliminate the HCB in Kocaeli in a proper way.

In addition, the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, show also contaminations especially in
some fish and other organisms such as mussels which are considered as the indicator of the
contamination. However, the values were not obtained based on a monitoring programme.

The most important POPs, dioxins and furans, introduced to atmosphere are discharged
from ferrous and non-ferrous metal production, production of mineral products, waste
incineration and power generation plants.

None of the Annex A and Annex B POPs chemicals will be produced and used in Turkey,
therefore no exemptions will be filled at the Convention.
vii

Turkey needs standardization of toolkit and accredited laboratories for identification and
quantification of dioxin and furans. Turkey has two problems; lack of information, research
and insufficient laboratory facilities.

The parties are requested to strengthen the institutional infrastructures for the analysis of
chemicals listed in the Convention Annex A and B. Turkey is one of the European Union
(EU) candidates and the country and public awareness are considered very important and
both are given necessary attentions.

Some of NGO, have number of activities to take part in the management of chemicals.
Significant communications among government institutions and NGOs and international
foundations can also perform very important developments for the flow of information about
environmental issues for POPs, NGOs can play effective roles. Greenpeace has on office in
the Mediterranean region. Kocaeli Chamber of Industry (KCI) acts as an NGO with its 1220
members and 32 employers. There are scarce other or affiliated NGOs in the big cities like
Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Kocaeli, İzmir, Adana, Denizli, Eskişehir, Konya, Gaziantep and
Kayseri.

In the management of chemicals, a number of ministries and governmental bodies carry
responsibilities. The main parties are MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, MoH
(Ministry of Health) and MARA (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs)) and these
ministries are responsible for regulation, inspection, monitoring and control of POPs
related with environment and human health based on the national and international
agreements.

There are number of laboratories to conduct POPs analysis: Refik Saydam Hygiene
Institute, The Ministry of Environment and Forestry National Reference Laboratories in
Gölbaşı, near Ankara, TÜBİTAK-MRC (Technical Research Council of Turkey – Marmara
Research Center).Gebze-Kocaeli The Laboratories of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs Yenimahalle-Ankara, Aegean Science and Technology Center, Environmental
Engineering Institutions in the Middle East Technical University and Laboratories in the
Dokuz Eylül University. In addition, some of the Universities have laboratories, that can do
analyses on POPs partly or fully. But they have no permanent monitoring programmes for
POPs.

Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute of The Ministry of Health is capable of carrying out all of
the POPs analyses. However it has not been accredited yet the proficiency test and SOP
(Standard Operating Procedures) requirements are in the stage of am el. orating laboratory
conditions.

The Convention contains implicit obligations with respect to the parties having developing
programmes for monitoring releases and environmental and human health impacts
including findings.

Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute, The Ministry of Health conducted some sampling on
natural spring water, natural, mineral, thermal and drinking waters without any systematic
monitoring programmes.

The rivers flowing into the Black Sea such as Sakarya, Kızılırmak, Yeşilırmak and others,
and their drainage areas are likely to be the main source of POPs where agricultural and
industrial activities are intense, especially in flat areas and in regions close to the coastal
plains. However, in central Anatolia the agriculture is not as extensive as in the
northwestern part of Turkey as to where the POPs values are low.
viii

Although the majority of pesticides have not been used in Turkey for quite a long time, the
residues are still being observed in food, cereal, fatty meat and milk products. The values
obtained were lower than accepted levels. According to Turkish Codex, the limit values for
pesticides for canned fish which were ready to export were below 0.0005 mg/kg for fat and
below 0.0001 mg/kg for meat.

In addition, the available data on pesticides in fish and aquatic birds showed generally low
and seldom high values. The value of aldrin was higher than of dieldrin. For blue crab,
carp, grey mullet HCB were also high in aquatic birds.

DDT was high in pelamid (0.5 mg/kg). However it was not a result of the monitoring
programme.

There is the possibility of illegal trade and use of DDT in the Southeastern of Turkey,
especially in the Syrian and Iraqi borders where illegal pesticide traffic is suspected
because of impaired border security since the Gulf War. For this reason high levels can be
expected in this region.

Briefly, during the studies, generally, values obtained on human and environment were
lower than the accepted and human health and environment, monitoring programming is
needed.

In the National Chemical Profile “Chemicals” is used in a sense to include pesticides,
fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals, chemicals used in industrial processes,
petroleum products, chemicals marketed for consumer use.

Increasing evidence shows that chemicals can contribute to human health and
environmental problems at various stages during their life cycle from production/ import
through disposal. The majority of such evidence is associated with the used or misused
pesticides in agricultural sector, but increasingly industrial and consumer chemicals are
reported to cause severe human health and environmental problems as the country
develops.

The basic objectives of the National Chemicals Management Programme including POPs is
to ensure that the citizens of the country and the environment are protected from detrimental
impacts, while at the same time allowing society to access the benefits they provide.

Five principles can be applied in establishing the
Programme including POPs which are






National Chemical Management
Accepting a life cycle approach, meaning the management should consider all
implications and aspects of environmental health and economic impacts.
Precaution, meaning preventative approaches impacts of chemicals use, the prospect
and detrimental effects.
Polluters pay principle meaning environmental and social costs associated with the
life cycle.
Right to know and period informed consent principles.
Integrated Multi Stakeholder Process meaning wide range of interest in chemical
management including POPs.
There are same public and private organizations working to raise the public awareness and
understanding of workers.
ix

Future studies within the concept of management of chemicals are foreseen such as the
development of a monitoring system for the chemical waste generation and emission
inventories in relation with regional and national chemical production facilities and
agricultural land. In addition, the improvement of the coordination between related
institutions is required for the management of chemicals.

Although the use or production of POPs has not been registered for a long time, any
unregistered use and emission of POPs have to be investigated in human food, soil and
rivers via different regional studies.

Pesticides and industrial chemicals have different registration procedures at present, lack of
good monitoring practices and insufficient research are handicaps preventing the
assessment and listing of new chemicals and there’s need for additional legislations on
POPs in Turkey.

In Turkey, the production or imports of nearly fifty chemicals are banned in the last 25
years. Because of their toxic and carcinogenic impacts on environment or adverse effects on
human being.

Turkey is a large country with a size of 767.604 km2 and the total population 67.8 million.
The rural population account for 35 % of the total and country has very young population
with and average age of 27.7.

The contributions of industrial and agriculture sectors to the GDP totals to 36.7 % of which
11.8 % is agriculture and 20.2 % is manufacturing sector, the remaining is energy and is
mining sectors.

There are number of organizations working to raise the public awareness and
understanding of workers and the public. The confederation of Turkish Labor Syndicates
(TURK-İŞ) and the Ministry of Labor Social Security (MoLSS), the Directorate General for
Electric Generation, Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchange of Turkey are the some
of them.

The Articles of the Stockholm Convention and the corresponding Turkish Legislations are
given in the Annex, of the Report of the National Chemical Profile.
x
Introduction (1)
The Stockholm Convention which was adopted by 125 countries, including Turkey, on 22 and 23
May 2001 focuses on reducing and where appropriate, eliminating release of 12 POPs (Persistent
Organic Polluters) of international concern for their management and safety. In addition, Stockholm
Convention became legally binding on 17 May 2004, as the U.N. Environment Programme (UNEP)
announced.
12 POPs, the of them so called “Dirty Dozen” are internationally recognized as needing immediate
global action. Nine are pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex,
toxaphene and hexachlorobenzene) two are industrial chemicals; (hexachlorobenzene also a
pesticide polychlorinated biphenyls) and unintended by products (dioxins and furans)
POPs are organo-chlorine compounds of concern to the international community because they are
highly toxic to humans and environment, persistent in the environment bioaccumulate in terrestrial
and aquatic organisms, and capable in atmospheric transportation and deposition.
In nature, they affect plant and animal development and growth and cause reduced reproductive
success, birth defects, behavioral changes and death. They are suspected of being human
carcinogens and disrupt the immune and endocrine systems and have affects on infants’ and fetuses’
health.
UNEP has been identified as the secretariat and GEF designated funding sources for the Stockholm
Convention.
UNIDO is assisting developing and transition economy countries to prepare the National
Implementation Plans (NIPs). For this, it is necessary to establish POPs inventories for Turkey.
Country baseline (2)
In terms of content of the Stockholm Convention, it is the first step to start with the country baseline
with basic information and statistics that would characterize its geography, population, profiles of
economic sectors and inventories relevant in addressing the POPs issue as well as an overview of
legislative and environmental situations in the country. All these information are given in the
Report of the National Chemical Profile.
Country profile (2.1)
In order to place the NIP strategies and action plans in a country specific context, the country
profile must be identified and elaborated (See the report of the National Chemical Profile)
Institutional, policy and regulatory framework (2.2)
Recognizing that undertaking the POPs, NIP is inherently a state sponsored initiative, an important
part of country baseline that is the present institutional, policy and regulatory framework within
which NIP would be implemented (Table 1).

In this document, the NIP outline contents recommended by UNEP are used and side the numbers of the term of
reference are given on the right in bracket.
1
The required and accepted existing public sector documents and other information, relevant to the
POPs including government policy statements have been used as inventories to serve as baseline
references.
Environmental policy, sustainable development policy and general legislative framework
(2.2.1)
Main objective of this sub-section is to describe the existing overall legal and legislative framework
within which Turkey will meet its obligations under the Stockholm Convention through well
identified inventories and based on it, implementation of the NIP.
Over the years, significant improvements were recorded in the quality and quantity of the
population of Turkey which is the basic dynamics of the economics and social development within
a democratic system.
Turkey is determined in its development efforts to carry its further stages inline with a target to
surpass the contemporary civilization levels.
Turkey shall become a world state influential at the global level in the 21st century attaining the
highest level in culture and civilization, manufacturing products at world standards including the
standards of environment sharing the income equitable, securing human rights and responsibilities,
realizing supremacy of the law and secularism.
Since Turkey is in the process of full membership to the European Union (EU) which is an
important opportunity for harmonization with the international norms and standards and
consequently meeting the conditions required by the information society will arise. All these will
contribute greatly to the regional and world peace and wellfare by increasing the economic, social,
political and cultural interactions in the region.
Along with the realization of economic and social development, Turkey is aware of the importance
of protecting human health, ecological balance, historical and aesthetic values for sustainable
development.
In Turkey, policies and strategies will be implemented for the long-term development in the
medium and in order to resolve problems regarding the environment which shall be undertaken in
compliance with the EU norms and international standards.
Environmental management and control for the environmental / sustainable development policies
are necessary to be carried out effectively based on the principles of the Turkish Constitution and
Environmental Law.
2
Table 1. Inter-Ministerial Coordination for the POPs Project

Ministry of Environment and Forestry - MoEF concerns with direct and indirect effects,
releasing chemicals into the environments as emissions and wastes to air, water and lands.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs - MoA concerned with the use of agricultural
chemicals for the food supplies.

Ministry of Health - MoH concerned with short and long-term health impacts of chemicals on
the public health.

Ministry of Labor and Social Security - MoL concerned with occupational health and safety
issues related to the handling of chemicals at the workplace.

Ministry of Industry - MoI concerned in the production of chemicals and chemical products
and cleaner production technologies.

Ministry of Transportion– MoTr concerned with safe transportation and storage of chemicals
during the distribution phase.

Undersecretariat Foreign Trade - USFT is responsible for regulating the import and export
of chemicals and issue relevant trade permit.

Ministry of Justice - MoJ (Legal Affairs) concerned in development and enforcement of law
and regulations and issues concerning public access to information and the protection of
confidential business information.

Undersecretariat of Customs - USC responsible for ensuring the chemicals does not enter or
leave the country contrary to government regulations.

Government Printing and Publication Office – GP-PO concerned in the publication and
distribution of laws, regulations and other governmental documents.

Ministry of Finance and Undersecretariat State Planning Organization - MoF and SPO
concern in financial support to chemical management and chemical industries.

Ministry of Foreign Affairs - MoFA coordinates all the international aspects of chemical
management relevant to international agreements and Conventions.
3
Table 2. Available and needed personnel and financial resources for the activities of POPs in
Turkey*
Ministry/Agency
Concerned
Environment
Agriculture
Health
Labour
Industry
Foreign Trade
Legal Affairs
Customs
Finance & S.P.O
Personnel
Available
Needed
Financial Resource
Available
Needed
* This Table will be completed during the preparation of NIP
Roles and responsibilities of Ministries Agencies and other governmental institutions involved
in POPs life cycles (from source to disposal, environmental fate and health monitoring) (2.2.2)
At present, the roles and responsibilities of different ministries, agencies, and other governmental
institutions and inter-ministerial co-ordinations are shown in Table 1. and this would sufficiently
provide a point of reference for the country for meeting its obligations in respect of the POPs issue
and the Stockholm Convention.
In addition the information on the available and needed personnel as well as financial resources
related with the activities of POPs would be completed during the preparation of NIP and this will
be shown in Table 2.
Relevant International commitments and obligations (2.2.3)
The objective of this sub-section is to describe how the Government can organize itself to undertake
the process of committing itself in international environmental Convention, protocols of other
similar agreements and subsequently how it participates in them and fulfils its obligations under
them.
The country’s status regarding such Conventions, protocols and agreements are summarized in the
Report of Task Team of the National Chemical Profile.
Description of existing legislation and regulations addressing POPs (manufactured chemicals
and unintentionally produced POPs) (2.2.4)
One of the key areas of existing legislation and regulation that has a direct impact on the country’s
regulatory capacity to respond to the POPs issue is the current legislative framework and associated
regulatory controls it has in place for hazardous waste management. This is summarized in the
report of the Task Team of the National Chemical Profile (Annex 1).
4
Key approaches and procedures for POPs chemical and pesticide management including
enforcement and monitoring requirements (2.2.5)
This sub-section of the institutional baseline is intended to describe the status of the country’s
regulatory and assessment programs for management of chemicals and pesticides.
All these requirements are also shown in the Report of the Task Team of the National Chemical
Profile.
Assessment of the POPs issue in the country (2.3)
This section would establish the scope and characteristics of POPs issues by providing the current
technical knowledge base within the country, on which the NIP will be developed.
The quantitative basis of the issue would typically be established by the development of inventories
of the POPs covered by the Convention.
This section is the concise overview of the major points as objectives, national priorities and key
issues, summarized for each Task Team report based on the terms of references of the each report
which are given in the UNEP and the UNIDO POPs Projects.
The study of six Task Teams and their terms of references would provide assessment of POPs
issues in the country and this structure addresses the specific requirements and principles of the
Convention. In other words, with this assessment of the sub-section of the POPs issues, terms of
references are divided into six Task Teams and given on the thirteen terms of references (Table 3)
Table 3. The Terms of References Number of the UNEP document and the Task Teams
Task Team
1. Research
2. Contamination
3. Emission
4. Institution
5. Health
6. National Chemical Profile Preparation
UNEP
Terms of References No
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.8
2.12
2.1
2.3.1
2.3.5
2.3.4
2.9
2.3.7
2.3.12
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.6
2.11
2.3.11
2.3.13
2.3.12
2.3.8
2.3.9
2.3.10
Sub-section 2.3 altogether would provide the current state of knowledge about POPs in the country.
This would address each POP listed in the Annexes of the Convention and the various subject areas
in the Convention articles including inventory information, current technical, and management and
monitoring capacity, potential impacts and the level of public awareness and concern.
In the following sections the Six Task Teams Reports are given prepared by the responsible
authorities, which constitute authorization of the Report of the National Inventory for Turkey.
5
REPORT
OF
THE RESEARCH TEAM
A.Alev BURÇAK, Ph.D.
COORDINATOR
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs General Directorate of Agricultural
Research
MEMBERS
Pelin AKSU, M.Sc. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Plant Protection
Central Research Institute
Beyhan BALLI Ministry of Environment and Forestry,
General Directorate, Environmental Management
Arzu NURAY Ministry of Environment and Forestry
General Directorate, Environmental Management
Menekşe Keski DÖNMEZ, M. Sc. Ministry of Environment and Forestry
General Directorate, Environmental Management
Ayten TUYGUN General Directorate of E.Ü.A.Ş.
Reyhan ÇELİKER Undersecretariat of the Prime Ministry for Foreign Trade
Erden TEMEL Undersecretariat of the Prime Ministry for Customs
Sönmez DAĞLI TUBİTAK (The Scientific and Technical Research Council of
Turkey) –MRC
Taylan KIYMAZ State Planning Organization
Prof.Dr. Altan ACARA National Project Coordinator
DECEMBER 2004
6
Summary
This part of the inventory consists of a summary of POPs pesticides (aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin,
endrin, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphene) including their production, use, import, export, stockpiles.
The content of this section also involves the past, present and future management of POPs. In 1979
aldrin and cholordone, in 1971 dialdrin, in 1979 heptachlor and endrin, in 1989 toxaphane, in 1985
DDT had been used between 1957 and 1985 since then it is banned and mirex has never been
registered.
The production, use, import and export of POPs pesticides were also banned in Turkey.
The pesticide level in agricultural product was lower than the accepted level which was 0.1 mg/kg
according to Turkish Codex.
According to the information, gathered during this study Turkey possesses 10.430 kg DDT and
2700 tons of HCB in stocks.
It is known that PCBs have been widely used as coolant in fluid transformers and as a dielelectric
fluid in capacitors since 1930.
The number of transformers registered locally were 163 and 29 of them were inactive and 126 were
active. The number of capacitor were 6 The total PCBs in these transformers, 6 capacitors and two
hydrolic fluids estimated as around 187.736 Kg 2188 Lt (Table 21 and 22)
The list of PCBs and DDT with their trade names are given in the inventory.
The studies on pesticide residues in soil, water, air, food and human are carried out irregularly and
data are collected. These are a number laboratories to able monitor residues. However, the
personnel and equipment infrastructure has to be improved to develop the monitoring system in the
whole country.
The amount of the use of pesticides which were not classified as POPs pesticides are also given in
the report.
Introduction
Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Turkish Republic signed Stockholm Convention, which
has been carried out by United Nations Environment Program, Chemicals division and was opened
for signature in May 22, 2001.
It has been agreed that use and production of 12 chemicals, Permanent Organic Pollutants (POPs),
should be stopped. These 12 chemicals, classified under 3 categories, are 9 pesticides (aldrin,
chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, DDT, hexachlorbenzene), 2 industrial
chemicals (hexachlorobenzen, PCBs) and 2 unintentional products (dioxin, furan). An action plan is
aimed to be initiated after the ratification of the Convention to prepare the inventory and destruction
of such chemicals that could have been still in stockpiles.
Pesticides are used for protection of agricultural products from diseases and weeds in their
production, consumption, and storage phases. Pesticide residues remain inside or on the surface of
the agricultural products. Pesticide use has an important role in agricultural production and used
since 12th century.
7
Assessment of the POPs Issue 2.3.
Inventory: POPs Pesticides (Annex A, Part I Chemicals) 2.3.1.
In Turkey pesticide use started in 1950’s. In 1957, “Plant Protection and Agricultural Quarantine
Law” was put into force by the parliament. “Directive Concerning the Method and Principles of
Registration of Pesticides and Similar Products Used in Plant Protection” was put into effect as a
part of this law, which enabled the registration of plant protection products and plant regulators.
Trading of such chemicals has been regulated by “Regulation on Sales of Plant Protection
Chemicals”, which was based on the mentioned law. Provisions of this regulation are constantly
being amended according to developments in the use of plant protection products and plant
regulators, including their retail and registration. International advancements, European Union
standards or applications and scientific advice are monitored to have a dynamic and active approach
for the plant protection.
The authorization for the use of any pesticide is aligned with international rules. When the use of a
pesticide is banned in the world, it will also be banned in Turkey. Registration Committee of
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) register agricultural pesticides after studying the
chemical and physical properties, biological activity, residues, toxicological and eco-toxicological
properties with internationally approved analysis methods and techniques. MARA monitors
registered pesticides from their production or import to their consumption. Pesticide retailers are
constantly controlled by the Provincial and County Directorates of MARA responsible from market
control. Unsatisfactory product standards for the samples taken during market control, necessitates
punitive actions (Anon., 2002).
According to 1998 statistics, a total of 3 million tons of pesticides are produced annually in the
world. According to 1994 statistics, North America has the biggest share in the pesticide market
with 30%. Market shares of other regions are as follows; Western Europe 25%, Asia 16%, Latin
America 13%, Japan 12%, Africa 2% and Eastern Europe 2%. It has been known that, especially in
the USA and the EU, intensive agriculture, and pesticide usage pollute the nature and have harmful
effects on the environment.
Turkish agriculture cannot be considered in the same manner. Data on pesticide use in agriculture
supports this statement. Pesticide use per hectare as active ingredient is 0.63kg for Turkey, whereas
it is 17.5 kg for Netherlands, 3.5 kg for USA, 4.4 kg for Germany and France, 7.6 kg for Italy and 6
kg for Greece. It is clear that when compared with developed countries, pesticide use levels are very
low in Turkey. Thus, agricultural sector in Turkey is not an environment-polluting sector, rather
affected by the pollution (Anon., 2004).
Although pesticides were considered as lifesavers when first introduced, later studies showed the
contrary. Especially organic chloride containing pesticides have persistent chemical structure in the
environment. These pesticides accumulate in the organisms or atmosphere. They also cause
reproductive problems, birth defects, destruction of immune and endocrine systems and may cause
cancer.
Fat tissue samples were taken from numerous patients and were analyzed to determine if pesticides
cause leukemia or cancer. It was found that these fat tissues contain higher levels of dieldrin
compared with the control group. In a study for the stability of aldrin, it was found that aldrin was
still present even 9 years after the application. Aldrin, chlordane, endrin, heptachlor, HCB,
toxaphene can reside in soil even after 14 years, with the residue levels 40%, 40%, 41%, 16%, 10%
and 45% respectively.
According to the reports of MARA, there is only an approximate of 2,700 tons of HCB
(hexachlorobenzene) present in the stocks.
8
Monitoring studies were carried out for various foodstuffs after POPs pesticides were registered and
after they were banned by Plant Protection Research Institute of MARA.
A flour sample was searched for pesticide residue. Wheat grains used as mice poison is dyed to
discriminate them from wheat to be used as food. When distributing those dyed wheat, villagers are
advised to use them for seeding and in fighting for rodents. However, they have washed away the
dye thinking of cleaning it from the pesticide. Eating such wheat might cause of a health problem so
that one died and four villagers were seriously poisoned. Another study was done with the flour
sample to find out the cause of poisoning. The pesticide that was used in wheat production and
registered in 1960’s indicated the use of aldrin (Güvener and Günay, 1966).
In the years of the ban of organochlorine pesticides, various monitoring studies have been
conducted. 49 samples were inspected in a study, which aimed the determination of the presence
and quantity of hydrocarbon residues in milk, butter, and animal fat tissue, which were suspected
for contamination. The Codex tolerance values are given in Table 1 and results of this study are
given in Table 2 (Güvener et al., 1978).
Table 1. Tolerance levels set by Codex Alimentarius Commission (Güvener et al., 1978)
Active Ingredient
Aldrin-dieldrin
DDT and isomers
Endrin
Heptachlor and heptachlor
epoxide
Lindane (γ - HCB)
Tolerances in milk
0.15 ppm
1.25 ppm
0.02 ppm
0.15 ppm
Tolerances in meat fat
0.20 ppm
7.00 ppm
Nd*
0.15 ppm
0.20 ppm
2.00 ppm
*Not detectable
Table 2 shows the pesticide residue levels in 22 milk, 16 butter and 11 animal fat tissue samples
and their minimum, maximum, and average values.
Table 2. Pesticide residue concentrations on 22 milk, 16 butter, and 11 animal fat tissue
samples
Pesticide
α – HCB
γ – HCB
(Lindane)
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Total DDT
Milk (ppm)
Butter (ppm)
min – max
min – max
0.000 – 0.500
(±0.120)
0.000 – 0.270
(±0.041)
0.000 – 0.070
(±0.013)
0.000 – 0.370
(±0.150)
0.000 – 0.800
(±0.290)
0.000 – 0.000
(±0.000)
0.000 – 0.058
(±0.008)
0.000 – 0.000
(±0.000)
0.000 – 0.170
(±0.060)
0.000 – 0.230
(±0.100)
Animal fat tissue
(ppm)
Min – max
0.020 – 0.600 (±0.090)
0.001 – 0.013 (±0.004)
0.000 – 0.000 (±0.000)
0.000 – 0.080 (±0.020)
0.060 – 0.300 (±0.170)
In 14 of 22 milk samples, aldrin – dieldrin levels were merely exceeded the tolerance level of 0.15
ppm. Although application of aldrin had been forbidden, the excess levels of aldrin and dieldrin
could be explained by their persistence in the soil for long years. In one of the samples, lindane
level exceeded the tolerance value, where DDT levels for all samples were below the tolerance
value. No residues of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endrin, endosulfan compounds, and organic
phosphorus containing pesticides were found.
9
Dieldrin level exceeded the tolerance level of 0.15 ppm in two of the 16 butter samples, DDT and
lindane levels were below the tolerance levels for all samples. Heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide,
endrin, endosulfan compounds and organic phosphorus containing pesticides were not found in
butter. 0.435 ppm α – HCB and 0.827 ppm lindane was detected in one of the 11 samples of animal
fat tissue.
Yiğit (1977) studied the, residues of POPs in tobacco. Table 3 shows residue level of tobacco leaves
for different Turkish cigarette blends and in different regions.
Table 3. Residue levels in leaf tobacco for different Turkish cigarette blends and regions
over years
Cigarette
blend
Maltepe
Maltepe
Harman
Harman
Bahar
Bahar
Bafra
Bafra
Kıbrıs
Hisar
Silahlı
Kuvvetler
Samsun
Gelincik
Production year
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
1975 (4, 5, 6 months)
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
1975 (4, 5, 6 months)
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
1975 (3, 4, 5 months)
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
1975 (4, 5, 6 months)
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
HCB
2.03
3.20
0.82
1.02
3.12
0.08
2.41
0.48
-
1975 (1, 2, 3 months)
-
0.42
Pesticide residue (ppm)
γ - HCB
DDT (total) Endosulfan
0.04
1.80
-
-
1.20
1.12
Table 4 shows the residues of sun dried tobacco plant for different lots and Table 5 shows the
pesticide residue concentrations for various tobacco samples from different regions. Table 6 shows
residue concentrations of Turkish and US cigarettes on the market (Yiğit, 1977).
Table 4. Residue concentrations in ppm for sun dried tobacco plant for different time
intervals
Tobacco region
Bursa Leaf Tobacco
Bursa Leaf Tobacco
Bursa Leaf Tobacco
Bursa Leaf Tobacco
Lot
1. lot
3. lot
4. lot
5. lot
HCB
4.80
3.20
DDT (total)
8.80
4.76
Methoxychlor
-
10
Table 5. Pesticide residue concentrations for different regions and years
Production region
Year
1972
Samsun
1973
Bafra
1971
1971
Taşova
1972
1973
Trabzon – Akçaabat
1972
1972
Hendek
1973
1972
İzmir
1973
HCB
3.29
2.40
0.88
0.98
0.06
0.39
0.19
2.29
-0.58
2.29
0.24
0.24
0.40
0.36
0.24
0.31
Pesticide Residue (ppm)
γ – HCB Total DDT Endosulfan
0.38
0.72
0.86
1.34
1.38
0.001
0.03
2.21
0.59
3.75
0.24
0.59
1.18
0.15
0.88
0.74
1.23
0.48
0.62
0.49
0.61
0.79
0.84
0.88
3.45
0.81
0.60
0.74
0.52
2.41
0.82
0.23
0.43
2.53
1.64
0.08
0.26
-
Table 6. Residue levels (ppm) on cigarette samples
Cigarette name
Maltepe filter tipped
Samsun filter tipped
Samsun filter tipped
Marlboro filter tipped
Pallmall filter tipped
Maltepe filter tipped
Birinci filter tipped
Bafra filter tipped
Year
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
1976
HCB
4.35
1.81
0.49
0.001
0.32
γ - HCB
0.98
2.88
0.41
0.61
0.54
0.90
Total DDT
-
Total Endosulfan
2.62
3.11
0.20
2.02
3.78
0.001 – 4.35 ppm for HCB, 0.90 for lindane, 0.20 – 3.78 ppm for endosulfan was found in filter
tipped cigarette samples, 0.54 – 0.61 ppm for DDT and 2.02 ppm for endosulfan was found in USA
cigarette samples.
When residues in tobacco leave samples are compared with the data from other countries, residues
of DDT, TDE, toxaphene, endosulfan and endrin was found on a USA cigarette in 1973, however a
70 % decrease could be observed compared with 1971 values. Table 7 shows the comparison of
residue analysis results of Turkish, Greek and Italian tobacco leaves performed by the Federal
Germany Cigarette Industry Science Research Center (Yiğit, 1977).
11
Table 7. DDT residues on Turkish, Greek, and Italian tobaccos
Year
Since 1969
1970
1971
1972
1971 – 1972
1972 – 1975
DDT residue (ppm)
Greece
Italy
Turkey
14.6
0.27
1.93
11.7
16.1
1.62
7.1
0.40
1.74
0.69
1.31
1.49
1.19
-
Number of Samples
Greece
Italy Turkey
36
4
27
78
31
16
262
135
99
166
118
43
8
25
As shown in Table 7, no DDT residues were found in tobacco leaves after 1972 in Greece, Italy and
Turkey.
Comparisons of residue concentrations of HCB and its isomers in tobacco leaves between 1972 –
1976 are presented in Table 8. After 1973, no HCB residues have been detected in Turkish tobacco
leaves.
Table 8. HCB isomer residue in Turkish, Greek, and Italian tobaccos (Yiğit, 1977)
Year
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
HCB isomer residue (ppm)
Greece
Italy Turkey
0.18
0.04
0.41
0.12
0.05
-
Number of Samples
Greece
Italy Turkey
176
128
49
63
51
9
24
16
Güvener et al. (1977) analyzed pesticide residues (lindane and other isomers, aldrin, DDT and its
isomers, heptachlor, methoxychlor, toxaphene, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, methyl parathion,
parathion, diazinon, dimethoat, some organic phosphorus, malathion) in 372 samples of various
vegetables, fruits, flour variants and vegetable oils (carrot, spinach, lettuce, tomato, pepper,
eggplant, broad bean, cucumber, cauliflower, orange, mandarin, strawberry, apricot, plum, grape,
dry grape, dry apricot, flour, barley, wheat, rice flour, lentil, biscuit, sunflower oil, olive oil,
margarine oil etc.). The number of analyses are given in Table 9.
Table 9. Distribution of sample numbers that were analyzed between 1973 and 1977
(Güvener et al., 1977)
Year
1973 – 1974
1975
1976
1977
Number of Analyzed Samples
79
132
122
45
Results of these studies were as follows: 13 carrots out of 23, contained aldrin – dieldrin residues
exceeding 0.1 ppm (Codex tolerance); only one had high amount of residues, 0.56 ppm; remaining
12 had residue levels between 0.13 – 0.2 ppm.
Aldrin was found to be 0.18 ppm in one tomato sample, 0.129 ppm in an olive oil sample and in an
other tomato sample 0.93 ppm α –HCB, 1.14 ppm lindane, 1.47 ppm total DDT. These were found
levels were higher than the residue levels of other tomato samples.
12
DDT levels were found to be 0.11 – 0.86 ppm in 7 carrot samples, 0.35 – 0.45 ppm in 4 grape
samples, 0.16 ppm in 2 dry apricot samples, 0.14 – 0.35 ppm in 5 rice flour samples and 3 lentil
samples. These levels were lower than the value of 1.7 ppm for DDT; that was within the Codex
tolerance limits, but higher than the limits given for Republic of in the Federal Germany.
Only 1 out of 372 samples (a strawberry sample) had 5 ppm DDT residue, which was above Codex
limits.
16 flour samples (lentil and rice flour) were found to have 0.3 – 2.5 ppm of α – HCB residues.
In one of the green lentils samples 1.566-ppm lindane was found and 1.131 ppm in another. These
values exceed the Codex tolerance of 0.5 ppm for lindane in processed grains. Organic phosphorus
compounds, that were detected in some samples were very low and usually did not exceed the
Codex tolerance limits.
A project was implemented in Plant Protection Chemicals and Equipment Research Institute of
MARA between 1970 and 1973, for DDT tolerance limits. The aim of the project was to help the
selection of an insecticide to fight Sunn-Pest (Eurygaster integriceps Put.) which has low residue
levels as a replacement to DDT. Residues on straw, glumes and wheat were compared after the
application of DDT, phenthion, bromophos, dichrotophos, methidathion, parathion + DDT,
phenitrothion composed insecticides. In 1970, some insecticides were applied to fight Sunn-Pest in
Diyarbakır Plant Protection Research Institute and residue values on straw and wheat were shown
in Table 10 (Güvener and Önal, 1975).
Table 10. Residues of various insecticides to fight Sunn-Pest (Güvener and Önal, 1975)
Active ingredient
Application date
Sampling Date
Bromophos, 35%
Fenitrothion, 95%
Fenthion, 50%
DDT, 25%
Dichrotophos, 24%
15.05.1970
17.05.1970
17.05.1970
30.04.1970
19.05.1970
05.06.1970
05.06.1970
05.06.1970
16.06.1970
16.06.1970
Approx. Residue (ppm)
Straw
Wheat grains
2.17
3.62
1.50
2.50
2.65
4.41
14.50
24.10
1.15
1.91
As shown in Table 10, organophosphorus pesticides had lower residue levels than DDT. Especially
samples that were subject to phenitrothion and dichrotophos compound pesticides have lowest
residue levels. With the same research, for 1971 product, pesticide application was performed with
10 % powder and 25 kg preparation per hectares via manual application and plane and with 25 %
emulsion with 1000 cc dosage using plane. Following the harvest, straw samples were taken and
DDT residue analyses were performed. The results are shown in Table 11. The residue levels
depend on the formulation and method of application. First six samples of 10% DDT are performed
via manual application, and the rest is performed by plane application. The residues are found to be
higher for the plane application then the manual application and for the 25 % emulsion application.
13
Table 11. DDT residues for different preparation
Preparation
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 10 % powder
DDT 25 % Emulsion
DDT 25 % Emulsion
DDT 25 % Emulsion
DDT 25 % Emulsion
DDT 25 % Emulsion
DDT 25 % Emulsion
Control samples
Dosage
(product/ha)
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
25 kg
1000 cc
1000 cc
1000 cc
1000 cc
1000 cc
1000 cc
----
Sampling location
Siverek, Budikhan
Siverek, Budikhan
Siverek, Budikhan
Siverek, Budikhan
Siverek, Budikhan
Siverek, Budikhan
Storage
Storage
Storage
Storage
Diyarbakır, Central
Diyarbakır, Central
Diyarbakır, Central
Karabaş
Ergani, Tilhum
Ergani, Zengetil
Agricultural Research
Agricultural Research
Agricultural Research
----
Application
date
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
25.05.1971
28.05.1971
28.05.1971
28.05.1971
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
26.05.1971
24.05.1971
25.05.1971
10.05.1971
18.05.1971
18.05.1971
18.05.1971
------
Sampling
date
21.06.1971
21.06.1971
21.06.1971
21.06.1971
21.06.1971
21.06.1971
18.06.1971
25.06.1971
25.06.1971
25.06.1971
25.06.1971
25.06.1971
25.06.1971
18.06.1971
17.06.1971
17.06.1971
18.06.1971
18.06.1971
18.06.1971
-----
DDT residue
(ppm)
0.9
1.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
2.7
2.0
8.0
5.5
6.0
9.0
4.5
6.7
96.0
6.1
11.0
24.0
18.0
22.0
nd.
In 1973, application was done with both powder and emulsion DDT and products containing other
active ingredients. Stem and spike samples were taken and their stem, glume and wheat were
analyzed separately. Results of these analyses are shown in Table 12.
Table 12 shows that wheat did not contain any DDT residues. Residues were lower for active
ingredient except for methidathion.
Table 12. Residues found on straw, glume and wheat, after application on Sunn-Pest by plane
in 1973 (Güvener and Önal, 1975)
Pesticide
Name
DDT 10 %
DDT 10 %
DDT 25 %
Fenitrothion
Fenitrothion
Fenitrothion
Dichrotophos
Dichrotophos
Methidathion
Dosage (g
a.s./da)
250
250
187.5
97
97
97
24
24
250
Sample
location
Application
date
Sampling
date
Ditüni
Çınar
Kağıtlı
Alabal
Alabal
Alabal
Sadi
Sadi
Sadi
19.05.1973
18.05.1973
19.05.1973
18.05.1973
18.05.1973
18.05.1973
09.06.1973
25.05.1973
25.05.1973
15.06.1973
15.06.1973
14.06.1973
14.06.1973
14.06.1973
14.06.1973
14.06.1973
10.06.1973
10.06.1973
Insecticide residues (avg. ppm)
Straw
Glume
Wheat
1.5
1.3
14.0
trace
trace
trace
0.45
0.84
35.1
1.5
4.4
25.0
0.28
0.68
trace
0.84
1.40
9.7
-----------------3.3
In a study in 1966 and 1967, DDT residues were studied in grapes, which are still important export
goods. In these years, DDT was applied on grapes to prevent bunch moth. DDT was used until very
close to harvest of the grapes and 40-day preharvest interval was not usually satisfied. DDT
residues were studied on the raisins that were in the market, and 0.1 – 0.2 ppm of DDT residue was
found. In 1966, when 10 % DDT is used, 0.25 - 0.6 ppm of residue was found on table grapes and 1
ppm of residue found on table grapes when 50 % DDT is used. 1 ppm of residue also was found on
raisins of these grapes. In 1967, 50 % DDT is used, 1.33 ppm of residue found on table grapes. 1.77
ppm of residue also found on their raisins. Values given or below the tolerance value of 1 ppm was
accepted by the Federal Government of Germany (Güvener and Günay, 1968).
14
Past, Present and Projected Future Production and Use of POPs Pesticides
According to the statistics, the total use of pesticides in Turkey was 36,662 tons in 1985, 33,713
tons in 1997, 35,487 tons in 1998, 32,230 tons in 1999, 33,548 tons in 2000, 29,798 tons in 2001,
and 30,792 tons in 2002. It can be observed that, over the 17-year period, use of pesticides
decreased. These quantities represent registered pesticides (Table 13).
Table 13. Annual amounts of authorized pesticides use in Turkey
Year
1985
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Amount of pesticide use (tons)
36,662
33,713
35,487
32,230
33,548
29,798
30,792
A total of 1231 commercial pesticides had been registered in 1995, though the picture changed in
2004 as 485 active ingredient and 3006 commercial pesticides were registered in Turkey. However,
due to various reasons only 252 active ingredients containing registered pesticides are commercially
available.
POPs pesticides ban was started in Turkey by 1970’s, and their use, production, import, and export
are prohibited by law.
Dieldrin was banned in 1971, aldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, endrin were banned in 1979 and
toxaphene was banned in 1989. In addition, registrations of plant protection products containing
these active ingredients were canceled. Mirex and its products have never been registered in
Turkey. There is no record of production of POPs pesticides in Turkey since their ban. After
registration, plant protection products were being prepared by using imported active ingredients.
Production of those active substances in Turkey has never been an issue. Records from
Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade and Undersecretariat of Customs show the fact that POPs
substances have not been imported or exported after they had been banned.
Nationwide residue monitoring of chloride containing pesticides has being performed on
agricultural products, soil, and streams. No illegal use of such substances has been detected. As
required by the Stockholm Convention, necessary arrangements are initiated for frequent inspection
by MARA.
Detailed information on POPs pesticides are given below:
ALDRIN
Aldrin is used for combating insects in the soil. It can easily be metabolized into dieldrin in plants
and animals. As a result, it is very difficult to find aldrin residues in foods and animals, if so in very
small quantities. It is bound to the soil particles firmly. Due to its high volatility, it disappears in
soil. Because of its persistency and hydrophobic property, aldrin and especially its transformed
products become bio-concentrated.
15
Aldrin is toxic to humans. The lethal dos of Aldrin for an adult is estimated as 83 mg/kg body
weight. It was observed that liver and gallbladder cancer rate increased in the professionals who
were exposed to aldrin. Only evidence for aldrin causing cancer is based on animal tests. Therefore,
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) does not classify aldrin as human carcinogen.
Table 14 shows some details of the aldrin use in the past. It is banned in Turkey in 1979.
Table 14. Aldrin use on pests
Name of pest
Anisoplia spp.
Anisoplia spp.
Zabrus spp.
Zabrus spp.
Polyphylla fullo
Active Ingredient
Aldrin
Aldrin
Aldrin
Aldrin
Aldrin
Formulation
WP
Powder
WP
Powder
WP
Dosage
750 g / 100 kg seed
750 g / 100 kg seed
300 g / 100 kg seed
300 g / 100 kg seed
12.5 kg / hectare
* WP wet table Powder
CHLORDANE
Chlordane is a wide spectrum contact insecticide. It is semi–volatile, so it can be present in the
atmosphere. It can be bound to sediments in the water easily and become bio-concentrated in the fat
tissues of organisms.
There is no relation between increase in death risk caused by cancer and Chlordane exposure. When
the Chlordane exposed persons were checked up, it has been detected that significant changes had
been occurred in their immune system. IARC categorizes Chlordane as a possible human
carcinogen. Average half-life in soil is 1 year. Chlordane was banned in Turkey in 1979.
DIELDRIN
Dieldrin was used to combat harmful insects in soil and disease vector insects. Due to its harmful
effects on nature and human health, many countries banned dieldrin. Dieldrin is bound to soil
particles firmly. It vanishes due to its high volatility in soil. It becomes bio-concentrated because of
its persistency and hydrophobic properties.
Relative increase of liver and gallbladder cancer were observed at workers contacting aldrin, endrin
and dieldrin in factories. IARC did not classify dieldrin as a possible human carcinogen as there
was no relevant evidence of both human and animal tests.
Dieldrin has a half-life of 5 years in warm soil. Dieldrin residues were found in air, soil, fish, bird,
mammals, human, and mother’s milk. Dieldrin was banned in 1971.
ENDRIN
Endrin is an insecticide that is used on green parts of plants. It is also used as a rodenticide. It is
fastly metabolized in animals and do not accumulate in fat tissues. It can reach atmosphere due to
its volatile structure. It can also reach surface waters after being washed away from the soil.
Statistical increase of liver and gallbladder cancers was observed at workers of aldrin, endrin, and
dieldrin producing factories. IARC did not classify endrin as a possible human carcinogen because
there was no relevant evidence of both human and animal tests.
Endrin is very toxic for fish. Its half-life in soil can reach up to 12 years depending on the properties
of the location.
16
HEPTACHLOR
Heptachlor is a non-systemic, effecting through digestive system and by contact. It has a very high
volatility, so it can be found in the atmosphere. It can be bound to sediments in the water easily and
become bio-concentrated in the fat tissues of organisms. Heptachlor is metabolized to heptachlor
epoxide in animals and this substance can be stored in animal fat tissues.
It was determined that bladder cancer cases increase significantly in workers of heptachlor
producing factories. Although there were no fatal cases for liver and gallbladder cancer, fatal
cerebrovascular diseases were frequently observed.
IARC classified Heptachlor as a possible human carcinogen. Table 15 shows former use of
Heptachlor. Heptachlor was banned in 1979.
Table 15. Use of Heptachlor in the past
Name of pest
Anisoplia spp.
Zabrus spp
Polyphylla fullo
Active ingredient Formulation
Heptachlor
WP
Heptachlor
WP
Heptachlor
WP
Dosage
500 g / 100 kg seed
300 g / 100 kg seed
20 kg / hectare
TOXAPHENE
Toxaphene is a non-systemic and contact effective insecticide. It becomes bio-concentrated in
aquatic organisms. It can be carried through the atmosphere.
High frequency chromosome aberration was observed on eight female workers, who had been
working on a Toxaphene applied field with 2 kg/ha dosage compared with control group. IARC
classified Toxaphene as possible human carcinogen.
Its half-life in soil can vary from 100 days to 12 years depending on the soil type and climate. Table
16 shows former use of Toxaphene. Toxaphene was banned in Turkey in 1989.
Table 16. Use of Toxaphene in the past.
Name of pest
Stephanitis pyri
Active Substance
Toxaphene
Formulation
EM
Dosage
300 cc/ 100 l water
HEXACHLOROBENZENE (GAMMA - HCB)
Hexachlorobenzene is an effective insecticide by contact and in digestive and respiratory systems. It
is in a colorless crystalline form. It is a wide spectrum insecticide used in animal ecoparasites, soil
endemic insects, public health diseases, and predators. Along with those applications, it can also be
used with fungicides in seed applications. Hexachlorobenzene was banned in 1985. Table 17 shows
former use of it.
17
Table 17. Use of HCB in the past.
Name of pest
Locusts
Schistocerca gregaria
Aiolopus savignyi
Thisoicetrinus pterostichus
Dociostaurus maroccanus
Pararcyptera labiata
Calliptamus italicus
Acheta deserta
Locusta migratoria
Platycleis intermedia
Bradyporus sp.
Uvarovistia satunini
Isophya spp., Poecilimon spp.
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa
Penthaleus major Duges.
Aelia rostrata Boh.
PEPPER
Agrotis spp.
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa
TOMATO
Agrotis spp.
BEAN
Agrotis spp.
CUCUMBER
Agrotis spp.
MELON
Agrotis spp.
CABBAGE
Agrotis spp.
CORN
Agrotis spp.
POTATO
Agrotis spp.
EGGPLANT
Agrotis spp.
ONION
Phytonomus variabilis
Active
ingredients
%6,5 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
%2,6 γ – HCB
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Powder
Feed
Powder
Powder
Product applied to
0.1 hectare
2-2.5 kg
5-6 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
2 kg
4 kg/20 kg bran
1.5 kg
2 kg
γ – HCB
γ – HCB
Seed
Seed
400 g/10 kg bran
400 g/10 kg bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg.bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg. bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg. bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg bran
γ – HCB
Seed
400 g/10 kg bran
HCB (2,6)
Powder
2500
Formulation
Status of pesticides placed in POPs list in Turkey
After the restriction and ban of use of POPs pesticides in some countries, necessary precautions
were taken in Turkey. Starting from 1968 the use of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, DDT, chlordane
and toxaphene were restricted. Application of soil with aldrin and heptachlor was forbidden, but
application on seed was allowed. There were no restrictions on HCB at those years. However, after
some applications, HCB residues were found on weeds and DDT residues were found in straw
(Güvener et al., 1974). In Table 18 pesticides that were banned by MARA are given:
18
Table 18. Pesticides that have been banned in Turkey
Pesticides and other chemicals
Dieldrin
Aldrin
Endrin
Lindane
Heptachlor
Chlordane
e-Parathion
2,4,5-T
Leptephos
Chlordimeform
Mercury contaning products
(methoxyethylmercury chloride, phenyl mercury
acetate, phenyl mercury chloride)
Arsenic containing disinfectant
Chlorobenzilate
DDT
HCB
Fluorodifen
Chlorpropylate
Dinoseb
Daminozide Alar 85)
Toxaphene
Zineb
Azinphos Ethyl
Date of Ban
1971
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1979
1982
1982
1982
(Restriction 1978) 1985
(Restriction 1978) 1985
1987
1987
1988
1989
1989
1991
1996
Table 19. Date and Reasons of Ban for POPs pesticides.
Pesticide name Date of Ban
Aldrin
1979
environment,
Chlordane
environment,
DDT
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
Endrin
Toxaphene
Mirex
Reasons
Harmful effects on human health and
carcinogen,
1979
Harmful effects on human health and
carcinogen,
1978(restricted)
Harmful effects on human health and
1985
carcinogen, accumulation in fat tissue,
1971
Harmful effects on human health and
carcinogen,
1979.
Harmful effects on human health and
carcinogen,
1979.
Harmful effects on human health and
carcinogen,
1989.
Harmful effects on human health and
carcinogen,
Not authorized in Turkey.
environment,
environment,
environment,
environment,
environment,
Import and Export of POPs pesticides
After POPs pesticides have been banned no illegal imports of such products were reported. Imports
or production without considering legal obligations have severe penalties. In addition, availability
of alternative pesticides to the banned ones prevents any illegal application.
19
Identified Stockpiles and Wastes of POPs Pesticides
According to the records, there are only stocks of HCB and DDT. After POPs pesticides had been
baned, as a precaution MARA collected the data of the stocks of retailers and firms. As a result,
2,700 tons of HCB (hexachlorobenzen) and 10,930 kg of DDT were found in the stocks in Turkey.
The HCB stock is located in İzmit’s Derince County, near Şirintepe. HCB is kept in 50 kg nylon
bags and barrels in the storage facility of Merkim Industrial Products Co. in the form of white
powder. This material was produced by Agricultural Protection Chemicals Co. for agricultural
purposes in the past. Because of harmful effects on human health and environment, HCB was
banned in 1985 by Plant Protection and Agriculture Quarantine Law. The DDT stock is found in the
storage of Ankara Central Service Directorate of MARA.
Present Management (production, use, stockpiles and waste) of POPs Pesticides and Empty
Containers
Use and production of POPs pesticides are not legally possible and no incident of use or production
has been recorded. As mentioned before, regular inspection of residues in food products, soil,
rivers, and control of possible users should be undertaken to determine contaminated fields and any
illegal use and import of POPs pesticides.
Experts in Plant Protection Central Research Institute, which is under the jurisdiction of Ministry of
Agriculture and Rural Affairs, organizes training programs for the staff of City Directorate of
Agriculture about physical and chemical properties of registered pesticides, residue problems, their
safe use, the importance of proper use, and effects on human health and environment. These
education programs are organized at least three times a year at the minimum. The aim of these
programs is the training of technical staff and spreading this information to farmers and pesticide
retailers.
Assignment of Responsibility and Liability
There are many regulations, communiqués, and standards that have been in force about pesticides.
In accordance with the developments, needs and newly occurred situations, these regulations were
amended occasionally. Chronologically these regulations are,
1. Plant Protection and Quarantine Law, Official Gazette 24th May, 1957,no: 9615
2. Directive for Pesticide and Equipment Used for Pest Management, Official Gazette: 4th Feb.,
1959, no: 10126
3. Directive for the Toxicological Classification of Pesticides
4. Regulation for the National Commission of Codex Alimentarius Official Gazette: 7th
Feb.,1994 no: 18152 (changed by O.G. 13th Sep.,2004 no:25582)
5. Regulation for the Control of the Pesticides Official Gazette: 22nd June,1995 no:22321
6. Directive Concerning the Method and Principles of Registration of Pesticides and Similar
Products Used in Plant Protection Official Gazette: 17th Feb.,1999 no:23614
7. Regulation for the Labeling of Pesticides Official Gazette: 1st Sep.,1983 no:18152
8. Regulation for The Wholesale, Retail And Storage of Pesticides Official Gazette: 21st Aug.,
1996 no: 22734
9. Regulation for the Quality Control Analysis of Pesticides done by the Private Laboratories
Official Gazette: 23rd Sep.,2002 no:24885
10. Communiqué to Ban the Use and Marketing of Certain Active Substances used in the
Production of Pesticides Official Gazette: 16th Dec.,2003 no:25318
Only the names of standards and regulations regarding organochlorine pesticides are presented in
this section. “Communiqué to Ban the Use and Marketing of Certain Active Substances used in the
Production of Pesticides” was prepared in accordance with “Directive Concerning the Method and
20
Principles of Registration of Pesticides and Similar Products Used in Plant Protection”, “Plant
Protection and Quarantine Law” and “Law for Preparation and Application of Technical
Legislation Regarding The Products Determined in Law No:4703”. This communiqué determines
the procedure and principles of banning the use and trading of the plant protection products that
contain specific active ingredients. Mentioned communiqué does not apply to plant protection
products that will be used for research or used in export products. The appendix of this
communiqué includes a list of active ingredients. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs foresees
the prohibitive measures for the use and trading of the products containing one or more of those
active ingredients.
According to this communiqué, mercury compounds (mercury oxide, mercury chloride, other
inorganic mercury compounds, alkaline mercury compounds, alcoxyalcyl and aryl mercury
compounds), permanent organochlorine compounds (aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, DDT, endrin, less
than 0 – 99.0% γ isomer containing HCH, heptachlor, hexachlorobenzene), other compounds
(ethylene oxide, nitrofen, 1,2 – dibromomethane, 1,2 – dichloroethane, dinoseb, its acetate and salts,
binapacryl, captafol, dicofol containing DDT or other related DDT compounds more than 1g/kg or
p p,1 – dicofol less than 78 %, quintozene containing pentachloro benzene more than 10 g/kg or
HCB more than 1 g/kg) were banned.
According to the same communiqué, if an alert concerning agricultural production was raised and
there were no other ways of controlling this situation, MARA may allow the use and trade of a plant
protection product containing one or more of the active substances mentioned above for a
maximum of 120 days.
Below, is the list of ISO standards that are corresponding Turkish standards for POPs and other
pesticides.













ISO Guide 34: 2000: General requirements for the competence of reference material
producers (available in English only)
ISO Guide 35:1989: Certification of reference materials – General and statistical principles
ISO 257:1988: Pesticides and other agrochemicals – Principles for the selection of common
names
ISO 765:1976: Pesticides considered not to require common names
ISO 1750:1981: Pesticides and other agrochemicals – Common names
ISO 3890 – 1: 2000: Milk and milk products – Determination of residues of organochlorine
compounds (pesticides) – Part 1: General considerations and extraction methods
ISO 3890 – 2: 2000: Milk and milk products – Determination of residues of organochlorine
compounds (pesticides) – Part 2: Test methods for crude extract purification and
confirmation
ISO 4389: 2000: Tobacco and tobacco products – Determination of organochlorine pesticide
residues – Gas Chromatographic method
ISO 6466:1983: Tobacco and tobacco products – Determination of dithiocarbamate
pesticide residues – Molecular absorption spectrometric method
ISO 6468: 1996: Water quality – Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes – Gas chromatographic method after liquid –
liquid extraction
ISO 10382: 2002: Soil quality – Determination of organochlorine pesticides and
polychlorinated biphenyls – Gas chromatographic method with electron capture detection
(standard preparation is taken into work plan)
ISO 14181:2000: Animal feeding stuffs – Determination of residues of organochlorine
pesticides – Gas chromatographic method (available in English only)
ISO 16133: 2004 Soil quality – Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of
monitoring programmes (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
21



ISO/IEC 6522:1922: Information technology – Programming languages – PL/1 general
purpose subset (available in English only) (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
ISO /IEC ISP 12059 – 2: 1995 Information technology – International Standardized Profiles
– OSI Management – Common information for management functions – Part 2: State
management (available in English only) (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
ISO/ TR 15916: 2004 Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems (available in
English only) (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
General Assessment of Inventory of POPs Pesticides
Inventory of POPs pesticides in Turkey is given in relevant sections. This information is gathered
from MARA. It is clear that POPs pesticides that are in stocks should be disposed of in the short
run. Disposal could be done by İzaydaş Company in İzmit. Difficulties may arise due to having
only one company for disposal process. As a result, disposal could not be carried out and storage is
preferred to prohibit the use of those pesticides, although it is not a safe choice. To proceed for
disposal, financial support is needed. Moreover, DDT in the stocks is not in a very good condition.
The storage facility has broken windows and doors; the closeness of the storage facility to the civil
population also creates danger. These storage facilities should be improved until the disposal of this
chemical and that issue also requires funds.
Studies on residue amounts on soil, water, air, food, and human are carried out from time to time
and data are obtained in a number of laboratories of MARA. On the other hand, more research work
are required to determine the current situation.
Inventory: PCBs (Annex A, Part II Chemicals) 2.3.2.
Introduction
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are organic compounds, which were used in electrical machinery
insulation. They have been used as insulators in almost every transformer for years and most of the
transformers in Turkey contain PCBs. PCBs also appear as by-products of organochlora
productions like PVC production and waste incineration.
Stockholm Convention was signed by 125 countries, including Turkey. With this Convention,
participating countries jointly agreed to reduce the amount of 12 persistent organic polluters,
including PCBs, in the environment, to destruct them and to restrict their sources. According to the
Convention, participating countries should,
-
ban the use of PCB-containing equipment,
perform detection, labeling and ban the use of equipments that contain 50 ppm or more PCBs,
avoid the trade of PCB-containing equipments,
ban the recycling of equipments that contain 50ppm or more PCBs,
succeed with the environmentally safe management of PCB-based wastes until 2008.
In order to create an inventory for PCB stocks and PCB-containing equipments, possible holders
and users of such stocks and equipments are determined. After obtaining the information two
official inquiries regarding stocks and equipments were sent on two different dates. The inventory
presented here are the results obtained from the responses of those companies during inquiry.
History and place of use of PCBs
First synthesis of PCBs was managed in 1864. Its Commercial production started in 1929/30. PCBs;
22
 Do not crystallise at low temperatures,
 Are resistant to fire,
 Steam pressure are very low (4x10-5-6.7x10-7 torr),
 Electrical conductivity is very low,
 Are resistant to thermal shortcuts,
 Do not have explosion risk when combined with air, even though they are heavier than air in
their gas state.
 Have high chemical stability, (Test results show that when subjected to some active metal and
oxygen chemical structures of PCBs does not change up to 1700C.)
 Do not dissolve in water. (They dissolve in fats and hydrocarbons)
Because of these unmatched properties, PCB containing liquids have been used in many places,
such as,
 Transformers and large capacitors,
 Heat transfer and hydraulic systems,
 Vacuum pumps,
 Balance capacitor of florescent lamps,
 Paint, adhesive, carbonless copying paper production,
 Lubrication and cutter grease.
They were widely used in indoor transformers due to their resistance to fire. It was determined that
PCBs and side products after partial burn, accumulate in human body and have toxic effects. As a
result, the use of PCBs was restricted; for example, 24 OECD countries decided to restrict the use
of PCBs in 1973. According to this decision, PCBs were allowed to be used in,
 Isolation liquid in transformers and capacitors,
 Heat transfer liquid (except for the production of food, medicine, feed and veterinarian
products),
 Hydraulic liquid in mining,
 Small capacitors.
Again, in 1973 OEDC decided,
 Production, import and export of PCBs should be monitored,
 Research should be done for safe recycling, regeneration and disposal,
 Research should be done for proper labeling,
 Settling on the properties of safe containers for PCBs and their transportation.
In 1987, except for some special cases like standard preparation, OECD banned the production,
import, and export of PCBs. In addition, OECD advised that wastes containing PCBs more than 100
ppm must be disposed of in high temperature waste disposal facilities.
After transformer accidents in USA and France, mineral greases, silicone greases and penchlorine
ethylene replaced PCBs.
Due to their aromatic structure, chlorine content, and accumulative behavior in human body, it can
be said that these are high-risk chemical materials. As opposed to this, when used in closed systems
they have no adverse effect on humans and environment.
Harmful effects appear when contaminated food and drinks are consumed; smelled, swallowed or
contacted with the skin. When complete burning was not achieved Polychlorine dibenzo furan
(PCDF) and Polychlorine dibenzo paradioxsine (PCDD) appear as by-products, which have more
harmful effects.
23
Present Regulations Pertaining PCBs
There are two regulations related to PCBs in Turkey;
1. “Regulation for Dangerous Chemicals”, 11.07.1993 dated, Official Gazette No: 21637;
2. “Regulation for The Control of Hazardous Wastes”, 27.08.1995 dated, Official Gazette No:
22387
According to article 41 of “Regulation for Dangerous Chemicals”, products and equipments
containing polyhalogen, biphenyl and terphenyl and their combination can not be used as of January
1, 1996. According to article 42 of same regulation use of such materials in,
 Closed system electrical devices (Transformer, resistor, inductor),
 Large densers (total weight of 1 kg and more),
 Small densers (whose chlorine content is not more than 43% and does not contain more than 3.5
penta and more chlorine biphenyl containing plychlorine biphenyl)
 Heat transfer liquid which are used in closed system heat appliances (except for processing food,
medicine, feed and other veterinary products),
 Hydraulic liquids used with underground digging equipment and electrolyte aluminum
production devices,
 For conversion of other products as a first step or intermediate step,
are allowed until January 1, 1996.
PCBs are listed using the following classification in the materials subject to monitoring list in the
appendix 1 of “Regulation for Dangerous Chemicals”.
There are some ISO standards related to PCBs. Detailed information about these standards was
given in Section 2.2.4.
Closed and Semi-closed Applications of PCBs
Major sources and users of PCBs are the power generation and distribution industries. As of our
knowledge, PCBs have been found only in closed applications in Turkey. There is no information
about any source or any use of semi-closed applications of PCBs. In this section the inventory of
PCB containing transformers and capacitors were listed in detail. At the end of this section,
estimation on use of PCBs is given for an estimate number of equipment in Turkey.
To have a complete PCB inventory, two official inquiries were sent to the possible PCB equipment
holders and users, one on July and the other one on September. As response to those letters, some
companies and foundations had reported their PCB equipment inventory, some reported that they
had no PCB stocks and had no PCB- containing equipments. Still there are some companies that
have not responded. In addition to the official inquiries, a table of trade names and synonyms for
PCB mixtures was also sent to the companies and foundations.
PCB containing products are available in many commercial brands; some well-known brands are
listed in Table 20. Aroclor is coded as 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260. First two numbers represent the
biphenyl content; last two numbers represent the chlorine percentage by weight.
24
Table 20. Trade Names and Synonyms for PCBs Mixtures
Aceclor (t)
Adkarel
ALC
Apirolio (t,c)
Aroclor (t,c) (USA)
Aroclor 1016 (t,c)
Aroclor 1221 (t,c)
Aroclor 1232 (t,c)
Aroclor 1242 (t,c)
Aroclor 1254 (t,c)
Aroclor 1260 (t,c)
Aroclor 1262 (t,c)
Aroclor 1268 (t,c)
Areclor (t)
Abestol (t,c)
Arubren
Asbestol (t,c)
ASK
Askarel (t,c) (USA)
Bakola
Bakola 131 (t,c)
Biclor (c)
Chlorextol (t)
Chlorinated diphenyl
Chlorinol (USA)
Chlorobiphenyl
Clophen (t,c)
(Germany)
Clophen – A30
Clophen – A50
Clophen – A60
Clophen Apirorlio
Cloresil
Clorphen (t)
Delor (Czech Rep.)
Diaclor (t,c)
Dialor (c)
Disconon (c)
Dk (t,c)
Ducanol
Ducanol (c)
Dykanol (t,c) (USA)
Dyknol
EEC-18
Electrophenyl T-60
Elemex (t,c)
Eucarel
Fenclor (t,c) (Italy)
Hexol (Russian
Federation)
Hivar (c)
Hydrol (t,c)
Hydrol
Hyvol
Inclor
Inerteen (t, c)
Kaneclor (KC) (t,c)
(Japan)
Kaneclor 400
Kaneclor 500
Keneclor
Kennechlor
Leromoll
Magvar
MCS 1489
Montar
Nepolin
Niren
No-Famol
No-Flamol (t,c) (USA)
NoFlamol
Nonflammable liquid
Pheneclor
Phenoclor (t,c) (France)
Phenochlor
Phenochlor DP6
Plastivar
Pydraul (USA)
Pyralene (t,c) (France))
Pyranol (t,c) (USA)
Pyrochlor
Pyroclor (t) (USA)
Saf-T-Kuhl (t,c)
Saft-Kuhl
Santotherm (Japan)
Santotherm FR
Santoterm
Santovac
Santovac 1
Santovac 2
Sinclonyl (c)
Solvol (t,c) (Russian Federation)
Sovol
Sovtol (Russian Federation)
Therminol (USA)
Therminol FR
t: transformator
c: capacitor
Table 21 is prepared from the responses to the official letters; it covers PCBs and PCB containing
equipments. There are only 6 capacitors still in use and 189 transformers in Turkey. 29 of the
transformers were used in the past and these transformers were sent for destruction to İzaydaş Co.
25
Table 21. List of used equipments containing PCBs and some of their properties
Equipment brand (power
kVa)
n
Commercial
name of
isolation
liquid
Production Used
date
since
Capacitor
Kondaş (50 kVAR)
6
Clophen
1984
Transformers
Volta Werke (960kVA)
2
Clophen
1974
AEG ETİ (1000kVA)
8
Clophen
1971
AEG ETİ (1000kVA)
4
Clophen
1975
AEG ETİ (1600kVA)
2
Clophen
1971
ESAŞ (1250 kVA)
2
Clophen
1976
ESAŞ (1250 kVA)
2
Clophen
1976
ESAŞ (630 kVA)
4
Clophen
1975
AEG ETİ (315kVA)
4
Clophen
1973
ESAŞ (230 kVA)
1
Clophen
1976
Of.Elec.Tech. (25 kVA)
2
Clophen
1971
Of.Elec.Tech. (25 kVA)
1
Clophen
1971
ACEG (25 kVA)
1
Clophen
1976
UNELEC (250 kVA)
2
Pyralene
1970
Rhone Alber Elec. (100 kVA)
2
Pyralene
1975
Marelli (900 kVA)
2
Askarel
1971
ABB (1665 kVA)
1
Askarel
1986
Mitsubishi (2000 kVA)
1
Askarel
1974
General Elect.(750 kVA)
2
Pyranol
Westinghouse(750 kVA)
1
İnerteen
1968
Oy Stromberg (400 kVA)
2
Clophen
1966
General Electric (750 kVA)
2
Pyranol
1969
AEG ETİ (1600kVA)
1
Clophen
1978
AEG (500kVA)
2
Clophen
1963
AEG (1000kVA)
1
Clophen
1963
BBC (630 kVA)
2
Apirolio
1981
BBC (100 kVA)
1
Apirolio
1981
BBC (1250 kVA)
11 Askarel
1979
Alsthom (1000 kVA)
2
Askarel
1971
Alsthom (800 kVA)
2
Askarel
1980
Rectifier Transf. (2250 kVA)
4
Askarel
1978
Etitaş (400 kVA)
1
Trafo
N/A
Esaş (100 kVA)
1
Clophen
1985
EEG-ETİ (1250)
35 Clophen
Elektromekanik (1250)
3
Clophen
AEG (1250)
12 Clophen
Extra PCB 120 l transformers grease present.
132 (126 transformers +
TOTAL
capacitors)
n: quantity of equipment
6
Weight of
isolation
liquid per
unit (kg)
Total
isolation
liquid
(kg)
Total
weight of
equipment
(kg)
1984
11
66
25
1977
1973
1977
1974
1977
1977
1977
1977
1977
1973
1974
1977
1973
1977
1973
1989
1977
1967
1970
1971
1970
1979
1966
1966
1988
1988
1985
1974
1982
1982
N/A
1985
1180
1386
1400
2110
1410
1540
980
375
500
100
100
102
340
200
2660
980
2430
530 Lt
716 Lt
400
1560
5000
810
1270
1040
595
1320
1675
900
2540
250 Lt
760
1450
800
1450
2360
11088
5600
4220
2820
3080
3920
1500
500
200
100
102
680
400
5320
980
2430
1060 Lt
716 Lt
800
3120
5000
1620
1270
2080
595
14520
3350
1800
10160
250 Lt
760
50750
2400
17400
3360
4090
4000
5980
4500
4890
2680
1660
1380
260
260
255
1135
750
6690
4660
9710
2766
2786
2650
3530
10350
2200
3550
2736
1097
4280
4100
3400
7600
1250
3120
4670
4100
4720
160991 + 2026 Lt
Due to the size of Turkey also when limited financial human resources and time were added whole
of the country could not be covered by a field search. Table 24 is prepared according to the
companies’ responses to the official letters. However, an assumption can be made for the whole
country based on the available data; some of the transformers that contain PCBs is going to be
destructed in İzaydaş Co. It is learned that more of these equipments will be sent later for
destruction to İzaydaş Co. The number of PCBs containing equipments will likely to decrease in the
near future.
26
As a result, it can be stated that there were a total of 163 equipments with PCBs in Turkey, 6 of
them were capacitors and 126 of them were transformers, 29 of these equipments were used in past
but now they were inactive and stored in a convenient storehouse until their destruction. Detailed
information of the inactive equipments was given in the following section as PCB-containing
wastes.
Open Applications of PCBs
There is no published information and data about open applications. However, for the partially
close application, the total PCB content of two hydrolic fluids are given as 162 Lt only. The open
and partially open applications are need further studies.
Consequently, there is no full data on PCBs in open applications.
PCBs- containing Wastes
There are 29 unused transformers that contain PCBs. Detailed information about these equipments
is given in Table 22. The total number of active and inactive transformers is 161 and the together
with two hydrolic fluids the total number is 163 and the total amount of PCBs is calculated as
187.736 kg and 2188 Lt (Table 21 and 22)
Table 22. List of used equipments containing PCBs in the past and some properties of them
Equipment brand
(power kVa)
Total weight
(kg)
470
553
795
1410
533
795
1210
1390
2670
1977
1250
6250
4360
1975
1978
865
4325
4080
Pyranol
1975
1978
865
865
4080
1
Pyranol
1976
1978
497
497
1570
1
Pyranol
1975
1978
550
550
2490
1
3
1
3
2
1
Clophen
Clophen
Clophen
Clophen
Clophen
Apirolio
1971
1976
1971
1980
1974
1977
1973
1981
1967
1988
2110
710
710
325
2500
595
2110
2130
770
975
5000
595
26745
5980
2000
1700
1015
4500
1097
3
1
1
Elinol
Elinol
Clophen
1964
1964
1974
1966
1966
1977
5
Clophen
1974
5
Pyranol
1
Alsthom Savasione
(400kVA)
Alsthom Savasione
(800kVA)
AEG ETİ (1600kVA)
AEG ETİ (400kVA)
AEG ETİ (630kVA)
AEG ETİ (125kVA)
Marelli (750 kVA)
BBC (100 kVA)
TOTAL
29 transformers
Transformers
Elin (160 kVA)
Elin (200 kVA)
Asea Lepper (800
kVA)
Asea Lepper
(1600kVA)
Alsthom Savasione
(1600kVA)
Alsthom
Savasione(1600kVA)
Weight of
isolation
liquid per
unit (kg)
Total
isolation
liquid (kg)
n
Commercial name
of isolation liquid
Production
date
1981
Used
since
TOTAL
n: Quantity of equipment
Regulation for Hazardous Wastes was put into force on August 25, 1995. This regulation defines
PCBs and all liquid and equipment, which are contaminated by PCBs as “Hazardous Waste” and
regulates; the production, collection, temporary storage, transportation, recycling, and disposal of
such materials; the ban, restrictions and obligations for their import and exports, necessary
supervisions, punitive provisions and legal obligations.
27
As regulation declares PCB or any liquid or equipment contaminated with PCB as hazardous waste,
they should be stored in intermediate storage facilities until their disposal. Period of maximum
immediate storage is 1 year.
Same regulation also states that, equipments and systems using such materials should be labeled
and be informative, warning signs must be present in the working places of those equipments and
systems.
It is required by the regulation that, “HAZARDOUS WASTE” sign should be presented in the area
containing PCBs or PCBs wastes. Equipments using PCBs should contain warning signs and a sign
with the following expression; “This equipment contains PCBs. It is a poisonous material and
necessary precautions should be taken before contact”.
Legitimate disposal methods for PCBs and PCB contaminated equipment are mentioned in the
regulation such as,
 burning,
 using as a fuel or performing other ways of energy production,
 reshaping/reforming of metals and metal compounds,
Regulatory states some properties for the combustion facilities to burn PCBs;
 A final combustion room should be present along with other combustion rooms,
 Minimum temperature should be 900oC in the first chamber of the combustion oven,
 Regular collection of temperature data,
 An additional burner in the final combustion chamber,
 Automatic operation of burner when minimum temperature threshold passed,
 Minimum temperature should be 1200oC at this chamber,
 Minimum waste storage should be 2 seconds.
Best disposal method for PCB is burning. This process could be carried out in cement factories and
various international cases are present.
General Assessment of Inventory of PCBs
Information on inventory of PCBs and PCBs containing equipments in Turkey is given in relevant
section. It was prepared with the information from relevant foundations and companies. In Turkey
the only company that can perform destruction is İzaydaş Co., located in İzmit. The cost of
destruction in 2004 by İzaydaş is given as 2000 €/ton. In addition, there will be additional expenses
for transportation and storage etc. that will increase the overall cost. This costly process could not
be performed because of the economical difficulties in the country. As a solution, international
financial support can be recommended.
In Turkey, no maintenance has been performed on PCBs transformers, so there is no risk of
contamination or contact.
PCBs and PCBs containing equipment have never been produced in Turkey; they were imported
from other countries. These factors should also be considered for the evaluation of PCBs
contamination.
The awareness rises in the companies for PCBs disposal and more efforts are made to dispose of
PCBs containing equipments.
28
Inventory: DDT (Annex B Chemicals) 2.3.3.
Introduction
This section of the report consists of a summary of DDT inventory including its production, use,
imports, exports and stockpiles and management of DDT. In this report, it can be clearly seen that
DDT has been used between 1957 and 1985. Since then, no use (import, export, use, stockpiles,
etc.) of this active substance has been reported; moreover, these chemicals are sufficiently managed
via a great number of legislations.
History of DDT
Although these pesticides are not hazardous to human and animal health with standard application
doses, they may cause chronic poisoning with their persistency and ability to accumulate on fat
tissues in the long term. As a result, except for endosulfan, direct application of all organochlorine
pesticides to plants was banned in Turkey. It was found that these compounds could pass to plants
through soil and water and disinfection of soil was also banned. In parallel to all these
developments, due to their durability, harmful effects on human health and environment, the use,
imports and exports of DDT were also banned. Effects of DDT on environment were discussed in
“Contamination Task Team Report” and effects on human health were discussed in “Report of the
Health Team”.
Institutional and Regulatory Framework
The use of pesticides and similar products, their production, import and exports were baned by the
Plant Protection and Agriculture Quarantine Law in Turkey. All pesticides discussed here except
mirex was registered and used in many areas of Turkey. When the international studies on those
pesticides reported harmful effects on human health and nature, possible cause of cancer and long
lasting residues. According to the reports of MARA, there is only approximately 10,930 kg of DDT
in the stocks.
Literature survey
Monitoring studies were carried out on various groups of foodstuffs after POPs pesticides had been
registered and baned by Plant Protection Research Institute of MARA. The research studies on
DDT presented by Güvener et al (1978), Yiğit (1977), Güvener et al. (1977) and Güvener and Önal
(1975) were given in Section 2.3.1.
Past, Present and Projected Future Production and Use of DDT
According to the available data and records, there was no DDT production in the past. Use of DDT
was restricted in 1978 and banned in 1985 in Turkey. When they were registered, plant protection
products were prepared using active ingredients imported from other countries. Reports of
Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade and Undersecretariat of Customs support the fact that import and
exports of such active ingredients have no records in the statistics.
Nationwide monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues has been performed on agricultural
products, soil, and streams. No illegal use of DDT has been detected.
DDT was widely used during World War II to protect soldiers and civil people from malaria, typhus
and other diseases that are carried by vectors. In the post war era DDT use on agricultural products
29
and vector combat continued. Because of the belief of its harmful effects on nature, especially on
wild birds, most of the developed countries banned DDT in the beginning of 1970’s.
Due to its semi-volatile characteristic, it can be present in atmosphere. It can easily accumulate in
the fat tissue of all living organisms; it was even detected in mother’s milk. DDT and its related
products are very durable in nature, even after 10 - 15 years from its application more than 50 % of
them remain in the soil.
Although there is not enough evidence of DDT being carcinogenic, IARC classified it as a possible
human carcinogen based on the results of the animal tests. Table 23 shows the former use areas.
Table 23. Use of DDT in the past.
Name
Lobesia botrana
Lobesia botrana
Sparganotis pilleriana
Theresimima ampelophaga)
Theresimima ampelophaga
Arctia villica
Arctia villica
Otiorrhynchus spp.
Otiorrhynchus spp.
Heliothis spp.
Phyllotrata spp.
Psylliodes spp.
Leafhopper spp.
Acanthoscelides obtectus
Pieris spp.
Bruchus spp.
Caradrina spp.
Vanessa cardui
Plusia gamma
Phyllotrata spp.
Psylliodes spp.
Stephanitis pyri
Summer spring
(Diaspididae, Lecanidae)
Cydia pomonella
Euproctis chrysorrhoea
Euproctis chrysorrhoae
Aporia crataegi
Lymantria dispar
Lymantria dispar
Anthonomus pomorum
Rhynchites spp
Eurytoma amyqdali
Aporia crataeg
Hoplocampa spp.
Rhagoletis cerasi
Syrista parreyssi
Active Ingredient
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
Formulation
WP
Powder
WP
WP
Powder
WP
Powder
WP
Powder
WP
WP
Dosage
300 g/ 100 lt water
20-30 kg/ ha
300 g/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
1-1.5 kg/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
20-30 kg/ ha
300 g/ 100 lt water
20-30 kg/ ha
450 g/ 100 lt water
300 g /100 lt water
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
WP
Powder
WP
Powder
WP
WP
WP
Powder
230 g/ 100 lt water
25-30 kg/ ha
250 g/ 100 lt water
25-30 kg/ ha
250 g/ 100 lt water
25-30 kg/ ha
450 g /100 lt water
20 kg/ ha
DDT
DDT
WP
WP
300 g/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
WP
WP
Powder
WP
WP
Powder
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP
WP, EM
300 g/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
30 kg / ha
300 g/ 100 lt water
Rhynchites hungaricus
DDT
WP, EM
Agrilus chrysoderes
DDT
WP, EM
300 g/ 100 lt water
30 kg /ha
300 g/ 100 lt water
400 g/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
300 g/ 100 lt water
300-600 cc/ 100 lt
water
300-600 cc/ 100 lt
water
500-600 cc/ 100 lt
water
30
Import and Export of DDT
When DDT was registered, this active ingredient was exported and its products were exported and
imported. After the ban, no illegal trade of such products have been reported. In addition,
availability of alternative pesticides prevented any illegal use.
The technical staff of MARA accomplished market surveys and custom controls periodically. There
is no data about illegal use or trade of this active substance and/or product.
However, as mentioned before, inspection on food products, soil and rivers for residues should be
conducted to determine the contaminated fields and to determine any illegal use of POPs pesticides.
Financial support is required for these activities.
Identified Stockpiles of DDT and DDT Waste
After the ban on POPs pesticides the stock records of retailers and firms were collected as one of
the precautions taken by MARA. Turkey has 10,930 kg of DDT in the stocks. DDT stock is located
in the facilities of Ankara Central Supply Directorate of MARA.
Central Supply Directorate facilities are located in Yenimahalle/Ankara. DDT stocks are not stored
in good conditions. The storage facility has broken windows and doors; the closeness of the storage
facility to civil population may also create problems. These storage facilities should be improved
until the disposal of pesticides.
Detailed information on DDT stock is given in Table 24.
Table 24. DDT stocks.
Location
Central
Log. Dir.
Central
Log. Dir.
Central
Log. Dir.
TOTAL
Active
ingredient
10% DDT
Commercial Quantity Package
Name
(kg)
weight (kg)
Uviton
5,520
30
Expiration
date
1989
Allocation
place
Warehouse
Allocation
date
N/A
10% DDT
Korside-7
4,410
30
1989
Warehouse
N/A
10% DDT
Gamma
Trikofon
1,000
25
1983
Warehouse
N/A
10,930
Present Management of DDT and Empty Containers
Experts in Plant Protection Central Research Institute, which is under the jurisdiction of MARA
provides training to the staff of Regional Directorate of Agriculture about physical and chemical
properties of registered pesticides, residue problems, their safe use, the importance of proper use,
and effects on human health and environment. Training programs are given at a minimum of three
times annually.
Current Capacity and Experience in the Field of DDT
Monitoring studies are periodically executed by the technical staff. According to the available data
in İzmir region (Muradiye, Menemen, Bursa, İzmir), DDT residue amounts were less than 0.0015
mg/ kg on tomatoes, cucumber, pepper, peach, apple, grape in 1990 (Anon., 1996). Data of
monitoring activities show that there is no use of DDT.
31
Assignment of Responsibility and Liability
There are many regulations, communiqués, and standards that have been accepted and formed about
pesticides including DDT. Chronologically these regulations are given in Section 2.3.1.
Only the names of standards and regulations concerning DDT are presented here. “Communiqué to
Ban the Use and Marketing of Certain Active Substances used in the Production of Pesticides” was
prepared in accordance with “Directive Concerning the Method and Principles of Registration of
Pesticides and Similar Products Used in Plant Protection”, “Plant Protection and Agriculture
Quarantine” and “Law for Preparation and Application of Technical Legislation Regarding The
Products Determined in Law No:4703”. This communiqué determines the procedure and principles
of banning of use and trading the plant protection products that contain specific active ingredients
including DDT.
The following is the list of ISO standards related with DDT:
 ISO Guide 34: 2000: General requirements for the competence of reference material producers
(available in English only)
 ISO Guide 35:1989: Certification of reference materials – General and statistical principles
 ISO 1750:1981: Pesticides and other agrochemicals – Common names
 ISO 3890 – 1: 2000: Milk and milk products – Determination of residues of organochlorine
compounds (pesticides) – Part 1: General considerations and extraction methods
 ISO 3890 – 2: 2000: Milk and milk products – Determination of residues of organochlorine
compounds (pesticides) – Part 2: Test methods for crude extract purification and confirmation
 ISO 4389: 2000: Tobacco and tobacco products – Determination of organochlorine pesticide
residues – Gas Chromatographic method
 ISO 5667 – 17: 2000 Water quality – Sampling – Part 17: Guidance on sampling of suspended
sediments (available in English only)
 ISO 6468: 1996: Water quality – Determination of certain organochlorine insecticides,
polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes – Gas chromatographic method after liquid – liquid
extraction
 ISO 10382: 2002: Soil quality – Determination of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated
biphenyls – Gas chromatographic method with electron capture detection (standard preparation is
taken into work plan)
 ISO 13319: 2000 Determination of particle size distributions – Electrical sensing zone method
 ISO 13679: 2002 Petroleum and natural gas industries – Procedures for testing casing and tubing
connections (available in English only)
 ISO 14181:2000: Animal feeding stuffs – Determination of residues of organochlorine pesticides
– Gas chromatographic method (available in English only)
 ISO 15176: 2002: Soil quality – Characterization of excavated soil and other soil materials
intended for re-use
 ISO 15473: 2002 Soil quality – Guidance on laboratory testing for biodegradation of organic
chemicals in soil under anaerobic conditions
 ISO 16133: 2004 Soil quality – Guidance on the establishment and maintenance of monitoring
programmes (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
 ISO/IEC 6522:1922: Information technology – Programming languages – PL/1 general purpose
subset (available in English only) (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
 ISO /IEC ISP 12059 – 2: 1995 Information technology – International Standardized Profiles –
OSI Management – Common information for management functions – Part 2: State management
(available in English only) (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
 ISO/ TR 15916: 2004 Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems (available in
English only) (standard preparation is taken into work plan)
32
General Assessment of Inventory of DDT
Information on the inventory of DDT in Turkey is taken from MARA and given in relevant
sections. It is obvious that DDT in MARA stocks should be disposed of as soon as possible. This
disposal could only be done by İzaydaş Co. in İzmit. But firstly, the storage conditions of DDT in
MARA facilities have to be improved until the disposal of this material. The disposal requires
financial support.
Studies on pesticide residues in soil, water, air, food, and human are carried out irregularly and data
are collected. There are a number laboratories to monitor residues. However, the personnel and
equipment infrastructure has to be improved to develop the monitoring system in the whole country.
Preliminary inventory of production, distribution, use, import, and export
Relevant information regarding the import, use, distribution, and export of POPs was given before.
Table 25 shows also the estimated figures of POPs pesticides. No production or use of POPs
pesticides is foreseen.
Table 25. Summary Forecast of POPs Production, Use, and Unintentional Releases (Ton)
Year
POPS PESTICIDES
Production
Aldrin
Chlordane
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Mirex
Toxaphene
Use
Aldrin
Chlordane
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Mirex
Toxaphene
DDT
Production
Use
PCB
Production
Use
Closed and semi-closed
applications
Open applications
2002/03
2005
(Baseline Inventory)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2010
2020
2030
187.736 kg + 2188 Lt.
-
33
References
1.
Anonymous, 1996. Monitoring of additive, residue and contaminants on food. MARA, Bursa
Food Technology Research Institute, Bursa.
2.
Anonymous, 2002. Text of Press Conference on May 6, 2002 by Prof.Dr. Hüsnü Ziya Gökalp,
former Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs “Hormone and disinfectant use on
Agricultural Products”, www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/9/haberayrintisi.asp?ID=43
3.
Anonymous, 2004. Text of Press Conference on Jun. 5, 2004 by Gökhan Günaydın
“Environment Problems and Turkey”, www.tarim.gen.tr/news.asp?id=239
4.
Güvener, A.; 1974. Plant Protection Bulletin, “Detection of levels of HCB used to fight for
grasshopper on weeds”, Cilt: 14, No. 3, 181 – 190.
5.
Güvener, A.; Çifter, F.; Türker, O.; Körtimur, G.; 1974. Plant Protection Bulletin, “Research on
insecticide levels on foods”, Vol.: 14, No. 3, 229 – 235.
6.
Güvener, A.; Günay, Y.; 1966. Plant Protection Bulletin, “Aldrin detection in flour that caused
poisoning and death”, Vol: 6, No. 2, 43 – 48.
7.
Güvener, A.; Günay, Y.; 1968. Importance and monitoring of residues of pesticides on
agricultural products in the sense of human health. TUBITAK Project No. TOAG/36, 55.
8.
Güvener, A.; Günay, Y.; Sevintuna, C.; 1977. Plant Protection Bulletin, “Residue levels of
disinfectants on apple”, Vol. 17, No. 6, 40 – 56.
9.
Güvener, A.; Önal, G.; 1975. Plant Protection Bulletin, “Residue levels of insecticides used in
the fight for Sunn-Pest (Eurygaster intergriceps Put.) on straw, glumes and seeds of wheat”,
Vol. 15, No: 4, 185 – 201.
10. Güvener, A.; Türker, O.; Çifter, F.; Körtimur, G.; 1978. Plant Protection Research Anniversary,
“Research on residue levels of insecticides on milk, butter and animal fat tissues”, No: 172, 237
– 241.
11. Yiğit, V.; 1977. TUBITAK 6th Science Conference, Plant Protection Section, “Research on
residues of organic chloride containing pesticides on Turkish tobacco”, TUBITAK press No.
407, 17 – 21 October 1977, 219 – 228.
34
REPORT
OF
THE CONTAMINATION TEAM
Beyhan BALLI
COORDINATOR
Ministry of Environment and Forestry,
General Directorate of the Environmental Management
MEMBERS
Arzu NURAY
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Neşe ÇEHRELİ
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Gülşen DEMİRBAŞ
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Ayten TUYGUN
General Directorate, Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Corporation
Neşe ÇIRAK
General Directorate, Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Corporation
Dr.A.Alev BURÇAK
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Protection and Control
Pelin AKSU
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General Directorate of Protection and Control
Fehim İŞBİLİR
Scientific and Technical Council of Turkey , Marmara Research Centre
Sönmez DAĞLI
Scientific and Technical Council of Turkey , Marmara Research Centre
Gülhan SAYGILI
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Prof.Dr. Altan ACARA
National Project Coordinator
DECEMBER 2004
35
Summary
Effective management of 12 Persistent Organic Pollutants – POPs- (namely, aldrin, chlordane,
dieldrin, endrine, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, PCBs, dioxins, and
furans) is a crucially important issue, globally. They are persistent in the environment, can travel
long-distances and accumulate biologically so, these persistent organic polluters must be
eliminated, if not, their use must be restricted or banned.
In order for Turkey to take necessary measures about POP’s, determination of contaminated areas,
the condition of POP’s stocks, the amount of used POP’s and, valid and accurate formation of the
inventories, regarding to administrative and technical infrastructure must be undertaken. In this
regard, surveys were made by the task team in the organizations, institutions, and industrial
corporations. In addition, literature review, analysis of the data are studied and all inventories are
gathered and presented in this report.
In general, six different potentially contaminated areas and issues can be identified in Turkey. These
are:






The contaminated area in the U.S. Military Base in Incirlik, Adana;
DDT storage area in Yenimahalle, Ankara;
HCB and DDT storage area in Kocaeli;
PCBs containing transformers area in Kahraman Maraş, Kütahya and Elazığ region (need
further studies);
Hazardous wastes, (including POPs) in barrels stored between Sinop and Samsun area;
The contaminated or potentially contaminated areas in the Black Sea and Mediterranean
Sea need further studies.
In addition, some equipments contain PCBs are known in the private sectors. However, their
inventories are difficult to obtain and not included in this report.
Introduction
In the last 50 years, around the world as a consequence of rapid development in modern production
techniques, chemicals and products, containing these chemicals were produced widely in order to
increase agricultural production and as a result of their use, they became diffused into the
environment. The main course of these chemicals is pesticides, herbicides, fungicides,
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxin, and various synthetic organic
halogen hydrocarbons. In the last 25 years, many of the developed countries banned especially the
use of organic chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. However, persistent properties of these
compounds in the environment, without decomposing, caused not only accumulation of these
pesticides in various human and animal bodies, but also encounter these compounds even in the
non-exposed areas. The reason is, due to persistent character and long-range effects of organic
chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.
As a result of the information above, obligation for a an international framework that is shared and
accepted by many nations to eliminate the negative effects of these compounds and protect human
and environment health has risen. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) agreed upon
further development of the programmes such as, reducing or eliminating release and amount of 12
POP’s, which are highly toxic both for human and environmental health. In this sense, Stockholm
Convention on POP’s was prepared. The 12 POP’s, namely “The Dirty Dozen”, includes 9 organic
polychlorinated hydrocarbons, pesticides (DDT, aldrin, chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor,
36
mirex, toxaphene and hexachlorobenzene), 1 industrial chemical (Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)) and the other two by products (Dioxins and Furans).
After 1940’s, especially chemicals belonging to the Organic Polychlorinated hydrocarbon,
pesticide group, such as DDT, Heptachlor, Chlorade, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrine and Toxaphene
were used in large amounts in our country. Today the use of these chemicals are banned in more
than 70 countries around the world. They were forbidden in our country at the beginning of 1980s.
In spite of disposal of the use of these chemicals through prohibition, because of their persistent
character, they continue to threaten the environment and human health.
Bio-monitoring studies, conducted in specific periods show that exposure of these compounds still
exist, even though they aren’t used in Turkey for 25 years. The reasons of this exposure are their
persistent character in the environment without completely decompose, their accumulation in fatty
tissues of organisms and in the food chain.
In order to limit or where possible, eliminate the negative effects of POP’s, restriction or prohibition
of the production and use of these chemicals, environmentally suitable disposal of POP’s stocks and
cleansing the polluted areas are needed.
In this sense, the task team searched for information regarding the stocks of POPs to be able to
determine both the character and the amount of the contaminated areas.
The objective of this research: Determining POP’s contaminated areas and country’s priority
concerns and necessary plans, regarding disposal of these chemicals.
Preliminary inventory of stocks and contaminated sites; assessment of opportunities for
disposal of obsolete stocks (2.5)
Sites contaminated with POPs are:
Incirlik Military Base
Until 1988, Waste oil with PCB, that comes from other establishments in Turkey were stored in
containers at the Incirlik base. It was understood that there was an oil leak during the storage period
in 1988, while the containers were being transferred. As a result, the use of the stocking area was
ceased at the end of 1988. There was a series of research conducted, in order to eliminate the
contamination from the area between March 1990; June 1992 and November 1993 and a project
was prepared, aiming at improving this area and reopening it for further use. LAW, the
subcontractor company of the Environment Department in USA Air Forces Centre and Middle East
Technical University Environmental Engineering Department carried out this project together. The
goal of the project was to reveal the methods and alternatives in eliminating the contamination,
which would be agreed by both the Governments of European Union and Turkey.
It was decided to take necessary steps to excavate a 100 cm deep soil covering an area of 5080
sq.m, which was exposed to PCB contamination and appropriate wrap up, export to abroad, to be
eliminated in authorized stations and following this on process, to rehabilitate this area.
In 2001, all of the contaminated soil in the area, which was polluted by PCBs, was exported to
abroad, aiming elimination. Landscape of the evacuated land was completed and the area was
reopened as a green space. The kind and amount of waste, disposed in 2001 is shown in Table 1.
37
Table 1. Disposed wastes and their amounts
WASTE
Contaminated site with PCB
Contaminated site with PCB
Contaminated site with PCB
Pressed Barrels
Contamination
Level
50 ppm and over
10ppm-50ppm
1ppm-10ppm
------
Containers
Barrel
Container
Container
Wooden Barrel
Number of
Containers
170
12
9
19
Total Volume
(Yard3/m3)
45/34.35
60/45.80
45/34.35
unknown
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is used for seed disinfection as a fungicide in agriculture, as mentioned
before. At the same time, they are by-products that are formed during productions of organic chloride
substances, like chloride solvent and PVC. It is a product of volatile ashes, released from incinerator
facilities and gases of the chlor alkaline facility, which together, form a pollution system. Their
production and use are banned in 1985, by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) are organic compounds, which were used for electric machinery
insulation. They have been used as insulators in almost every transformer production, for years.
PCB’s also appear as by-products of organochloro productions like PVC production and waste
incineration.
Because of their aromatic structure, chloride content, and accumulation in the body, they are
considered risky chemical substances. However, their use in completely closed systems causes no
negative effects on environment and humans.
The negative effects appear when food and drinks are consumed containing PCBs; it can be
inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed by skin. If they are burned under inappropriate conditions, the
products of the burning process do not give complete burning products but give (Polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and Polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)), which have more harmful
effects to human beings and environment.
The effect of PCBs on the majority of the population is based on contaminated food. The
researches, conducted on humans in the industrialized countries revealed µg levels of PCBs. It has
been reported that this kind of exposure level doesn’t cause any illness.
It is also found that when substances with PCBs were dumped into the rivers, lakes etc, they were
accumulated in fish and the people who consume these fish would show the same symptoms.
According to the results of researches conducted, exposure to PCBs and gases, which are released
as a consequence of burning under inappropriate conditions, affects skin, respiratory, digestive, and
nervous systems.
In the scope of this project, an official letter was prepared and sent to the institutions, which were
assumed to have PCBs; obtained inventories are documented in Report of the Research Task Team.
Many non-public institutions replied that they have not any PCBs containing transformers at
present.
The transformers with PCBs in Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission
Corporation.
Studies on transformers containing PCBs, conducted by the Turkish Electricity Generation and
Transmission Cooperation showed that in Turkey, the total number of 187, 28 are inactive, 3 of
them eliminated and 97 of them would be eliminated later date and would be replaced with new, dry
38
type transformers containing silicon oil, instead of the oil with PCBs. The proper types of
transportation facilities for POPs are creating important problems in Turkey.
Some of the transformers are scattered to different locations. The majority are located in Kahraman
Maraş, Kütahya, and Elazığ provinces. These areas need further studies to be able to identify how
many of transformers cause contamination in those areas. In addition, training is given in many
places on transformers to move them from one place to another for maintenance and change their
oil with PCBs.
Pesticides
Pesticide inventories are given in Report of the Research Task Team and some detailed information
and description for of their contamination levels are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. DDT Stock Conditions
Location
Effective
Substance
Trade Name
Amount
(Kg)
Size Of
Package
(Kg)
Expiration
Date
Appropriation Issue
Date Of
Approp.
Regional Supply
Directorate
10% DDT
Uviton
5520
30
1989
Storehouse for
preservation
Unknown
Regional Supply
Directorate
Regional Supply
Directorate
TOTAL
10% DDT
Korside-7
4410
30
1989
Unknown
10% DDT
Gamma Trikofon
1000
25
1983
Storehouse for
preservation
Storehouse for
preservation
Unknown
10930
HCB and DDT in Kocaeli
There are no POPs pesticides, other than DDT and HCB in Turkey, based on the information
provided on POPs pesticides and stocks. When pesticides were banned in our country, stocks of
HCB and DDT, were collected, as a precautionary step by the Ministry.
As long as pesticides were banned and restricted in Turkey, necessary measures were taken and use
of pesticides like aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, DDT, chlordane, toxaphen have been restricted, since
1968. Soil treatment by using aldrin and heptachlor was banned, but seed treatments were
permitted. Use of DDT on vegetable and fruit trees was restricted, while usage against olive moth,
while the trees are in the flowering period and against prodenia in cotton were allowed. In those
years, there was no decision against the use of HCH. However, as a result of using agricultural
chemicals, HCH residues on plants and DDT on straws were found and so a warning has been
issued to take necessary measures in 1985.
Approximately, 2700 tons of HCH (Hexachlocyclohexane or -HCB) and DDT in sacks and barrels
were stored in the storage house of Merkim Industrial Products A.Ş in Şirintepe, Derince, Kocaeli.
Agricultural Protection Chemicals A.Ş produced the substance, which was in white powder form
and preserved in 50 kg nylon bags and barrels to be used for agricultural protection in the past. In
1985, the General Directorate of Protection and Control of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Affairs, according to the (Law for Agricultural Protection, Law no. 6968) forced the products to be
stored in storage house.
Works, regarding the disposal of the waste, continue at different times, but still no concrete results
have been achieved. TUBİTAK-MRC, Food Sciences and Technology Institute analyzed the
product and DDT and HCB were identified.
39


DDT (2-4 DDE, 4-4 DDE, 2-4 DDD, 2-4 DDT, 4-4 DDD, 4-4 DDT) and
- HCH (hexachlorocyclohexane or - HCB)
The storage house of the Merkim Industrial Products A.Ş in Şirintepe, Derince. Kocaeli does not
have the proper conditions for storing HCB, the entire building needs repair against rain. At present,
this storage house is a potential contamination area in Kocaeli.
Illegally dumped hazardous waste in barrels along the Black Sea Coast
Extensive quantities of hazardous waste, including POPs in barrels, which were dumped illegally
has been found by the Turkish Authorities in the area between Sinop and Rize, along the Black Sea
coast in 1988 and about 80 percent of them were in the area between Sinop and Samsun.
Turkey became a party to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and their disposal in 1994. Turkey has a national regulation on Hazardous Waste
Management and it became in to force in 1995.
At present, the storage conditions are very poor. Most of the metal drums have became heavily
corroded and waste materials are contaminating the concrete and soil around the area. In order to
protect human health and environment, disposal of the absolete stocks and the contamination
studies are urgently needed (ÜNLÜ K. and AVCI B. 2004).
POPs Contamination in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea
The Black Sea, which is located at the north of Turkey, has an area of 422.189 km2 and a depth of
2200 m. watershed area carries the water from important industrial and agricultural regions where
80-100 million people from 9 countries live. In the past years, Black Sea has been highly
contaminated sea transportation without any restrictions, mineral processing, dumping of toxic
wastes, discharging domestic waste and toxic substances, carried by rivers. The rivers,
contaminating the Black Sea are Danube (203 km3/yr), Dnepr (54 km3/yr), Dniesta (9.3 km3/yr),
Don (28 km3/yr) and Kuban (13 km3/yr).
Pesticide residues were also found in the sea water. Samples, gathered from the coasts of Black Sea
were analyzed and 11 types of pesticides are found and shown in Fig.1. (TUNCER G. 1998)
Figure 1 Pesticide discharge into the Black Sea
1000000
10000
1000
100
10
T
E
D
D
o,
p'
D
D
,p
'
En
d
rin
O
ep
t
H
H
ep
t
ac
h
lo
r
c.
Ep
ox
y
T
D
D
D
D
D
p,
p'
E
o,
p'
D
D
p,
p'
ld
rin
ie
D
Al
dr
in
nd
an
e
1
Li
Flux kg y-1
100000
Industries
Rivers
Domestic discharges
40
The most important sources of contamination in the Black Sea are the discharge of pesticides which
is shown in Table 3 (KURT PB and ÖZKOÇ HB 2004).
Table 3. Discharge of pesticides to the Black Sea coasts of Turkey
Sakarya River
Guluc Stream
Neyren Stream
Kilimli Stream
Catalagzi Stream
Filyos River
Bartın Stream
Kızılırmak River
Yeşilırmak River
Milic Stream
Civil Stream
Melet Stream
K.Gure Stream
Aksu Stream
Tabakhane Stream
Değirmendere Stream
Heptachlor
<11.200
2.200
90
9.6
90
2.400
740
<23.000
92
310
30
500
3.9
6.100
50
11
Aldrin Dieldrin Endrin p.p’DDE o.p’DDE o.p’DDD o.p’DDT
8.400
25.300 112.000
21.000 296.000 105.000
29.0 00
110
680
500
50
610
340
750
22
55
75
13
90
95
90
<1
3.7
<3
0.1
7.1
4.1
9.7
41
<30
27
<24
<24
<30
<30
<1.700
310
200
670
1 .200
210
420
18
70
42
29
95
24
52
920
3.500
53.000
840
14.000
7.800
23.300
330
410
8.700
170
3.400
860
1.400
43
13
<12
<2
<3
<2
<3
1.7
<4
<24
200
<4
<5
<5
170
131
940
420
700
340
940
1.1
1.7
3.2
8.6
1.7
1.3
2.9
740
110
220
35
170
270
330
2.3
12
15
4.6
16
21
18
<500
20
620
4
230
90
290
Significant amounts of chloride pesticides and PCBs were found in the sea water and mussel
samples are taken from the Black Sea, by Kurt and his team. Chlorade pesticides and PCBs
concentrations determined in mussel samples, taken from Turkish coasts of Central Black Sea
Region are indicated in Table 4 and Chlorade pesticides and PCBs concentrations, determined in
the sea water are also shown in Table 5.
Table 4. Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs concentrations determined in mussel samples
(Average concentrations of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in mussels from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey in 1999 and 2000)
Compound
Baruthane (1),
Yeşil Fener (2),
Kırmızı Fener (3), Belediye Evleri (4), Sinop (5),
Yalıköy (6),
-BHC
-BHC
-BHC
-BHC
P,p’-DDT
P,p’-DDE
P,p’-DDD
Dieldrin
Endosulfan-I
Endosulfan sulphate
Endrin
Endrin aldehite
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
HCB
Lindane
Aldrin
Endosulfan-II
PCBs
Pg/g ww¶
5
12
3
2
290
2800
950
780
4000
5700
180
1300
110
Nd
270
130
590
270
Nd
Pg/g ww¶
Nd
13
18
1
400
300
850
180
Nd
Nd
310
140
20
Nd
170
160
Nd
2100
Nd
Pg/g ww¶
8
70
8
200
240
70
2200
130
600
790
180
420
14
Nd
Nd
Nd
70
Nd
Nd
Pg/g ww¶
50
140
Nd
30
Nd
120
5400
360
20
7
20
3
8
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
2
Nd
Pg/g ww¶
600
3900
Nd
Nd
1800
2400
1000
600
16,000
3400
1500
1200
1600
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
11,000
Nd
Pg/g ww¶
190
22
nd
nd
1100
230
240
380
80
nd
190
nd
40
nd
180
120
nd
12
nd
Yeşil Fener (2) and Kırmızı Fener (3) sampling points are in the harbor along Samsun Coast, Baruthane (1) is on the west part of Samsun
coast and Belediye Evleri (4) are on the east part of Samsun Coast.
nd= Not detected
¶ Bolded
numbers are below detection limit.
Pg/g ww= Pollutant in terms of average concentration per g of wet weight
41
Table 5. Chlorinated pesticides and PCBs concentrations determined in the Black Sea water
(Average concentration of chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in seawater from the Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey in 1999 and 2000)
Compound
a-BHC
b-BHC
g-BHC
d-BHC
P,p’-DDT
P,p’-DDE
P,p’-DDD
Endosulfan-I
Endosulfan sulphate
Endrin
Endrin aldehite
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
HCB
Lindane
Aldrin
Endosulfan-II
PCBs
Baruthane (1),
Yeşil Fener (2),
Kırmızı Fener (3), Belediye Evleri (4), Sinop (5),
Yalıköy (6),
Pg/ml¶
Pg/ml¶
Pg/ml¶
Pg/ml¶
Pg/ml¶
0,6
7
Nd
3
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
0,7
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
6
Nd
Nd
Nd
0,3
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
0,1
Nd
Nd
0,5
0,2
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
1
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
1
Nd
Nd
Nd
30
Nd
8
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
nd
nd
15
nd
nd
nd
1
nd
2
nd
nd
2
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
1
105
nd
nd
nd
15
1
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Pg/ml¶
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
1
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Nd
Yeşil Fener (2) and Kırmızı Fener (3) sampling points are in the harbor along Samsun Coast, Baruthane (1) is on the west part of Samsun
coast and Belediye Evleri (4) are on the east part of Samsun Coast.
¶ Bolded
nd= Not detected.
numbers are below detection limit.
DDT, DDE, and PCB were detected in the samples of fish and residues, taken from the coasts of
Mediterranean Sea (Research done by Baştürk and his team). The amount of PCB in living
organisms and residues were observed to be under detection levels. Concentration of organic
chlorinated compounds in residue samples, taken from Mediterranean Sea are shown in Table 6,
concentration of organic chlorinated compounds in homogenized fish samples are indicated in
Table 7 and concentration of organic chlorinated compounds in living organism samples are shown
in Table 8 (BAŞTÜRK Ö. 1980).
Table 6. Concentration of organic chlorinated compounds in residue samples
Residue
Concentration (mg/g)
Ng g-1 dry weight
á-BHC
1.8
0.1
â-BHC
0.2
0.7
pp’- DDE
1.9
2.7-+0.7
pp’- DDD
pp’- DDT
9.2
16.1
7-+4
13-+5.3
PCB-1260
208.6
180-+39
Table 7. Concentration of organic chlorinated compounds in homogenized fish samples
Residue
Concentration (mg/g)
Ng g-1 dry weight
Á-BHC
7.8
16-+7.4
B-BHC
37.7
41.3-+17.4
Aldrin
11.1
17.2-+4.1
pp’- DDE
56.4
296.0-+214
pp’- DDD
30.7
293.0-+227
pp’- DDT
40.0
370.0-+270
PCB-1254
1645.0
3220.0-+2830
42
Table 8. Concentration of organic chlorinated compounds in living organism samples
Species analyzed
Mugil auratus
(golden grey mullet
Mullus barbatus(striped
mullet)
Mullus surmeletus(red
mullet)
Upeneus
mollucensis(gold band
goat fish))
Parapenaus
kerathurus(shrimp)
Organ chlorine residue (ng g-1F.W.)
No. of
individuals
analyzed
%EOMa
20
1.8
26
6
26
26
16.0
2.6
16.0
16.0
Patella caerulea)
26
16.0
t-DDEd
t-DDT
t-PCBb
min
5
8
Tc
Max.
173
324
10
Mean
48
89
-
min
2
9
T
Max.
122
257
2
Mean
62
130
-
min
7
20
-
Max.
35
49
T
Mean
21
34
-
min
31
49
T
Max.
69
94
T
Mean
47
74
-
min
3
4
T
Max.
61
65
T
Mean
28
34
T
min
1
2
2
Max.
4
7
39
Mean
2
5
15
a%
extractable organic material, based on fresh weight of living organism.
PCB calculations were based on the Aroclor 1254
cTrace indicates less than 2 ng g-1
dt-DDE is the sum of op- and pp-DDE
bThe
Some organic chloride polluters were found in the samples of fish taken from Marmara and
Mediterranean Sea Research done by Coelhan and his team. According to this, considerable
amounts of DDT were detected in the fish samples taken from Marmara Sea. It seems to be a very
little difference between the amounts of 6 PCB congeners in the samples, taken from both
Mediterranean and Marmara Sea (Table 9) (M. COELHAN and BARLAS H.1998).
Possible Contaminated and Priority Sites
Possible contaminated sites need further study and sampling to identify the contaminated areas
accurately.
Priority contaminated sites are:






HCB and DDT storage area in Kocaeli;
DDT storage area in Yenimahalle, Ankara;
PCBs containing transformers area in Kahraman Maraş, Kütahya and Elazığ regions need
further studies.
Hazardous waste, including POPs in barrels stored between Sinop and Samsun area.
Contaminated or possible contaminated areas in the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea
needed further studies.
The Contaminated area studies on the Military Base in Incirlik, Adana.
43
Table 9. Amounts of 6 PCB congeners in the samples, taken from both Mediterranean and
Marmara Sea
Compound
Marmara Sea
Mediterranean Sea
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
á- HCH
â- HCH
ã – HCH
PCB 28
PCB 52
PCB 101
PCB 138
PCB 153
PCB 180
o.p´-DDE
p.p´-DDE
o.p´-DDD
p.p´-DDD
o.p´-DDT
p.p´-DDT
Toxaphene Parlar No 26
34
97
n.d
n.d.
n.d
51
129
94
51
22
341
312
523
116
165
4
6
3
8
7
31
52
41
30
n.d.
280
4
35
18
36
20
49
15
7
n.d
54
169
138
119
n.d.
730
42
204
38
228
12
57
8
n.d
44
122
241
195
53
20
2448
118
750
260
494
3
6
2
n.d
28
39
105
116
96
24
372
892
551
95
110
1
1,7
1,2
7,6
17,3
88
15
29
10
69
230
3,7
26
31
16
2
1
4
71
44
561
65
8,3
16,5
623
576
n.d.
5
48
42
1
1
n.d
n.d
n.d
206
9
13
n.d.
n.d.
115
n.d.
8
n.d.
2,6
1
2
1
4
n.d
18
37
29
14
n.d.
231
n.d.
19
7
43
24
n.d.
32
47
13
5
n.d.
n.d.
4
Toxaphene Parlar No 50
31
17
64
31
10
19
40
n.d.
11
5
Toxaphene Parlar No 62
11
31
n.d.
n.d.
9
11
341
23
60
131
4
2
2
n.d.
3
5
8
11
43
13
72
26
25
n.d.
n.d.
15,4
27
54
n.d.
84
36
32
n.d.
n.d.
22
56
33
66
n.d.
78,6
6
24
6
n.d.
6
39
5
1
8
11
7
2,4
4
8,6
n.d.
21
115
n.d.
16
3,9
116
15
26
32
n.d.
n.d.
17
32
1
7
35
7
n.d.
9
131
n.d.
50
n.d.
22
2
10
7
n.d.
n.d.
2
4
2
14
n.d.
4
325
169
487
652
384
166,9
914,3
228
102
5
6
n.d.
n.d.
2
3
3
14
n.d.
4
90
3- Ó DDT
4- Ó Toxaphene
3 Congeners
1479
371
1242
4162
2050
375,4
1294
149
300
391
66
21
168
114
29
31
156
35
25
12
5- Ó Chlordane
Ó 1-5
361
2362
16
590
42,4
2023
111
5126
50
2524
144,6
721,8
49
2420
190
605
8
439
8
505
HCB
Heptachlor
á- Chlordene
cis-Chlordane
Trans-Chlordane
Trans-Nanochlor
Mirex
OCS
1- Ó HCHs
2- Ó PCBs
6 Congeners
1
2
1
2
n.d
4
38
30
16
n.d.
305
25
13
4
44
2
Current Capacity and Experiences for identification and elimination of contamination
Turkey has a certain capacity and experience for identification and elimination of contaminated
areas.
İZAYDAŞ is the only licensed facility by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, which has a
yearly capacity of 35.000 ton\year. Table 10 shows the amount and type of waste, which was
disposed of in İZAYDAŞ Hazardous and Medical Waste Incineration Station, between 1997 –
2003.
44
Table 10. Amount and type of waste, which was disposed in İZAYDAŞ Hazardous and
Medical Waste Incineration Facility, between 1997 – 2003
Waste
Type
1997-98-99
2000
2001
2002
2003
Sub-Total
Bunker
10,289,380
10,435,519
10,797,753
6,989,034
13,415,548
54,680,539
Barrel
1.087.780
722.129
1.508.685
485.058
552.944
4.564.419
Flammable
Liquid
2.434.643
2.542.414
1.141.597
1.923.147
1.815.919
10.634.665
Mixed
With Water
412.745
142.091
253.940
283.969
181.939
1.476.680
Special
Liquid
21.356
59.073
211.109
135.833
192.015
680.295
Medical
62.459
2.401
89.499
207.566
290.722
717.533
TOTAL
14.308.363
13.903.627
14.002.583
10.024.607
16.449.087
72.754.131
Other medical waste incineration facilities in Turkey:







Istanbul Principality Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Capacity: 5.760 ton/year)
GATA Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Capacity: 96 ton/year)
Meditteranean University Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Capacity: 288 ton/year)
Fethiye State Hospital Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Capacity: 96 ton/year)
Sivas Suşehri State Hospital Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Capacity: 96 ton/year)
Kırıkkale Regional Hospital Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Capacity: 288 ton/year)
Ankara University Hospital Medical Waste Incineration Facilities (Used very rarely)
Assignment of Responsibility and Liability
The Environmental Law No. 2872 manages identification, responsibilities, and rehabilitation of the
contaminated areas. Details of it are in the Report of the National Chemical Profile Task Team.
General Assessment
For Turkey in order to take necessary measures about POPs, determination of contaminated areas,
condition of POPs stocks, amount of used POPs, accurate and reliable formation of the inventories,
regarding to administrative and technical infrastructure must be undertaken. In this regard, surveys
that were prepared by the task team are sent to the organizations, institutions, and industrial
corporations, in addition to literature review. Analyses of the data gathered were presented in this
report.
Educational studies should become available for releasing information to the public in order to
maintain public consciousness on POPs.
Sampling is necessary in order to decide on the most suitable method for determining the amount of
contamination in POPs and contaminated areas, POPs and contaminated waste oil and their
disposal.
Country priorities regarding determination of contaminated areas by Persistent Organic Polluters
and their disposal should be identified and plans and programs should be formed.
45
In this report, some equipment containing PCBs are known by the private sectors. However, their
inventories are difficult to obtain and therefore not included in this report and their locations need
further studies for contamination.
References
Özden BAŞTÜRK et al;1980. Marine Pollution Bulletin.Vol.11, pp.191-195.; “Land-based Sources
of Pollution along the Black Sea Coast of Turkey: Concentrations and Annual Loads to the Black
Sea” Gaye TUNCER et al; 1998. Marine Pollution Bulletin.Vol.36, pp.409- 423;
P.B. KURT, H.B.ÖZKOÇ; 2004. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48, 1076-1083;
Prof. Dr.Kahraman ÜNLÜ, METU, Environment Engineering Department & Prof.Dr. Cem
B.AVCI; March 2004. Bosporus University, Merkim Industry A.Ş. Preliminary Feasibility Study at
the store in İzmit for Elimination of Duration Time Ended Pesticides,
M. Coelhan and H.Barlas; 1998. Environ. Bull 7:388-395;
Exchange of information between the members of POPs Task Teams was maintained.
46
REPORT
OF
THE EMISSION TEAM
Sönmez Dağlı
COORDINATOR
The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey-MRC
MEMBERS
Taylan Kıymaz, State Planning Organization
Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey
State Institute Statistics
Ayten Tuygun, Turkish Electricity Production Corp.
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Health
IZAYDAŞ A.Ş.
Turkish Cement Manufacturer Association
Çevko Organization
Donkasan Corp.
Kocaeli Chambers of Industry
Prof.Dr. Altan Acara, National Project Coordinator
DECEMBER 2004
47
Summary
The Stockholm Convention requires all Parties endeavor to collect information and based on this
information to develop a National Implementation Plan for meeting its obligations under the
Convention. Related with this requirement this section intends to summarize the inventories of the
emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs)
Hexachlorbenzene (HCB) and polychlorinated biphenils (PCBs) which are unintentionally formed
in a wide range of thermal and industrial chemical processes. These are the chemical substances
covered by Annex C of the Stockholm Convention.
Potential sources are:

Thermal processes: waste incineration, uncontrolled waste burning, metal smelting, and refining
processes, thermal power generation, cement kilns, wood and other biomass burning and
transportation fuel combustion.

Industrial chemical processes: production of pulp and paper when bleaching with elemental
chlorine is used.
Development of national inventory made by the Toolkit prepared by UNEP Chemicals, which is an
effective methodology for identifying the relevant industrial and non-industrial processes releasing
PCDD and PCDF.
It detailed database of emission factors, which provides suitable default data were applied as
representative of the class into which the processes are grouped. The main source categories for
PCDDs/PCDFs emissions in the Toolkit are identified as:










Waste incineration
Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production
Power generation and heating
Production of mineral products
Transport
Uncontrolled combustion processes
Production of chemicals and consumer goods
Miscellaneous
Disposal
Hot points
In Turkey, according to the results obtained among the emission into air, water and land, the most
important POP’s producer sectors into air, amount in order are ferrous and non-ferrous metal
production (113,854 g TEQ/year or gram toxic equivalent of dioxins per year), production of
mineral products (25,088 g TEQ/year), waste incineration (19,883 g TEQ/year), power generation
on heating (15,772 g TEQ/year), uncontrolled combustion process (5,000 g TEQ/year) and transport
(3,063 g TEQ/year).
Since the POPs pesticides were baned, other hazardous chemical were controlled and managed by
law. In Turkey, there are no recently identified chemicals at present. This needs further studies by
the responsible authorities in Turkey.
In addition, Turkey needs a database for the POPs inventory and sufficient information, technical
and financial supports for the analyses of dioxins and furans and BAT (Best Available Techniques)
and BEP (Best Environmental Practices).
48
Introduction
Persistent Organic Pollutants which may have similar effects, are found in all environmental
compartments, are persistent and, being fat soluble, tend to accumulate in higher animals, including
humans. Their resistance to degradation and semi-volatility means that they may be transported
over long distances and give rise to trans-national exchanges of pollutants. In addition, POPs
released into the environment many years ago continue to contribute to contemporary exposure.
Due to high persistence of POPs, concentrations in soils and sediments decrease very slowly,
following any reduction in releases to air and water. Concentrations in air are more responsive to
emission reductions, so the POPs emissions can be decreased rapidly in air than in soil or water
(20).
It is possible to say that once released into the environment, all POPs follow a range of similar
routes. In the atmosphere they exist in both the gaseous phase and bound to particles, depending
upon the environmental conditions, and are deposited on soil, vegetation and water bodies by wet
and dry deposition or in mist. Dioxins have been measured in areas with no local sources and it can,
thus, be deduced that they are available for long-range transport over a scale of thousands of
kilometers (3).
This section was prepared by the cooperative use of official and private sector database for different
production sectors. The data obtained from official sources such as SIS or SPO are evaluated and
compared with some private sector data, so sometimes only official data are used or sometimes they
are used together (i.e. For smoke information, official data explain only governmental sales, so
public sector sales are evaluated separately). The other information used in the report was obtained
from the most reliable private sector companies or NGOs.
Inventories
Preliminary Inventory of Releases to the Environment, Dioxins and Furanes (2.6.)
Besides being formed as unintentional by-products of manufacturing or disposal processes,
PCDD/PCDF may also be introduced into processes as contaminants in raw materials. PCDD and
PCDF releases arise from four types of sources.
Three are considered three processes:
•Chemical production processes – for example the production of chlorinated phenols and the
oxychlorination of mixed feeds to make certain chlorinated solvents, or the production of pulp and
paper using elemental chlorine for chemical bleaching;
•Thermal and combustion processes – including incineration of wastes, the combustion of solid and
liquid fuels and the thermal processing of metals;
•Biogenic processes, which may form PCDD/PCDF from precursors such as pentachlorophenol.
The last one is related to previous contamination:
•Reservoir sources such as historic dumps of contaminated wastes and soils and sediments, which
have accumulated PCDD/PCDF over extended periods.
In January 2001, UNEP Chemicals within the framework of the IOMC (Inter-Organization Program
for the Sound Management of Chemicals) released the “Standardized Toolkit for Identification and
Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases” as a draft. This Toolkit is for the preparation of a
release inventory for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDF) as requested in subparagraph (a) of the Article 5 in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent
49
Organic Pollutants. It is aimed to cover all release vectors (air, water, land, products, residues) from
industrial and domestic activities by identifying the sources and quantifying the releases for two
classes of unintentionally generated POPs. Other chemicals’ related conventions typically cover
more chemicals but are limited in scope, address one release vector only, target special industrial
sectors or only address potential problems within one country. The main dioxin and furan sources
for Turkey defined by UNEP Toolkit are considered to be basic for this inventory and prepared
inventory using by UNEP Toolkit is given below in Table 1.
Table 1. UNEP PCDD/F Source Categories
Cat
1
2
Source Categories
Air
Water
Land
Products Residue
Waste Incineration
X
X
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal X
X
Production
3
Power Generation and Heating X
X
4
Production of Mineral Products X
X
5
Transportation
X
6
Uncontrolled Combustion
X
X
X
X
Processes
7
Production of Chemicals and
X
X
X
X
Consumer Goods
8
Miscellaneous
X
X
X
X
X
9
Disposal/Landfilling
X
X
X
X
10
Identification of potential hot
Probably registration only to be
spots
followed by site-specific evaluation
X indicates a main release route for each category on a relative basis although some of these
releases may not be well characterized.
Category 1. Waste Incineration
The main hazardous and medical waste incinerator (İzaydaş) licensed by Turkish Ministry of
Environment and Forestry is located in İzmit. The incineration capacity of this plant is 35,000
ton/year and the plant operated by around half capacity. The quantity of disposed waste in the
facility since the starting date is given in Table 2. Emissions of dioxins and furans are also
monitored in this facility and sludge's and ashes are land filled.
Table 2. Total disposed waste in İzaydaş Incinerator
Waste
Type
Bunker
1997-98-99 2000
2001
2002
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
(kg)
10,289,380 10,435,519 10,797,753 6,989,034
2003
Sub-Total
(kg)
(kg)
13,415,548 54,680,539
Tubes
1.087.780
722.129
1.508.685
485.058
552.944
4.564.419
Flammable
Liquid
Liquid
with water
Special
liquid
Medical
2.434.643
2.542.414
1.141.597
1.923.147
1.815.919
10.634.665
412.745
142.091
253.940
283.969
181.939
1.476.680
21.356
59.073
211.109
135.833
192.015
680.295
62.459
2.401
89.499
207.566
290.722
717.533
TOTAL
14.308.363 13.903.627 14.002.583 10.024.607 16.449.087 72.754.131
50
Source: Izaydaş A.Ş. web page www.izaydas.com
The other incinerators in Turkey which consist of medical waste incinerators are as follows (1):
 Istanbul Municipality Medical Waste Incinerator (5760 ton/year capacity)
 GATA Medical Waste Incinerator (96 ton/year capacity)
 Akdeniz University Medical Waste Incinerator (288 ton/year capacity)
 Fethiye State Hospital Medical Waste Incinerator (96 ton/year capacity)
 Sivas Suşehri Sate Hospital Medical Waste Incinerator (96 ton/year capacity)
 Kırıkkale Regional Hospital Medical Waste Incinerator (288 ton/year capacity)
 Ankara University Hospital Medical Waste Incinerator (it is rarely used)
On the other hand, Cement Kilns are allowed to burn hazardous wastes in December 2001 together
with the other alternative materials such as waste textile parts, waste automobile tires, etc… but
untis recently 3 kiln operating companies have applied to MoEF for certification for disposal of
such substances. The reasons for that are the high cost of the testing operation and laboratory
analysis, which proves respectful emission limits and lack of continuous supply for hazardous
wastes. These operators have been testing hazardous wastes for the burning process during 2004.
A dioxin/furan emission limit value of 0.1 ng/m3 was set by the regulation on the Hazardous Waste
Control Bulletin (25th September 1999, 23287) for hazardous waste, municipal waste, clinical waste
incinerators and for all the facilities, which use halogenated chemicals as a fuel source. This limit
value is also same for medical waste incinerators according to Medical Waste Control Regulation.
PCDD/F inventory information is given in Table 3 according to information indicated:
Category 2. Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production
Production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals is now the largest source of PCDD/PCDF in many
European countries and also for Turkey. This source was not recognized until relatively recently,
and many countries still ignore it. There are many different processes in this category and many
different release points; both determining the classification and quantification of releases are
difficult. Especially for this sector, detailed database should be prepared for POPs inventory as soon
as possible.
Turkey has three main iron and steel producer, which are equipped with well process control
technology. Production processes at these plants utilize coke-sinter-blast furnace-BOF-continuous
casting-hot rolling-continuous cold rolling technology. On the other hand, Turkey has hundreds of
steel and iron production plants and foundries that have no proper process control, also most of
which use waste iron in the production process. The total number of this small and medium
enterprises are around 500 (8). There are no sufficient and reliable process information about these
enterprises especially for foundries for to calculate POPs emission factors.
Coke in Turkey has mostly produced by government owned plants in generally north regions. The
production process mostly uses old technology and coke plants don’t have gas or particulate matter
control systems.
Copper production is very common in Turkey, in 2002, 3,765,795 tons of copper were produced in
Turkey (4). Copper production using waste aluminum is accomplished by different plants located
in İstanbul, İzmir, Ankara, Balıkesir, Eskişehir and Mersin. Because of lack of information, all the
plants in this sector are considered to have basic technology for emission factors.
51
Aluminum is mainly produced as a primer aluminum plant in Konya, all the others in this sector are
the primer aluminum in Turkey. Aluminum production from waste aluminum scraps is mainly
accomplished by bigger plants located in İstanbul, İzmir, Ankara and Mersin. Some of these firms
have good process control technologies and some of them have only simple dust removal systems.
Lead and zinc are mainly produced by small and medium enterprises in Turkey. The total lead
production in Turkey is about 500,000 tons and 69.000 tons for zinc in 2002 and there is only one
plant in Ankara which produces lead from waste lead. There are 15 zinc recovery plants in Turkey
which produce zinc from waste materials.
Magnesium production is very limited in Turkey, there are 3 registered magnesium producers in
Turkey that are located in İstanbul, Tekirdağ and Balıkesir but no production information are
available.
PCCD/F inventory data obtained from above information are given on Table 4.
52
Table 3. PCDD/F Inventory for Waste Incineration in Turkey, year 2003
Source Categories
Cat. Subcat. Class
1
Air
a
Waste incineration
Municipal solid waste incineration
b
Low technol. combustion, no APC
system
Controlled comb., minimal APC
Controlled comb., good APC
High tech. combustion,
sophisticated APCS
Hazardous waste incineration
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
c
0
0,000
Annual release
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Water
0
Land
0
g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
Products
Fly ash
Bottom
Ash
0
0,000
0,000
3.500
NA
NA
0
75
0,000
0,000
0,000
350
30
NA
NA
NA
NA
500
200
15
7
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,5
NA
NA
15
1,5
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,450
0,000
15.000
0,011
0
0
0
35.000
NA
NA
9.000
0,000
0,000
0,000
350
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
900
450
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,75
NA
NA
30
15.000
0,0113
0,450
0,000
6.624
19,872
0,000
0,132
0,000
0,000
0,000
19,872
0,000
0,132
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
1
Uncontrolled batch combustion, no
40.000
APCS
NA
NA
200
2
Controlled, batch, no or minimal
APCS
NA
NA
20
3
Controlled, batch comb., good APC 525
NA
NA
920
NA
NA
150
4
d
Low technol. combustion, no APC
system
Controlled comb., minimal APC
Controlled comb., good APC
High tech. combustion,
sophisticated APCS
Medical/hospital waste incineration
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Production
g TEQ/a
Residues
t/a
Water Land Products Fly Ash Bottom Ash
Air
3.000
High tech, continuous, sophisticated
1
APCS
Light fraction shredder waste incineration
6.624
ND
0
0,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
53
1
Uncontrolled batch comb., no APCS 1.000
NA
NA
ND
ND
0,000
2
Controlled, batch, no or minimal
APC
NA
NA
ND
ND
0,000
NA
NA
150
3
e
High tech, continuous, sophisticated
1
APCS
Sewage sludge incineration
0,000
0
0,000
0
0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
1
Old furnaces, batch, no/little APCS 50
NA
NA
23
0,000
0,000
0,000
2
Updated, continuously, some APCS 4
NA
NA
0,5
0,000
0,000
0,000
3
State-of-the-art, full APCS
0,4
Waste wood and waste biomass incineration
NA
NA
0,5
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
1
Old furnaces, batch, no/little APCS 100
NA
NA
1.000
0,000
0,000
0,000
2
Updated, continuously, some APCS 10
NA
NA
10
0,000
0,000
0,000
3
State-of-the-art, full APCS
Animal carcasses burning
NA
NA
0,2
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
f
g
1
50
1
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Old furnaces, batch, no/little APCS 500
NA
NA
ND
0,000
0,000
2
Updated, continuously, some APCS 50
NA
NA
ND
0,000
0,000
3
State-of-the-art, full APCS
NA
NA
ND
0,000
0,000
Waste Incineration
5
19,883
0
0
0
0,450
0,132
Source: SIS, 2003
54
Table 4. PCDD/F Inventory for Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production in Turkey, year 2002
Source Categories
Cat,.
2
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Subcat. Class
Air
Water
Land
Production
Products Residues
t/a
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production
a
Iron ore sintering
5.151.531
1
High waste recycling, incl. oil contamin. materials
20
ND
ND
ND
0,003
2
Low waste use, well controlled plant
5
ND
ND
ND
0,003
3
High technology, emission reduction
0,3
ND
ND
ND
0,003
b
5.151.531
No gas cleaning
3
0,06
ND
ND
ND
2
Afterburner/ dust removal
0,3
0,06
ND
ND
ND
c
Iron and steel production plants and foundries
g TEQ/a
Air
25,758
g TEQ/a
Water
0
g TEQ/a
Land
0
g TEQ/a
Products
0
4.421.196
g TEQ/a
Residues
0,015
0,000
0,000
25,758
0,015
0,000
Coke production
1
Annual release
0,000
13,264
7,9582E-07 0
13,264
7,9582E-07
0,000
0
11.321.000 56,363
0,0
0,0
0
0
0,0
169,815
Iron and steel plants
1
Dirty scrap, scrap preheating, limited controls
10
ND
ND
NA
15
3.200.000
32,000
48,000
2
Clean scrap/virgin iron, afterburner, fabric filter
3
ND
ND
NA
15
8.121.000
24,363
121,815
3
Clean scrap/virgin iron, BOS furnaces
0,1
ND
ND
NA
1,5
0,000
0,000
4
Blast furnaces with APC
0,01
ND
ND
NA
ND
0,000
Foundries
800
0,002
0
0
0
0,000
1
Cold air cupola or rotary drum, no APCS
10
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
Rotary Drum - fabric filter
4,3
ND
ND
ND
0,2
400
0,002
0,000
3
4
Cold air cupola, fabric filter
Hot air cupola or induction furnace, fabric filter
1
0,03
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
8
0,5
400
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
9.300
7,440
9.300
d
Copper production
0,000
0,0
0,0
0,0
5,9
1
Sec. Cu - Basic technology
800
ND
ND
ND
630
7,440
5,859
2
3
Sec. Cu - Well controlled
Sec. Cu - Optimized for PCDD/PCDF control
50
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
630
300
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
4
Smelting and casting of Cu/Cu alloys
0,03
ND
NA
NA
ND
0,000
5
Prim. Cu – including thermal steps
0,01
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
Aluminum production (all sec.)
Processing scrap Al, minimal treatment of inputs, simple dust removal
150
ND
ND
ND
2
Scrap treatment, well controlled, good APCS
35
ND
ND
ND
e
0,000
400
50.000
30.000
5,200
4,500
400
20.000
0,700
0
0
0
20,000
12,000
8,000
55
3
4
5
f
Scrap treatment, well-controlled, fabric filter, lime injection
Optimized process, optimized APCS
5
4
NA
ND
NA
ND
NA
ND
NA
100
0,5
ND
ND
ND
400
Lead production
1
Sec. lead from scrap, PVC battery separators
80
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
3
Sec. from PVC/Cl2 free scrap, filters
Sec. Lead, PVC/Cl2 free scrap in modern furnaces, with scrubber
8
ND
ND
ND
ND
0,5
ND
ND
ND
ND
g
Zinc production
1
2
Kiln with no dust control
Hot briquetting/rotarry furnaces, basic control
1.000
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
Comprehensive control
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
4
Melting (only)
0,3
ND
ND
ND
ND
h
Brass and bronze production
20.000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
3.000
0,240
3.000
0,240
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0
5,588
5.080
5.080
5,080
0,508
0,000
0,000
0
0,000
1
Simple melting furnaces
10
ND
ND
ND
ND
0,000
2
Sophisticated equipment, e.g. induction ovens with APCS
0,1
ND
ND
ND
ND
0,000
I
Magnesium production
1
Using MgO/C thermal treatment in Cl2, no effluent treatment, poor
APCS
2
3
j
0
250
9.000
NA
ND
0
0,000
0,000
Using MgO/C thermal treatment in Cl2, comprehensive pollution control 50
24
NA
ND
9.000
0,000
0,000
Thermal reduction process
3
ND
NA
NA
ND
0,000
Thermal Non-ferrous metal production (e.g., Ni)
0
1
Contaminated scrap, simple or no dust control
100
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
Clean scrap, good APCS
2
ND
ND
ND
ND
l
Shredders
1
m
2
Shavings/turning drying
Metal shredding plants
0,2
NA
NA
ND
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
195,690
0,000
ND
0,000
0,000
0
0,000
1
Open burning of cable
5.000
ND
ND
ND
ND
0,000
2
Basic furnace with after burner, wet scrubber
40
ND
NA
ND
ND
0,000
3
Burning electric motors, brake shoes, etc., afterburner
3,3
ND
NA
ND
ND
0,000
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production
Source: Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges, 2003 and SIS,2003.
0
0,000
0
Thermal wire reclamation
0,000
0,000
113,854
56
Category 3. Power generation and heating/cooking
In Turkey energy is produced mainly from natural gas, hydraulic and fossil fuels such as
lignite, coal and fuel-oil. The distribution of Turkish energy production amon the other
energy sources for 2002 is given in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Gross production of electric power by power sources (Source: EUAS)
Other (biomass
etc)
0%
Hydraulic
26%
Hardcoal
3%
Lignite
22%
Geothermal
0%
LPG
0%
Wind
0%
Fuel-oil
8%
Naphta
1%
Diesel oil
0%
Natural gas
40%
As for the year 2002, 47% of total energy is produced by EUAS, Governmental Electricity
Generation Corporation; of which are composed of 15% of auto producers; 3,5% of
concessionary companies; 15% of production companies; 3,5% of mobile power plants
and 16% produced by affiliated partnerships of EUAS. One of the important progress
about Turkish Energy sector is the increase of clean energy sources such as wind, solar
and geothermal. For example, wind energy use in 1990 was 0.3% and this value has
increased two fold to 0.6% in the year 2001. Solar energy use was 0.1% in 1990 and this
value has also risen to 1.1% in the year 2001 (18).
An other important improvement related with POPs formation, was that some of
municipalities has started to use landfill gas for energy production. The first project was
realized for the first time in Turkey in Kemerburgaz Garbage Dump that was used as a
wild emptying area before 1995. After rehabilitation of unused landfill area (Photo 1 and
Photo 2), the Company produced 15.000.000 kWh electricity per year. (21). PCDD/F
inventory for this sector is given in Table 5.
Photo 1,2. Landfill gas production facility, İstanbul
57
Table 5. PCDD/F Inventory for Power Generation and Heating/Cooking in Turkey, year 2002
Source Categories
Cat. Subcat.
3
a
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/TJ)
Class
1
2
3
4
b
1
2
c
1
d
1
2
e
Air
Power Generation and Heating/Cooking
Fossil fuel power plants
Fossil fuel/waste co-fired power boilers
Coal fired power boilers
Heavy fuel fired power boilers
Light fuel oil/natural gas fired power
boilers
Biomass Power Plants
1. Other biomass fired power boilers
2. Wood fired power boilers
Landfill and biogas combustion
Biogas-fired boilers, motors/turbines and
flaring
Household heating and cooking Biomass
Contaminated wood/biomass fired stoves
Virgin wood/biomass fired stoves
Water
Land
Products
3
Source: SIS, 2003.
Coal fired stoves
Oil fired stoves
Natural gas fired stoves
Power Generation and Heating/Cooking
Annual release
TJ/a
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Air
Water
Land
Products Residues
3,548
0
0
0
4,7
0,000
3,391
4,7
0,098
498.066
35
10
2,5
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
14
ND
0,5
ND
NA
NA
ND
500
50
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
15
8
ND
NA
NA
NA
1.500
100
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
2.000
20
ng TEQ/kg
Ash
Domesting heating - Fossil fuels
1
2
3
Residues
Production
70
10
1,5
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5.000
ND
ND
339.066
39.000
120.000
12.000
12.000
18.000
0,060
6,000
6,000
0,000
0,144
18.000
0,144
25.000
0
0
0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25.000
2,500
0,000
2,500
0,5
0,0
0,5
103.000
3,580
0
0
0
250,0
50.000
3,500
0,000
0,080
15,772
53.000
250,0
0
0
0
255,2
58
Category 4. Production of Mineral Products
Turkey has a well developed cement industry, the total number of registered cement
factories are 40 and 80% of these factories are members of the Turkish Cement Producers
Association (TCMA). TCMA controls, regulates and inspects the members’ facilities in
the aspect of process, quality and environment. Most of the cement facilities in Turkey has
equipped with modern process control technology, which limits the release of POPs for
this sector.
Lime is produced by different techniques in different regions of Turkey, commonly by
small and medium enterprises. There are only 2-3 big facilities in this sector, which
control 50% of the market and generally have good dust removal mechanisms in the
process. Most of the other half of the firms produce sufficient lime by general techniques
have no process control.
Turkey is one of the biggest brick and ceramic producer in the world. A lot of types of
bricks are produced such as hot brick, cold brick, block brick, silica brick, isolation brick,
magnetite brick, tile etc. in Turkey. According to Turkish statistics, only tile production
capacity is more than 100.000 ton per year and most of the facilities in this sector have no
proper process control systems (4). Most of the ceramic is produced by big enterprises in
Turkey and they have generally sufficient dust abatement systems.
Glass is produced mainly by big enterprises and they have good process control systems,
especially for dust. Glass production from waste glass is also performed by four SMEs in
Istanbul, Izmir, Konya and Adana. 100.000 tons of glass per year are recovered by this
SMEs in Turkey, which means 10% of total glass production is recovered.
Total registered lime, brick, glass and ceramic producers in Turkey is 937 (8).
Asphalt is produced mostly by municipalities in Turkey. The raw material for asphalt is
only produced by TUPRAS, Turkish Petroleum Refineries Inc. Although most of the
producers use natural gas or LPG in the process, there is none or insufficient process
control systems in this sector (Photo 3). Total number of asphalt producers in Turkey is 41
as for the year 2003 (4).
PCCD/F inventory data for mineral production process obtained from above information
is given on Table 6.
Photo 3. Asphalt production in Turkey
59
Table 6. PCDD/F Inventory for Production of Mineral Products in Turkey, year 2002
Source Categories
Cat. Subcat.
4
a
Class
1
2
3
b
1
2
c
1
2
d
1
2
e
1
2
f
1
2
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Air
Production of Mineral Products
Cement kilns
Wet kilns, ESP temperature >300 °C
5
Wet kilns, ESP/FF temperature 200 to 300
°C
0,6
Wet kilns, ESP/FF temperature <200 °C and
0,05
all types of dry kilns
Lime
Cyclone/no dust control
10
Good dust abatement
0,07
Brick
Cyclone/no dust control
0,2
Good dust abatement
0,02
Glass
Cyclone/no dust control
0,2
Good dust abatement
0,015
Ceramics
Cyclone/no dust control
0,2
Good dust abatement
0,02
Asphalt mixing
Mixing plant with no gas cleaning
0,07
Mixing plant with fabric filter, wet scrubber 0,007
4
Production of Mineral Products
Source: Turkish Chambers of Unions, 2003 and SIS, 2003.
Water
Land
Products Residues
NA
ND
ND
1
NA
ND
ND
0,1
NA
ND
ND
0,003
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0,06
Production
Annual release
t/a
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
Air
Water
Land
Products
33.000.000 19,800
0
0
0
33.000.000 19,800
4,532
4,500
0,032
0,027
0,027
0,001
0,035
0,020
0,015
0,023
0,011
0,012
0,672
0,672
0,000
44.936.500 25,088
3,300
3,300
3,300
0,000
450.000
450.000
450.000
132.500
132.500
32.500
1.100.000
100.000
1.000.000
654.000
54.000
600.000
9.600.000
9.600.000
g TEQ/a
Residues
0,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,000
0
0
0
0,000
3,300
60
Category 5. Transportation
Information on motor vehicles entered in or deleted from registers circulated by the
General Directorate of Public Security since 1987, the data collected and published by
State Institute of Statistics (SIS) are given in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Road motor vehicles by type
133003
58790
1046907
Automobile
Minibus
399025
Bus
Small truck
Truck
875381
4600141
120097
241700
Motorbike
Special purpose vehicles
Road machines
On the other hand, all types of fuels are produced by governmental petroleum corporation,
so these data supported by TUPRAS (Turkish Petroleum Refineries Inc.) are used for
calculation of emission parameters for transportation. TUPRAS has stopped the
production normal gasoline with low octane in 2002, now produces only gasoline and
unleaded gasoline for vehicles. The fuels are produced in 4 refineries located in Izmit,
Izmir, Kırıkkale and Batman (13).
PCCD/F inventory data for transportation obtained from above information is given in
Table 7.
Category 6. Uncontrolled combustion process
Forestry areas cover 26% of total surface area of Turkey (2). According to Turkish
Forestation General Directorate, total forestation area is considered to be 2.4 million
hectares. Every year 5000 to 10.000 hectares are damaged by fire. In 2002, 4562 hectares
are damaged by fire. On the hand, burning of agricultural residues are still common in
some regions although with a decreasing rate, some authors consider the total area is
around 14,000,000 hectares (İhsan Bulut, Atatürk Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fak Coğrafya
Bölümü).
Landfill fires are one of the ecological problems of Turkey. However, most of the solid
wastes dumped by some metropolitan municipalities like İstanbul, İzmir and Bursa which
causes anaerobic conditions therefore landfill fires are frequent in this areas. Because of
lack of information, research projects should be started for this matter.
The other important issue for this topic is accidental fires in the industrial facilities. In the
past 10 years, vast industrial fires occurred in Turkey;
-
1997 Kırıkkale Machine and Chemical Industry Association Explosion
1997 Istanbul Tuzla Shipyard Fire
61
Table 7. PCDD/F Inventory for Transportation in Turkey, year 2003
Source Categories
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Cat. Subcat. Class
Air Water
5
Transport
a
4-Stroke engines
1 Leaded fuel
2,2 NA
2 Unleaded fuel without catalyst
0,1 NA
3 Unleaded fuel with catalyst
0,00 NA
b
2-Stroke engines
1 Leaded fuel
3,5 NA
2 Unleaded fuel without catalyst
2,5 NA
c
Diesel engines
1 Diesel engines
0,1 NA
d
Heavy oil fired engines
1 All types
4
NA
5
Transport
Source:TUPRAŞ, Turkish Petroleum Refineries Inc.,2003 and SPO.
* Assuming that consumption equals sales
Conversion factors: volume --> mass L
Gasoline
1
Diesel
1
Consumption
Land Products Residues
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
ND
NA
NA
ND
t/a *
3.374.000
821.000
2.553.000
0
7.219.000
7.219.000
69.900
69.900
Annual release
g TEQ/a
Air
2,062
1,806
0,255
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,722
0,722
0,280
0,280
3,063
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Water
Land
Products Residues
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
kg
0,74
0,85
62
Table 8. PCDD/F Inventory for Uncontrolled Combustion Process in Turkey, year 2002
Source Categories
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Cat. Subcat. Class
6
6
a
1
2
3
4
b
1
2
3
4
Air Water
Uncontrolled Combustion Processes
Fires/burnings - biomass
Forest fires
Grassland and moor fires
Agricultural residue burning (in field), not
impacted
Accidental fires in houses, factories (per
event)
Uncontrolled domestic waste burning
Accidental fires in vehicles (per vehicle)
t/a
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Air
Water
Land
Products Residues
1.000.000 5,000
0
4,000
0
0
1.000.000 5,000
4,000
0,000
0,000
ND
ND
4
4
NA
NA
ND
ND
0,5
ND
10
NA
ND
0,000
0,000
ND
10
NA
ND
0,000
0,000
0
0,000
0
0,000
0
0,000
1.000 ND
NA
NA
ND
0,000
400
ND
See residues NA
400
0,000
0,000
300
94
ND
ND
See residues NA
See residues NA
600
18
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
ND
ND
10
0,000
0,000
Open burning of wood
60
(construction/demolition)
6
6
Uncontrolled Combustion Processes
Source: Ministry of Environment and Forestry,2002 and SPO, 2002.
5
Products Residues
Annual release
5
5
Agricultural residue burning (in field),
30
impacted, poor combustion conditions
Fires, waste burning, landfill fires, industrial
fires, accidental fires
Landfill fires
Land
Production
NA
5,000
0
4,000
0
0,000
63
-
1999 Izmit, Turkish Petroleum Industry Inc. Fire (Occurred after the earthquake)
1999 Yalova Aksa Acrylic Chemistry Industry Inc. Fire (Occurred after the
earthquake)
2000 Izmit Dilovası Industrial Region Fire
Together with accidental fires in SMEs, there is no clear information about POPs
emissions released to the environment. In 2004, a project is started about accidental fires
titled with ‘’Harmonization of SEVESO-2 Directive in Turkey’’
PCCD/F inventory data for uncontrolled combustion process obtained from above
information is given in Table 8.
Category 7. Production of Chemicals, Consumer Goods
Pulp and paper in Turkey are mainly produced by private sector, following the
privatization in paper sector, the governmental facilities are privatized and production
statistics started to change. According to 2002 values, about 33% (444.600 ton) of total
paper production (1.718.500 ton) is performed by the governmental sector (4). Most of the
produced paper comes from recycled waste paper (Photo 4).
Pesticides are produced by 22 facilities which are, located in Istanbul, Izmir, Lüleburgaz
and Izmit. According to emission factors prepared by UNEP, only 2,4-D are produced, by
4 facilities is around 7375 ton per year. 2,4,5-T are banned in 1979 and chlorbenzene is
not produced in Turkey (2).
PVC is mainly produced by the governmental company, PETKIM. Increasing demand to
PVC construction materials caused, a lot of SMEs to start to produce PVC in the recent
years.
As for the textile, Turkey is one the biggest textile producers in the World. Most of the
textile producers are situated in Marmara region (Istanbul, Bursa, Tekirdağ), but in the
recent years an significant progress is observed at the other regions, such as Agean region
(Denizli, Aydın). The total producer numbers in the textile sector are more than 10000 in
2002.
Leather industry is one of the "stimulating" sectors of the Turkish economy in terms of
export potential. With an annual capacity of 400,000 tons, and 1200 companies operating
in the industry; the leather sector ranked as the 10th biggest industry branch. Nevertheless,
the sector's rate of using capacity is gradually decreasing due to its dependence on one
single market, and unstable market movements. In 1998, the rate of capacity use was 5060 percent.
PCCD/F inventory data for production of chemicals, consumer goods obtained from
above information are given in Table 9.
Photo 4. Paper production from waste paper
64
Table 9. PCDD/F Inventory for Production of Chemicals, Consumer Goods in Turkey, year 2002
Source Categories
Subc
Cat. at. Class
7
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Air
Water
Land
Production
Products
Residue
t/a
Annual release
g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
Air
Water
Land
Products
Production of Chemicals, Consumer Goods
a
g TEQ/a
Residue
Pulp and paper mills
Boilers (per ton of pulp)
1
Black liquor boilers, burning of sludges, wood
2
2. Bark boilers only
Sludges
1
Kraft process, old technology (Cl2 )
2
Kraft process, modern technology (ClO2)
3
4
0
0,07
1000
0,4
Residue
0
0
0
0,000
1000
Water
µg
TEQ/ADt
pg TEQ/L µg TEQ/ADt
0,000
0,000
0,000
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
µg TEQ/t sludge
4,5
70
4,5
100
0,000
0,000
0,06
2
0,2
10
0,000
0,000
TMP pulp
0,000
0,000
Recycling pulp
0,000
0,000
Pulp and paper
Air
Water
Land
Products
1
Kraft pulps/papers from primary fibers, Cl2
8
2
3
Sulfite papers, old technology (Cl2)
Kraft papers, new technology (ClO2, TCF), unbleached papers
1
0,5
4
Sulfite papers, new technology (ClO2, TCF)
0,1
5
Recycling paper
Residues
1.043.602
0
0
0
43.602
10,349
0
0,349
0,000
0,000
b
Chemical industry
0,000
10
Air
Water
Land
Products
1.000.000
10,000
Residues
1
PCP
European, American production (chlorination of phenol with Cl2)
2.000.000
0,000
0,000
2
Chinese production (thermolysis of HCH)
800.000
0,000
3
PCP-Na
PCB
0
0
0
0
500
Air
Water
Land
Products
1
Low chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A30, Aroclor 1242
15.000
2
Medium chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A40, Aroclor 1248
70.000
0
0,000
Residues
0
0
0
0
0,000
0
0,000
65
3
Medium chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A50, Aroclor 1254
4
High chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A60, Aroclor 1260
300.000
0,000
1.500.000
Chlorinated Pesticides
Air
Water
Land
0,000
Products
Residues
7.375
0
0
0
5,163
1
Pure 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T)
7.000
0,000
2
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-PCPh)
700
0,000
3
Dichlorprop
1.000
0,000
4
5
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D)
2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl-4’-nitrophenyl ether (CNP = chloronitrofen )
700
7.375
0
0
0
0
5,163
0,000
Old technology
300.000
0,000
New technology
400
0,000
6
Chlorobenzens
ND
ND
7
Chlorine production with graphite anodes
NA
ND
Chloranil
Air
Water
Land
Products
Residues
0
0
0
0
0,000
1
p-chloranil via chlorination of phenol
400.000
0,000
2
p-chloranil via hydrochinone
100
0,000
3
Dyestuffs on chloranil basis (old process, Class 1)
1.200
0,000
4
o-chloranil via chlorination of phenol
60.000
ECD/VCM/PVC
1
Old technology, EDC/VCM, PVC
2
Modern plants
c
Air
1
0,95
0,015
PVC only
0,0003
0,03
Air
ND
Textile plants
1
Upper limit
NA
2
Lower limit
NA
e
Water
NA
Air
Leather plants
Land
NA
Water
ND
Residues
NA
Water
0,03
2
0,1
0,2
Products
Land
Products
Residues
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
0,000
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
800.000
0
0
0
2,078
0
ND
Residues
100
ND
20.000
0,1
ND
780.000
Products
Residues
1
Upper limit
NA
ND
NA
1.000
ND
2
Lower limit
NA
ND
NA
10
ND
7
All Main Sectors
Source: Dönkasan Ltd.Şti, 2002; State Planning Organization, 2002; Petkim, 2002.
0
0,000
Products
NA
Land
NA
ND
Air
0
0
EDC/VCM and/or EDC/VCM/PVC
All types
Land
1
Petroleum refineries
d
Water
0
400.000
2
0,078
0
0
0
4
0
0
400.000
4
0,000
0,000
0
21,589
0,000
66
Category 8. Miscellaneous
Dry cleaning is one of the dioxin/furan sources for this category, but there is no sufficient
information on the use of chlorine base solvents (such as perchlorethylene,
tetrachlorethylene etc.) in Turkey.
The other important dioxin source is tobacco smoking. According to Turkish Tobacco
Corporation, the total of cigarette sales in Turkey is 67.321.000.000 for the year 2002, and
this value do not represent the private sector sales (12). Private sector market share is
considered to be about 30%, so they add around 30.000.000.000 cigarettes for private
sector.
According to the information given above, the total PCDD/Fs emissions produced by
miscellaneous activities are given in Table 10.
Category 9. Disposal/Landfilling
Except for some landfill studies, most of the municipalities have no landfill areas in
Turkey. Because of limited research on landfill leachate, there is no reliable data.
For sewage treatment, Turkey has a lot of wastewater treatment plants, which use chlorine
for disinfection. According to Water Pollution Control Regulation dated 1988, Hazardous
Waste control Regulation dated 1995 and Soil Pollution Control Regulation dated 2001;
wastewater treatment is strictly regulated and controlled by the Ministry of Environment
and Forestry (1). So, there is only some problems for wastewater treatment sector in the
aspect of dioxin.
Composting of some garden wastes and some animal wastes is very limited in Turkey
because of high investment costs of composting process. Some SMEs in Istanbul and
Izmir (Photo 5) produce compost from garden wastes.
According to the information given above, the total PCDD/Fs emissions produced by
Disposal/Landfilling are given in Table 11.
Photo 5. Compost production in Izmir, Turkey
67
Table 10. Total PCDD/Fs emissions produced by miscellaneous activities
Cat. Subcat. Class
8
Miscellaneous
a
Drying of biomass
1 Clean wood
2 Green fodder
Air Water Land Products
Residues
ND
ND
0,1
0,1
ND
ND
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Air
Water
Land
0,000 0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0
0,007 NA
0,1 NA
3
PCP- or otherwise treated biomass 10
NA
ND
0,5
ND
1
2
3
Crematoria
No control
Medium control
Optimal control
Smoke houses
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ND
2,5
2,5
b
c
1
2
3
d
1
2
e
1
2
Treated wood, waste fuels used as
fuel
Clean fuel, no afterburner
Clean fuel, afterburner
Dry cleaning residues
Heavy textiles, PCP-treated, etc.
Normal textiles
Tobacco smoking *
Cigar (per item)
Cigarette (per item)
t/a
0
90
10
0,4
0,000
0
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
0
0
104.856.000.000 0,0105 0
0,0000
104.856.000.000 0,0105
0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0
104.856.000.000 0,010
0
0,000
0,000
50
NA
ND
ND
see wood
0,000
6
0,6
NA
NA
ND
ND
ND
ND
combustion
0,000
0,000
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3.000
50
0,3
0,1
NA
Na
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
8
Miscellaneous
Source: Tekel Genel Müdürlüğü, 2002 and SIS, 2000 (Private sector cigarette sales).
0
0,000
0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Products Residues
0,000
0
0,000
0,000
0
68
Table 11. Total PCDD/Fs emissions produced by Disposal/Landfilling
Source Categories
Cat.
Subcat.
Class
9
Potential Release Route (µg TEQ/t)
Air
Land
Products
Production
t/a
Residues
Annual release
g TEQ/a
Disposal/Landfill
a
1
2
b
1
Landfill leachate
Hazardous waste *
Non-hazardous waste *
Sewage/sewage treatment
2
3
c
g TEQ/a g TEQ/a
Air
0
NA
200
NA
NA
NA
30
NA
NA
Industrial, mixed domestic with chlorine relevance
No sludge removal
Water
0
Land
0,000
0,000
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
0,000
g TEQ/a
g TEQ/a
Products
Residues
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0,000
0
0
0,000
5
NA
NA
1.000
0
0,000
With sludge removal
Urban environments
0,5
NA
NA
1.000
0
0
0,000
0,000
No sludge removal
With sludge removal
2
0,5
NA
NA
NA
NA
100
100
0
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,1
NA
NA
10
0
0,000
0,000
0
0
Remote and residential or modern treatment plant
Open water dumping
0
NA
5
NA
NA
NA
0,5
0,1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0,000
0,000
1
Urban environments
Remote environments or input control
Composting
All organic fraction
NA
NA
NA
ND
NA
100
NA
0,001
0,000
2
3
Garden, kitchen wastes
Green materials,not impacted environments
NA
NA
ND
ND
NA
NA
15
5
NA
NA
0,000
0,001
1
Waste oil disposal
All fractions
d
e
Disposal/Landfill
100
0
ND
ND
ND
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
ND
0
0
0,000
0,000
0
Mixed domestic and industrial inputs
2
3
0
0,000
0,000
0,000
1
9
Water
0
0
0
0
ND
100
0,000
0,000
0
0,001
0
Source: KTS Kompost Ürünleri Tic.Ltd.Şti.,İzmir
69
Category 10. Identification of Hot Spots
Polychlorinated biphenyls are subject to the Part II of Annex A of Convention, where
following obligations are anticipated:
Each party:
(a) With regard to the elimination of the use of polychlorinated biphenyls in equipment
(e.g. transformers, capacitors, or other receptacles containing liquid stocks) by 2025,
subject to review by the Conference of the Parties, take action in accordance with the
following priorities:
(i) Make determined efforts to identify, label and remove from use equipment containing
greater than 10 per cent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 5 liters; (ii)
Make determined efforts to identify, label, and remove from use equipment containing
greater than 0.05 per cents polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 5 liters;
(iii) Endeavor to identify and remove from use equipment containing greater than 0.005
per cent polychlorinated biphenyls and volumes greater than 0.05 liters;
(c) Notwithstanding paragraph 2 of Article 3, ensure that equipment containing
polychlorinated biphenyls, as described in subparagraph (a), shall not be exported or
imported except for the purpose of environmentally sound waste management;
(d) Except for maintenance and servicing operations, not allow recovery for the purpose
of reuse in other equipment of liquids with polychlorinated biphenyls content above 0.005
per cent;
(e) Make determined efforts designed to lead to environmentally sound waste
management of liquids containing polychlorinated biphenyls and equipment contaminated
with polychlorinated biphenyls having a polychlorinated biphenyls content above 0.005
per cent in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 6 as soon as possible but not later than
2028, subject to review by the Conference of the Parties.
Because of lack of information, it is not possible to evaluate the release and importance of
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and equipment containing PCBs for Turkey. Because
of manual registration procedure, the total number of transformators or other equipments
entered Turkey is not known. According to Turkish Electricity Production Corporation,
Turkey has 163 transformers and others (126 of active and 29 of passive transformers, 2
hydrolic fluids and 6 capacitors), which contain PCBs as an insulator in different cities
and the total amount of PCBs in these equipments are around 187.736 kg and 2188 Lt
(17). The total emissions of PCBs containing equipment are given in Table 12.
70
Table 12. Total PCB Emissions for Hot Spots
Product
(µg TEQ/t)
Class
1
2
1
2
1
2
Identification of Hot Spots
Production sites of chlorinated organics
Chlorophenols and derivatives or PCB
Other chlorinated organics
Production sites of chlorine
with graphite electrodes
without graphite electrodes
Formulation of chlorinated phenols/pesticides
Application sites of dioxin-contaminated pesticides
Timber manufacture
Using pentachlorophenol, other dioxin-containing
preservatives
Occurrence
g TEQ identified
(t)
Air Water Land
Product
Residue
x indicates need for site-specific evaluation
No use of PCP, not open to the environment
PCB containing equipment
53
Low chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A30, Aroclor 1242
15.000
20
Medium chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A40, Aroclor 1248
70.000
15
Medium chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A50, Aroclor 1254
300.000
15
High chlorinated, e.g., Clophen A60, Aroclor 1260
1.500.000
3
1 Leaching
2 Not leaching
Dumps of waste/residues from categories 1-9
Sites of relevant accidents
Dredging of sediments
Note: Due to lack of information on chlorine level of PCB in the equipments, chlorine content is estimated.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
10
0
1
5
5
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
71
Assessment
Assessment of Releases from Unintentional Production of Annex C Chemicals (2.3.4.)
The total emissions (air, water, soil, product) of unintentionally produced POPs (dioxin and furane)
in Turkey are given in Table 13. According to this table, the most important POPs producer sectors
are ferrous and non-ferrous metal production, production of mineral products, waste incineration
and power generation.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metal production values are not surprising for Turkey, as most of the
European Union Candidate Countries (such as Poland and Romania) have same emission values for
metallurgical sector (3). But for the validation of these results, detailed research and investigation
are needed for this sector in Turkey.
For PCBs emissions, Turkey has two main problems; lack of information and research on PCBs
production and insufficient laboratory facilities for PCBs analysis at different matrices, except for
some governmental laboratories. First of all, capacity building efforts for existing laboratories
should be supported and later, joint-research projects on contamination and disposal of PCBs
should be started in Turkey.
Table 13. Dioxin and furan emissions (g TEQ/year) in Turkey
Source Categories
Cat.
Air
1
Waste Incineration
19,883
2
Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production
113,854
3
Power Generation and Heating
15,772
4
Production of Mineral Products
25,088
5
Transportation
3,063
6
Uncontrolled Combustion Processes
5,000
7
Production of Chemicals and Consumer Goods 0,000
8
Miscellaneous
0,010
9
Disposal/Landfilling
0,000
10 Identification of Potential Hot-Spots
1-9 Total
182,7
Annual
Water
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
0,000
Releases (g TEQ/a)
Land Products
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,000
4,000 0,000
0,000 21,589
0,000 0,000
0,000 0,001
Residue
0,6
195,7
0,0
3,3
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
4,0
199,6
21,6
Need for adoption and control for regulations, published by different Ministries will be performed
by this way (5,6,7). For example, although Turkey has published Waste Oil Control Regulation in
the 2004 for adopting EU Directive on Waste Oil Control , it is necessary to consider in the action
plan also requirements resulting for Turkey from the legislation of the European Union (Regulation
96/59/EC on Disposal of PCBs and PCT and Directive of the European Council and Parliament on
Implementation of the Stockholm Convention), so for implementation of this Directive, national
laboratories should be supported for infrastructure and also for analysis experience.
Actions for Turkey
 Capacity building of National Laboratories on POPs Analysis
 Dioxin and Furan inventories for selected sectors in Turkey
 Detailed inventory on PCB Containing Equipments and Environmentally Sound
Management
 HCB inventory (history, use, storage etc.)
 Risk assessment for POPs emissions in Turkey
72
Summary of Future Production, Use and Releases of POPs- requirements for exemptions
(2.3.6.)
Because of Turkey’s Candidature Process, future releases (production) of POPs will be started to
decrease after 2005. Most of the regulations has been renewed and/or changed and a lot of new
regulations are also produced in this process. For example, Ministry of Environment and Forestry
has performed Turkish side necessities together with Dutch Coordinator, for the implementation of
IPPC Directive in Turkey. So, it is possible to say that the legislation in Turkey is in compliance
with EU Legislation. But, implementation of this legislation should need a long transition period to
achieve compliance because of Turkey’s local conditions. For example, IPPC Directive requires
BAT and BEP implementation, but there is not sufficient knowledge and experience on BAT and
BEP for POPs controlling. Future release from unintentional production of POPs is given in Table
14.
On the other hand, none of the Annex A and B POPs chemicals will be produced and used in
Turkey, therefore no exemptions will be filed at the Convention.
Table 14. Future release of POPs chemicals
Year
Releases from
Unintentional
Production
Pesticides Production
Use
PCB-HCB Production
Use
PCDD/Fs
2002/03
Baseline
Inventory
g I-TEQ
0
0
0
10
407,9
2005
2010
2020
2030
g I-TEQ
g I-TEQ
g I-TEQ
g I-TEQ
9
367
7,2
293,6
5,8
234,9
4,6
188
Details of any relevant system for the assessment and listing of new chemicals (2.3.12.)
Pesticides and other hazardous chemicals are controlled in Turkey by regulations. For example,
POPs pesticides are banned in Turkey, as detailed in the previous chapter. Directive concerning the
method and principles of registration of pesticides and similar products used in plant protection
dated 1999 is directly related with the control of pesticides. This directive is managed by MARA,
so plant protection products that contain some active ingredients are controlled and inspected by
MARA. Regulation for the toxic chemicals and their products (1993) is also related with the control
of the current chemicals. MoEF manage this regulation, but for assessment and listing of new
chemicals is not sufficiently performed as for today in Turkey. The new training program should be
started for development of a relevant systems for the assessment and listing of new chemicals.
73
References
1- 8th Five Year Development Plan, Environment Chapter, 2000, SPO, Ankara
2- 8th Five Year Development Plan, Agricultural Development Chapter, 2000, SPO, Ankara
3- Dioxin Emissions in Candidate Countries, Interim Report, 2004, TNO, Holland
4- DİE, Statistical Yearbook of Turkey, 2003, Ankara
5- Ministry of Environment and Forestry Web Page, www.cevreorman.gov.tr
6- Ministry of Agriculture Web page, www.tarim.gov.tr
7- Ministry of Health Web Page, www.saglik.gov.tr
8- Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges Industrial Database, 2003, Ankara
9- Turkish Petrochemical Industry Corp. Web Page, www.petkim.com.tr
10- Turkish Recycle Paper Production Corp.Web Page, www.donkasan.com.tr
11- Turkish Incinerator Facility Web Page, www.izaydas.com
12- Governmental Tobacco Company Web Page, www.tekel.gov.tr
13- Turkish Petroleum Production Corp. Web Page, www.tupras.com.tr
14- Kocaeli Chambers of Industry Web Page, www.kosano.org.tr
15- Turkish Cement Manufacturers Assocciation Web Page, www.tcma.org
16- KTS Corp. Web Page, www.kts-kompost.com.tr
17- Turkish Electricity Production Corp. Web Page, www.euas.gov.tr
18- Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Web Page, www.enerji.gov.tr
19- European Union Web Page, europa.eu.int
20- EPA, Workshop on the use of available data and methods for assessing the ecological risks
of 2,3,7,8-TCDD to aquatic life and associated wildlife
21- Source, ISTAC, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and
Evaluation of Waste Materials Industrial and Trade Inc. www.istac.com.tr
74
REPORT
OF
THE INSTITUTION TEAM
Fehim İŞBİLİR
COORDINATOR
The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey-MRC
MEMBERS
Mr.Taylan Kıymaz, State Planning Organization
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Agriculture
Turkish Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey
State Institute Statistics
The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey
Ass.Prof. İpek İmamoğlu, Middle East Technical University
Ege University, Ege Science and Technology Centre, EBILTEM
Unions of Agricultural Cooperatives for the Sale of Figs, Raisins, Cotton, Olive
and Olive Oil, TARİŞ
Kocaeli Chamber of Industry
Prof.Dr. Altan Acara, National Project Coordinator
DECEMBER 2004
75
Summary
The major element of Turkey’s efforts to address the POPs issue and meet its obligations under the
Stockholm Convention will be ensuring that it has appropriate institutional capacity with having
effective and legally enforceable regulatory instruments.
Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate current capacity and instruments and make provision for their
modifications and/or additional measures in this area.
Overall objective is to ensure that the country has appropriate institutional capacity and a regulatory
system that effectively supports the reduction and elimination of POPs as defined in the Stockholm
Convention which is an integral part of the overall natural environmental management framework.
There are mainly three stakeholders that are responsible for the management of POPs and related
issues; they are the MoEF, MoH, and MARA.








Turkey needs standardization of toolkit and accredited laboratories for identification and
quantification of dioxin and furan,
Turkey has two problems; lack of information, research and sufficient laboratories,
The Parties are requested to strengthen their institutional infrastructure for the analysis of
chemicals, listed in the Convention Annex A and B,
Turkey is one of the EU Candidates and the country and public awareness are very important
and both are given necessary attentions,
Internet communications with government institutions and NGOs and international foundations
also perform very important development for accessing information about environmental issues.
For POPs, NGOs play effective roles Greenpeace has an office in the Mediterranean Region.
Kocaeli Chamber of Industry (KCI) acts as an NGO. There are few other NGOs in the big
cities, like Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Kocaeli, Izmir and Adana.
There are a number of laboratories to conduct POP’s analysis; Refik Saydam Hygienic Institute,
Ankara; National Reference Laboratories, Ankara; TUBITAK-MRC, Kocaeli; the laboratories
of MARA, Ankara; Aegean Science and Technology Center, Izmir; METU-Environmental
Engineering Institute, Ankara and Dokuz Eylül University, Environmental Engineering
Institute, Izmir.
In addition, a number of universities have laboratories that can do analyses on POPs partly or
fully. However, they have no on-going monitoring program for POPs.
There are a number of enough legislations and regulations, related to POPs. The details of these
are given in the Report of the National Chemical Profile Task Team.
76
Introduction
This chapter was prepared by data collection from main stakeholders on POPs managements in
Turkey such as ministries, a Governmental institutions, universities and NGOs. Official reports or
handbooks, national plans were used in the report preparation process. For obtaining actual
information, e-mail messages were sent to the laboratories or research institutions.
There is considerable public, scientific and regulatory concern over the possible adverse health
effects of exposure to trace levels of persistent organic pollutants. Toxic compounds or general term
POPs, have received widespread attention and attracted a great deal of research following the
accidental release of the dioxins at Seveso in 1976. Today, most of countries try to prohibit the use
and release of these compounds as collective effort (4).
Persistent Organic Pollutants have not been sufficiently monitored except for pesticides in Turkey
and there are not enough emission or pollution standards, available in this field except for dioxins
and furans. Ministry of Environment and Forestry and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
have some regulations on dioxins and pesticides, but due to less public awareness on POPs, this
subject could not gain a great importance in Turkey.
Inventories
The regulation on Environmental Audits, which entered into force in 2002, aims to set up the legal
instrument for regular environmental monitoring and inspections, accept the toolkit metodology
there is no laboratory that is capable of analyzing all the POPs in Turkey, due to high investment
costs of such laboratory. But for pesticides and PCBs, there are some research and testing
laboratories capable for this type of analysis. For POPs related regulations; it is possible to say that
many of Turkey’s environmental policies, laws and regulations are based on European and
International legislation. Furthermore, Turkey is one of the European Union Candidate Countries
and many of environmental legislations are also adopting by MoEF together with other legislations.
Before then National Program for the Adoption of the Acquis was published in the Official Gazette
No: 25178 dated 24 July 2003, several regulations on POPs pollution control were put into action
such as Solid Waste Control Regulation (1991), Medical Waste Control Regulation (1993), Toxic
Chemicals and Their Products Regulation (1993) and Hazardous Waste Control Regulation (1995).
POPs related amendments necessary for this harmonization process and amended/harmonized
regulations are given in Table 1. (3,6)
77
Table 1. Turkish Legislation Changes for EU Policy Adoption
No
Title and number of EU legislation
Title of Draft Turkish Legislation
Responsible
Institution
Proposed/
Entry into
force
Date
Council Directive 76/ 464/ EEC of 4 Revision of the Implementing Ministry of
May 1976 on pollution caused by Regulation on Water Pollution Environment and
certain
dangerous
substances Control
Forestry
discharged
into
the
aquatic
environment of the Community
2005, IV.
Quarter
Council Directive 86/ 280/ EEC of 12
June 1986 on limit values and quality
objectives for discharges of certain
dangerous substances included in List
I of the Annex to Directive 76/ 464/
EEC
Directive 2000/ 76/ EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 4
December 2000 on the incineration of
waste
Revision of the Implementing Ministry of
Regulation on Water Pollution Environment and
Control
Forestry
2005, IV.
Quarter
Implementing Regulation on
Incineration of Waste
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
2005, IV.
Quarter
4
Council Directive 1999/ 31/ EC of 26
April 1999 on the landfill of waste
Implementing Regulation on Landfill Ministry of
of Waste
Environment and
Forestry
2005, IV.
Quarter
5
Council Directive 91/ 689/ EEC of 12
December 1991 on hazardous waste
Revision of the Implementing
Regulation on Hazardous Waste
2005, IV.
Quarter
1
2
3
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
Comments
Identification
of
the
equipment requirements of
the laboratories required for
water pollution analysis, and
strengthening
of
the
infrastructure.
Strengthening infrastructure
of the licensing system of the
waste recovery and disposal
facilities,
recruitment
of
personnel and training of the
personnel via training of
trainers.
Financial
and
technical
strengthening of the local
authorities (municipalities) is
needed.
Hazardous waste inventory
for priority sectors should be
prepared and network for
technology transfer should be
established.
78
Responsible
Institution
Proposed/
Entry into
force
Date
No
Title and number of EU legislation
Title of Draft Turkish Legislation
6
Council Directive 75/ 439/ EEC of 16
June 1975 on the disposal of waste oils
(Council Directive 87/ 101/ EEC of 22
December 1986 amending Directive 75/
439/ EEC on the disposal of waste oils)
Council Directive 91/ 157/ EEC of 18
March 1991 on batteries and accumulators
containing certain dangerous substances
(will be evaluated together with the
Directive 98/ 101/ EC)
Council Directive 96/ 61/ EC of 24
September 1996 concerning integrated
pollution prevention and control
Waste Oil Control Regulation
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
21.01.2004
Waste Batteries and Accumulators
Control Regulation
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
31.08.2004
New legislation will be prepared
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
2006, IV.
Quarter
9
Council Directive 84/ 360/ EEC of 28
June 1984 on the combating of air
pollution from industrial plants
New legislation will be prepared
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
2006, IV.
Quarter
10
Directive 2001/ 80/ EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23
October 2001 on the limitation of
emissions of certain pollutants into the air
from large combustion plants
New legislation will be prepared
Ministry of
Environment and
Forestry
2006, IV.
Quarter
7
8
Comments
The national laboratories
should be supported for PCB
analysis in the scope of this
regulation.
79
No
Title and number of EU legislation
Title of Draft Turkish Legislation
11
Directive 98/ 8/ EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 16
February 1998 concerning the placing of
biocidal products on the market
Implementing Regulation on the
Pesticides and Pseudo- pesticide
Substances Used in the Field of
Public Health
Implementing Regulation
Concerning the Placing of Biocidal
Products in the Market
Responsible
Institution
Proposed/
Entry into
force
Date
Ministry of Health
Ministry of
Agriculture and
Rural Affairs
2004, IV.
Quarter
Comments
The
personnel
of
the
Ministry, central office staff,
staff of the Refik Saydam
Hygiene Centre (RSHM),
Marmara Research Center
and
Provincial
Health
Directorates
should
be
trained , who will be working
in the field of pesticides used
in the public health area, on
harmonization
and
implementation
of
the
legislation.
80
Assessment of infrastructure capacity and institutions to manage POPs, including
regulatory controls; needs and options for strengthening them (2.8)
Article 11 of Stockholm Convention-Research, development and monitoring, paragraph (e)
requires ‘’Make the results of their research, development and monitoring activities referred to in
this paragraph accessible to the public on a timely and regular basis’’, paragraph (f) requires
‘’Encourage and/or undertake cooperation with regard to storage and maintenance of information
generated from research, development and monitoring’’. (10)
The Turkish environmental management system was created as a consequence of the Third Fiveyear Development Plan (1973-1977) of State Planning Organization (1). It was published in the
Constitution of 1982 and the Environmental Law of 1983, among others. The constitution system
and the institutional base were established before the Declaration of Rio in 1992 and Agenda 21
that advocate important changes in the protection of policies and environmental management
systems. To this and, amendments are now being considered that could strengthen inspections,
broaden public participation, promote more efficient collection of revenues that support the
Environmental Pollution Prevention Fund, and better drinking water resources.
National environmental policy was first mentioned in the Third Five Year Development Plan.
The process of preparing the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) for the country started
in 1995, under the coordination of the SPO and with the technical assistance of the Ministry of
Environment and Forestry (MoEF) and the financial support of the World Bank (2). NEAP has
completed in 1999 and the MoEF plays the most critical role in the implementation of the Action
Plan by preparing yearly ‘’Performance Reports’’ for implementation of this plan. SPO also
publishes Five-Year Development Plans for the management of the environmental investments.
In order to establish the legitimacy of NEAP, the proposed implementation strategy includes
three phases: initial implementation; monitoring and evaluation; and updating and revision. The
State Planning Organization is proposed to take the lead in coordinating implementation because
of its role in coordinating, preparation and implementation of the Five Year plans. The steps for
initial implementation of NEAP are: 1) formally adopt NEAP within the Government; 2)
integrate NEAP actions in the annual programs, prepared by the SPO; and 3) include NEAP
actions in the programs of relevant agencies and organizations (2).
Monitoring based on a set of indicators to be assembled by the State Institute of Statistics that
report whether the NEAP’s strategic objectives are being achieved; a set of such indicators is
presented in Annex 8 of NEAP (www.cevreorman.gov.tr/co_04.htm). Other important sources of
monitoring information include: (a) mid- and end-of-project reviews for all NEAP-related
programs and investments which would be the responsibility of the relevant implementing
agency; (b) regular NEAP performance reviews published in every two years; and (c) periodic
Government reviews such as the preparation period for the Five Year Development Plans and
meetings of the Environment High Council. Dissemination of monitoring information is
recommended, as public feedback is a useful resource to improve the performance of NEAP
implementation.
Within this framework, the national environmental action plan of Turkey has been completed
with the intensive contributions from of related national institutions. In addition, national Agenda
81
21, which is about to be finalized, initiates the consensus among all related actors, private sector,
central and local administrations, NGO’s and outlines the targets for sustainable development
including also POPs related management activities.
The governmental sector that manages POPs in Turkey started to progress on POPs related issues
after Internet accessibility in Turkey. Because accession to information, all Ministries
harmonized the international literature and a lot of the regulation published by different
Ministries in Turkey. Published legislations are broadcast on Internet pages of the Ministries for
public awareness and accession.
Assessment of monitoring and R&D capacity(2.11)
Pesticides are routinely analysed by different governmental research and testing laboratories and
some universities in Turkey. But for PCBs and Dioxin, there have not been sufficiently
monitored in Turkey, except for some research projects and there are not enough emission or
pollution standards for all sectors. Some of regulations for PCB (Waste Oil Regulation) and
Dioxin (Hazardous Waste Control Regulation) have been published but these regulations are not
specific sector. For example dioxin and furans are only limited for incineration plants and cement
factories, which use wastes as a fuel. The regulation on Environmental Audits, which entered into
force in 2002, aims to set up the legal instrument for regular environmental monitoring and
inspection.
There are mainly 3 stakeholders responsible for assessment of POPs related issues: Ministry of
Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
The Ministry of Environment and Forestry is responsible for regulation, inspection, monitoring
and control of POPs sources according to national and international agreements. MoEF has
published numerous regulations for preventing POPs pollution and POPs control. The LIFE
Project, Strengthening Environmental Control in Turkey-Reinforcing the National Reference
Laboratory of Gölbaşı, Ankara, has been made to strengthen the capacity of laboratory to
function as Environmental Reference Laboratory. The Environmental Reference Laboratory
affiliated with the Ministry of Environment started to function in 1998. The laboratory has been
carrying out the conventional analyse of the items and/or pollutants specified in the
Environmental Law and Regulations of Turkey. The capacity for dioxin and furan analysis is
insufficient and laboratory needs detailed training on POPs analysis on different matrices.
The Ministry of Health is responsible for controlling the production, marketing, registration and
control of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food additives, and household pesticides. The Refik
Saydam Hygiene Centre is a government research institute affiliated directly by the Ministry of
Health. The mandates of the center are controlling, diagnostics, production, training and research.
The Centre has many laboratories for different fields and they have also some other laboratories
related with
POPs
monitoring and
analysis. Poison
Research
Department
(http://www.rshm.saglik.gov.tr/english/Toxicology.html) was established under Refik Saydam
Central Hygiene Institute to carry out laboratory analysis and provide consultancy and expertise
to the Ministry of Health and other related institutions and interested counterparts in the fields of
chemical safety and poisoning cases. Pesticide formulation laboratory canducts formulation
analysis of household pesticides that form the basis for production and import permits given by
the Ministry of Health. Entomology laboratory, conducts biological efficiency tests of household
82
pesticides. Residual analysis laboratory carries out analyses of pesticide and PCBs residues in
food, water and environmental samples. PCBs (28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180)*;
organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides are routinely analyzed in these laboratories of
Poison Research Department.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for the production, marketing,
registration, and control of agrochemicals. The Central Plant Protection Research Institute is
affiliated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. The Institute has been working on
quality control of agrochemical formulation and resistance/efficacy of agrochemicals.
Marmara Research Center (MRC) (http://www.mam.gov.tr/) in Gebze near Istanbul is the oldest
and largest research organization under Tubitak founded in 1972. MRC is the first
multidisciplinary research center of Turkey which bridged universities and the industry. The aim
of MRC is to conduct applied research projects integrated with national and international
industrial entities in a customer focused policy. There are 5 research institutes under the frame of
TUBITAK Marmara Research Center. They are:
Institute (ITRI)
Science and Technology Research Institute (FSTRI)
Research Institute (MCTRI)
.
Energy Systems and Environmental Research Institute (ESERI) was established in 1996 through
the merge of the Energy Systems and Environmental Research Departments. ESERI works as a
contract based R&D organization. ESERI provides and develops technological knowledge into
practical applications in energy and environmental technologies areas. Its clients are mostly
governmental agents, municipalities, industrial plants and international organizations.
The ESERI has laboratories for routine analyses of wastewater, sludge, air and soil quality. In
addition, there are many sophisticated analytical equipment in the Institute such as ion
chromatograph, gas chromatograph, atomic absorbsion spectrometry, FTIR etc.. ESERI
established a dioxin laboratory in 2003 and the laboratory started dioxin analysis at the beginning
of 2004 and participated an EU DG-ENV funded international project ‘’Dioxin emissions in
Candidate Countries’’ as a sub-contractor. The routine dioxin analysis is being performed in this
laboratory especially for stationary source emission samples. For food or other environmental
matrices, the laboratory needs an infrastructure (automatic solvent extractor, rotary evaporators,
auto sampler for gas chromatograph etc..), personnel and training support. Dioxin laboratory is
also planning to start PCB analysis for waste oils according to Turkish Waste Oil Control
Regulation published in 2004, but a Gas Chromatograph coupled with Electron Capture Detector
is needed for this analysis.
TUBITAK-MRC Dioxin Laboratory needs also technical support in the aspect of personnel’s
health and safety. This laboratory has negative atmospheric pressure against technical accidents
and personnel wear protective clothing, but this system should be checked by experienced
personnel according to ISO 17025 principles. The technical training and/or advisory fee for this
type of subject is also very expensive.
FSTRI was established in 1971 as a department of the MRC under the name of "Nutrition and
Food Technology Department" Following its establishment of the department, research and
*
These are the most important congeners of PCBs according to European or EPA Legislations
83
development activities in the field of food science and technology gained momentum in Turkey.
The principle in choosing R&D studies is the applicability of the R&D outputs in the industry.
FSTRI has a high expertise and experience in conducting R&D projects. There are two types of
projects carried out; The in-house projects, aiming at accumulation of knowledge needed today
and in the future by the industrial research that will be made in order to form research potential.
External contractual projects demanded and supported by customers, to make research on the
new products, materials, methods, technologies that are needed by the industry to develop
existing ones. Instrumental analysis laboratory of FSTRI is capable for organophosphorus *
(Bromophos-ethyl, Bromophos methyl, Dichlorvos, Ethion, Methamidophos, Methidathion,
Parathion methyl, Diazinon, Chlorpyrifos, Dimethoate, Enitrothion, Malathion, Mevinphos,
Rimiphos methyl) and organochlorine pesticide (Hexachlorobenzen, alpha-HCH, gamma-HCH,
heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlorendoepoxide, trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, 2.4 DDE, alpha-endosulphan,
4.4 DDE, dieldrin, 2.4 DDD, 2.4 DDT, 4.4 DDD, 4.4 DDT) analysis in foodstuff and water samples.
TUBITAK-ATAL (Ankara Testing and Analysis Laboratory) Instrumental Analysis Laboratory,
EAL, started to provide service in June 1995. ATAL is providing testing, analyses, consulting
and education with, HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography), GPC (Gel Permeation
Chromatography), ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer), GC (Gas
Chromatography), GC/MS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry), LC/MS (Liquid
Chromatography Mass Spectrometer). TUBITAK-ATAL is capable of organochlorine and
organophosphorus pesticide analysis.
TUBITAK-BUTAL (Bursa Testing and Analysis Laboratory) is another testing and analysis unit
of TUBITAK that is located in Bursa, an industrialized region of Turkey. BUTAL is also capable
of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide analysis.
The Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara is canducting out researches on air,
water and also hazardous wastes. The Department of Environmental Engineering was established
in January 1973, in response to growing concern over the environment and need for fully
qualified engineers capable, of undertaking professional responsibilities for optimum
development and prudent management of water, air and land resources.
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs is responsible for export, import, control, regulation
and monitoring of POPs in Turkey. Ministry has verious research institutes on different research
and agricultural control studies located in different cities of Turkey. Ankara Agricultural Control
Laboratory has Residue Department and organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides and PCB
analysis are routinely conducted in this laboratory for food samples. Izmir Agricultural Control
Laboratory is also capable to analyse organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides and PCB for
food samples. Ankara Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Mersin Agricultural Control
Laboratory, Bornova Plant Protection Research Institute, Adana Plant Protection Research
Institute are also capable to analyse pesticides.
The Agean Science and Technology Centre http://ebiltem.ege.edu.tr (EBİLTEM) was officially
established at Agean University in 1994 to provide an institutional structure for the organisation
and co-ordination of research and development activities at the Agean University, encouraging
and developing integrated, multidisciplinary research projects through industrial and international
*
These pesticides are not considered as POPs in the Stockholm Convention
84
liaisons. There are nineteen Research Laboratories equipped with standard facilities. In addition,
there are a number of specialized equipments, such as electrophoresis, thermal cycler, atomic
absorption, microscopes, amino acid and elemental analysers, nitrogen determination, HPLC,
Gas Chromatography and reverse osmosis units which are actively used. Pesticide analyses in
water samples are routinely performed in EBİLTEM.
Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Department of Environmental Engineering is also capable of
analyse of organochlorine pesticides (but there are no POPs pesticides) by Gas Chromatography.
TARİŞ (Unions of Agricultural Cooperatives for the Sale of Figs, Raisins, Cotton, Olive and
Olive Oil), (http://www.taris.com.tr/e_index_ar.htm), has a Research and Development Unit the
Residue Laboratory of this unit is capable of the analysing the pesticides on food matrices.
Most of the Turkish Universities and some governmental institutions (ISKI-Istanbul Water
Works and Sewage Administration, DSI-Governmental Water Works Administration) have
analytical devices such as GC, GC-MS, HPLC, but they don’t analyse POPs because of the
sophisticated, time consuming and high investment conditions.
Assessment
Current level of information, awareness and education among target groups; existing
systems to communicate such information to the various groups; mechanism for
information exchange with other Parties to the Convention(2.3.8)
Turkey is one of the European Union Candidate Countries and public awareness is increasing
about environmental issues, like in the other technical and social ones. Also, media sector
informs the public on environmental problems, following destructive environmental accidents.
After the privatization in Telecommunication sector, public participation, information exchange
and access to information increased in Turkey. Internet pages of governmental institutions, NGOs
and international foundations also performing successfuly for the accessing of information about
environmental issues.
Relevant activities of non-governmental stakeholders (2.3.9)
In order to increase public awareness on POPs, only a few NGOs play small roles in Turkey.
Greenpeace Mediterranean Office, Turkey publish some hand notes about international transport
of POPs, source and global transport of POPs ..etc Kocaeli Chamber of Industry (KCI) today
serves with its 1220 members and has 32 employees. In addition to duties determined by the
Law, such as company registration, certification and advising to the government, the Chamber
has been developed new projects and services for the benefit of both industry and society. The
Chamber has been selected as a main contractor agency by UNEP for APELL (Awareness and
Preparedness for Emergencies at Local Level) program in 1993. The Chamber has connected
more than 70 critical companies to the main communication network, against effective
environmental accidents since 1990. Media sector is very interested in environmental issues in
Turkey; they prepare special environmental programmes on different subjects including POPs
related subjects. This is a big advantage of Turkey for public awareness on hazards of POPs.
85
Because of the strict environmental controls and punishments in Turkey, waste exchange studies
are increasing relatively fast in Turkey. In the last 5 years, a lot of stock exchange was structured
in industrialized cities of Turkey such as Istanbul, Ankara, Bursa, Kocaeli, Adana and most of
these exchanges are controlled by Chamber’s of Industries in these cities. Although an increase is
observed in operations, there are some problems, encountering for these exchanges, such as
unregistered operations, incorrect information on waste or amount of waste.
Main NGOs that are related with POPs issues in Turkey are given in Table 2.
Table 2. Main NGOs related with POPs in Turkey
Name
POPs Interest
Address
Kocaeli Chambers of Industry
Buğday Ecological Life Services
Waste and hazardous waste
management
Waste and hazardous waste
management
Waste and hazardous waste
management
General Pollution
Greenpeace Türkiye
General
Kocaeli Chambers of Industry-Kocaeli
www.kosano.org.tr
Istanbul Chambers of Industry-Istanbul
www.iso.org.tr
Ankara Chambers of Industry-Ankara
www.aso.org.tr
Kalçın Sok. No:15 Kitapçı Han Kat:2
Eminönü İSTANBUL
www.bugday.org
MBE 105-109 Salıpazarı 80040 İSTANBUL
www.greenpeacemed.org.mt
www.trt.net.tr
www.ntv.com.tr
Istanbul Chambers of Industry
Ankara Chambers of Industry
TV Channels (TRT2, Discovery General
Turkey, NTV, CNN Turk etc..)
Overview of technical infrastructure for POPs assessment, measurement, analysis,
alternatives and prevention measures, management, research and development - linkage to
international programs and projects (2.3.10)
There is no corresponding Turkish legislation for Directive 2000/ 60/ EC under the EU water
management. Implementation of subjects covered by the aforementioned directive is under the
authority and responsibility of various administrative institutions, therefore, a MATRA project,
“Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Turkey” has been designed and initiated.
The project will identify how the current administrative structure needs to be transformed, in
order to implement Directive 2000/ 60/ EC. Following the completion of the MATRA project,
another project comprising training of central and provincial units on the alignment and
implementation of Directive 2000/ 60/ EC, strengthening of administrative structures, and
investment needs for implementation purposes, will be proposed to the Pre- accession Financial
Assistance Program.
The Implementing Regulation on Soil Pollution Control published in the Official Gazette No.
24609, on 10 December 2001 is largely compatible with corresponding EU legislation. However,
there are difficulties with respect to implementation. Alignment with EU legislation on treatment
plant sludge is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and the
Refik Saydam Hygiene Centre of the Ministry of Health carries out analyses on treatment plant
sludge, subject to the Implementing Regulation for Soil Pollution Control. Studies with respect to
86
treatment plant sludge in Turkey are carried out by only a few local administrations, including
Ankara Metropolitan Municipality. One of the most important problems associated with this
issue is the elimination of treatment plant sludge. A limited number of analyse have been carried
out, the results of which display typical domestic waste properties.
Although existing Turkish legislation is, to a large extent, harmonized with relevant EU
legislation, studies have been initiated to prepare draft regulations and proposals for amendments
in order to fully complete alignment with the EU directives listed below. Turkey’s major
problems related to waste management are the elimination of hazardous waste from industry, and
the combination of industrial and domestic waste, domestic waste, specific waste, and
construction waste all together, without separate collection. However, in the framework of
regulations prepared by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, the metropolis in particular
initiated integrated solid waste management studies, and collection and elimination of waste
following categorization is being realized to a certain extent. In Turkey, there are plants for the
elimination of hazardous and domestic waste, albeit few in number.
Implementing Regulation on Hazardous Waste Control published in the Official Gazette No.
22387 on 27 August 1995, corresponds to, definitions and provisions of Council Directive 75/
442/ EEC on waste. However, provisions relating to waste management principles are not clear
and there is a need to strengthen provisions regarding record keeping, monitoring and
enforcement. Studies to change relevant Turkish legislation were initiated, and in the light of the
results of the Project on Hazardous Waste Management financed out of the national budget,
harmonization strategies are being prepared.
Turkey has been a party to the Basel Convention, since 1994. Provisions of the convention are
strictly implemented within the scope of the Implementing Regulation on Hazardous Waste
Control. In the accession process, preparation of separate implementing regulation concerning the
shipment of waste is envisaged.
The Implementing Regulation on Solid Waste Control contains certain provisions regarding the
management of packaging waste management. Waste oils, disposal of PCB (polychlorinated
biphenyls) and PCT (polychlorinated terphenyls), spent batteries and accumulators are within the
scope of the Implementing Regulation on Hazardous Waste Control. However, there is no
corresponding Turkish legislation reflecting the provisions of the Directive on end- of- life
vehicles. Even though, parts of the existing Turkish legislation are in harmony with certain
provisions of directives on waste management, there are legal gaps and specific issues that need
clear identification. In this context, studies have been initiated to prepare draft regulations in full
harmony with the EU directives listed below.
Industrial pollution and risk management are assigned as priorities, considering that beginning to
transpose and implement the acquis is a short term priority, and completing the transposition of
the acquis is a medium term priority in the 2003 Accession Partnership Document.
The project entitled “Institutional strengthening for the adoption and implementation of
integrated pollution prevention and control directive (IPPC - 96/ 61/ EC)”, supported by the
bilateral cooperation with the Government of Netherlands, MATRA Program, was initiated in
2003. As a result of the dissolution of the centralist, communist regimes since 1989, the Dutch
authorities have been supporting the creation of a new society in Central and Eastern Europe in
87
the framework of its so-called MATRA Programme, since 1994. 'MATRA' is the Dutch acronym
for 'Societal Transformation'. The programme concentrates on supporting the transition toward
pluriform, democratic constitutional states in the Central and Eastern European countries. A
number of these countries acceded to the European Union in May 2004, others (Turkey, Bulgaria,
Romania) are still candidates for accession. In July 2000, the Government of the Netherlands
decided to include Turkey in the list of countries that can make use of the MATRA Programme.
This decision had been taken in view of the decision by the European Council of December 1999
in Helsinki on Turkey's candidature for membership of the European Union.
In addition, the Support to Turkey in the Field of Air Quality, Chemicals and Waste Management
Project (TR- 362.03), which has been submitted to the 2003 Pre- accession Financial Assistance
Program, involves strengthening administrative capacity for harmonizing and implementing
Directive 2001/ 80/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the
limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants.
The Seveso I Directive was translated into Turkish, in 1996 and The Circular on Local
Emergency Plans for Major Industrial Accidents was prepared and distributed to all provinces. In
the frame of the Seveso II Directive (96/ 82/ EC), the Draft Implementing Regulation on
Functions of Environment Emergency Centres and Principles of Emergency Intervention is being
prepared. Since implementation of the Seveso II Directive requires heavy cost investment for
both public and private sector, the Seveso II Directive could not be elaborated in this National
Program. The Life Project titled Harmonization of SEVESO II Directive in Turkey started in
2004, March and coordinated by Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Turkey’s environmental legislation doesn’t contain direct provisions for the promotion of best
available technologies and/or cleaner technologies. An important practical consequence is that
the numerical definition of effluent and/or emission standards don’t relate or reflect these
technologies. For the harmonization and implementation of Directives on industrial pollution and
risk management, particularly integrated pollution prevention control and the limitation of
emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants, heavy cost investments
and strengthening technical capacity are required.
For the implementation of legislation under this priority, transition periods will be required
depending on whether the investment needs are met. For this purpose, the project ‘’Capacity
Building (Human Resources Aspect) on the adoption of Integrated Pollution Prevention and
Control Directive (IPPC-96/61/EC) ‘’ started in 2003. IPPC Directive has been understood within
Turkey last year. An inter-institutional platform has been formed in order to carry out the
discussion on legal and institutional issues. At present, Turkey is at the stage of deciding the
institutional base for implementing the Directive. Prepared options will be presented to the
decision makers for selection and then, strategy on the selected option will be designated.
Pilot study is through its end; it is about to conclude on the findings of the PETKİM study. A
group of people equipped with the key information on IPPC and permission were formed. This
will constitute the basis of the capacity required in Turkey for the implementation of the
Directive.
Regarding the Voluntary Regulation Mechanisms on Cleaner Production Issues, there is a
Responsible Care program run by the Turkish Chemical Manufacturer’s Association to promote
88
the voluntary adoption of Cleaner Production criteria in which almost all the chemical
manufacturing plants in Turkey are participating. Istanbul Chamber of Industry and the Chemical
Manufacturer’s Association are acting together on environmental affairs.
There are some important approved and ongoing research projects performed in Turkey by
governmental research centers and universities. POPs related projects are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. POPs related projects in Turkey
Project Name
POPs residues in selected environment
(water, soil, air) and biota in Turkey
Dioxin Emissions in Candidate Countries
(EU DG Environment Funded Project)
Development of a risk screening system
for contaminated sites (National)
Soil remediation using solid and slurryphase reactors (National)
Determinations of some
organophosphorus pesticides in wheat and
wheat products (National)
Investigation of some pesticides are used
tomatoes production in greenhouses in
Ege Region and extraction methodologies
(National Project)
Reduction of pesticide residues in
environment and processed products
(NATO Project)
Determination of pesticide pollution in
Istanbul Drinking Water Resources
Some Organochlorine Pesticide Residues
and Their Toxic Effects on Waterbirds in
Göksu Delta
Determination of organochlorine
pesticide pollution in Manyas Lake
Study on accumulation of pollutants in
the environment and organisms and effect
to fish in Sakarya Basin, Türkiye
Year(s) POPs Relation Institution
200220032004
2003200220042004-
Dioxin/Furan
TUBITAK-MRC
(Partner)
General POPs Middle East Tech.
relation
Univ.
General POPs Middle East Tech.
relation
Univ.
Pesticides
MARA,
Plant
Protection
Central
Research Institute
MARA Bornova Plant
Protection Research
Institution
20022001
Pesticide
19911993
Pesticide
1998
Pesticide
19961999
Pesticide
MARA Bornova Plant
Protection Research
Institution
Istanbul
Technical
University
Hacettepe University,
Dep. Of Biology
Hacettepe University,
Dep. Of Biology
Hacettepe University,
Dep. Of Biology
89
References
1- 8th Five Year Development Plan, Environment Chapter, 2000, SPO, Ankara
2- The National Environmental Action Plan of Turkey, 1999, SPO & MoEF, Ankara
http://www.cevreorman.gov.tr/co_04.htm
3- DİE, Statistical Yearbook of Turkey, 2003, Ankara
4- European Union Web Page, europa.eu.int
5- Turkish Official Newspaper web page, www.basbakanlik.gov.tr
6- Turkish General Secreteriat of European Union, www.abgs.org.tr
7- The Ministry of Environment and Forestry web page, www.cevreorman.gov.tr
8- The Ministry of Agriculture web page, www.tarim.gov.tr
9- Science Direct Database web page, www.sciendirect.com
10- Stockholm Convention
90
REPORT
OF
THE HEALTH TEAM
Pharm. Nur ERGİN M.Sc.
COORDINATOR
Refik Saydam Hygiene Center, Poison Research Department
MEMBERS
Prof. Dr. Dürdane KOLANKAYA
Hacettepe Unıversity Faculty of Science Department of Biology
Deniz TÜRKOĞLU MD.
Refik Saydam Hygiene Center Poison Research Department
Chem. Eng. Meral YENİOVA Ph.D.
Refik Saydam Hygiene Center Poison Research Department
Ekmel OLCAY MD. Ph.D.
Refik Saydam Hygiene Center Poison Research Director
Prof.Dr. Altan ACARA
National Project Coordinator
DECEMBER 2004
91
Summary
As the health task team of POPs Project in Turkey we undertook to determine the effects of POPs
on three different levels namely environmental levels,levels in food and that in human.
A literature survey was made for the assessment of POPs levels performed during the years 19772004.The survey provided 56 references.The analysis of the regional database showed that
among the twelve POPs included in the Stockholm Convention.DDT,aldrin and HCB are those
which were accumulated to a higher number of references.
Pesticide usage in Turkey has started by the usage of DDT basically against all kinds of pests in
the 1950’s.Turkey is a land of agriculture,therefore,agricultural pest control is compulsory and
the most effective method for agricultural pest and malaria vector control is to use chemicals
particularly DDT.
If we have a look under the light of scientific studies we can say something about contaminated
areas.The Sakarya river is the most important source for almost all of the organochlorinated
pesticides,because the Sakarya river lies to the western part of the Black Sea and its drainage area
includes fertile plains in North western Turkey.The Sakarya river is followed by the Kızılırmak
and Yeşilırmak rivers,both of which have high flow but are located on the eastern Black Sea
coast and their drainage area includes regions in the Central Anatolia where agriculture is not as
extensive as in the North western parts of Turkey.
In Turkey,OCP residues have been studied in breast milk and adipose tissue in Turkish
populations by carrying our regional surveys at given time intervals since 1976.
Experimental and epidemiological studies show that DDE/DDT ratio increases with time after
exposure or after the limitation or restriction of DDT usage.When we consider DDE/DDT
ratios,it is seen that the limitation and legislation for OCPs in Turkey has been effective and the
exposure to these compounds tends to decrease in time.
Although the majority of organochlorine pesticides have not been used in Turkey for a long time,
the residues of organochlorine pesticides are being detected in food,especially in cereals,fatty
meat and milk products but all of the results are below acceptable limits of Turkish Food Codex
1997 (November 16 th 1997/23172 official letter).
All of the scientific studies in Turkey are done individually and have no common systematic
procedure.
Introduction
Existing Programmes For Monitoring Releases And Environmental And Human Health
Impacts, Including Findings (2.3.7)
POP’s are organic chemical compounds that are highly toxic, persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in fatty tissues of living organisms, travel long distances, and naturally migrate
toward colder climates.
92
The twelve POPs designated as targets for early global action are all chlorine-containing organic
compounds. They are aldrin and dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, DDT, heptachlor, mirex, toxaphene,
hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans.
POPs residues have been found in the fat of fish and animals, as well as in human breast milk, on
a global scale. Some of the highest levels have been recorded in the arctic areas of both
hemispheres.
Reproductive failures, deformities, malfunctions in fish and wildlife are linked by a growing
body of evidence to these persistent pollutants.Often the true extent of the wildlife effects are
subtle, and can be triggered at extraordinarily low concentrations.
Humans are generally exposed to POPs through their food supply. A growing body of scientific
evidence associates human exposure to individual POPs with cancer, neurobehavioural
impairment, immune system biochemical alterations and possibly disfunction, reproductive
dysfunction, shortened period of lactation, and diabetes. The mechanism for many of these
effects appears to be through disruption of the human endocrine system, often, during fetal
development.
Pesticide usage in Turkey has started with the use of DDT basically against all kinds of pests in
the 1950’s. Turkey is a land of agriculture, therefore, agricultural pest control is compulsory and
the most effective method for agricultural pest and malaria vector control is to use chemicals
particularly DDT. A considerable number of synthetic organochlorine pesticides have been
produced and offered for usage against pests since the 1940’s. Among these, aldrin, DDT and
heptachlor have been used until the 1980’s, when their usage was prohibited. In Turkey,
especially after 1980, primarily the items consumed by humans including fish, mussels and milk
have been analysed for organochlorine insecticide residues and the results have either been
published or reported .
Inventories
Declaration and Reporting of Priority Pollutant Releases:
DDT was the most commonly used POPs chemical. Therefore it ranks first in the priority list.
Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin together formed the second biggest group of POPs chemicals that
have been analyzed.
Hexachlorobenzene is also one of the most widely used POPs pesticide in Turkey. We can say it
takes the third position.
Current Monitoring Standards and Capacity for POPs:
There is no previously performed or currently ongoing monitoring study for POPs in Turkey. In
Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute, the laboratories of Poison Research Directorate are fully
equipped and suitable for carrying out future monitoring for POPs. Already, drinking waters are
93
being analyzed in these laboratories for PCBs on a routine basis. The only drawback is that the
laboratory is not accredited as yet.
Since there are no monitoring studies, it is not possible to assess the weaknesses or to compare
the practices with the obligations of the Convention.
Background on Potential Sources of POPs Impacts:
There are no current sources of POPs in Turkey besides approximately 10 tonnes of DDT in
stockpiles. There are also some electrical transformers with PCBs which are not in use.
Evidence of Presence of POPs in the Environment, Food, Feed and Humans: Literature survey as
background material for the assessment a literature survey was used, performed for the candidate
involved in the study, and covering the years 1977-2004. The survey provided 56 references,
which were organised in a database Manager programme for an easy retrieving. The analysis of
the regional database (Table 1) showed that among the twelve POPs included in the Stockholm
Convention. DDT, aldrin and HCB were those accumulating to a higher number of references.
Table 1. Literature survey (1977-2004)
Regions
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
Chlordane
Heptachlor
DDT
Toxaphene
Mirex
HCB
PCBs
PCDD
/F
Marmara
2
1
1
1
0
2
1
0
2
2
2
Aegean
2
1
1
0
1
4
0
0
2
0
0
Blacksea
3
3
3
2
2
5
1
0
2
2
0
Central Anatolia
3
3
1
0
4
10
0
0
5
3
0
Mediterran.
East and
Southeastern
Anatolia
2
2
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Total
12
10
8
3
8
24
2
0
12
8
2
Environmental Levels Toxicological And Ecotoxicological Characterization
A considerable amount of data is available on the occurrence of POPs in Turkey although with a
very uneven distribution in terms of compartmental, geographical and temporal coverages, as
well as analytical quality, particularly for the older ones. The data reported here is not intended to
be exhaustive, but comprehensive enough for providing information about current levels of POPs
in the different matrices. Data basically refer to the last decade and where possible the temporal
variability is also assessed.
Concentrations of POPs in Abiotic Compartments
Air and Precipitation
The atmospheric compartment is one of the less studied subjects in Turkey, probably due to the
methodological difficulties. Data are basically restricted to organochlorinated compounds such as
HCB, BHC and PCBs, except for the latter ones, which have been determined in a large number
94
of regions, mostly in urban and agricultural areas, the other measurements are not really
representative for a global assessment.

Concentrations of heavy metals and organic contaminants in ash collected from the İzmit
hazardous/clinical waste incinerator are as follows: In April 2000,samples of furnace bottom
ash, and fly ash from economiser and electrostatic precipitator, were collected from the
İzaydaş (İzmit Waste and Residue Treatment, Incineration and Recycling Co.Inc.)
incinerator and conveyed to the Greenpeace research laboratories for analysis. Two of the
samples (ESP and economiser ash) were forwarded to an accredited laboratory in the UK for
determination of the concentrations of chlorinated dioxins and furans.
Ash collected from the electrostatic precipitator (MI0065) yielded the results shown in Table 2
the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were identified in all of the ash samples analysed,
including the bottom ash. In addition, chlorinated dioxins were identified in the two samples of
fly ash, with higher levels in the ESP sample than in the economiser ash.
Table 3 The summary of results from the analyses of ash samples for organic
contaminants. “No.identified” indicates the number of the compounds isolated in each case which
could be identified to match qualities greater than 90%.
Table 2. Summary of results from analyses of ash samples for organic contaminants
Sample
M 10064
M 10065
M 10067
Description
Bottom ash
ESP ash
Economiser
ash
No.
Compound
Isolated
60
13
12
No.
No.
Identified Chlorinated
No.
PCBs
32
2
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
The presence of chlorinated contaminants in the ESP ash was further confirmed by the results of
the dioxin analysis for this sample (0.28 ng I-TEQ/g,ppb).This value is not among the highest
recorded, but nevertheless fall within the broad range reported from some other incinerators.
There is a recent unpublished study carried out by Karademir et. al. from Kocaeli University,
Faculty of Environmental Engineering in collaboration with İzaydaş and University of Newcastle
upon Thyne, Faculty of Environmental Engineering for the estimation of PCDD/F levels in an
industrialized area in Turkey.
Air, soil, grass and milk samples for this study were collected in the İzaydaş incineration area in
Kocaeli.
95
Table 3. The concentrations of PCDD/F in air, soil grass and milk
Concentration range
Average
Air
23-563 fg TEQ/m3
176 fg TEQ/ m3
Soil
0.5-4.1 ng TEQ/kg
1.2 ng TEQ/ kg
Grass
0.3-5.0 ng TEQ/kg
1.8 ng TEQ/ kg
Milk
33-308 pg TEQ/kg
105 pg TEQ/ kg
fg : 1 x 10 –15 gram
ng :1 x 10 –9 gram
pg :1 x 10 –12 gram
TEQ : international toxicity equivalencies.
The exposure routes taken into consideration in this study were inhalation and oral exposure via
food consumption. For this, concentration in air and concentration in grass were used for food of
vegetable origin. Similarly, figures measured for milk were also used in the study. For
subterranean vegetables ( onion, potatoe) and meat, poultry and eggs, estimated dioxin levels
through interpolation were employed.
An exposure pattern was established for the inhabitants of the area.
According to the study, the exposure rates estimated for PCDD/F for urban habitants were 4 pg
TEQ/body weight/day, and 10pgTEQ/body weight/day for rural population.
The accepted limit is 2 pg TEQ/body weight/day.
As a result, it can be seen that the estimated levels are very high for our country. However, as the
scope of the study and the number of samples were not big enough, there is need for further
studies to reach more precise results. Since the exposure source is mainly of food origin, more
studies need to be performed on foodstuff.
Fresh and wastewaters
İstanbul, is a metropolis with almost twelve million inhabitants and is the largest urban settlement
in Turkey. The average water demand for public and industrial use is around 18 million cubic
meters per day. The water demand of the city is mainly supplied from surface water sources,
which have been in use for a thousand years. The water sources of İstanbul have encountered
serious pollution problems. Besides the new settlements and some industries, agricultural
activities around the water sources include growing of cereal, corn and sunflower corps and
raising of cattle and chickens. Consequently, the control of pesticide application along with the
fertilizing is important in the water entrapment areas. Although the use of some chlorinated
96
pesticides has been prohibited in Turkey, their persistence against degradation leads to a potential
risk for the water sources. (Yurdun et al., 1999)
Table 4. Organochlorine pesticide contents and other properties of raw and treated waters
of İstanbul
Treatment plant
Sampling
Raw Water
α-BHC (ppb)
y-BHC (ppb)
Aldrin (ppb)
Clarifier outlets
α-BHC (ppb)
у-BHC (ppb)
Aldrin (ppb)
Filter outlese
α-BHC (ppb)
y-BHC (ppb)
Aldrin (ppb)
Pumping
stationse,f
α-BHC (ppb)
y-BHC (ppb)
Aldrin (ppb)
European side
Kağıthane T.P. B. Çekmece
T.P.b
LOCATION
Alibey Dam
Terkos Dam
Ömerli Dam T.P.
Anatolian side
Elmalı T.P.
0.662 ± 0.060
<0.001
ndd
0.908 ± 0.025
nd
nd
0.679 ± 0.036
0.067 ± 0.004
nd
0.335 ± 0.019
0.077 ± 0.006
0.029 ± 0.004
1.724 ± 0.025
nd
nd vspace5pt
0.586 ± 0.013
<0.001
nd
0.829 ± 0.008
nd
nd
0.516 ± 0.009
0.062 ± 0.006
nd
0.308 ± 0.008
0.064 ± 0.006
0.058 ± 0.004
0.934 ± 0.014
nd
nd
0.886 ± 0.013
(0.326 ±0.006)
<0.001
(nd)
nd
(nd)
0.879 ± 0.007
(0.419 ± 0.004)
nd
(nd)
nd
(nd)
0.769 ± 0.003
(0.255 ± 0.005)
0.057 ± 0.003
(0.005 ± 0.001)
nd
(nd)
0.517 ± 0.005
(0.262±0.004)
0.018 ± 0.002
(0.002±0.001)
0.081 ± 0.009
(nd)
0.620 ± 0.006
(0.490 ± 0.006)
nd
(nd)
nd
(nd)
0.145 ± 0.005
(0.062 ± 0.009)
<0.001
(nd)
nd
(nd)
0.544 ± 0.004
(0.151 ± 0.010)
nd
(nd)
nd
(nd)
0.158 ± 0.004
(0.070 ± 0.008)
0.033 ± 0.002
(0.004 ± 0.001)
nd
(nd)
0.423 ± 0.012
(0.158±0.015)
0.018 ± 0.003
(0.002±0.001)
0.071 ± 0.004
(nd)
0.142 ± 0.003
(0.103 ± 0.007)
nd
(nd)
nd
(nd)
aAverage
of five data sets of α, y-BHC and Aldrin (95 % confiderce)
dependent corrected values.
cNTU : Nephelometric turbidity unit. Formazin suspansions were used to prepare calibration curves.
d nd : not detected
e Outlets from regular back- washing are in parenthesis.
f Mixed water samples from filter sets.
bCholorinity
Several raw and potable water samples from the drinking water supplies of İstanbul were
analyzed for the 9 organochlorine pesticides. Only α and βBHC and aldrin were dedected in GC
and TLC analyses. Since they are persistent enough and degrade very slowly they easily
accumulate in the soil. The pesticide concentration in the reservoir water is related to the partition
coefficient at kinetic equilibria involving sorption and desorption processes.
Water samples from the distribution area were also analyzed and only αBHC residues were found
in the tap waters of several districts (Yurdun et. Al. 1999).Results are given in Table 5.
97
Table 5. Organochlorine pesticide contents of tap water in several districts of İstanbul
Treatment
Plant
European side
A.Kağıthane T.P.
B.Büyükçekmece
Anatolian side
A.Ömerli T.P.
B.Elmalı T.P.
District
Approx.distance
From treatment
plant (km)
α-BHCa
(ppb)
Treatment outlet
0
Mecidiyeköy
Beşiktaş
Maçka
Beyoğlu
Esenler
6.5
8.5
8.8
9.3
13.50
0.145 ± 0.005 and
0.544 ± 0.004
0.699 ± 0.100
0.191 ± 0.046
0.041 ± 0.025
0.143 ± 0.017
0.143 ± 0.017
Treatment outlet
Bahçelievler
Zeytinburnu
0
30.0
36.0
0.158 ± 0.004b
0.090 ± 0.016b
0.089 ± 0.011b
Treatment outlet
Göztepe
Kartal
Maltepe
Suadiye
Üsküdar
Kadıköy
İncirli
Bakırköy
Ataköy (3 rd Div.)
0
27.0
29.0
31.0
33.1
35.0
35.1
48.8c
50.8c
51.0c
0.423 ± 0.012
0.228 ± 0.011
0.062 ± 0.017
0.560 ± 0.012
0.627 ± 0.018
0.034 ± 0.021
0.281 ± 0.024
0.328 ± 0.003
0.126 ± 0.013
0.097 ± 0.004
Treatment outlet
0
Beykoz
17.0
a Any other organochlorine pesticides were not detected.
b Corrected values.
c Relatively new lines.
0.142 ± 0.003
0.163 ± 0.005
The elimination of γBHC and aldrin which are more toxic than α BHC possibly occurred on the
inner walls of the distribution lines and ın the intermediate storage tanks via adsorption and
sedimentation processes.
The residue levels in drinking water of İstanbul were found to be under the maximum
permissible levels of 1 ppb for aldrin and 4 ppb for γ BHC. The residue levels are also in
conformity with the Turkish regulations in which water qualification is made on the basis of the
total pesticide residue, permitting a maximum 1 ppb total concentration in high quality water.
Regarding the Turkish regulations and WHO standarts, organochlorine pesticide concentrations
in all water samples are under the limits. However, tap waters flowing through older lines have
higher concentrations of organochlorines than EC standarts for single compounds.
98

Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution of surface soil and groundwater caused by production
activities in Beykan Oil Field is of concern. The Beykan Oil Field is enclosed by the
watershed of a medium size dam constructed during early-sixties for irrigation purposes. A
total of 38 oil producing wells are placed within the various protection zones surrounding the
dam’s reservoir; 13 of them being in the immediate vicinity, within the first 300m of the
reservoir shore called the ‘’absolute protection zone’’. Oil spills at these wells and along
pipelines connecting wells and other facilities are considered as potential pollution sources
effecting the reservoir water quality. Existing spill records revealed that, during the peak oil
production years, an annual average spill volume of 95 tons for the entire field, resulting in an
average TPH concentration of 20.300 ppm in contaminated soils (NATO report,1998).

BHC and alfa, beta, gamma and delta isomers of BHC were determinated 16 samples of
surface and ground water in the Middle Black Sea Region. The residue of BHC and isomers
were found 6 samples. Residue value was 0.0003-0.2505 ug/l in surface water, and 0.00010.5720ug/I in ground water in different isomers ( Geyikçi and Büyükgüngör, 2002). Therefore,
it is not possible to assess the environmental significance of the reported values.

Manyas Lake is contaminated by different types of pesticides. Organochlorine (OC) pesticides
were detected in sediment and water samples taken from 9 different stations in Manyas LakeBalikesir (known as the “bird paradise”) and its basin during November 1996 and May 1997.
According to the results of residue analysis, ecosystems were found to be contaminated by
OC pesticide residues. The residues consisted mainly of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, BHC,
aldrin, op’DDT, op’DDE, endrin, and dieldrin. Contamination level of the water is above the
threshold toxic level for the aquatic fauna and flora, when compared to Turkish regulations
(Kolankaya et al., 1997). The contamination level was higher in the lake than in the
surrounding freshwaters.
Table 6. Some Organochlorine residues in sediment samples of Manyas Bird Lake, May,
1996-1997
Sığırcık Entrance
Creek
of
Sığırcık
α-BHC
0.448
1.186
β-BHC
0.226
2.024
Lindane
0
0.942
Heptaclor
5.463
3.403
Heptaclorepoxide 8.332
10.306
Aldrin
0
2.400
Dieldrin
0.156
0.630
Endrin
0.225
0.061
pp’DDD
0.169
0.448
pp’DDE
0.050
0.284
op’DDD
0.266
0.231
op’DDT
0.186
0.034
pp’DDT
0.228
0.489
Pecticides (ppb)
Karadere Kocaçay Entrance
of
Kocaçay
0.814
1.421
0.959
1.548
1.337
0.935
0.175
2.078
0
3.460
8.442
0.101
9.530
15.230
1.130
1.092
1.229
1.154
0.378
1.572
0.208
0.414
3.402
0.304
0.385
0.439
0.025
0.345
1.245
0.045
0.039
1.199
0.108
0.177
0
0.089
0.288
0.350
4.546
Dutluk Bereketli
Creek
1.752
1.784
0.472
9.100
13.315
0.713
0.620
0.163
0.371
0.157
0.184
0
0.292
0.394
1.780
0.542
5.827
12.808
0.915
1.152
0.260
0.310
0.015
0.024
0.915
0.282
99
These pesticides were not found in toxic levels in water samples, but heptachlor and heptachlor
epoxide in sediments may be toxic for waterbirds and for organisms living in the deep. Manyas
Lake is contaminated by different types of pesticides These pesticides obviously affect waterbirds
too. The results include a decrease in the egg production and hatching success, an increase in
hatchling mortality and malformations in hatchlings.

Five different OC pesticides and their degradation products were detected in sediment, water
and fish in the upper Sakarya basin (Barlas, 1998).
Table 7. Seasonal organochlorine residues (µg /gr wet weight) in water samples from upper
Sakarya river basin, between October 1995 to September 1996.
Pecticides
October
1995 mean
n: n:8
α-BHC
0.226
β-BHC
0.298
Lindane
0.183
Aldrin
0.239
Dieldrin
1.346
Endrin
2.738
Heptaclor
2.555
Heptaclorepoxide 0.441
op’DDT
1.013
pp’DDT
1.879
op’DDD
1.765
pp’DDD
1.676
pp’DDE
0.825
February
1996 mean
n: 8
0.158
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.092
ND
ND
0.068
0.069
0.093
0.071
ND
May. 1996 mean
n:8
August 1996 mean
n: 8
1.878
ND
ND
0.093
0.045
0.162
0.325
0.112
0.096
0.175
0.168
0.04
0.382
1.877
ND
ND
ND
0.117
0.063
ND
ND
0.001
0.086
ND
0.042
1.117
ND : Not detectable
n: number of samples

Water, sampled at different localities in Sarıyar Dam Lake (SDL) were analysed for the
determination of OCP levels. OCP concentrations in water and sediment of running water
systems and lake environment. 11 different pesticides and their residues were detected in
water samples from selected stations of Sarıyar Dam Lake (ranging from 0.011 ppm pp’DDT
in Sarıyar Station and 0.069 ppm pp’DDT in Çayırhan station) (Ekmekçi et al., 2000).
OCP residues identified (with respect to types) and measured (with respect to amount ) in Aladağ
Creek were the lowest (only alpha- BHC: 0.048 ppm) among the stations studied, where the
highest levels were detected in Uşakbükü Station (10 different OCP residues, with a maximum
of 0.061 ppm alpha-BHC). The findings of the water analyses revealed that OCPs were
transported to SDL mainly by Sakarya River and Kirmir Creek. In addition, it can be said that
pollution load of Aladağ Creek with respect to OCP were much lower than that of the other two
rivers flowing into SDL.
The OCP residues and levels determined in the sediment samples taken from all seven sampling
stations are together with the results obtained for water samples in a comparative form. OCP
residues in sediments are much higher than waters of SDL with respect to both variety and
100
concentration. The level of residues in the sediments, is even higher than the levels observed in
fish species. The highest amount of OCP residues in sediments, among seven stations, were
determined in Uşakbükü station (11 different types of OCP residue; maximum concentration
0.708 ppm) and, as in the case of water, levels observed in Aladağ Creek were the lowest.

Another analysis was carried out in samples of water and sediment in Göksu Delta. As a result
of the study, 13 OC pesticides and their residues were detected in water samples of Göksu
Delta (residues ranging from 0.007 ppm lindane to 1.377ppm heptachlor). Data shown in
Table 8. (Ayaş, Barlas, and Kolankaya, 1997).
Table 8. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediment from Göksu
Delta
Pecticides
Water
Mean ppm
N: 24
Sediment
Mean
ppm
N: 24
α-BHC
β-BHC
Lindane
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptaclor
Heptaclorepoxide
op’DDT
pp’DDT
op’DDD
pp’DDD
pp’DDE
0.058
0.006
0.007
0.049
0.036
0.021
0.015
0.019
0.050
0.024
0.046
0.057
0.025
0.687
0.63
0.164
0.690
0.044
0.033
1.377
0.244
0.041
0.553
0.220
0.195
0.579
ND : Not detectable
N: number of samples
Pesticides and PCBs were measured in 42 sources including rivers streams in industrial and
domestic discharge points along the Turkish Black Sea coast in three seasons of the year 1993
(Tuncer et al., 1998). Concentrations of 11 pesticides and PCBs including lindan, heptachlor,
heptachlor epoxy, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, pp’DDE, op’DDE, op’DDD, op’DDT and pp’DDT
were also measured. Concentrations of measured chlorinated compounds in some of the rivers
and streams were below the detection limits. However, concentrations of heptachlor and aldrin
were below the detection limit in one or more of the major rivers.
Fluxes of pesticides by each river and stream are given in Table 9. The Sakarya River is by far
the most important source for almost all of the pesticides included in this work. This is expected
because the Sakarya River lies to the western part of the Black Sea and its drainage area includes
fertile plains in the north western Turkey. The Sakarya River is followed by the Kızılırmak and
Yeşilırmak Rivers, both of which have high flow but are located on the eastern Black Sea coast
and their drainage area includes regions in the Central Anatolia where agriculture is not as
101
extensive as in the north western part of the Turkey. The other streams do not contribute much to
the fluxes of pesticides and PCBs into the Black Sea due to the lack of extensive agriculture and
industrial activity in the region.
Table 9. Pesticide discharges from rivers and streams located along the Black Sea coast of
Turkey (kg yr –1)
Heptachl.
<11200
Aldrin
8400
Dieldrin
25300
Endrin
112000
pp’DDE
21000
op’DDE
296000
op’DDD
105000
op’DDT
29000
2200
110
680
500
50
610
340
750
Neyren s.
90
22
55
75
13
90
95
90
Kilimli s.
9.6
<1
3.7
<3
0.1
7.1
4.1
9.7
Çatalağzı s.
90
41
<30
27
<24
<24
<30
<30
Filyos r.
2400
<1700
310
200
670
1200
210
420
Bartın s.
740
18
70
42
29
95
24
52
Kızılırmak r.
<23000
920
3500
53000
840
14000
7800
23300
Yeşilırmak r.
92
330
420
8700
170
3400
860
1400
Miliç s.
310
43
13
<12
<2
<3
<2
<3
Civil s.
30
1.7
<4
<24
200
<4
<5
<5
Melet s.
500
170
131
940
420
700
340
940
K. Güre s.
3.9
1.1
1.7
3.2
8.6
1.7
1.3
2.9
6100
740
110
220
35
170
270
330
Tabakhane s.
50
2.3
12
15
4.6
16
21
18
Değirmendere s.
11
<500
20
<620
4
230
90
290
Sakarya r.
Guluc s.
Aksu s.
r: River
s: Stream
12 tons of heptachlor, 11 tons of aldrin, 31 tons of dieldrin, 180 tons of endrin and 500 tons of
DDT are discharged from Turkish sources into the Black Sea.
Pesticides and PCBs were detected in most of the sources included in the study indicating their
illegal use in agriculture. The Sakarya river was the most important source of pesticides. (Tuncer
et al., 1998).
102
Table 10. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides (µg/g) in water and sediment samples,
collected from Central Anatolia in Turkey, during 1999-2000
Hirfanlı Dam Lake
Sediment
(Min-Max)
n:10
Water
(Min-Max)
n:10
Sediment
(Min-Max)
n:10
Water
(Min-Max)
n:10
Sediment
(Min-Max)
n:10
Water
(Min-Max)
n:10
Water
(Min-Max)
n:10
Bolluk Lake
Water
(Min-Max)
n:10
Tersakan Lake
Sediment
(Min-Max)
n:10
Organochlorine
compounds
Eşmekaya Lake
Water
(Min- Max)
n:10
Tuz Lake
ND1.069
0.525
ND-1.519
0.797
ND
ND
ND1.036
0.345
0.6522.13
1.246
ND
0.041.857
ND-0.785
0.246
ND-2.719
1.386
ND
ND-3.04
1.674
ND
ND-3.23
2.328
ND0,688
0.229
0.3973.97
1.678
ND
0.91-2.44
1.476
ND
1.1483.87
1.958
ND0.163
0.02
ND-3.84
1.79
ND
ND
ND
2.3113.156
2.586
ND
1.52-2.68
1.672
ND
ND
ND
ND-2.324
0.524
ND0.148
0.123
ND2.42
2.218
ND
0.7654.426
2.298
ND
ND
ND
ND-1.589
1.459
ND-1.17
0.562
ND-1.329
0.710
ND
ND
0.0370.746
0.398
ND
ND0.47
0.36
ND
ND-0.027
0.11
ND
ND0.403
0.188
ND-1.46
0.640
ND
ND0.373
0.05
ND
0.2030.662
0.451
ND
ND-0.559
0.366
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND-0.49
0.215
ND
0.94-1.25
1.031
ND
ND
ND0.273
0.25
ND-1.677
1.144
ND
ND-2.55
1.385
ND
0.3620.993
0.617
ND
0.271.423
0.961
ND
ND-1.171
0.95
ND
1.01-3.54
2.244
ND
ND
ND0.415
0.284
ND-0.554
0.251
ND
ND
ND-0.312
0.026
ND
0.1811.955
0.831
0.0422.93
1.307
ND0.224
0.098
ND0.375
0.254
0.1481.184
0.633
0.1471.224
0.55
ND0.425
0.226
ND-0.385
0.37
ND-0.198
0.08
ND-0.616
0.384
ND-2.12
1.236
ND-1.798
0.527
ND1.446
0.793
0.0883.99
1.389
0.2130.47
0.391
ND
ND0.487
0.193
ND
ND
ND-0.06
0.007
0.3011.169
0.682
0.1532.66
0.969
ND0.311
0.132
ND0.567
0.296
ND-311
0.273
ND-0741
0.47
ND0.402
0.29
ND-0.294
0.152
ND
ND-0.542
0.36
ND0.429
0.283
ND-2.309
1.421
ND0.784
0.212
ND1.443
0.667
0.1281.115
0.881
0.0060.278
0.11
ND0.35
0.265
ND
ND
ND
α-BHC
β-BHC
Lindane
Aldrin
Dieldrin
Endrin
Heptaclor
Heptachlorepoxide
op’DDT
pp’DDT
op’DDD
pp’DDD
pp’DDE
ND: Not Detectable
n: Number of Samples
103

Organochlorine pesticide residues of the more commonly used compounds were detected in
natural fresh water bodies in Central Anatolia. A total of 13 organochlorine pesticides and
their residues have been determined in water and sediment in Tuz Lake Hirfanlı Dam Lake,
Eşmekaya Lake, Tersakan Lake and Bolluk Lake. In the table 2.1.2.7. OC pesticide residues
in sediment sample were generally higher than residue levels in water samples. Alpha BHC,
beta BHC, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, op’DDT, op’DDD, pp’DDT were detected in high
levels in sediment samples. In Tuz Lake, Hirfanlı Dam Lake, Eşmekaya lake, Tersakan Lake,
Kozanlı Llake and Kulu Lake OC pesticide residues (especially alpha BHC, beta BHC,
aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and DDT metabolites op’DDT , pp’DDT, pp’DDD) in
water and sediment samples were generally higher than in other lakes, because they are
located in wide agricultural areas.
The highest amount of extractable alpha BHC was 1,38 µg/g (range ND – 2,719 µg/g mean)
which was found in the sediment sample of Bolluk Lake. The highest residue levels of heptachlor
epoxide was 1,398 µg/g which was found in sediment samples of Kozanlı Lake. Also the highest
average amount of extractable beta BHC (2,328 µg/g mean of Hirfanlı Dam Lake) were detected
in sediment samples. DDT and its metabolites pp’DDE, op’DDD, op’DDT, pp’DDD, pp’DDT
(mean concentrations 1,421, 1,389, 2,244, 0,969 µg/g in Tuz Lake, Hirfanlı Dam Lake, Tuz Lake
Tuz Lake respectively) were detected at high levels in sediment samples. This high residue levels
of pesticides may be due to continuous usage of OC pesticides (Barlas, 2002).
Seawater
Most of the first data published 25 years ago on organic pollutants in sea water lied below the
analytical sensitivity of the method used, so the significance of the data sets is limited. More
recently, the use of large water volume sampling devices has provided accurate data on levels and
budgets of POP’s in the marine environment.
The toxic compouns of pollutans were detected throughout Izmit bay as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Sea of Marmara sampling stations in the Izmit bay
104
Table 11. The congeners of PCBs concentrations in coastal water of İzmit Bay (pg/l)
Naphthalene
2
n.d
3.90
n.d
n.d
n.d
Tüpraş
± SE
2.53 ±
0.9
Acenaphthylene
3
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
Acenaphthene
3
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
Fluorene
3
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.59 ± 0.03
Phenanthrene
3
0.28 ± 0.05
0.47 ± 0.04
0.19 ± 0.10
1.09 ± 0.10
2.47 ± 0.9
Anthracene
3
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.09 ± 0.01
Fluoranthene
4
n.d
n.d
0.37 ± 0.05
n.d
n.d
Pyrene
4
n.d
1.38 ± 0.06
n.d
n.d
0.80 ± 0.02
Benz[a]anthracene
4
n.d
0.89 ± 0.01
0.29 ± 0.03
n.d
1.57 ± 0.03
Chrysene
4
n.d
0.68 ± 0.02
0.37 ± 0.02
0.82 ± 0.02
Benzo[e]pyrene
5
n.d
n.d
n.d
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
5
n.d
n.d
n.d
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
5
n.d
n.d
Benzo[a]pyrene
5
n.d
n.d
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
5
n.d
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Indeno[1,2,3cd]pyrene
6
6
Compounds (ng / l)
No. of
ring
TÜBİTAK ± SE
Dil Deresi ± SE
Solventaş ± SE Hereke ± SE Petkim ± SE
Petrol Ofisi ± SE
SEKA ± Doğu Kanalı ±
SE
SE
D.L.
n.d
n.d
0.14 ± 0.01
0.1
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.55
n.d
n.d
0.03
0.16 ± 0.02
1.90 ± 0.02
0.03
n.d
0.04 ±
0.01
n.d
n.d
0.82 ±
0.03
1.31 ±
0.02
0.29 ± 0.03
n.d
1.17 ± 0.03
0.01
0.32 ± 0.01
0.004
n.d
1.26 ± 0.06
0.08
n.d
0.02
0.35 ± 0.04
0.02
0.29 ± 0.03
n.d
0.92 ±
0.05
2.28 ±
0.3
1.14 ±
0.2
n.d
n.d
0.74 ±
0.02
2.64 ±
0.1
0.48 ±
0.02
1.17 ±
0.3
1.07 ± 0.07
0.01
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.09
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.02
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.18 ± 0.01
0.005
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.72 ± 0.01
0.007
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.01
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.02
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.15
Total HPLC (ng/l)
0.28 ± 0.05
7.32 ± 0.08
1.22 ± 0.06
1.91 ± 0.1
5.81 ± 0.90
Total Spectro (μg/l)
2.5 ± 1.0
18.5 ± 3.0
1.16 ± 0.6
2.93 ± 0.5
2.75 ± 0.3
6.91 ±
0.97
3.69 ±
1.0
n.d
n.d
n.d
0.16 ± 0.02
3.12 ± 1.1
7.16 ±
0.32
1.81 ±
0.9
7.40 ± 0.11
13.68 ± 3.5
n.d. Below the detection limits;
D.L., Detection Limitsfor the HPLC measurments;
SE, Standard Error.
PCB105 from PCBs were detected at all the stations. PCBs were classified and represented as
non-ortho PCBs, mono-ortho PCBs and total PCBs in Table 11. The concentration of total PCBs
in sea water range from 2.32 to 26.33 ng/l. In general, non-ortho PCB concentration were
between below the detection limit and 118.66 pg/l in İzmit Bay sea water. The concentration of
mono-ortho PCB were much higher than the non-ortho. The total PCB concentrations were much
higher at Dil Deresi than at the other stations (Telli-Karakoç, 2002).
PCBs are artificial pollutants and total PCB concentrations in sea water are1000 times lower than
in mussel samples. Many high total PAH and PCB concentrations were found at the pulp and
paper factory sites. The highest pollution occurred in Doğu Kanalı and Dil Deresi where were the
main rivers containing wastes flow into the İzmit Bay.
The concentration of organochlorine pesticide residues in the Eastern Aegean Sea waters were
detected. Sample location is shown in Figure 2. (Küçüksezgin et al, 2001).
105
Figure 2 Location of stations in the Aegean Sea
Concentrations of DDE and DDD range between 10-18 and 0.86 - 4.5 ug/Kg (Wet wt)
respectively in Mullus baratus in Aegean Sea. The level of aldrin varied between 0.10 and
0.61ug/Kg in samples in Aegean Sea. The composition of DDT and its metabolites were
generally in the order of p,p’-DDD (34%),p,p’DDT (16%) and o,p’-DDT (4%) Table 12.
Table 12. Organochlorine residues in Aegean Sea. Concentrations are expressed in ug/Kg
wet weight.
No. of sample
Min.
Max.
Mean
Aldrin
18
0.10
0.61
0.26 ± 0.14
P,p’-DDE
18
0.86
4.5
1.94 ± 0.97
P,p’DDD
18
10
18
14.44 ± 2.48
PCB was not detected in this study. But in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, evaporation also
exceeds precipitation and co-distillation of PCBs also take place in the Agean Sea.
 Kurt and Özkoç (2004) determined levels of OC pesticides and PCBs in seawater from the
Mid-Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Sea water monitoring survey was conducted at six sampling
points between Yaliköy (Ordu) and Sinop in 1999-2000 along the Mid-Black Sea Coast (Fig.
2). Many chlorinated pesticides were measured in seawater. The concentrations of p,p’ DDE
and p,p’ DDD were higher than DDT. This result is not very surprising and it also suggests
the bioaccumulation of DDT in the organism. There were differences in sampling points
which are shown in Table 13. PCBs were determined in none of the seawater samples and
PCB pollution was not observed in any of the sampling points.
106
Figure 3. Study and location of sampling points.
Table 13. Average concentration of chlorinated pesticides and PCB in seawater from the
Mid – Black Sea Coast of Turkey in 1999 and 2000.
The persistent half life of DDT in aquatic environment has been suggested to be approximately 5
years and 10-20 years (estimated from studies) on bivalves. DDT can be transformed to DDE
and DDD slowly in this process. Considering the prohibition of use of DDT in Turkey to be in
the late 1980’s, it is not surprising to find very high concentrations of DDT in biota samples. On
the other hand, it is thought that there is still continuous input of this compound into marine
107
environment from atmospheric deposition of DDT and DDT probably leaches from highly DDT
contaminated areas and agricultural soils as well as illegal usage in the region and other
countries. Additionally, there may be input from illegal usage of these compounds in the region.
DDE, which is the most often recognized metabolite of DDT is a very slowly degradable
compound.
Soils and sewage sludges
Soil contamination by PCB oil leaking from storage drums at a military reutilization yard
occurred during the operation of the reutilization yard between the years of 1970 and 1988 in
Incirlik/Adana. An excavation of 0.5 meters deep was made in October 1991, leaving the
excavated soil stored in approximately 300 drums and in a pile. Estimated PCB-contaminated soil
volume was 1.600m3 . Site characterisation investigations revealed that site soils are high in clay
content (65%) and potential for groundwater contamination is low. PCBs concentrations
measured in composite contaminated soil samples range up to 750 ppm. For remediation of
contaminated soils, various alternatives are being evaluated including incineration and in situ/ex
situ solidification/stabilization (S/S).
The analyses were carried out in samples of various soil from different parts in Göksu Delta. As
a result of the study, 13 OC pesticides and their residues were detected in various parts of Göksu
Delta (residues ranging from 0.013 ppm lindane in non-agricultural soils to 5.416 ppm pp’DDE
in agricultural soils). OC concentrations in soil samples from agricultural areas were generally
higher than in water and sediment (Table 14). -BHC, aldrin, heptachlor, op’-DDT, op’-DDD,
and pp’-DDE were detected at high levels in soil samples (Ayaş, Barlas, and Kolankaya, 1997).
Table 14. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in various soil samples from Göksu
Delta, 1991-1993
Organochlorinated
Soil Agricultural area
compounds
Mean ppm N: 16
α-BHC
0.656
β-BHC
0.093
Lindan
0.256
Aldrin
1.044
Dieldrin
0.933
Heptachlor
4.777
Heptachlor epoxide
0.174
o,p’-DDT
3.365
p,p’-DDT
0.537
o,p’-DDD
2.713
p,p’-DDD
2.624
p,p’-DDE
5.416
Endrin
0.121
ND: Non- detectable, N: Number of samples
Soil Non-Agricultural
area Mean ppm N:16
0.048
0.013
0.115
0.224
0.014
0.735
0.180
0.320
0.444
0.572
0.090
0.174
0.020
Dune area Mean
ppm N: 16
0.166
0.092
0.087
0.023
0.082
0.474
0.032
0.203
0.148
0.279
0.070
0.048
ND
108
Concentrations of POPs in Biota Freshwater environment: fish and aquatic birds
In fish samples, DDT and its metabolites pp’DDE, op’DDT, pp’DDT, pp’DDD, and op’DDD
(mean concentrations ranging from 2.454, 1.74, 1.474, 1.262 and 1.199 g/g, respectively) were
detected at high levels in October. Heptachlor epoxide, which is the degradation product, was
found in greater concentrations in adipose tissue during the same month (mean concentration
3.635 g/g). The bioconcentration factors of these pesticides have also been estimated. In the
study, all OC pesticide residues were detected at higher degrees at stations, which are exposed to
various pollutants including effluent discharge from factories, agricultural and industrial wastes.
Dieldrin levels were higher than aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide levels were higher than
heptachlor (Barlas, 1998).
In fish, the OCP concentrations were detected at varying amounts in different species and tissues.
There was a difference in the OCP concentrations in carp and grey mullet. In carp, 6 different
OCP residues in liver and 13 different OCP residues in adipose tissue were detected mean
concentrations ranging from 1.072 ppm endrin to 4.217 ppm op’DDT. In grey mullet, however, 6
different OCP residues in liver and 11 different OCP residues in adipose tissue were detected
mean concentrations ranging from 0.066 ppm pp’-DDE to 0.912 ppm op’DDT. Aldrin was found
in greater concentrations than dieldrin in blue crab, carp and grey mullet adipose tissues. Also,
heptachlor was found in greater concentrations than heptachlor epoxide in carp adipose tissue and
grey mullet liver. OCP accumulation in carp was higher than in grey mullet. Chosen species of
waterbirds and their eggs were contaminated by OC pesticide residues. OCP concentrations
varied among bird species and their eggs. OCP concentrations were higher in adipose tissue than
in the liver of waterbirds. In coots, 4, 13 and 9 different OCP residues were detected in liver,
adipose tissue and eggs respectively mean concentrations ranging from 0.075 ppm op’-DDT in
eggs to 2.147 ppm -BHC in adipose tissues. In mallards, 5, 12 and 5 different OCP residues
were detected in liver, adipose tissue and eggs, respectively mean concentrations ranging from
0.046 ppm pp’-DDE in adipose tissue to 2.775 ppm -BHC in adipose tissues. 13 different OCP
residues were detected in little egret eggs mean concentrations ranging from 0.045 ppm endrin to
1.789 pp’-DDE in little egrets (Ayaş, Barlas, and Kolankaya, 1997).
POPs Levels In Humans
Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs)
The level of organochlorine pesticides in human milk has been investigated in several countries
during the last decade. Refik Saydam Hygiene Center’s Poison Research Department Pesticide
Residue Laboratory (PRL) had participated in one of the UNEP/WHO project on the assessment of
organochlorine pesticides in human milk.This investigation was prepared by the coordinated
UNEP/WHO pilot project on assessment of human exposure to organochlorine compounds in
Ankara city.The project was divided into two main phases. The first was Quality Assurance phase,
the second was monitoring.PRL had achieved satisfactory results in the Analytical Quality
Assurance phase.For the monitoring phase , samples of human milk were collected during 1984 and
1985 from 52 donors, and analysed for organochlorine pesticides, using electron capture gas
chromatography. ( Yeniova,1992)
109
All the analytical results are given in Table 15. for OCPs.
Table 15. Pesticide residue levels in human milk
Pesticide Residue
HCB
α BHC
β BHC
γ BHC
pp’ DDE
pp’ DDT
Fat % x + s
3.48 + 0.31
3.48 + 0.31
3.48 + 0.31
3.48 + 0.31
3.48 + 0.31
3.48 + 0.31
ppm (mg/kg fat)x + s
0.079 + 0.025
0.027 + 0.006
1.166 + 0.212
0.084 + 0.050
3.12 + 0.404
0.515 + 0.077
Compared data for all mothers and primiparea are in Table 16. From the comparison of the OCP
data for all mothers and primiparea, it can clearly be seen that the concentrations are higher in the
breast milk fat of primiparea than in the breast milk fat of all mothers. This result seems reasonable
since OCPs are accumulated in the human organism during life span and breast milk of primiparea
is consumed by the first baby.
Table 16. Levels of OCP in the fat of human milk for all mothers and primiparea in Turkey
mg/kg fat
Data for all mothers
Data for primiparea
Fat *
3.48
3.40
HCB
0.079
0.081
α BHC
0.027
0.025
β BHC
1.166
1.413
γ BHC
0.084
0.167
pp’ DDE
3.12
4.49
pp’ DDT
0.515
0.83
DDT
3.635
5.32
(*) % The monitoring data reported for OCPs are summarized in Tables 17 and 18 together with
compared data for all countries .
110
Table 17. Mean levels of HCBand BHC isomers in the fat of human milk
Mother’s
age
Belgium
26
China
27
Germany
25
India
24
Israel
26
Japan
27
Mexico
21
Sweden
27
Turkey
26
USA
28
Yugoslavia 26
Country
Number
Of sample
47
100
81
50
52
107
48
58
52
50
50
%
fat
2.7
2.5
3.1
4.8
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.8
3.48
2.6
3.7
HCB
0.3
1.1
0.06
0.063
0.084
0.079
0.21
mg/kg fat
β BHC
0.2
6.6
0.28
4.6
0.29
1.9
0.4
0.085
1.166
<0.05*
0.28
γ BHC
<0.01*
0.03
0.062
0.037
<0.02*
0.011
0.003
0.084
-
(*) Limits of detection
It can be seen that the levels of β - BHC reported in the breast milk fat in China, India, Japan and
Turkey are much higher than those reported in the other participating countries. As it is known, βBHC is a minor but biologically persistent component in technical BHC.
Table 18. Mean levels of OCP in the fat of human milk.
Country
Mother’s
/Area
age years
Belgium
26
China
27
Germany
25
India
24
Israel
26
Japan
27
Mexico
21
Sweden
27
Turkey
26
USA
28
Yugoslavia 26
(*) Limits of detection
Number
of sample
47
100
81
50
52
107
48
58
52
50
50
%
fat
2.7
2.5
3.1
4.8
3.4
3.1
3.1
2.8
3.48
2.6
3.7
pp’ DDE
0.94
4.4
1.2
4.8
2.2
1.5
3.7
0.81
3.12
1.6
1.9
mg/kg fat
pp’ DDT
0.13
1.8
0.25
1.1
0.23
0.21
0.71
0.09
0.515
<0.1*
0.18
Σ DDT
1.07
6.2
1.45
5.9
2.43
1.71
4.41
0.9
3.635
1.60
2.08
It can also be seen that that the levels of pp’-DDT and pp’ DDE ( the major metabolite of pp’-DDT )
reported in human milk fat in China, India, Mexico and Turkey are higher than those reported from
other participating countries.
The ratios between the median levels of pp’-DDE and pp’-DDT are shown in Table 19. The ratio is
lower for countries where pp’-DDT is still being used in agricultural vector control, etc. ( China
and India) than in countries where its use has been severely restricted since 1970’s.
111
Table 19. Median levels of pp’ DDE and pp’DDT in the fat of human milk and the ratios of
these substances.
Country/ Area
BELGIUM
(Brussels)
CHINA
(Beijing)
GERMANY
(Hanau)
INDIA
(Ahmedabad)
ISRAEL
(Jerusalem)
JAPAN
(Osaka)
MEXICO
SWEDEN
(Uppsala)
TURKEY
(2 cities)
USA
(22 cities)
Yugoslavia
pp’ DDE
mg/kg fat
pp’ DDT
mg/kg fat
pp’DDE /pp’DDT
0.94
0.13
7.8
4.4
1.8
2.3
1.2
0.25
4.2
4.8
1.1
3.5
2.2
0.23
11
1.5
3.7
0.21
0.71
7.4
4.7
0.81
0.09
9.4
3.120
0.515
6.06
1.6
<0.10*
11
1.9
0.18
8.9
Table 20 shows calculated daily intake of OCPs by breast-fed child. Acceptable daily intake (ADI )
of OCPs are given below.
Table 20. Calculated daily intake
COUNTRY
HCB
Belgium
1.4
China
NR
Germany
5.0
India
NR
Israel
0.27
Japan
0.28
Mexico
NR
Sweden
0.38
Türkiye
0.36
USA
NR
Yugoslavia
0.95
(*) Below the detection limit
(NR) No data
Calculated daily intake, mg/kg body wt
Median
β BHC
γ BHC
pp’ DDE
pp’DDT
0.90
30
1.30
21
1.30
8.6
1.8
0.38
5.3
<0.23*
1.3
0.59
8.1
1.1
5.0
1.0
0.95
3.2
0.41
2.34
<0.45*
0.81
<0.05*
0.14
0.28
0.17
<0.09*
0.05
NR
0.01
0.38
NR
NR
4.2
20
5.4
22
9.9
6.8
17
3.6
14.2
7.2
8.6
112
DDT
HCB
γ BHC
=
=
=
ADI
5 mg/kg body weight
0.6 mg/kg body weight
10 mg/kg body weight
The intake of DDT complex by some or most breast-fed infants in the participating countries
exceeds the ADI. In the developing countries the ADI is exceeded by several fold by most
infants. However the ADI is developed on the basis of lifetime exposure, while intake of
contaminants via human milk is usually limited to a few months of a lifetime.
Organochlorine pesticides(OCP)have been used intensively in agriculture in Turkey for a
relatively long period of time.The occurance of OCPs in the environment and subsequently in
parts of the food chain,resulting in the intake of these compounds by man and animal already
been noted since the early sixties.
Breast milk is at the top of the food chain and one of the good markers for the determination of
environmental pollution created by OCPs.
The measurement of the levels of OCPs in adipose tissue of human populations are good markers
in determining the extent of exposure and in the evaluating the hazards.The levels of OCPs in
human adipose tissues have been the subject of a number of studies reporting the last two
decades.Most interest has centered on DDT and its metabolites and BHC isomers.
In Turkey OCP residues have been monitored among Turkish population in human adipose
tissue samples by carrying out regional survey at given time intervals since 1976 (Kayaalp 1979;
Karakaya and Ozalp 1987; Burgaz et.al.1994).
One of the latest studies in human milk was done (Çok et.al., 1997)in agricultural regions of
Turkey. In this study 104 human milk samples were collected from healthy donors living in two
different regions of Turkey for at least 5 years.The age of mothers ranged from 17 to 44.
The regions were selected on the basis of similarities and differences in their environmental and
socioeconomic characters:Manisa is in an industrialized and agricultural area, located in the west
of Turkey, Van is an agricultural and stockbreeding region, located in east of Turkey (EPA).
Residues of -BHC,-BHC, HCB,Heptachlorepoxide,and pp’DDE were found to be the major
contaminants in milk samples of Manisa and Van residences.A detectable amount of -BHC was
found in 93%,-BHC in 100%,-BHC in 45%,HCB in 96%,heptachlor epoxide in 96%,pp’DDT
in 44% of the samples.Results are given in Table 21.
113
Table 21. Levels of OCP in human milk in Van and Manisa provinces.
(MeanSD)
Compound
0.058± 0.029
Manisa
H
C
0.044± B0.027
α
0.050± 0.020
0.067± 0.037
0.060± 0.032
- BHC
0.417± 0.140
0.355± 0.137
0.380± 0.141
BHC
0.016± 0.023
0.017± 0.028
0.017± 0.026
-BHCa
0.483± 0.152
0.441± 0.220
0.457± 0.167
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE
0.078± 0 028
0.069± 0.037
0.072± 0.034
P.P:DDE
2.263± 1.188
1.851± 0.700
2.013± 0.939
P.P:DDT
0.141± 0.168
0.072± 0.130
0.100± 0.149
2.670± 1.470
2.153± 0.906
2.357± 1.182

Van
b
Average
0.050± 0.030
α


1.115 x p.p'.DDE + p.p'.DDT
a
b
HCB is one of the most persistent and toxic organochlorine contaminants.This compound has not
been used since 1959 in Turkey. In this study it was found that 96% of all the milk samples
contained HCB residues (Table 22). The reason of HCB residues are shown as in various
industrial activities. HCB residues are produced as a by - product, presence in other pesticides as
an impurity and the biological transformation of BHC to HCB.
Table 22. Average levels of OCPs in milk from mothers in different regions of Turkey
(mg/kg fat basis)
- BHC 
HCB HE** pp DDE pp DDT 
City
Year n α
Sivas
1983 18
0.26
0.94
0.3
0.08
-
-
-
Ankara 84-85 61
<0.01
0.92
<0.01
-
-
2.71*
Adana
84-85 52
<0.01
1.43
<0.01
-
-
8.55*
Kocaeli 84-85 50
<0.01
0.72
<0.01
-
-
Kayseri
0.096
0.522
0.156
0.084 0.011
95-96 41
0.05
0.417
0.016
Manisa 95-96 63
0.067
0.355
0.017
Van
1989 51
b
DDE DDT Ref
13.97
-
1
0.42*
3.66
6.45
2
1.17*
10.57
7.31
2
2.56*
0.37*
3.30
6.92
2
2.39
0.41
3.07
5.61
3
0.058 0.078
2.26
0.141
2.67
14.74
***
0.044 0.069
1.85
0.072
2.15
17.45
***
* Median; **Heptachlor epoxide; ***Present study; References;
1) Çetinkaya et al. 1983; 2) Karakaya et al. 1987; 3) Üstünbaş et al. 1994
The ratio of DDE/DDT in this study is as high as that found in most developed and developing
countries where DDT use has been prohibited since 1970s.
114
Table 23. Average OCP residues in human milk from various countries (g/kg whole milk)
Country
Israel
Italy
Canada
France
Spain
Egypt
Turkey
Year
1985
1985
1987
1990-1991
1991
1993
1995-1996
p.p'DDE
79.0
1.4
29.22
21.83
18.7
21.37
20.13
p.p'DDT
8.46
0.25
2.45
0.79
0.4
2.93
1.0
DDE/DDT
9.33
5.6
11.92
7.3
46.75
7.3
16.04
Reference
Weisenberg et al. 1985
Dommorco et al. 1987
Dewailly et al. 1989
Bordet et al. 1993
Hemandez et al. 1993
Saleh et al. 1996
Present study
As shown in Table 23. DDT ratio in milk tends to decrease gradually in our country.A
significant difference has been found in DDT levels between this study and a 1987 study
(Karakaya et.al 1987) (p<0.001).
When the results of this study are considered it could be argued that due to the prevention, OCP
residues tend to decrease in Turkey in terms of exposure to HCB both in industry and in
agriculture more but strict preventions are needed.
 In the second study by Çok et.al.,1996, organochlorine pesticide residue levels in human
adipose tissue of residents of Manisa (Turkey) were determined between the years 19951996.For this purpose 56 human adipose tissue samples(35 female and 21 male) were taken
during surgical operations in Manisa State Hospital from different donors living in Manisa
province for at least 5 years.The region is an urban city with agriculture among main
activities.
Fifty-six adipose tissue samples were analysed by gas chromatography and the results of the
subjects are shown in Table 24.
Table 24. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in adipose tissue in Manisa residents (The
mean levels are expressed as mg/kg extracted fat basis)
COMPOUND
HCB
α
- BHC

-BHC
HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE
p.p':DDE
p.p':DDT
Mean
0.033± 0.036
0.102± 0.067
0.374± 0.311
0.043± 0.095
0.519± 0.339
0.121± 0 063
1.832± 0.889
0.088± 0.212
2.130± 1.026
N.D. : under the detection limit

αBHC+
- BHC+

1.115 x p.p'.DDE + p.p'.DDT
Range
N.D.- 0.177
N.D.- 0.339
N.D.- 1.581
N.D.- 0.479
0.129- 1.694
0.030- 0.316
0.305- 3.938
N.D.- 1.039
0.305- 4.325

115
Residues of -BHC, -BHC, HCB, heptachlor epoxide and pp’DDE were found to be major
contaminants in the adipose tissue samples of Manisa residents. A detectable amount of -BHC
was found in 93%, -BHC in 96%, -BHC in 36%, HCB in 84%, heptachlor epoxide in 100%,
pp’DDE in 100%, pp’DDT in 25% of the samples. These results indicated that the donors’obesity
index did not correlate with the residue levels of OCP compounds in human adipose tissue.
The increase of level of OCPs with the increasing age is an expected finding, because it is well
known that these chemicals accumulate in the body during life course and their metabolisms and
elimination take place at a slow pace.
In a previously performed study on inhabitants of Ankara using adipose tissue it was found that
HCB level was 0.164 ppm while in this study it is found as 0.033 ppm.This is a relatively lower
value than those found in other studies which are held in Turkey (Burgaz et.al 1995).
The presence of heptachlor epoxide in Turkish adipose tissues has been reported as 0.021 ppm by
Burgaz et.al (1994).In this study the amount of the heptachlor epoxide is found as 0.121 ppm
which is significantly different than the previous one(p<0.01).This result might be attributed to
the fact that the collected samples from Manisa where agriculture is predominant and before
prohibition of the use of heptachlor which is the source of heptachlor epoxide was common.
In Table 25, results of various studies performed in the Ankara region during 1976-1996 for the
assessment of OCPs in adipose tissue are summarized.
Table 25. OCP levels in adipose tissue in different regions of Turkey
(mg/kg fat basis)

Year
Region
n
pp'- DDE
pp'- DDT
76-77
ANKARA
41
4.20± 0.73
10.2± 0.64
3.20± 0.63
84-85
ANKARA
48
1.72± 0.83
5.83± 3.31
0.62± 0.50
91-92
ANKARA
60
1.54± 1.04
3.72± 3.59
95-96
ANKARA
56
0.59± 0.39
1.83± 0.89

DDE/ DDT
Ref
14.6± 1.38
3.19
1
7.12± 4.10
9.40
2
0.27± 0.32
4.42± 4.16
13.77
3
0.09± 0.21
2.13± 1.03
20.82
**
(1) Kayaalp et al. 1979, (2) Kayaalp&Ozalp 1987, (3) Burgaz et al, 1994, * as 
Mean levels of pp’DDE and pp’DDT in human adipose tissue from different countries are
summarized in Table 26.
Since the year 1976 the increase in DDE/DDT ratio and decrease in DDT and BHC levels in
adipose tissue demonstrate that the influence of limitations and inhibitions for OCPs and the
decrease of utilisation of these compounds in time.
116
Table 26. Mean levels(mg/kg extracted fat basis)of pp’DDE and pp’DDT residue levels in
human adipose tissues from various countries.
Country
Spain
India
Kenya
Mexico
Germany
Poland
Iran
Turkey
Year pp'DDE
1991
3.93
88-89
0.71
1992
3.26
1991
10.00
1990
0.44
89-92
5.75
91-92
2.45
95-96
1.83
pp'DDT
0.40
0.88
2.49
4.02
0.09
0.54
0.19
0.09
DDE/DDT
10.70
0.81
1.31
2.49
4.69
10.70
12.89
20.82
Reference
Gomez- Catalan et al. 1995
Nair et al. 1992
Kanja et al. 1992
Waliszewski et al. 1996
Teufel et al. 1990
Ludwicki & Goralezyk. 1994
Burgaz et al. 1995
Present study
In one of the latest studies done by Işcan et.al in 2001 association between the organochlorine
pesticide residues and antioxidant enzyme activities in human breast tumors was investigated.
Although its etiology remains unknown ,environmental,genetic,nutritional and hormonal factors
are established risk factors.The majority of breast cancers have been proposed to be of
environmental origin.Among the environmental factors organochlorine pesticides as
xenoestrogens have been suggested to play a causative role in breast cancer etiology although
there are reports against it.
One of the risk factors for breast cancer is considered to stem from exposure to OCPs is because
of their potential estrogenic activity and immunosupressive and tumor promoting properties.
Breast tumor and surrounding tumor-free (normal,taken as control;up to 3 cm.from the
tumor)were obtained from 24 female breast cancer patients with infiltrating ductal carcinoma
aged between 28 and 72 who had undergone mastectomy in Oncology Hospital, Demetevler,
Ankara, Turkey. In Table 27, the number and percentage of tumors and control breast tissues that
had measurable OCP, GSH and LP levels and antioxidant and GST activities in 24 breast cancer
patients are given.
117
Table 27. The number and percentage of tumors and control breast tissues that had
measurable OCP, GSH and LP levels antioxidant and GST activities in 24 breast cancer
patients.
α
- BHC

HCB
HE
p.p’:DDE
p.p’:DDT

SOD
CAT
Se-GSH-Px
T-GSH-Px
GSH-Px II
GRd
GSH
CDNB
DCNB
EAA
ENPP
LP
N
22
23
11
16
17
24
19
24
24
18
19
19
11
24
20
22
12
20
19
24
Control
Percentage
92
96
46
67
71
100
79
100
100
75
79
79
46
100
83
92
50
83
79
100
N
22
22
20
10
23
22
12
22
24
18
21
21
13
24
24
23
18
19
19
24
Tumor
Percentage
92
92
83
42
96
92
50
92
100
75
88
88
54
100
100
96
75
79
79
100
42% to 100 % of the samples had detectable OCP residues.
Table 28. The OCP levels in tumors and surrounding tumor free(control) breast tissues of
24 breast cancer patients.
- BHC
β- BHC
- BHC
HCB
HE
pp':DDE
pp':DDT
-DDT f
Control
0.27± 0.06
(ND- 1.72)b
3.43± 0.63
(ND- 14.43)
0.26± 0.11
(ND- 2.00)
0.64± 0.46
(ND- 2.03)
0.40± 0.20
(ND- 4.34)
5.37± 1.06
(0.11-22.73)
1.89± 0.59
(ND-13.74)
7.87± 1.60
(1.52-39.09)
Tumor
1.20± 0.37c
(ND- 5.61)
4.19± 1.07
(ND- 25.77)
0.69± 0.20d
(ND- 3.53)
0.23± 0.11
(ND- 2.43)
1.54± 0.47e
(ND- 7.34)
5.18± 0.88
(ND- 15.83)
2.02± 1.10
(ND-24.31)
7.80± 1.40
(ND- 27.06)
118
a-mg/kg fat,meanSE b-min and max range.
c-Significantly different from respective control (p<0.02).
d-Significantly different from respective control (p<0.01)
e-Significantly different from respective control (p<0.001)
f--DDT=1.115p.p’DDE+p.p’DDT
ND.not detected.
No significant differences were found between -BHC, HCB, pp’DDE, pp’DDT and -DDT
levels of tumors and control breast tissues.
In conclusion the elevation of certain OCPs and antioxidant capacity in tumors and correlation
between some of them are likely to show that free-radical mediated oxidative stress is,at least
partly, associated with these OCPs in human breast tumors (Table 28).
 In another study done between April 2002 and December 2002, 101 human milk samples were
taken at the Ankara University, School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
from different donors which had been living in the Ankara area for at least 5 years ( Çok et al.,
2004). Table 29. presents the mean concentrations of OCPs in human milk samples from 101
women. Residues of -BHC, HCB, p.p’. DDT, and p.p’ DDE were found to be the major
contaminants in milk samples of Ankara residents. Frequency of OCPs , mean of the obtained
values and ranges are also listed in Table 29. Results show that the Ankara population still has
detectable OCP levels.
Table 29. OCP Residues (mg/kg fat basis) in human milk samples of Ankara residents
Pesticide
Mean(+ S.D.)
HCB
0.15 +0,24
0.05+ 0.15
- BHC
0.49+ 0.65
- BHC
0.01+ 0.05
- BHC
0.55+0.69
- BHC
HEPTACHLOR
0.06+0.19
EPOXIDE
pp.’ DDE
2.28+2.86
pp.’DDT
0.13+0.30
2.66+3.40
- DDT
N.D. : Under the detection limit
- BHC = - BHC + - BHC + - BHC
- DDT = 1.115 x p.p.’ DDE + p.p.’ DDT
Range
N.D - 1.024
N.D - 0.881
N.D - 2.975
N.D - 0.342
N.D – 2.975
N.D – 1.200
Frequency (%)
50.49
14.85
62.37
11.88
N.D – 12.220
N.D – 2.734
N.D – 14.090
95.05
82.17
17.82
Table 30. compares earlier results of Karakaya et al. (1987) to the results obtained in this study. As
seen in Table 30., OCP levels in human milk samples from subjects who live in Ankara have
decreased by time.
119
Table 30. Mean levels of OCP residues in human milk from residents of Ankara over period
1984-2002
- BHC
- BHC
61
BHC
0.14
1.30
0.02
-
101
0.05
0.49
0.01
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
Year
n
19841985*
20012002*
P***
Heptachlor
epoxide
-
p.p.’DDE
p.p’.DDT
DDT
BHC
3.28
0.73
4.15
4.39
DDE
/DDT
4.50
0.15
0.06
2.28
0.13
2.66
0.55
17.67
-
-
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
HCB
(The mean levels expressed as mg/kg extracted fat basis) , * Karakaya et al (1987). ** Present
study. ***
Table 31. shows the levels and trends of the main residues of OCPs in adipose tissue samples
over the 15 years that surveys were carried out in Ankara.
Table 31. OCP residue levels in adipose tissue in Ankara residents.
p.p.’DDE
p.p’.DDT
DDT
10.2
3.20
14.60
DDE
/DDT
3.19
-
5.83
0.62
7.12
9.40
0.062
3.72
0.27
4.42
13.53
Year
N
- BHC
- BHC
- BHC
19761977*
19841985**
19911992***
41
-
-
-
-
Heptachlor
epoxide
-
48
0.19
1.52
-
-
60
0.16
1.52
0.017
0.16
HCB
(The mean levels expressed as mg/kg extracted fat basis) , * Kayaalp et al 1979** Karakaya and
Özalp 1987.*** Burgaz et al.. 1994
Heptachlor epoxide was clearly detected in some samples (17.82%) . The presence of heptachlor
epoxide in different regions of Turkey included in Ankara have been reported earlier ( Burgaz et
al., 1994; Çok et al., 1998). The level of heptachlor epoxide in human adipose tissue samples of
Ankara residents has been reported as 0.021 ppm by Burgaz et al., 1994. In this study, the amount
of heptachlor epoxide was found to be 0.06 ppm which is significantly different than the previous
one (p<0.05). The heptachlor epoxide levels in human body might have originated from
heptachlor as an oxidation product, given that it was used as a pesticide in Turkey until 1985.
HCB is a widespread contaminant that has entered the environment through its past manufacture
and use as a pesticide and its formation as a by-product during the production of a variety of
chlorinated compounds. Average HCB residue levels in adipose tissue of Ankara residents have
been reported as 0.164 ppm (Burgaz et al., 1994). In this study the level of HCB was found as
0.152 ppm. Indeed , HCB is the most striking one among the OCPs that have been analysed. The
values tend to be consistent over the years, even though expected to decrease. Concentration of
HCB was found to be lower in other parts of Turkey (Çok et al., 1998; Çok et al., 1999). The
presence of HCB in human milk can be attributed to various activities and other pesticides
(PCNB, PCP, DCPA etc) (Tobin, 1986). Although the agricultural usage of pesticides and
industrial activities such as waste by - products in specific manufacturing processes have created
considerable amounts of HCB impurities. The need for more comprehensive studies on the
causes and sources of HCB exposure, is indicated by this research.
120
Experimental and epidemiological studies show that DDE/DDT ratio increases with time after
exposure or after the limitation or restriction of DDT usage. In this study, DDE/DDT ratio was
found as 17.67 which is quite higher than that obtained in the 1987 study by Karakaya et al.
which was 4.50 ( p<0.001) . On the other hand, in the studies that have been performed on
adipose tissue samples, this value was calculated as 3.19 an 1976 ( Kayaalp et al., 1979 ), 9.4 an
1984 ( Karakaya & Özalp 1987 ) and 13.53 in 1991 ( Burgaz et al., 1994). When we consider
DDE/DDT ratios, it is seen that the limitation and legislation for OCPs in Turkey has been
effective and the exposure to these compounds tends to decrease in time.
The most recent study was conducted by Erdoğrul et. al., 2004 in Kahramanmaraş region. Human
milk samples were obtained by the Kahramanmaraş Sütçü imam University, Faculty of Science
and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, between March and July 2003
from 37 healthy mothers living in the Kahramanmaraş area for at least 7 years. The
concentrations of organochlorine pesticides found are shown in Table 32. The sum of DDTs in
human milk samples varied between 0.52 and 315.8 ng/g wet weight. The mean ratio between
pp’DDE and pp’ DDT was 31.1. The pp’ DDD isomer could be measured only in a lower number
of samples ( 14%). β-BHC was the most prevalent BHC isomer with a mean value of 2.08 ng/g
ww (Table 32). The mean concentration of γ-BHC was 0.38ng/g ww, while α-BHC was not
detected in any sample. HCB is found in 35 of human milk samples (94.6%) with a mean
concentration of 0.30 ng/g ww. PCBs could be measured only in 8 out of 37 samples, while in the
other samples the concentration for the sum of PCBs was below the detection limit of 0.15 ng/g
ww ( Table 32). The range of the sum of the PCBs was 0.21-1.92 ng/g ww. The most frequently
detected PCB congeners were PCB 118, PCB 138, PCB 153, PCB 170, and PCB 180 .The
concentrations of detected PCB congeners were lower than those found by Çok et. al. (2003 ).
This can be due to a lesser degree of industrialization of the Kahramanmaraş region compared to
Ankara.
Considering an average diet of 750 g for breast fed infants and the mean Σ DDT concentrations
presented in Table 32, the estimated daily intake (EDIs) was 24 μg for total DDT. Considering an
average infant of 7.5 kg (up to 6 months), these EDIs were only 16% of the WHO acceptable
daily intake (ADI) of 20 μg/kg body/ day for total DDT. Therefore, the consumption of milk with
mean levels of DDTs does not pose a risk to the infant’s health, but can be problematic for
subjects fed with milk containing DDTs at the higher end of the observed range of concentrations
( Table 32)
121
Table 32. Mean, median, standard deviation and range of concentrations (ng/g wet weight)
for individual organochlorine pesticides and selected PCB and PBDE congeners measured
in 37 individual human milk samples from Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
Compound
Mean
S.D.
ng/g wet weight
Median
Range
Lod
α-BHC
γ- BHC
β- BHC
ΣBHCs
ND
0.38
2.08
2.20
ND
0.28
3.55
3.55
ND
0.27
0.69
1.02
ND
ND-1.12
ND-13.5
ND-14.0
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.15
HCB
0.30
0.28
0.18
ND-1.13
0.05
Oxychlordane
Trans-chlordane
Trans-nonachlor
Cis-chlordane
ΣCHLs
0.28
ND
0.17
ND
0.39
0.23
ND
0.12
ND
0.35
0.20
ND
0.11
ND
0.28
ND-0.74
ND
ND-0.36
ND
ND-1.10
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.20
pp'-DDE
pp'-DDT
pp'-DDD
pp'-DDT
ΣDDTs
31.3
0.16
0.07
0.95
32.4
53.8
0.13
0.03
1.09
54.2
13.9
0.11
0.06
0.70
14.9
0.44-313.5
ND-0.48
ND-0.11
0.07-6.52
0.52-315.8
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.20
PCB 28
PCB 74
PCB 99
PCB 118
PCB 138
PCB 153
PCB 170
PCB 180
ΣPCBs
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.16
0.19
0.34
0.07
0.15
1.08
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.10
0.09
0.19
0.04
0.08
0.61
ND
0.06
0.06
0.16
0.19
0.33
0.06
0.15
1.10
ND-0.07
ND-0.10
ND-0.12
0.03-0.29
0.04-0.32
0.08-0.66
0.04-0.32
0.04-0.27
0.21-1.92
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.15
BDE 47
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003-0.012
0.001
BDE 99
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
ΣPBDEs
0.008
0.004
0.006
0.005-0.014
0.003
Mean and median concentrations for PCBs and PBDEs were calculated for samples above the
limit of detection. Values below the limit of detection were set to zero.
ND: not detected.
122
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)are a mixture of 209 possible congeners with different chlorine
substitutions and they are potentially hazardous compounds in the environment for human
beings.The high liphophilic character and the resistance to biodegradation of PCBs allow the
bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the fatty tissues of organisms.
PCBs are known to cause chronic reproductive effects, gastric disorders,and skin lesions in
laboratory animals.In addition,the US Environment Agency(1996)suspects that PCBs are
probable human carcinogens.Because of the bioaccumulation and toxicity,usage of the PCBs for
different purposes has been restricted or banned in most countries,since the early1970s.
 A study was completed in 2001 in Ankara by Çok et.al based on polychlorinated biphenyl
(PCBs) concentrations in human milk and adipose tissue of women in Ankara,Turkey.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been used worldwide since 1929 and despite restrictions
on their production, usage and disposal which have been in force for many years,they continue to
persist in the environment. PCBs have been used in exchange and dielectric fluids;as stabilizers
in paints,polymers and adhesives; and as lubricants in various industrial processes.
In this study human milk and adipose tissue samples were obtained between April 1999 and
February 2000 from 32 mothers who had been living in Ankara for at least 5 years.
In this study, seven PCBs congeners (IUPAC Nos. 21, 52, 101, 118, 138, 152, 180) were
selected, as many European governments and regulatory bodies use them as marker compounds
to monitor occurence and distribution. Table 33 presents the mean concentrations of PCBs in
breast milk fat samples from 32 women.
Human milk samples were taken from women who lived in Ankara,.which is an industrial city
located in the central part of Turkey, quite far from the seas and big lakes. Nevertheless all
subjects had a mixed diet including fish.
PCBs IUPAC No.153 was a high contributor of the congener occupying 41% of the total PCBs
content, and together with No.180 of 23% and No.138 of 20% were the most prevalent
members,which seem to be parallel to studies conducted in other countries.Because of the very
long biological half-lives of these chemicals, concentrations of PCBs congeners 138,153 and 180
in body fat are expected to increase with age. In Table 34, the levels of seven PCBs in human
milk found in the present study are compared with that of those of some other countries.
123
Table 33. Mean concentration of 7 PCBs Congeners in Human Milk of Residents of Ankara
(ng/g on a lipid wt. basis)
Structure
IUPEC
Mean SD
Range
%
2,4,4'Triclorobiphenyl
28
5,7± 16,8
0,0-35,4
18,8
2,2,5,5'Tetrachlorobiphenyl
52
10,3± 21,3
0,0-55,7
25
2,2',4,5,5'Pentachlorobiphenyl
101
6,6± 25,2
0,0-71
9,4
2,3,3'4,4'Pentachlorobiphenyl
118
18,9± 48,4
0,0-313,3
18,8
2,2',3,3',4',5Hexachlorobiphenyl
138
54,3± 124,4
0,0-329
46,9
2,2'4,4'5,5'Hexachlorobiphenyl
153
110± 141,1
0,0-416,5
56,3
2,2'3,4,4',5,5' Heptachlorobiphenyl
180
59,8± 101,5
0,0-266
46,8
Table 34. Comparison of level of indicator PCBs in human milk from Turkey (Ankara)
with the similar studies from various other countries
Country
28
52
101
118
138
153
180
Ref
Great Britian (1991) (n=32)
31,25
26,2
15
28,6
68,1
85,9
74,9
1
Czech Rep. (1996) (n=17)
Nd
Nd
Nd
28,5
289
379
240,2
2
Germany (1995) (n=68)
17
13
14
*
168
240
173
3
France (1993) (n=20)
31
68
30
37
99
80
103
4
Norway (1994) (n=28)
7,8
*
1,1
26.2
86.8
114.4
50.6
5
Canada (1995) (n=497)
4,75
0,87
*
16,6
28
38,3
20,9
6
Ukraine (1999) (n=197)
14#
18#
23#
93#
134#
149#
55#
7
Turkey (2001) (n=32)
5,7
10,3
6,6
18.9
54,3
110
59.8
**
(1) Duarte- Davitson et al. 1991; (2) Schoula et al. 1996; (3) Georgii al. 1995; (4) Bordet et al. 1993; (5) Jahansen et al.1994;
(6) Newsome et al. 1995; (7) Gladen et al.1999 Nd: below the limit of quantification, *not analysed, # Median, **Present study,
ng/g fat bs
The high liphophilic character and the resistance to biodegradation of PCBs allow the
bioaccumulation of these chemicals in fatty tissues of organisms and their biomagnification
through food chains.Because humans are located at the top of the most food chains,relatively
high levels of these compounds have been found in human adipose tissues and breast milk
fat.Because of the bioaccumulation and toxicity, usage of the PCBs for different purpose have
been restricted or banned since the begining of the 70’s in most countries.
In Turkey, organochlorine pesticide residues have been monitored in the Turkish population by
carrying out regional surveys at given time intervals since 1976 (Karakaya et al.1987; Burgaz et
al.1994;Cok et al.1997; Cok et.al.1998).But there have been no national documentation for PCB
contamination for several environmental compartments (air,drinking water,sediment, food, fish,
124
human milk, adipose tissue) except one study (Cetinkaya et al.1983) which has very limited
information on PCBs contamination.Because of this reason,the results of this study are very
important to provide baseline data on the concentrations of PCB contaminants in Turkey.
In a study conducted in Germany by Çetinkaya et al.(1983), in human milk samples, provided
from Turkish mothers who had lıved in Germany,total PCBs has been found as 1.28 mg/kg.On
the other hand, in samples of five human milk samples provided from Ankara region, no PCB
congener has been found.These results indicate the role of industrialization. Since 1983 there
have been a variety of uses of PCBs as a result of industrialization.
PCBs were used as coolant/dielectrics in electrical transformers capacitors and other electrical
equipment in several countries including Turkey.However no statistical data on use of PCBs in
our country is available.After 1977 PCBs are almost entirely restricted for use in closed systems
in most countries.In Turkey, after 1993 PCBs are restricted for use in closed systems and banned
after 1996 according to the Toxic Substances Control Act. Because PCBs are used in nominally
closed applications such as in heat transfer and hydraulic fluids,exposure can still occur through
refilling and repairment activities.
 Another study was done by Çok et.al. (2000) on adipose tissue in the same period as the
previous study.Between April 1999 and February 2000,29 human adipose tissue samples were
taken during surgical operations from the Ankara University, School of Medicine, Department
of Obstetrics and Gynaecology from different donors which had been living in Ankara area for
at least 5 years. All subjects participating in the study were female and primiparous women.
PCBs may be divided into several subgroups according to various criteria.For the purpose of
regulation and to have a mean for comparison data from various laboratories,seven PCB
congeners (IUPAC Nos. 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 180) were selected as indicator compounds
to monitor occurance and distribution.
Table 35. presents the mean concentrations of PCBs in adipose tissue samples from 29 women.In
this study, subjects that donated adipose tissue were composed of primiparous women. It is
known that excretion of organochlorine compounds which accumulate in the adipose tissue
increases with births.
More than 90% of the total daily human exposure to PCBs is made up of oral intake from food
such as dairy products, meat and fish, whereas other routes, e.g., water, air and soil contribute to
less than 10% of total exposure .Human adipose tissue was collected from women living in
Ankara which is an industrial city in central part of Turkey, quite far away from the seas and big
lakes. Nevertheless, all subjects reported having a mixed diet including meat and fish, PCBs
sources for people living in Ankara were careless disposal practices, accidents, leakage from
various industrial facilities and from chemical waste disposal sites .
125
Table 35. Concentration of 7 PCBs Congeners in Human Adipose Tissues of Residents of
Ankara
(ng/g on a lipid wt. basis)
Structure
IUPEC Mean + SD
Range
% Positive
Samples
2,4,4' Triclorobiphenyl
28
5.0 ± 8.8
ND-35.4
34.5
2,2’,5,5' Tetrachlorobiphenyl
52
11.4± 18.9
ND-55.7
31.0
2,2',4,5,5' Pentachlorobiphenyl
101
10.4± 22.6
ND-79.8
78.8
2,3’,4,4' Pentachlorobiphenyl
118
40.7± 89.5
ND-313.3 24.1
2,2',3,4,4',5 Hexachlorobiphenyl
138
82.3± 88.5
ND-329
2,2',4,4'5,5' Hexachlorobiphenyl
153
141.7± 132.3 ND-416.4 69.0
2,2',3,4,4',5,5' Heptachlorobiphenyl
180
91.8± 122.8
Σ PCB
ND: Under the detection limit.
65.5
ND-505.8 58.6
383.3
Table 36. PCBs Residue levels in human milk and adipose tissue in Ankara residents (ng/g
on a lipid wt. basis.)
Human
Milk
Adipose
tissue
Year
19992000
19992000
28
5.7
52
10.3
101
6.6
118
18.9
138
54.3
153
110.0
180
59.8
Σ PCB
265.6
5.0
11.4
10.4
40.7
82.3
141.7
91.8
383.3
Ref.
Çok et all.
(2003)
Present
study
Congeners PCB 153, PCB 180 and PCB 138 contain six to seven chlorine atoms that are
components of commercial PCB mixtures. These congeners have high persistency capacity in
living organisms and they are commonly detected in human adipose tissue as major PCBs
compounds. The age- related increase in adipose tissue levels of PCBs might be attributed to their
long persistence in the environment and their bioaccumulation. Because of their very long
biological half-lives of these chemicals, concentrations of PCB congeners 138, 153 and 180 in
body fat are expected to increase with age .As mentioned before 3 PCBs congeners were
dominating ( PCB 153, PCB 180 and PCB 138). The higher level of these three compounds
compared to other PCB compounds detected in this study seems to be similar to results obtained
in other countries. In Table 36. previous results of Çok et. al. (2003) on the analysis of human
milk samples are compared with the results from the present study. The subjects in the two
studies had been living in Ankara during the same period. The 3 PCBs compounds (IUPAC Nos.
138, 153 and 180) were also major components in the milk samples collected in the Ankara
region.
In Table 37, the levels of seven PCBs in human adipose tissue found in the present study are
compared with levels obtained in some other countries.The concentrations of PCB 28, PCB 52
and PCB 101 were found to be higher than those found in industrialized countries. The reason
126
could be attributed to the fact that exposure of these compounds continues in Turkey. On the
other hand, the concencentrations of higher chlorinated PCBs (nos. 138, 153 and 180 ) are much
lower than in Spain, Poland and Sweden. These results indicate the role of industrialization and
increased number of chemicals used in industry, agriculture and home.
Table 37. Comparison of levels of indicator PCBs in adipose tissue from Turkey (Ankara)
with similar studies from various other countries (ng/g fat basis)
No. Of
Congener
28
52
101
118
138
153
180
Ref
Poland (1994) (n=20)
55
13.0
1.7
4.2
71.0
230.0
290.0
175.0
1
Belgium (2000) (n=46)
7
2.8
2.7
3.0
57.1
68.3
145.3
93.7
2
Italy (2000) (n=10)
37
*
*
3.0
20.7
58.0
112.0
85.5
3
Spain (2000) (n=35)
33
4.9
0.9
2.0
47.0
220.0
300.0
280.0
4
Sweden (2000) (n=28)
33
4.1
1.4
2.3
40.0
230.0
300.0
200.0
5
Chile (2000) (n=10)
37
*
*
*
3.2
6.2
11.0
7.8
6
Turkey (2001) (n=29)
7
5.7
10.3
6.6
18.9
54.3
110.0
59.8
7
Country
*:Not analyzed 1- Falandysz et al. (1994) 2- Pauwels et al (2000). 3- Mariottini et al
(2000). 4- Wingfors et al (2000). 5- Wingfors et al (2000). 6- Mariottini et all (2000). 7- Present
st.
 Another Ph.D. thesis was completed in 1999 on assessment of both human and environmental
exposure to PCBs and human exposure to OCPs in the Ankara region in Ankara University
Forensic Medicine Institute (Yeniova and Vural, 1999).
This research was prepared on the assessment of human and environmental exposure to PCBs in
Ankara. For the monitoring phase, samples of postmortem adipose tissue were obtained from
autopsies in Ankara Bureau of Medical Jurisprudence from 50 donors. Human milk samples were
collected in Ankara region from 50 mothers. 15 samples of soil were collected from the vicinity
of the laboratories of TEDAŞ, and 20 samples of sediment were collected from the canal between
Mogan and Eymir Lakes. All samples were analyzed for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides
with gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detector and filled column. These results
are shown in Tables: 38., 39., 40.
50 samples of of postmortem adipose tissue collected from the Ankara region, obtained from the
Bureau of Jurisprudence in Ankara which were analyzed for OCPs were tabulated according to
concentration in an decreasing order: PP’-DDE, β-BHC, PCB, HCB, PP’-DDT, γ-BHC, α-BHC.
127
Table 38. OCP and PCB levels in postmortem adipose tissue (mg/kg fat basis)
Residue
Mean(+ S.D.)
Median
Range
PCB’s
HCB
- BHC
- BHC
- BHC
- BHCa
p.p.’ DDE
p.p.’DDT
- DDTb
0.180 +0.163
0.064+0,074
0.004+ 0.010
0.310+ 0.286
0.031+ 0.085
0.346+0.304
1.74+1.69
0.070+ 0.120
2.039+1.972
0.134
0.042
0.002
0.220
0.004
0.244
1.235
0.026
1.461
N.D - 0.780
0.0006-0.426
N.D - 0.067
0.008-1.341
N.D - 0.540
0.046-1.345
0.190-7.819
N.D – 0.619
0.267- 9.336
Percentage of
Frequency
96
100
42
100
66
100
70
N.D. : Under the detection limit.
a: - BHC = - BHC+ - BHC+- BHC
b: - DDT= 1.115x p.p.’ DDE+ p.p.’DDT
Table 39. OCP and PCB levels in human milk (mg/kg fat basis)
Residue
Mean(+ S.D.)
Median
Range
PCB’s
HCB
- BHC
- BHC
- BHC
- BHCa
p.p.’ DDE
p.p.’DDT
- DDTb
0.0469 +0.0447
0.0308+ 0.0475
0.3410+ 0.3308
0.0326+ 0.0273
0.4243+0.3613
1.5486+1.8567
0.1457+ 0.2234
1.8789+2.1695
0.0334
0.0051
0.2115
0.0318
0.3236
0.7749
0.0273
1.0211
N.D.- 0.1904
N.D - 0.1807
N.D.- 1.2583
N.D - 0.0946
0.0201-1.2595
0.0868-9.2981
N.D – 0.7769
0.096810.4161
Percentage of
Frequency
92
60
96
76
100
66
N.D : Under the detection limit
a: - BHC = - BHC+ - BHC+- BHC
b: - DDT= 1.115x p.p.’ DDE+ p.p.’DDT
In the milk samples collected from mothers in the Ankara region, the order of concentration was
as follows: PP’-DDE, β-BHC, HCB, γ-BHC, PP’-DDT, α-BHC.
The concentrations of analyzed OCPs and PCBs showed similarity in adipose tissue and human
milk. However, the PCBs residue level in human milk was below detection limits.
This result might be attributable to the fact that the mean age of human milk donors was lower
than that of the adipose tissue donors.
128
Table 40. PCB levels in soil and sediment
Material
Median
Range
Soil
Sediment
50.0030
0.0029
0.527-464.4
N.D.- 0.01962
Percentage of
Frequency
100
55
As far as soil analysis is concerned, the samples collected from the vicinity of the TEDAŞ
laboratory in Ankara where electrical transformer oils containing PCBs were changed and the
results revealed that all samples contained high concentrations of PCBs, namely Aroklor 1260.
Sediment samples which were collected from the canal between Mogan and Eymir Lakes, a
region chosen bearing in mind that PCBs are transported via natural means and go through
biotransportation were also found to contain the same type of PCBs.
Also, PCBs level in adipose tissues of donors in Turkey are quite lower than in the industrialized
countries such as Japan or were slighly lower when compared to Finland, Canada and USA. But
differences in analytical methodology, time of collection of samples, living area of donors and
other parameters make it difficult to compare our results with other surveys. The other and this
survey indicate the nonocupational exposure to PCBs in Turkey. Use of PCBs has been recently
restricted and due to their extreme persistence in the environment, the survey must be expanded
as a national survey at some intervals. In addition, PCBs, are still found in soil and sediments.
POPs Levels In Food
Humans are generally exposed to POPs through their food supply. POPs residues have been
found in the fat of fish and other animals, as well as in cereals, milk and milk products.
In a former study, study carried out at Ankara University Veterinary Faculty between April 1976April 1977, the period before the ban on DDT, contamination levels of organochlorine pesticides
were determined using electron capture detection gas-liquid chromatographic and thin layer
chromatographic methods in various fish species and in shrimps obtained from the Turkish Coast
of the Meditteranean Sea ( Akman et. al., 1978).
In this research, the residues of organic chlorinated pesticides were determined in total of 234
fish samples comprising Mugil Spp., Mullus Spp., Chrysophrys. Spp., Pagrus and Pagellus Spp.,
Epinephelus Spp., and shrimps (Upeneus trisulcatus) obtained from the Mediterranean Sea
between Antalya Bay and Iskenderun Bay. The ratio of incidence of residue types in all samples
was found to be for DDT derivatives 100 %, BHC isomers 99.1%, aldrin 86.7%, dieldrin 74.7 %,
and endrin 65.3%. It was concluded from the results that the mean total concentrations of the
organochlorine insecticides were 0.339 p.p.m ( 0.339 mg/kg) based on the wet tissue and 21.650
p.p.m (21.650 mg/kg) based on the fat.
The results are given in Tables, 41., 42., 43.
129
Table 41. OPC residue levels in Meditteranean Sea fish species according to general
contamination levels of different catch sites ( ppm).
FISHING SITES
Antalya
Alanya
Silifke
Mersin
İskenderun
Σ DDT
0.121 ± 0.0227
0.142 ± 0,0235
0.100 ± 0.0179
0.147 ± 0.0279
0.141 ± 0.0214
Σ BHC
0.137 ± 0.0276
0.150 ± 0.0223
0.117 ± 0.0169
0.104 ± 0.0126
0.119 ± 0.0087
Aldrin
0.022 ± 0.029
0.029 ± 0.0044
0.039 ± 0.0130
0.033 ± 0.0076
0.032 ± 0.0084
Endrin
0.024 ± 0.0058
0.018 ± 0.0047
0.021 ± 0.0100
0.015 ± 0.0033
0.017 ± 0.0038
Dieldrin
0,.032 ±0.0080
0.040 ± 0.0121
0.013 ± 0.0025
0.029 ± 0.0057
0.048 ± 0.0079
Total
0.336
0.379
0.290
0..328
0.375
Table 42. OCP residue levels in Meditteranean Sea fish meat according to general
contamination levels of fish species (ppm)
PESTICIDES
FISH SPECIES
DDT derivatives
BHC isomers
Aldrin
Endrin
Dieldrin
Mugil sp
0.231 ± 0.0382
0.145 ± 0.0151
0.025 ± 0.0029
0.018 ± 0.0039
0.048 ± 0.0112
Epinephelus sp
0.114 ± 0.0290
0.081 ± 0.0091
0.029 ± 0.100
0.017 ± 0.0060
0.018 ± 0.0029
Chrysophiys sp
0.108 ± 0.0303
0.223 ± 0.0364
0.060 ± 0.0184
0.017 ± 0.0060
0.032 ± 0.0095
Pagrus and Pagellus sp
0.140 ± 0.0280
0.114 ± 0.280
0.047 ± 0.0105
0.35 ± 0.0113
0.043 ± 0.0118
Mullus sp
0.119 ± 0135
0.106 ± 0.0147
0.023 ± 0.0026
0.013 ± 0.0040
0.040 ± 0.0066
Diplodus sp
0.068 ± 0.0117
0.101 ± 0.0310
0.015 ± 0.0059
0.029 ± 0.0120
0.06 ± 0.0034
Upeneus trisulcatus sp
0.067 ± 0.0130
0.150 ± 0.0240
0.021 ± 0.0039
0.006 ± 0.0023
0.007 ± 0.0014
Table 43. Residues of OCPs in Meditteranean Sea fish meat and fat.
Residue Levels
PESTICIDES
Σ DDT
Σ BHC
Aldrin
Endrin
Dieldrin
Meat
Fat
0.131 & 0.0128
0.123 & 0.0111
0.029 & 0.0046
0.023 & 0.0031
0.033 & 0.0049
8.269 ± 0.7016
8.344 ± 0.6209
2.200 ± 0.3161
1.262 ± 0.1827
1.575 ± 0.6290
130
The region selected for fish samples was the area between Antalya and Iskenderun Bay
particularly because this was an area where intensive fishing was performed along with industrial
and agricultural activities. Furthermore, the specified area was subject to soil pollution and the
presence of various streams in the East Meditteranean were also taken into account.
In 1981, a similar study was carried out by the same group at the Ankara University Veterinary
Faculty , using the same analytical methods with the aim of determining chlorinated insecticide
residue levels in fish species of economic value in the Aegean Sea (Akman et. al.,1981)
The results are shown in Tables: 44. and 45.
Table 44. The OCP residues determined in fish meat in different fish species of Aegean Sea
(ppm or mg/kg).
FISH SPECIES
FISHING SITES
DDT Derivatives
BHC Isomers
Aldrin
Endrin
Dieldrin
Mugil Sp
43
0.0043 ± 0.0062
0.022 ± 0.0038
0.007 ± 0.0019
0.008 ± 0.00274
0.004 ± 0.0080
Mullus Sp
52
0.040 ± 0.0064
0.018 ± 0.0037
0.004 ± 0.0011
0.007 ± 0.0027
0.004 ± 0.0007
Pagellus,
Diplodus,
Dentex,
Cantharus,
Boopps,
Chrysohyrs Sp
Smaris Trachurus
Maena Coruihoi
Sp
Epinephelus
Pracentropristis
Serranus Sp
Sardina Sp
123
0.031 ± 0.0046
0.021 ± 0.0026
0.008 ± 0.0015
0.008 ± 0.0016
0.003 ± 0.0004
15
0.0015 ± 0.0049
0.025 ± 0.0058
0.006 ± 0.0028
0.004 ± 0.0020
0.003 ± 0.0009
6
0.031 ± 0.1094
0.010 ± 0.0028
0.002 ± 0.007
0.002 ± 0.0015
0.003 ± 0.0009
27
0.054 ± 0.0226
0.026 ± 0.0041
0.003 ± 0.0002
0.0011 ± 0.0037
0.003 ± 0.0006
Table 45. The mean contamination levels of OCPs residues in different fishing sites in the
Aegean Sea. (ppm or mg/kg)
Güllük Bay
0.033 ± 0.0036
Kuşadası Bay
0.026 ± 0.0040
FISHING SITES
Izmir Bay
0.026 ± 0.0057
0.030 ± 0.0047
0.012 ± 0.0036
0.015 ± 0.0030
0.023 ± 0.0029
0.023 ± 0.0034
Aldrin
0.010 ± 0.0023
0.004 ± 0.0013
0.008 ± 0.0037
0.007 ± 0.0002
0.005 ± 0.0011
Endrin
0.005 ± 0.0011
0.005 ± 0.0017
0.003 ± 0.0010
0.015 ± 0.0032
0.010 ± 0.0031
Dieldrin
0.005 ± 0.0006
0.002 ± 0.0002
0.004 ± 0.0011
0.004 ± 0.0005
0.003 ± 0.0006
PESTICIDES
DDT
derivatives
BHC
derivatives
Ayvalık Bay
0.059± 0.0112
Saros Bay
0.027 ± 0.0061
131
In another residue determination study, performed by the same group in fish in the Black Sea
region in 1975, OCP residue levels were found as mean 0.281 ppm for DDT isomers, 0.074 ppm
BHC isomers, 0.013 ppm aldrin, 0.009 ppm endrin and 0.032 ppm for dieldrin. The total
insecticide level was calculated to be 0.409 ppm.
When the results of the three similar studies are evaluated, it can be seen that OPC residue levels
were the highest in the Meditteranean Sea, Black Sea ranked second and Aegean Sea fish were
the least contaminated in terms of OPC residue.
In the light of these three studies, among the three seas the residue concentrations reflected in fish
body mass in terms of organochlorine pesticides was the lowest in the Aegean Sea.
 A recent study was done by Özden et. al., 2001 on residues of organochlorine pesticides,
nitromusks and chlorobiphenyls in Turkish canned fish products. In the study, an overview on
the contamination grade of fish from Turkish waters by selected organochlorine pesticides,
nitromusks and chlorobiphenyl congeners was presented..
Sardines, sardelles, pelamide and trout were the canned fish. These fish were caught in Black Sea
and Marmara Sea, except the trout. The residues of organochlorine pesticides were examined on
the flesh and fatty parts of the fish. In Table 46., 47., 48., 49., and 50. all the residues are shown
in detail.
According to Turkish codex the limit values for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in canned
fish and the exported must be below 0,0005 mg/kg for fat and below 0.0001 mg/kg for flesh. The
residue values found in this study were ¼ of the limit values in codex.
Table 46. Isomers of HCB, 4 BHC and total amount of BHC
HCB
Mg / kg
-BHC
Mg / kg
- BHC
Mg / kg
-BHC
Mg / kg
-BHC
Mg / kg
 (except
)
BHC
mg/kg
Sardine
A
B
C
Sardelles
A
B
C
Pelamide
D
Trout
C
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
0,0069
0,0004
0,0024
0,0001
-
0,0030
0,0003
0,0016
0,0002
0,0016
0,014
0,0011
0,0004
-
0,0069
0,0011
0,0043
0,0007
0,0211
0,0033
0,0034
0,0005
0,0254
0,0187
0,0008
0,0098
0,0004
0,0389
0,0017
0,0033
0,0001
0,0487
0,0026
0,0004
0,0018
0,0003
0,0070
0,0010
0,0005
0,0001
0,0088
0,0020
0,0002
0,0011
0,0001
0,0014
0,0002
0,0011
0,0164
0,0027
0,0058
0,0010
0,0463
0,0077
0,0007
0,0001
0,0520
Flesh
-
0,0002
-
0,0040
0,0021
0,0012
0,0001
0,0087
: Fat < 0,0005; Flesh< 0,0001
132
Table 47. Amounts of selected PCBs.
PCB 28
Mg / kg
PCB 31
Mg / kg
PCB 52
Mg / kg
PCB 101
Mg / kg
PCB 118
Mg / kg
PCB 138
Mg / kg
PCB 153
Mg / kg
PCB 180
Mg / kg
PCB 194
Mg / kg
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Sardine
A
0,0027
0,0002
0,0115
0,0006
0,0019
0,0003
0,0055
0,0003
0,0106
0,0011
0,0238
0,0013
0,0315
0,0018
0,0106
0,0006
-
B
0,0029
0,0015
0,0048
0,0005
0,0037
0,0003
-
C
0,0066
0,0006
0,0030
0,0003
0,0034
0,0003
0,0039
0,0102
0,001
0,0063
0,0006
-
Sardelles
A
0,0052
0,0008
0,0059
0,0009
0,0059
0,0079
0,0113
0,0018
0,0111
0,0017
0,0123
0,0019
0,0163
0,0025
0,0047
0,0010
-
B
0,0077
0,0003
0,0321
0,0014
0,0055
0,0002
0,0116
0,0005
0,0096
0,0004
0,0109
0,0005
0,0268
0,0011
0,0112
0,0005
-
C
0,0043
0,0006
0,0008
0,0001
0,0009
0,0001
0,0033
0,0005
0,0073
0,0010
0,0041
0,0006
-
Pelamide
D
0,0018
0,0003
0,0127
0,0021
0,0180
0,0030
0,0280
0,0047
0,0249
0,0042
0,0351
0,0059
0,0104
0,0018
-
Trout
C
0,0005
0,0001
0,0015
0,0002
0,0037
0,0004
0,0030
0,0028
0,0003
0,0016
0,0002
-
- : Fat < 0,0005; Flesh< 0,0001
Table 48. DDT, their polimers, 2,4 isomers and total DDT amounts
4,4’ DDT
Mg / kg
4,4’ DDE
Mg / kg
4,4’ DDD
Mg / kg
2,4’ DDT
Mg / kg
2,4’ DDE
Mg / kg
2,4’ DDD
Mg / kg
 DDT
mg/kg
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Sardine
A
0,0022
0,0001
0,2008
0,0111
0,0735
0,0041
0,0031
0,0002
0,0008
0,3086
B
0,0669
0,0062
0,0103
0,0010
0,0029
0,0003
0,0770
C
0,0031
0,0003
0,1081
0,0105
0,0221
0,0021
0,0021
0,0002
0,1393
Sardelles
A
0,0118
0,0018
0,0875
0,0136
0,0624
0,0097
0,0044
0,0007
0,1812
B
0,3187
0,0136
0,2182
0,0093
0,0046
0,0002
0,5757
C
0,0122
0,0017
0,0538
0,0075
0,0289
0,0040
0,0016
0,0002
0,0989
Pelamide
D
0,0088
0,0014
0,3983
0,0069
0,4327
0,0723
0,8767
Trout
C
0,0135
0,0015
0,0330
0,0037
0,0212
0,0024
0,0011
0,0001
0,0733
Flesh
0,0171
0,0076
0,0135
0,0282
0,0246
0,0138
0,1466
0,0083
- : Fat < 0,0005; Flesh< 0,0001
133
Table 49. Levels of chlordane (individually and total) and toxaphen.
Sardine
A
B
C
Sardelles
A
B
C
Pelamide
D
Trout
C
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
0,0014
0,0001
0,0014
0,0001
0,0009
0,0009
-
0,0071
0,0007
0,0071
0,0007
0,0010
0,0002
0,0010
0,0002
0,0042
0,0002
0,0042
0,0002
0,0006
0,0001
0,0007
0,0001
0,0031
0,0005
0,0009
0,0002
0,0040
0,0007
-
Fat
Flesh
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Fat
Flesh
-
-
-
0,0001
-
-
0,0007
0,0001
-
Fat
Flesh
 Toxaphen Fat
Mg / kg
Flesh
-
-
-
0,0001
-
-
0,0007
0,0001
-
-Chlordan
Mg / kg
Oxichlordan
Mg / kg
 -Chlordan
Mg / kg
 -Chlordan
Mg / kg
P 26
Mg / kg
P 50
Mg / kg
P 62
Mg / kg
- : Fat < 0,0005; Flesh< 0,0001
Some points of relevance drawn from the results are given below:
HCB residues in fish fat ıs (maximum) 0.0187 mg/kg (sardelle), minimum 0.0020 mg/kg
(pelamide), in fish flesh maximum 0.0027 mg/kg (trout), minimum 0.0002 mg/kg (pelamide)
values are detected BHC rates in fat is max. 0.0034 mg/kg (sardelle), minimum below 0.0005
mg/kg and for flesh max. 0.0005 mg/kg (sardelles), min. 0.0001 mg/kg (sardine) values are
detected. High values of DDT residues are detected for pelamide neverthless they are 1/3 of TLV.
Chlordane residue values are between 0.0001 mg/kg – 0.0007 mg/kg in flesh.
It is demonstrated that the analyzed fish species, prior to being processed to be canned and
brought to the market, contained particularly unmistakable amounts on the above mentioned
analytes. Sardines, sardelles and trout gave results generally far below the German regulatory
limits. However total DDT in pelamides reached an order of magnitude near the German limit of
0.5 mg/kg (based on wet weight).

In a study conducted at the Ankara University Veterinary Faculty, Department of Toxicology,
organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in milk, butter, cheese and fat samples
using chromatographic methods (Ceylan-Akman, 1977).
This research aimed to detect and determine the organochlorine residues in milk, butter, cheese
and renal fat samples of cattle obtained from Ankara market. A total of 80 samples were
collected between June 1973-September 1974 and analyzed simultaneously by column
chromatography, gas-liquid and thin layer chromatography.
134
Table 50. Levels of other organochlorine pesticides.
Sardine
Sardelles
Pelamide
Trout
A
B
C
A
B
C
D
C
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0,0079
0,0004
-
-
0,0054
0,0005
-
0,0087
0,0014
-
0,0132
0,0006
-
0,0024
0,0003
-
0,0130
0,0021
0,0014
0,0002
-
0,0020
0,0002
-
0,0060
0,0003
-
-
-
0,0030
0,0005
-
0,0026
0,0001
-
-
-
-
0,0029
0,0002
-
-
0,0032
0,0005
-
-
-
-
-
0,0016
0,0001
0,0012
0,0009
0,0017
0,0003
0,0039
0,0002
0,0013
0,0002
0,0021
0,0002
0,0062
0,0010
0,0048
0,0003
-
0,0155
0,0015
0,0026
0,0004
-
0,0081
0,0011
-
-
Fat
Flesh
- : Fat < 0,0005; Flesh< 0,0001
-
-
-
-
-
-
Heptachlor
Mg / kg
Dieldrin
Mg / kg
Fat
Flesh
Fat
Flesh
Octachlorstyrol Fat
Mg / kg
Flesh
Cis Heptachlor Fat
Mg / kg
Flesh
Bromocylen
Mg / kg
Fat
Flesh
Moschusxylol
Fat
Mg / kg
Flesh
Moschusketon Fat
Mg / kg
Flesh
Endrin-Keton
Fat
Mg / kg
Flesh
Endrin
Mg / kg
Fat
Flesh
- Endosulfan
Mg / kg
Fat
Flesh
- Endosulfan
Mg / kg
Fat
Flesh
Endosulfansulf
at
Mg / kg
The most common residues found in the samples were pp’-DDT, pp’-DDE, op’-DDT, α -BHC
and lindane. They were observed to be at high levels. Aldrin methoxychlor had not been detected
in any of the 80 samples.
The results are given in Tables 51, 52, 53, 54.
Table 51. The mean values of residues in cattle kidney fat.
α –BHC...........................1.241 ± 0.801
γ- BHC............................0.805 ± 0.649
pp’-DDE.........................0.780 ± 0.550
pp’-DDT.........................0.398 ± 0.296
op’-DDT..........................0.394 ± 0.279
135
Table 52. The mean values of residues in milk.
pp’-DDE.........................0.043 ± 0.018
γ- BHC............................0.032 ± 0.019
α –BHC............................0.027 ± 0.018
pp’-DDT.........................0.018 ± 0.008
op’-DDT.........................0.009 ± 0.006
Table 53. The mean values of residues in butter.
α –BHC...........................1.531 ± 0.932
γ- BHC............................0.697 ± 0.332
pp’-DDE.........................0.647 ± 0.298
pp’-DDT.........................0.350 ± 0.161
op’-DDT........................0.171 ± 0.110
Table 54. The mean values of residues in cheese.
pp’-DDE.........................0.377 ± 0.185
γ- BHC............................0.286 ± 0.079
α –BHC...........................0.0194 ± 0.082
pp’-DDT.........................0.122 ± 0.085
op’-DDT........................0.044 ± 0.030
These results show that the food samples analyzed had a high content of residues for
organochlorine pesticides (Before the ban).

Although the majority of organochlorine pesticides has not been used in Turkey for a long
time, the residues of organochlorine pesticides are being observed in foods, especially in
cereals, fatty meat and milk products on the grounds that these pesticides have a persistent
character to prevail in the environment for a long time without being spoiled. A recent study
has been carried out in 2001 in Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute’s Poison Research
Depertmant’s laboratories to examine the level of organochlorine pesticide residues existing
in butter and cracked wheat sold in Ankara local markets.
The analyses were performed on a total of 150 samples which were gathered from various local
markets of Ankara and they were composed of 70 butter samples produced by 7 different
producers (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) as well as 30 unpacked butter samples and 50 unpacked cracked
wheat samples.
The standards of PCNB, Lindane, pp’-DDT, pp’-DDE and pp’-DDD were obtained from the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues existed
in the samples (butter and cracked wheat) were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC)
The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues were calculated as average recoveries from the
fortified samples were found as 97.0 % for PCNB, 98.6 % for lindane, 98 % for pp’-DDT, 99 %
for pp’-DDE and 98 % for pp’-DDD, as shown in Table 55.
136
In the course of this study, no organochlorine pesticide residues were traced in the butter samples
while PCNB and lindane had been traced in the samples of cracked wheat and also pp’-DDT,
pp’-DDE residues had been traced in few samples.
Table 55. The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues existing in cracked wheat samples
(ppm)
Organochlorine pesticide
n
X ± SD
Min.
PCNB
Lindane
p.p’-DDT
p.p’-DDE
Total-DDT
32
10
2
2
2
0.0223 ± 0.015
0.0210 ± 0.010
0.0309 ± 0.005
0.0260 ± 0.007
0.0569 ± 0.001
Max.
0.0070 0.0570
0.0080 0.0392
0.0269 0.0349
0.0208 0.0312
0.0557 0.0582
According to the percentages of residues observed in the cracked wheat samples it was
determined that the 64 % of samples contained PCNB residue, 20 % contained lindane residue
and 4 % contained DDT residue, while the remaining 12 % did not contain any organochlorine
pesticide residue at all.
According to the Codex Alimentarius, the maximum limit (FAO tolerence limit) of residue to be
contained in cracked wheat is 0.2 ppm for PCNB, 0.5 ppm for lindane and 0.1 ppm for total
DDT. Accordingly the average amount of PCNB and lindane residues and total amount of DDT
(the average of the summed amounts of pp’ DDT and pp’-DDE) residues which are all traced in
the cracked wheat samples, are well below the maximum residue limits. The organochlorine
pesticide residue levels were not above the maximum residue limits in all samples.
From the viewpoint of human health it is pleasant to observe that the amount of DDT residue
traced in two samples is well below the maximum residue limit (0.1 mg/kg) recommended by the
codex Alimentarius. Furthermore, this fact also presents great importance by demonstrating that
the banning decision has been thoroughly observed and the level of environmental pollution
caused by DDT has decreased.

In another study done by Kolankaya et al., 2002, residused of organochlorine and
organophosphate insecticides such as malathion, perizin and amitraz on honey and pollen for
the control of varroa were analyzed. Also, the residues of two insecticides that are used for the
control of hazelnut pests were determined. Honey and pollen samples were taken from
beehives, which were exposed to chemical application in September 2000. Dead honeybees
were collected from Akcakoca / Sakarya Region on May 2001.
Extracts obtained for organochlorine insecticides were analysed for 13 organochlorine residues
including  and β-BHC, lindane, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, DDT and its derivatives pp’ DDT, op’
DDD, op’ DDT, op’ DDE and pp’ DDE heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide via gas
chromatography analysis conducted by using Ni, electron capture detector. Residues of DDT and
its derivatives, as well as their residues of aldrin and its metabolites endrin and dieldrin were
detected in 6 of the 16 honey samples, and in 2 of the 8 pollen samples. Results are given in
Table 56 and 57.
137
10 out of 13 organochlorine pesticides were found at detectable levels in different honey and
pollen samples, but the same pesticides were not detectable in propolis samples. Detected
residues were in ppb’s and below the level of toxicity
Table 56. Maximum Residue limits in honey according to T.C.,Amer.Chem.Sec.,
FAO/WHO limits (mg/kg)
Pesticides
Turkish Codex Max.
Residue Limits
Amer.Chem.Soc.Max.
Residue Limits
FAO/WHO Daily Intake
Dose
Coumaphos
-
0,01
0,0005
Amitraz
0,2
1,0
0,003
Malathion
-
0,5
0,005
Aldicarb
0,01
-
<0,0001
Bromopropylate
0,1
0,05
<0,0001
Dichlorobenyl
0,05
-
<0,0001
Dichlorvos
0,01
0,5
-
Endosulfan
0,01
0,001
<0,0001
Fluvalinate
-
0,001
-
Lindane
0,01
0,001
<0,0001
Chlordane
0,01
0,001
<0,0001
DDT
0,05
0,001
<0,0001
Heptachlor
0,01
0,001
<0,0001
According to the data obtained, one pollen sample was found to have more kinds of pesticides
than the honey. This indicates that the OC pesticides, before being used during the blooming
season of the areas where the honeybees wander about, had contaminated pollens and plants and
as a result, these pesticides and their metabolites are still present in honey and pollens due to their
persistence, although they have not been used recently. Malathion, perizin and amitraz residues
were detected at very low levels (0.007, 0.001 and 0.003 ppb respectively) in one of the 16 pollen
samples. Malathion, perizin and amitraz residues were not detected in any of the honey or
propolis samples. Carbosulfan 25 and carbaryl 85 were detected in dead honeybees, which had
been collected from 7 different stations in Akçakoca / Sakarya region. Having observed no
insecticide residues, in the laboratory, on bees coming from combs collected from the same
localities, it can be concluded that the insecticides have affected the bees and killed them.
138
Table 57. Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides in honey and pollen samples
Samples
Heptachlor
(ng/ul)
Aldrin
Endrin
Dieldrin
Epoxide
p,p’DDT
o,p’DDE
p,p’DDD
o,p’DDT
p,p’DDE
Lindane
1 Honey
5,92
1,165
11,18
12,90
14,00
31,666
-
-
9,672
-
6 Honey
9,280
-
6,044
3,07
-
5,050
-
-
-
2,532
7 Honey
2,452
0,370
10,10
2,074
-
9,024
0,388
2,752
-
-
11 Honey
4,202
-
2,44
2,079
-
6,171
-
-
1,272
-
12 Honey
43,05
0,958
5,838
7,122
-
2,514
-
-
2,823
4,906
14 Honey
12,20
7,961
7,66
37,34
1,112
20,877
0,916
-
19,844 -
2 Pollen
-
6,826
3,619
0,999
-
2,853
-
-
1,05
-
14 Pollen
18,68
18,25
12,588
4,187
1,12
25,729
-
24,662
6,125
1,685
12,51

In Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute Poison Research Department’s laboratories, samples of
natural spring water, natural mineral water, thermal water and drinking water have been
analyzed for OCP’s starting from the year 1997 up to present date. The number of samples
analyzed each year is shown in Table 58. As far as OCP’s are concerned, all results were
found to be below the 0.00001 mg/L detection limit.
Table 58. Organochlorine Pesticides (HCB,
Heptochloroepoxide, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Σ-DDT)
No. of samples
α-BHC,
γ–BHC,
Heptachlor,
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Natural Spring Water
4
24
10
28
26
10
26
2004
9 months
10
Natural Mineral
Water
Termal Water
2
4
1
3
8
3
20
-
-
-
-
-
9
6
10
11
Driking Water
-
-
-
2
7
6
8
2
Potential Risk Groups:
Regarding the references of the scientific studies done in Turkey we can say that there is no study
that is including the entire of country. The majority of the studies are carried out in the following
139
regions: Black Sea region, Çukurova region, South-eastern part of Anatolia, Marmara region,
Central Anatolia(mainly Ankara, Kayseri, Konya, Sivas).
All the studies mentioned above revealed levels well below the accepted limits. There are some
exceptions for PCBs, eg: soil samples collected from TEDAŞ vicinity where PCB containing
electrical transformer oils were exchanged ( ref 55).Another example can be given from the
Greenpeace analysis in Izaydaş (ref 28).
It can be concluded that there is no imminent risk for these populations. Since there are many
regions where no studies have been performed as yet it is not possible to estimate whether the
populations in these regions would be potential risk groups.
On the other hand these populations do not face new exposures to POPs chemicals. They will
face no future risk.
In Turkey, the Ministry of Environment (MoE) is the authorized body to establish standards and
guidelines, to formulate policies, to develop cooperation with other ministries, to monitor the
trends, to enforce the current legislation and to disseminate information related to the
environment and is best suited for undertaking the key activities described in the project. MoE is
also the POP focal point.
Identification of Impacted Populations or Environments, Estimated Scale and Magnitude of
Threats to Public Health and Environmental Quality and Social Implications for Workers
and Local Communities (2.3.11)
Declaration and Reporting of Priority Pollutant Releases:
DDT was the most commonly used POPs chemical. Therefore it ranks first in the priority list.
Aldrin, dieldrin and endrin together formed the second biggest group of POPs chemicals that
have been analyzed.
Hexachlorobenzene is also one of the most widely used POPs pesticide in Turkey. We can say it
takes the third position.
Current Monitoring Standards and Capacity for POPs:
There is no previously performed or currently ongoing monitoring study for POPs in Turkey. In
Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute, the laboratories of Poison Research Directorate are fully
equipped and suitable for carrying out monitoring the POPs. Already, drinking waters are being
analyzed in these laboratories for PCBs on a routine basis. The only drawback is that the
laboratory is not accredited as yet. However, actually meet the proficiency test and SOP
(Standard Seperating Procedure) requirements it is in the stage of ameliorating laboratory
conditions.
Since there are no monitoring studies, it is impossible to assess the weaknesses or to compare the
practices with the obligations of the Convention.
140
Current Occupational Safety Measures of POPs Pesticides and PCBs:
The POPs chemicals have long been banned in Turkey and since they are no longer in use, there
are no current occupational safety measures for these chemicals.
For the period in which POPs chemicals were used in the country, the ILO guidelines for
occupational safety were taken into consideration.
Potential Risk Groups
The scientific studies carried out up to date were not done as a systematic monitoring study but
were carried out on individual level as masters and doctorate theses and as Project studies.
There is a serious need for global monitoring studies to be carried out throughout the country to
assess the actual levels and those where no previous analyses were performed.
It has to be noted that the people living in the regions where wet agriculture is done may be the
potentially risk group. Monitoring studies must be performed especially in Sakarya river and
South-eastern Anatolia regions.
General Assessments
In Turkey, OCPs were started being used against pests in 1945, large quantities of these
chemicals were used during the 1960s and 1970s, and since 1983 usage of these chemicals have
been severly restricted.
Endosulphan derivatives were put in use instead,which are not as persistent as OCPs and have
metobolites less toxic than OCPs.
DDT and its metabolites, BHC and its isomers, aldrin, dieldrin and endrin derivatives are not in
use anymore but they are still detected in sediment, human milk and adipose tissues. However,
there is a clear decrease in residue levels in recent years. This indicates that these OCPs have
completed their biological half-life.
Furthermore, there is the possibility of illegal trading and use of DDT in Southeastern Turkey,
especially in the Syrian and Iraq borders where illegal pesticides traffic is suspected because of
impared border security since the Gulf War. For this the reason high level of DDT be expected in
this region.
The Sakarya River is the most important source for almost all of the organochlorinated
pesticides, because the Sakarya River lies to the western part of the Black Sea and its drainage
area includes fertile plains in the north western Turkey. The Sakarya River is followed by the
Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak Rivers, both of which have high flow but are located on the eastern
Black Sea coast and their drainage area includes regions in the Central Anatolia where agriculture
is not as extensive as in the north western part of the Turkey.
In Turkey, OCP residues have been monitored in breast milk and adipose tissue in Turkish
populations by carrying out regional surveys at given time intervals since 1976.,
141
Heptachlor epoxide was clearly detected in some samples ( 17.82%) . The presence of heptachlor
epoxide in different regions of Turkey including Ankara have been reported earlier ( Burgaz et
al., 1994; Çok et al., 1998). The level of heptachlor epoxide in human adipose tissue samples of
Ankara residents has been reported as 0.021 ppm by Burgaz et al., 1994. In a later study, (Çok.
et al., 2002) the amount of heptachlor epoxide was found to be 0.06 ppm which is significantly
different than the previous one ( p<0.05). The heptachlor epoxide levels in human body might
have originated from heptachlor as an oxidation product, given that it was used as a pesticide in
Turkey until 1985.
HCB is a widespread contaminant that has entered the environment through its past manufacture
and use as a pesticide and its formation as a by-product during the production of a variety of
chlorinated compounds. Average HCB residue levels in adipose tissue of Ankara residents have
been reported as 0.164 ppm (Burgaz et al., 1994). In a late study, the level of HCB was found as
0.152 ppm (Çok. et al., 2002). Indeed, HCB is the most striking one among the OCPs that have
been analysed. The values tend to be consistent over the years, even though expected to decrease.
Concentration of HCB was found to be lower in other parts of Turkey ( Çok et al., 1998; Çok et
al., 1999). The presence of HCB in human milk can be attributed to various activities and other
pesticides (PCNB, PCP, DCPA etc). Although the agricultural usage of pesticides and industrial
activities such as waste by-products in specific manufacturing processes have created
considerable amounts of HCB impurities. The need for more comprehensive studies on the
causes and sources of HCB exposure, is indicated by this research.
Experimental and epidemiological studies show that DDE/DDT ratio increases with time after
exposure or after the limitation or restriction of DDT usage. In a late study, (Çok. et al., 2002)
DDE/DDT ratio was found as 17.67 which was quite higher than that obtained in the 1987 study
by Karakaya et al. which was 4.50 ( p<0.001). On the other hand, in the studies that have been
performed on adipose tissue samples, this value was calculated as 3.19 an 1976 ( Kayaalp et al.,
1979 ), 9.4 an 1984 ( Karakaya & Özalp 1987 ) and 13.53 in 1991 ( Burgaz et al., 1994). When
we consider DDE/DDT ratios, it is seen that the limitation and legislation for OCPs in Turkey has
been effective and the exposure to these compounds tends to decrease in time.
Although the majority of organochlorine pesticides have not been used in Turkey for a long time,
the residues of organochlorine pesticides are being observed in food, especially in cereals, fatty
meat and milk products on the grounds that these pesticides have a persistent character to prevail
in the environment for a long time without spoilage.
The amount of organochlorine pesticide residues existed in the samples (butter and cracked
wheat) were determined and no organochlorine pesticide residues were traced in the butter
samples while PCNB and lindane has been traced in the samples of cracked wheat and also pp’DDT, pp’-DDE residues has been traced in few samples.
Sardines, sardelles, and pelamide are the canned fish. These fish are caught in The Black Sea and
The Sea of Marmara, except the trout. The residues of organochlorine pesticides are examined on
meat and fatty parts of these fish.
According to Turkish codex the limit values for organochlorine pesticides and OCPs for canned
fish and the exported ones are below 0,0005 mg/kg for fat and below 0.0001 mg/kg for meat.
The residue values found in the study was ¼ of the limit values in codex.
142
It is demonstrated that the analyzed fish species, prior to being processed and canned and brought
to the market, contained particularly unmistakable amounts of the above mentioned analytes.
Sardines, sardelles and trout gave results generally far below the German regulatory limits.
However total DDT in pelamides reached an order of magnitude near the German limit of 0.5
mg/kg (based on wet weight).
The OCP residue studies carried out in human milk and adipose tissue were restricted to a limited
number of areas of the country, namely. Ankara, Sivas, Adana, Kayseri, Kocaeli and
Kahramanmaraş. Since Turkey is an agricultural country with vast agricultural lands, more
studies need to be performed to make more accurate assessments for the entire of the country.
Besides OCP residue analysis, the assessment of the toxic effects of OCPs in aquatic and
terrestrial organisms including humans need to be performed on a much bigger scale.
Soil and sediment studies up to day are very few and insufficient in number. In addition, transfer
from soil to vegetation is another relevant area for further studies.
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146
REPORT
OF
THE NATIONAL CHEMICAL PROFILE TEAM
Prof. Dr. İ. Sahir ÇÖRTOĞLU
COORDINATOR
Technology Development Foundation of Turkey (TTGV)
MEMBERS
Taylan KIYMAZ
State Planning Organization (SPO)
Şenol ATAMAN
TTGV
Ayşe Kaya DÜNDAR
TTGV
Prof.Dr. Altan ACARA
National Project Coordinator
Ayten TUYGUN
Directory General for Turkish Electricity Generation and Transmission Corp.
Beyhan BALLI
Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF)
Dr. A. Alev BURÇAK
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)
Emine AYGÖREN
SPO
Emra ŞATIROĞLU
Food and Agriculture Org. (FAO) Representation in Turkey
Fehim İŞBİLİR
TUBITAK-MRC (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey Marmara Research Center)
Prof.Dr. Gürol OKAY
Turkish Standards Institute (TSI)
Gülfem DEMİR
SPO
Mehmet KONTAŞ
World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office
Neşe ÇEHRELİ
MoEF
Dr. Nur ERGİN
Ministry of Health (MoH) -Refik Saydam Hygiene Institute
Pelin AKSU
MARA
Sönmez DAĞLI
TUBITAK-MRC
Ünsal ERDEM
Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MOLSS)
DECEMER 2004
147
Summary
In the National Chemical Profile “chemicals” is used in a sense to include pesticides, fertilizers
and other agricultural chemicals, chemicals used in industrial processes, petroleum products,
chemicals marketed for consumer use.
Increasing evidence suggests that chemicals can contribute to health and environmental problems
at various stages during their life cycle from production/import through disposal. The majority of
such evidence is associated with the use (or misuse) of pesticides in the agricultural sector, but
increasingly industrial and consumer chemicals are reported to cause severe health and
environmental problems as countries develop.
Preparing the national chemical profile, it is also intended to put emphasis on persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). POPs possess toxic properties, resist degradation, bioaccumulate, and are
transported, through air, water, and migratory species, across international boundaries and
deposited far from their place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems.
Five principles can be applied in establishing the National Chemical Management Programme
including POPs, which are; accepting a life-cycle approach, precautional use, their impacts and
prospects, polluters’ pay, right to know, and integrated multi-stakeholder process.
In this concern, an international policy framework is formed for the sound management of
chemicals that is shared and accepted by many nations. With an objective to meet the obligations
of the Stockholm Convention, Turkey intend to formulate a National Implementation Plan (NIP).
As a first step to develop an NIP, a National Profile is prepared to assess national infrastructure
for the management of chemicals. This profile is prepared following the guidance document of
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). In response to the
recommendation adopted by the IFCS on National Profiles, UNITAR initiated a programme in
1995 to assist countries to prepare National Profiles to assess the national infrastructure for the
sound management of chemicals. The UNITAR National Profile Programme is conducted within
the framework of the IOMC and in close co-operation with the Secretariat of the IFCS.
Almost all of the interested and relevant governmental parties are involved in the preparation of
the National Chemical Profile and studies of non-governmental organizations and universities are
also considered as valuable contributions.
The economic values of chemicals production and use are significant in Turkey. The number of
chemicals that are produced in the country and the weight of agricultural production in Turkish
economy with the abundant agricultural land make chemical use to be environmentally
concerned.
Turkey is a large country with a size of 769,604 km2 and total population 67.8 million. The rural
population accounts for 35 % of the total and country has a very young generation with an
average age of 27.7.
The contribution of industrial and agriculture sectors to the GDP totals to 36.7 %, of which 11.8
% is agriculture and 20.2 % is manufacturing sector, the remaining is energy and mining sectors.
148
The number of manufacturing facilities and agricultural farms are high comparing developed
economies and their average size are so small to work efficiently.
In the manufacturing sector there are almost 247,000 facilities employing 2 million people.
The major emissions of manufacturing, energy generation and mining and extraction sectors can
be given as; waste water, sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, metal particles, ozone (O3), hydrocarbons, ash.
Air pollution, marine pollution, groundwater pollution, soil contamination, chemical residues in
food, public health, and POPs can be mentioned as the major problem issues. Insufficient
statistical data is the significant handicap monitoring these problem areas although none of them
forms most severe problem.
In Turkey, the production or imports of nearly fifty chemicals are banned in the last 25 years
because of their toxic and carcinogenic impacts on environment or adverse effects on human
beings.
As a non-regulatory mechanism to manage chemicals, in some of the City Chambers affiliated
with the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, waste exchanges are working
in different extents. In waste exchanges, waste trade takes place between industrial facilities
aiming recycling of wastes by using them in the production of other industrial materials.
In the management of chemicals, a number of ministries and governmental bodies have
responsibilities. The main parties are; MOEF, responsible from general legislative work for
chemical management and registration of industrial chemicals, Ministry of Health (MoH),
responsible from legislative work to manage consumer chemicals and public health issues, and
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA), responsible from legislative work to manage
pesticides.
Several non-governmental institutions have limited number of activities to take part in the
management of chemicals. The most active parties can be given as universities, research
institutes, and environment groups.
As advisory inter-ministerial bodies, MARA coordinates Commission of Chemical Security,
Commission of Hazardous Wastes and Commission of Recycling work under the coordination of
MOEF and National Commission of Codex Alimentarius. All of the commissions have a mission
to contribute the execution of the current legislation via coordination between responsible bodies.
It should be stated that two technical assistance projects continue with the contribution of
international donor agencies concerning pesticide residues and dioxin emissions.
There are a number of organizations working to raise the public awareness and understanding of
workers and the public. Confederation of Turkish Labor Syndicates (TURK-IS) work for
determination of the risky jobs, organize vocational training, on-work vocational studies,
activities like, workshops, symposiums and publish brochures, booklets. As an affiliated body of
Ministry of Labor and Social Security (MOLSS) Social Security Training and Research Center is
the only public vocational training organization. In the Directorate General for Electric
149
Generation, vocational training programs especially for the workers working in the powerhouses
with a possible exposition to PCBs have been organized. Booklets to increase awareness and
understanding of workers have been published.
Additionally, in some of the City Chambers affiliated with the Union of Chambers and
Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, there are departments of environment working on the
environmental issues. Environmental test laboratory facilities are planned to be established in a
number of these chambers. There are also a number of regional NGOs organizing seminars,
publish books and brochures to raise public awareness or focusing on natural and cultural
education in the country.
At this point, it seems to be helpful to summarize the assessments of the study. First, the legal
basis is seen to be sufficient to manage chemicals. The adoption to the EU acquis helps the
country to complete the lacking legislation. However, the necessary data collection and
monitoring activities cannot sufficiently be implemented by the relevant institutions.
The difficulties in preparing the national profile for the management of chemicals can be set as;
obtaining regional data and relevant data on chemical wastes, description of problem areas,
priority concerns related to chemicals, inventory of technical infrastructure and available
resources in related institutions.
On the other hand, it can be stated that there is satisfactory linkage to international database and
scientific literature. With a good coordination between ministries and universities, research
centers and NGOs, there is a potential of training more staff or scientists as well as project design
and implementation.
It is believed that in the activities to raise public and worker awareness for environmental
management and their understanding of risks of chemicals, POPs have to be considered more in
order to enforce the public institutions for policy-formation and POPs prevention.
Future studies within the concept of management of chemicals are foreseen as the development
of a monitoring system for the chemical waste generation and emission inventories in relation
with regional and national chemical production facilities and agricultural land. Second, the
coordination between related institutions has to be improved in order to monitor or easily change
the current policies of chemical management. A general inter-ministerial committee may help to
improve the current situation of management of chemicals.
Furthermore, the priority concerns related to chemicals has to be transparently determined
officially in order to see the problem areas and to create a procedure of chemical management.
The technical requirements of related institutions have to be specified.
Although the use or production of POPs has not been registered for a long time, any unregistered
use and emission of POPs have to be investigated in human beings, food, soil, and rivers via
different regional studies in selected districts.
At the end of this study, the existing regulatory schemes for assessing new chemicals and
chemicals already in the market are revealed briefly.
150
Introduction
Chemicals are used in a broad sense to include;
pesticides, fertilizers and other agricultural chemicals,
chemicals used in industrial processes,
petroleum products,
chemicals marketed for consumer use.
These chemicals have become indispensable in many economic activities and are increasingly
used in the industrial, agricultural and consumer sectors. However, increasing evidence suggests
that chemicals can contribute to health and environmental problems at various stages during their
life cycle from production/import through disposal. Such problems include pollution generated
during production processes, improper handling, storage and transport accidents, occupational
accidents and diseases, and environmental contamination due to unsound disposal methods. The
majority of such evidence is associated with the use (or misuse) of pesticides in the agricultural
sector, but increasingly industrial and consumer chemicals are reported to cause severe health and
environmental problems as countries develop.
It is widely recognized that chemicals need to be managed properly in order to achieve a
sustainable level of agricultural and industrial development and a high level of environmental and
human health protection. Thus, it is important to strengthen national systems for the management
of chemicals for comprehensive assessment of the national infrastructure, relating to the legal,
institutional, administrative, and technical aspects of chemicals, along with an understanding of
the nature and extent of availability and use of chemicals in the country.
In this sense, an international policy framework is formed for the sound management of
chemicals that is shared and accepted by many nations. In order to facilitate this management
national chemical profiles are aimed to be prepared by the countries consented to the
international agreements.
In 1992, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Conference)
marked an important event towards the goal of achieving sustainable economic development,
which meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations.
More than 150 member countries, including Turkey, of the United Nations adopted a
comprehensive document called “Agenda 21”, outlining responsibilities of States towards the
achievement of sustainable development.
Chapter 19 of “Agenda 21” is entitled “Environmentally Sound Management of Toxic
Chemicals, including Prevention of Illegal International Traffic in Toxic and Dangerous
Products”. All countries present at the Rio Conference agreed on the goal of achieving the sound
management of chemicals by the year 2000.
In 1994, the International Conference on Chemical Safety (Stockholm, Sweden) brought together
high level representatives from more than 100 countries to identify priorities to implement
Chapter 19 and to establish mechanisms for the implementation of its recommendations. The
Stockholm Conference established the Inter-governmental Forum on Chemicals Safety (IFCS),
151
through which countries now regularly discuss their activities and priorities for the sound
management of chemicals. The Stockholm Conference adopted a “Priorities for Action” plan to
implement the recommendations of Chapter 19 of Agenda 21.
In 1995, the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) is
established at the level of international organizations, FAO, OECD, ILO, UNIDO, UNEP and
WHO established, a co-operative agreement to co-ordinate activities in the area of chemicals
management. Based on the guidance provided through the IFCS, international organizations will
increasingly co-operate towards linking and integrating their respective programmes in the area
of chemical management and safety.
Since the end of 1980’s several international policy instruments have been adopted which address
specific aspects of chemicals management:
-
UNEP London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in
International Trade (as amended in 1989);
FAO International Code of Conduct for the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (as
amended in 1989);
ILO 1990 Convention on the Safety of Chemicals at the Workplace (No. 170);
ILO 1993 Convention Concerning the Prevention of Major Industrial Accidents
(No.174); and
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Furthermore, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted resolutions and conventions,
which address the management of chemicals, for example, Resolution 44/226 of the General
Assembly on “Traffic in and Disposal, Control and Transboundary Movement of Toxic and
Dangerous Products and Wastes”.
Preparing the national chemical profile, it is also intended to put emphasis on persistent organic
pollutants (POPs). POPs possess toxic properties, resist degradation, bioaccumulate, and are
transported, through air, water, and migratory species, across international boundaries and
deposited far from their place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems. With decision 19/13 C of 7 February 1997 of the Governing Council of the
United Nations Environment Programme it was decided to initiate international action to protect
human health and the environment through measures, which will reduce and/or eliminate
emissions and discharges of persistent organic pollutants.
Additionally, the pertinent provisions of the relevant international environmental conventions,
especially the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain
Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, and the Basel Convention on the
Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal including the
regional agreements developed within the framework of its Article 11 have to be mentioned
describing the international legal framework for prevention of POPs emission and discharges.
In linkage with the above mentioned policy framework, the Stockholm Convention was adapted
by 125 countries, including Turkey, on 22 and 23 May 2001, focusing on reducing and where
appropriate eliminating release of 12 POPs of international concern. Convention became legally
binding on 17 May 2004.
152
Stockholm Convention has five aims:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Eliminate dangerous POPs starting with the 12 worst
Support the transition to safer alternatives
Target additional POP for action
Clean-up old stockpiles and equipment containing POPs
Work together for a POPs free future.
The 12 POPs that are the subject of the Stockholm Convention includes eight pesticides (aldrin,
chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, and toxaphene), two industrial chemicals
(polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene) and two by-products
(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF)).
In Turkey, Ministry of Environment and Forestry (MOEF) is the authorized body to establish
standards and guidelines, to formulate policies, to develop co-operation with other ministries, to
monitor the trends, to enforce the current legislation and to disseminate information related to the
environment and is best suited for undertaking the key activities described in this enabling
activities project. MOEF has also been selected as the POPs focal point.
With an objective to meet the obligations of the Stockholm Convention, Turkey intend to
strengthen national capacity, enhance knowledge and understanding amongst decision-makers,
managers, the industry, NGOs and the public on POPs to develop and formulate a National
Implementation Plan (NIP).
In this respect, MOEF is the coordinator unit for the development of NIP. Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ministry of Health,
Undersecretaries of Treasury, Undersecretaries of Foreign Trade, Turkish Cement
Manufacturer’s Association, Technology Development Foundation of Turkey, Turkish Electricity
Generation and Transmission Corporation, State Planning Organization, Middle East Technical
University (METU), GAZI University, The Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey
(TUBITAK), and Turkish Chemical Manufacturer’s Association are the stakeholders that are
expected to contribute most to the NIP process and ensure full ownership and commitment.
As a first step to develop an NIP, a National Profile is prepared to assess national infrastructure
for the management of chemicals. This profile is prepared following the guidance document of
United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR).
In response to the recommendation adopted by the IFCS on National Profiles, UNITAR initiated
a programme in 1995 to assist countries to prepare National Profiles to assess the national
infrastructure for the sound management of chemicals. The UNITAR National Profile
Programme is conducted within the framework of the IOMC and in close co-operation with the
Secretariat of the IFCS.
153
Inventories
Chapter 1. National background information
Physical and Demographic Context
Size of Country: 769.604 km2
Form of Government: Republic
Official Language: Turkish
Total Population: 67.803.927 (2000)
Urban Population: 64.9 % (urban is a place with a population of 20.000 or more)
Rural Population: 35.1 %
Average age of the population: 27.7 (2003)
Population of Working Age (15-64): 43.8 million (2000)
Birth Rate: 1.53 % (2003)
Life Expectancy: 68.7 (2003)
Literacy Rate: 87.5 % (2002)
Average Education Level of Population: 5, 97 years
Unemployment Rate: 10.5 % (2003)
Percentage of Women Employed Outside the Home: 31.1 % (1999)
Source: State Statistics Institute (SIS), Population and Demographical Indicators on the web:
http://nkg.die.gov.tr/ 2004; State Planning Organization (SPO) Basic Economical Indicators, June 2004;
SPO, 8th Five Year Development Plan and its Annual Programs; Hacettepe University Institution of
Population Studies, Research for Population and Health-Turkey, 2003.
Political/Geographic Structure Of The Country
81 governors in the 81 provinces represent the central administration, headed by the Prime
Minister and Ministers, in the territory. There are sub-governors at district level. The Governor is
assisted by a directly elected provincial council, and district councils. Several ministries have
offices at provincial and district level.
An autonomous local administration exists at the level of municipalities (16 large metropolitan
municipalities (MM) – subdivided in sectors – and 3200 of the smaller towns) which elect a
mayor and a municipal council. In 50,000 villages, the village assembly directly elects a Council
of Elders and village headman.
The Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) is a one-chamber parliament composed of 550
deputies. Elections are based on proportional representation subject to a national threshold of
10%. Elections take place every 5 years. The TGNA legislates, supervises the Council of
Ministers, and adopts the budget. It decides on declaring war, martial law, or emergency rule; it
approves international agreements, general or special amnesties. The laws passed by the TGNA
are promulgated by the President within 15 days. The President may refer the law back to the
Assembly for reconsideration. The TGNA elects the President of the Republic.
There are seven – geographical – regions in Turkey, essentially for statistical purposes. Turkey’s
77 million hectares of mostly rugged land lies at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and the
154
south-western corner of Asia. Its exposure to both maritime and continental weather patterns
combines with a highly varied topography to produce several distinct climatic zones.
Industrial and Agricultural Sectors
Table 1. A: Overview of the Industrial and Agricultural Sectors, 2003
Sector
Industrial
-Manufacturing
Contribution to the Gross Dom. Number of
Product (%)
Employees
(million)
24.9
20.2
-Mining and extraction
1.1
-Energy
Agriculture
3.7
11.8
TOTAL
36.7
Major Products in each Sector
3.8
Textiles, food processing, automobiles,
steel, petroleum, cement
coal, chromites, copper, boron
Thermic, Hydraulic
7.4 Cereals, sugarbeet, pulses, cotton,
fruits and vegetables, lumber, livestock
11.2
Source: State Statistics Institute (SIS) Results of Household Labor Force Survey, 2003
Table 1. B.1: Structure of Industrial Sector
Micro Facilities (%)
Manufacturing
Small Facilities (%)
Medium
Big Facilities (%)
Facilities (%)
58.326
3.191
1.810
1.633.509
Facilities classified according to employees
micro: 1-9 employees
small: 10-99 employees
medium: 100-250 employees
big: more than 250 employees
Source: SIS, 2002 General Industrial, and Working Places Census
Table 1. B.2: Structure of the Agricultural Sector
Region
Total
Mid-Northern
Aegean
Marmara
Mediterranean
North-eastern
South-eastern
Black Sea
Mid-Eastern
Mid-Southern
Micro Farms (%)
5,9
2,7
8,7
2,5
8,9
1,4
5,8
14,4
2,6
3,3
Small Farms (%)
27,5
18,2
33,1
19,7
31,9
17,4
22,3
41,6
21,7
14,4
Medium
Farms (%)
50,0
49,9
52,9
58,8
45,6
51,3
40,4
44,5
57,6
45,2
Big Farms (%)
16,7
28,1
7,4
15,9
11,7
26,8
24,5
4,4
15,3
34,3
155
Note: Farms classified according to land size
micro: 1-4 decare
small: 5-19 decare
medium: 20-99 decares
big: 100-5000+
Source: SIS, 2001 Agriculture Census.
Industrial Employment by Economic Sectors
Table 1.E: Industrial Employment by Major Economic Sectors
ISIC Code – Description
Number of
Facilities
Manufacturing
31- Food Industry
246,899
30,649
Total Employment Output Value (2002
billion US$,
Major Emissions (type)
in 1998 prices)
2,043,815
128.92
247,769
25.53
Waste water, sulphur dioxide
(SO2), carbon monoxide (CO),
carbon dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen
oxides (NOx), particulate matter
32- Textiles/Clothing and
Leather Goods
63,412
749,932
30.07
Waste water
33- Wood and Wood Products 28,334
78,120
4.11
-
34- Paper and Paper Products,
Printing
11,045
35- Chemical/Coal/Petro/
13,327
Plastic Products
79,241
166,416
2.08
22.05
Waste water
Waste water, solid wastes,
hydrogen sulphate, sulphur
dioxide (SO2), metal oxides,
carbon dioxide (CO2)
12,323
41,285
131,485
212,630
6.14
7.61
15,514
38- Fabrication of Machinery
and Equipment
39- Other Manufacturing
Industries
31,010
106,009
6.03
Nitrogen oxides (NOx),
particulate matter
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), metal
particles, waste water
-
272,213
25.30
Waste water
Particulate matter cyanide,
sulphuric acid, waste water
36- Non-metallic Mineral
Products
37- Basic Metals Industry
Mining and Extraction
(Coal/Oil/Natural/Gas/
Minerals/Metals)
2,394
70,953
2.06
Electric Generation
121
7,904
7.93
Dry Cleaning
3,644
12,914
n.a.
TOTAL
253,058
2,135,586
Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen
oxides (NOx), Carbonmonoxide
(CO), Ozone (O3), hydrocarbons,
ash, particulate matter
Perchloroethylene and
petroleum-based solvents
Source: SPO Support Document for Annual Program 2003; SIS Industry Census, 2002; SPO Several Specialists’ Reports, 2000-2001.
156
Chapter 2: Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use
Chemical Production, Import, Use, and Export
Table 2.A: Chemical Production, Use, and Trade
Chemical Industry by 2002, in 1998 prices
Production
Tons
Imports
Million $
Tons
Use
Million $
Tons
Exports
Million $
Tons
Million $
Pesticides
31.244
222,6
16.500
85,6
41.345
289,0
-Agricultural
23.807
191,8
7.521
49,9
30.354
244,5
974
6,6
7.437
30,8
8.979
35,7
10.991
45,5
5.425
14,1
45.839
90,4
497,6
530,5
57,4
397,4
242,3
492,8
140,3
-Other(1)
6.399
20,7
Industrial Chemicals
Painting material and pigments
Inorganic Chemicals
Sodium Hydroxide
173.646
37,4
Sodium Hypochloride
180.433
38,6
Sodium Sulfate
562.660
42,1
9.900
4,5
124.550
Sodium Sulphure
Sodium Phosphates
Sodium Silicate
Boron products
223.699
40,2
383.532
74,6
-
-
172.876
37,0
7.557
1,5
2.794
0,4
474.975
35,7
90.479
10,7
6.435
2,6
15.773
6,8
562
0,3
-
99.438
65,1
99.438
65,1
2.359
2,5
126.909
17,6
-
-
15,1
157,1
Hydrochloric Acid
8,0
13.813
42,0
2,7
123,1
79.511
7,8
10.543
32,8
89.690
40,5
364
0,1
Phosphoric Acid
199.595
59,2
197.729
69,9
397.214
129,1
111
0,2
Sulphuric Acid
629.786
19,7
454.560
17,2
1.084.135
36,9
211
0,0
Aluminum Sulphate
54.174
7,4
0,0
19.850
2,7
520
0,1
Hydrogen Peroxide
13.956
8,5
3,7
11.982
4,8
12.032
1,5
23,6
Organic Chemicals
Phenol
Acetone (2)
10.058
-
73,3
-
7.816
5,9
96,6
7.816
0,0
5,9-
-
0,3
17.514
8,9
17.471
19,2
43
0,05
Formaldehyde
106.214
16,5
20
0,1
106.196
16,6
38
0,01
Methyl Alcohol
47.890
6,8
165.497
22,0
213.387
28,8-
-
157
Chemical Industry by 2002, in 1998 prices
Production
Tons
Imports
Million $
Tons
Use
Million $
Tons
Exports
Million $
Tons
Million $
Citric Acid
-
-
13.506
16,7
13.506
16,7
-
-
Acetic Acid
-
-
44.138
20,3
44.138
20,3
-
-
1,2
32.905
1,2
Other Chemicals
Ind. Oil Acids and Alcohols
30,4
1.153
1.026,2
Consumer Chemicals
Cosmetics
30,4
26,3
28.823
300,1
211,5
26,3
1,9
5.234
1,9
899,2
177,2
379,1
293,3
95,5
Soaps
238.186
258,0
2.619
5,4
72.040
80,5
168.765
173,8
Detergents
603.357
556,7
87.870
117,5
536.998
525,4
154.229
109,9
639,2
Paints
133,6
714,8
57,9
-Synthetic paints and varnish
163.690
302,2
27.692
77,9
156.386
344,6
18.171
35,5
-Water based paints
136.309
285,4
10.867
28,4
127.966
300,7
13.438
13,2
15.958
51,6
5.095
27,3
13.112
69,6
2.846
9,3
-Printing ink
Fertilizer Industry (3) by 2002, in 1998 prices
Production
000 Tons
Ammonia
Total Fertilizer
Amonium Sulphate
Imports
Million $
000 Tons
Use
Million $
000 Tons
Exports
Million $
000 Tons
Million $
366
76,0
586
82,4
952
197,8
-
-
3.560
503,5
2.501
262,3
5.563
742,3
243
30,1
195
16,1
625
35,6
783
64,5
37
2,7
1.059
118,9
727
67,1
1.627
182,7
34
2,2
537
72,0
646
62,4
1.119
150,0
64
6,5
Triple Super Phosphate (TSP)
61
12,0
7
1,3
45
8,8
-
-
Diamonium Phosphate (DAP)
164
34,4
229
54,0
384
80,6
4
1,0
1.544
250,1
125
23,2
1.463
237,0
104
17,7
142
18,6
142
18,6
-
-
Amonium Nitrate (%26 –33N)
Urea
Composed
Potassium Sulfate/Chlorite
(1) Other pesticide figures are calculated from the difference between total pesticide production, trade figures of SPO and figures of MARA for agricultural pesticides
(2) Production data is given in number of units and cannot be converted to unit weight.
(3) The uses of urea, ammonium sulphate, potassium chlorite and TSP in the production of composed fertilizer and other industries are included.
158
Coke and Petroleum Products Industry by 2002, in 1998 prices
Production
000 Tons
Coke and semi-coke
Imports
Million $
2.200
000 Tons
Use
Million $
000 Tons
Exports
Million $
223
694
67
2.893
000 Tons
289
Million $
1
0,1
Petroleum Products
LPG
727
146
2.665
460
3.377
603
15
3
Gasoline
3.717
2.924
720
123
3.638
2.917
799
130
Naphtha
1.461
189
482
81
1.650
234
293
36
Solvent
3
2
79
20
82
22
-
-
Jet Fuel
1.605
256
-
-
1.596
255
9
1
Diesel Oil
7.730
3.003
2.524
412
9.676
3.354
578
60
Fuel-Oil
7.378
901
79
20
8.597
1.047
285
18
Asphalt
1.246
100
4
0
1.242
100
8
1
298
70
3
1
301
71
-
-
Motor Oil
Cement Industry by 2002, in 1998 prices
Production
000 Tons
Imports
Million $
000 Tons
Use
Million $
000 Tons
Exports
Million $
000 Tons
Million $
Clinker
29.499
850
7
0,3
25.077
710
4.429
140
Cement
32.758
1.436
25
8
27.334
1.222
5.448
221
Total
2.286
8
1.933
362
Source: SPO Support Document for Annual Program 2003; SIS Production and Trade Statistics.
Note: Products with significant weight in total production are selected in the given industries.
159
Chemical Waste
Table 2.B: Chemical Waste Generation
Type of Waste
Industrial hazardous
waste
2. Commercial and
Service waste
3. Medical and
Laboratory waste
(2000)
4. Port and Shipping
waste
5. Community waste
(2001)
6. Agricultural waste
(2000)
Generation (tons)
- Hazardous Waste
(2000): 1,287,037
- Waste water from 58
organized industrial
zones (2002):
107,577,000
- Industrial chemical
waste and ash and slag
(1995): 7,416,730
n.a.
21,000 (wastes of
pharmaceutics
production)
n.a.
25,133,696
20,809 (pesticide,
fertilizer wastes and
their packages)
Total
Source: SIS, Environmental Statistics:
http://www.die.gov.tr/TURKISH/SONIST/CEVRE/14052003t2.htm,
http://www.die.gov.tr/TURKISH/SONIST/CEVRE/30072004.html ;
SIS, Inventory of Industrial Wastes, 2000;
SPO, Specialists’ Report no:2503 OIK: 524, 2000.
(1) Non-chemical wastes included.
160
Chapter 3: Priority Concerns Related to Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use
Priority Concerns Related to Chemical Production, Import, Export and Use
Table 3.A : Description of Problem Areas
Nature of Problem
City/Region
Brief Description of Problem
Chemical (s) / Pollutant (s)
Air pollution
Kütahya,
Erzurum, Elazığ,
Edirne, Samsun,
Isparta, Tekirdağ,
Yozgat, Ağrı,
Denizli, Kayseri,
Diyarbakır,
Zonguldak,
Konya, Sivas,
Balıkesir,
Istanbul, Ankara
Air pollution mainly comes from vehicles,
constructions, and industries. Vehicles and
constructions cause air pollution in large urban centers,
while industrial air pollution is a locality specific
problem found in both urban and rural areas.
Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP), sulphur
dioxide (SO2), carbonmonoxide (CO),
carbondioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (Nox),
particulate matter, hydrogen sulphate, sulphuric
acid
Marine Pollution
Marmara Region,
Mersin, Izmir
Marine water quality in coastal areas is still in good
Chemical wastes, community waste etc.
condition except at the industrial areas. This is because
of discharge of waste water from communities and
factories, aquaculture farms, ranch and agricultural land
that are contaminated with organic matters, fertilizer,
pesticides. The direct waste water discharge and the
transport of pollution from river is a factor that
accelerates water quality degradation. Ship scrapping is
another concern around Izmir.
Groundwater
Pollution
Marmara Region,
Central Anatolia,
Göksu river delta
Public and industrial use, new settlements, some
Chemical wastes, community waste,
industries, and agricultural activities around water
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) etc.
sources create problems. More studies and analyses are
needed to determine the intensity of the problem.
Soil Contamination
Marmara Region,
Central Anatolia,
Izmir, Göksu river
delta
Some industries, agricultural activities, and ship
Chemical wastes, OCPs
scrapping in Izmir cause some problems. More studies
and analyses are needed to determine the intensity of
the problem.
Persistent Organic
Pollutants
Marmara Region,
Central Anatolia,
Izmir, Göksu river
delta
In the mentioned localities or regions, POPs substances 12 POPs
are detected at various extents. More studies should be
conducted especially in the regions that are suspected to
be contaminated by POPs like peripheries of big
chemical factories.
Chemical Residues in Aegean,
In the intensive agricultural production areas like in
OCPs
Food
Mediterranean, Black Aegean and Mediterranean Regions there are pesticide
Sea
residue problems. Black sea fish also found to contain
OCPs. More studies on POPs are required.
Public Health
Ankara, Van, Manisa There are not enough research studies except the ones OCPs
done around Ankara. Organochlorine pesticides (OCP)
as the main POPs substances were detected.
Source: MOH, MOEF, MARA, SIS Environmental Statistics, 2003.
161
Table 3.B: Priority Concerns Related to Chemicals
Nature of Problem
Scale of Problem1 Level of Concern2
Ability to Control Problem2
Air Pollution
local
medium
low
Air Pollution
(construction)
local
low
low
Regional
medium
medium
Local
high
medium
Air Pollution (industry)
Air Pollution
(power plant)
Pollution of Inland
Waterways
n.a.
Marine Pollution
local
low
medium
Regional
low
low
Local, regional
low
medium
Soil Contamination
Groundwater Pollution
Unknown Chemical
Imports
n.a.
Hazardous Waste
Treatment /Disposal
n.a.
Specific
Availability
Chemicals
of Statistical
Creating
3
Data
Concerns
sufficient
Total
Suspended
Particulate
Matter (TSP),
sulphur dioxide
Priority
Ranking4
2
insufficient TSP
3
Insufficient TSP, SO2,
sulphuric acid,
hydrogen
sulphate
Insufficient SO2, NOx, CO,
Ozone (O3),
hydrocarbons
TSP
2
insufficient Industrial
chemicals,
community
waste
insufficient POPs, industrial
chemicals
2
insufficient Industrial
chemicals,
community
waste, OCPs
2
2
3
162
Nature of Problem
Scale of Problem1 Level of Concern2
Ability to Control Problem2
Occupational Health:
Agricultural
n.a.
Occupational Health:
Industrial
n.a.
Chemical Accidents:
Industrial
n.a.
Chemical Accidents:
Transport
n.a.
Storage / Disposal of
Obsolete Chemicals
n.a.
Chemical Residues in
Food
national
high
medium
local
low
low
Public Health
regional
medium
medium
Chemical Poisoning
/Suicides
national
low
medium
Drinking Water
Contamination
Specific
Availability
Chemicals
of Statistical
Creating
3
Data
Concerns
Priority
Ranking4
insufficient Pesticides,
mycotoxins
3
insufficient PAH
3
insufficient Pesticides,
industrial
chemicals
sufficient Industrial and
consumer
chemicals
3
3
1. Scale of Problem = Local, regional or national
2. Level of Concern , Ability to Control Problem = Low, medium or high
3. Availability of Statistical Data = Sufficient, insufficient or no data available
4. Priority Ranking = 1 (most severe problem), 2 (second most severe problem), and on to the scale of 4 (least severe problem).
Source: MOH, MOEF, MARA, SIS
163
Chapter 4: Legal Instruments and Non-Regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals
The articles of the Stockholm Convention and the Corresponding legislations in Turkey are shown in Annex 1.
Overview of the National Legal Instruments, Which Address the Management of Chemicals
Table 4.A: References to Existing Legal Instruments, Which Address the Management of Chemicals
Legal Instrument
Responsible Ministries or Chemical Use Categories Objective(s) of Legislation
Bodies
Covered
Environment Law
No:2872
Official Gazette:
11th Aug., 1983,
no: 18132
Ministry of Environment All Chemicals and
and Forests (MoEF)
Pollutants
Ministry of Health (MoH),
Municipalities
Plant Protection and
Ministry of Agriculture and Pesticides (agricultural)
Agricultural Quarantine Law Rural Affairs (MARA)
Official Gazette:
24th May, 1957,
no: 9615
Cosmetics Law
MOH
Official Gazette:
26th Feb., 1994,
no: 21861
Decree Law on Production, MARA
Consumption and Control of
Foodstuffs
Official Gazette:
28th June, 1995,
no: 22327 (changed by
Law no:5179 published on
5th June 2004, no:25483)
Consumer Chemicals
Food additives and
chemicals
Relevant Articles/ Resources Allocated Enforcement
Provision
Ranking *
-Protection and improvement of 13, 16, 24
environment,
-prevention of air, water and soil
pollution,
-establishment of control
system,
-restriction of hazardous
substances, -establishment of a
fund for prevention of pollution
in the environment,
-to specify fines for different
charges.
To announce the general rules 38-41
of; foreign trade, local
transportation, protection from
disease and pests for plants, as
well as the rules of foreign trade,
production, sale and use of the
equipment and pesticides.
To regulate the trade, production All provisions
and sales of cosmetics and
authorization procedures of
producers
To form a basis for the
4, 7
production and sales conditions
of foodstuffs and measures
foreseen for the official food
control
2
n.a.
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
2
164
Legal Instrument
Responsible Ministries Chemical Use Categories Objective(s) of Legislation
Relevant Articles/
or Bodies
Covered
Provision
Directive Dimensioning the
MoH
Pesticides (public health, To regulate the trade, production Chapter 38
Special Characteristics of
consumer)
and sales of pesticides (public
Things and Substances Related
health and consumer) and
to Foodstuffs and General
authorization procedures of
Health
producers
Official Gazette:
18th Oct.,1952 no:8236
Regulation For Chemical
MoH
Industrial chemicals
To control the legal use and
All provisions and
Substances That Are Subject To
trade of chemicals that are used Annex
Official Control
or have a potential to be used to
Official Gazette:
produce narcotics
16th June, 2004 no:25494
Regulation for the Control of MoEF, Municipalities Industrial chemicals,
To announce the general rules All provisions and
Hazardous Wastes
and MoI
Furan, Dioxin, PCBs
of; restriction of discharge of
Annex
Official Gazette:
hazardous substances and
27th Aug., 1995, no:22387
control of foreign trade,
standardization of waste
management, minimization of
waste production and rules of
waste production, transport and
disposal
Regulation for the Control of MoEF
Industrial chemicals
To announce the general rules 8, 32
Solid Wastes
of; restriction of storage,
Official Gazette:
transport of solid wastes, and to
14th Mar., 1991, no: 20814
form a basis of administrative,
technical principals and policy
and programs for the control of
these wastes which have adverse
effects on the environment
Regulation for the Prevention of MARA and MoEF
Nitrate
To analyze, minimize and
All provisions
Nitrate Pollution in Water
prevent the nitrate pollution in
Resources Originating from
water resources originating from
Agricultural Activities
agricultural activities
Official Gazette:
18th Feb., 2004, no: 25377
Regulation for the Control of MoEF
Industrial chemicals, POPs To form a basis in order to
All provisions and
the Harmful Chemical
propose and implement
Annex
Substances and Products
administrative, technical and
Official Gazette:
legal principals, policy, and
11th July, 1993, no: 21634
programs for the control of
(changed name by Regulation
hazardous substances and their
for Dangerous Chemicals in the
products which have adverse
Official Gazette:
effects on environment and
20th April, 2001, no: 24379)
human in the short or long run.
Resources
Allocated
n.a.
Enforcement
Ranking *
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
3
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2
165
Legal Instrument
Directive for Pesticide and
Equipment Used for Plant
Protection
Official Gazette:
4th Feb., 1959, no: 10126
Regulation for the Control of
Medical Wastes
Official Gazette:
20th May, 1993, no: 21586
Responsible Ministries Chemical Use Categories Objective(s) of Legislation
Relevant Articles/
or Bodies
Covered
Provision
MARA and
Pesticides (agricultural) To announce the provisions of 7-48
Municipalities
authorization procedures for
production, distribution, sale and
foreign trade of pesticides, its
raw materials and equipment
that are used for plant protection
MoEF, Municipalities Industrial chemicals found To form a basis in order to
Pro. 12, 13,
and MoI
in medical wastes
propose and implement
Annex 2,3,4
administrative, technical and
legal principals and policy and
programs for the separate
collection, temporary storage,
recycling, transport and disposal
of medical wastes
MoEF
Industrial and consumer To protect the water resources 6, 22, 26, 31, 33, and
chemicals, pesticides (ag.) and resource potentials of the
51
and POPs
country controlling the water
pollution providing safe use
MoEF
Industrial chemicals,
To specify the necessary
All provisions and
pesticides (ag.)and POPs measures to prevent and remove Annex
soil pollution
Regulation for the Control of
Water Pollution
Official Gazette:
4th Sep., 1988, no:19919
Regulation for the Control of
Soil Pollution
Official Gazette:
10th Dec., 2001, no:24609
Directive for the Hazardous and MoEF
Harmful Substances in the
Water Resources
Official Gazette:
12th Mar., 1989, no:20106
Directive for the Toxicological MARA
Classification of Pesticides
Regulation for the Protection of MoEF, Municipalities
the Air Quality
Official Gazette:
2nd Oct., 1986, no: 19269
Directive for the Specification MoH and MoLSS
of Precautionary Measures in
Institutions/Works that Use
Explosive, Flagrant, Hazardous
and Harmful Substances
Official Gazette:
24th Dec., 1973,
no: 14752
Resources
Allocated
n.a.
Enforcement
Ranking *
1
n.a.
2
n.a.
2
n.a.
2
Industrial chemicals,
To specify the hazardous and
All provisions and
pesticides (ag.) and POPs harmful substances that are
Annex
mentioned in the Regulation for
the Control of Water Pollution
n.a.
2
Pesticides
To specify a framework for the 3-14
toxicological classification of
pesticides that are ready to be
launched to the market
n.a.
1
Industrial chemicals and
POPs
To control all kinds of emissions All provisions
to protect the environment and
human from hazardous effects of
the gaseous chemicals
To specify the additional
All provisions
precautionary measures in
institutions or works which use
explosive, flagrant, hazardous
and harmful industrial chemicals
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
Industrial Chemicals
166
Legal Instrument
Responsible Ministries Chemical Use Categories Objective(s) of Legislation
Relevant Articles/
or Bodies
Covered
Provision
Regulation for Cosmetics
MoH
Consumer Chemicals
To regulate the production,
All provisions and
Official Gazette:
import licensing and control
Annex
8th April, 1994, no: 21899
mechanisms for cosmetic
materials
Decision on the Responsibility Undersecretariat of
Industrial chemicals,
To put an obligatory insurance All provisions
Insurance for Hazardous
Treasury
pesticides (ag.)
valid during the production,
Substances
transport and sale of specified
Official Gazette:
hazardous chemicals in order to
25th April, 1991, no: 21002
make the losses paid to other
parties
Regulation for the Control of MoEF, Municipalities Industrial chemicals, and To form a basis in order to
All provisions and
Waste Oils
and MoI
PCBs, PCT
propose and implement
Annex
Official Gazette:
administrative, technical and
21st Jan., 2004
legal principals and policy and
no: 25353
programs for prohibition of
generation of oil wastes, storage,
transport and disposal of these
wastes, the establishment of
temporary storage and recycling
facilities
Regulation for the Chemical
MARA
Industrial Chemicals
To form the basis for the
All provisions
Fertilizers Used in Agriculture
determination of the type and
Official Gazette
composition of fertilizers, as
27th Mar., 2002
well as for their nomination,
no: 24708
labeling, packaging and control
Regulation for The Wholesale, MARA
Pesticides (ag.)
To announce the conditions of All provisions
Retail And Storage of Pesticides
wholesaling, retailing and
Official Gazette:
storage of pesticides
21st Aug., 1996
no: 22734
Regulation for the Control of MARA
Pesticides (ag.)
To announce the control
All provisions
the Pesticides
procedures of pesticide
Official Gazette:
producing and importing
22nd June,1995 no:22321
persons, wholesaling, retailing
and storage places of pesticides
and related registered persons as
well as the pesticide products
and their labels
Regulation for the Registration MARA
Pesticides (ag.)
To specify the procedures of
All provisions
of Pesticides and Similar
registration of pesticides
Substances
Official Gazette:
17th Feb.,1999 no:23614
Resources
Allocated
n.a.
Enforcement
Ranking *
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
167
Legal Instrument
Responsible Ministries or Chemical Use Categories
Bodies
Covered
Regulation for the Labeling of MARA
Pesticides (ag.)
Pesticides
Official Gazette:
1st Sep.,1983 no:18152
Regulation for the Quality
Control Analysis of Pesticides
done by the Private
Laboratories
Official Gazette:
23rd Sep.,2002 no:24885
Communiqué to Ban the Use
and Marketing of Certain
Active Substances used in the
Production of Pesticides
Official Gazette:
16th Dec.,2003
no:25318
Regulation for the National
Commission of Codex
Alimentarius
Official Gazette:
7th Feb. 1994 no: 18152
(changed by O.G.
13th Sep.,2004 no:25582)
Regulation for the
Precautionary Health and
Security Measures in the Work
with Chemical Substances
Official Gazette:
26th Dec., 2003 no:25328
Regulation for the
Precautionary Health and
Security Measures in the Work
with Carcinogenic and
Mutagenic Substances
Official Gazette:
26th Dec., 2003 no:25328
Regulation for the
Precautionary Health and
Security Measures in the Work
with Asbestos
Official Gazette:
26th Dec., 2003 no:25328
Objective(s) of Legislation
Relevant Articles/
Provision
All provisions
To regulate the procedures of
arrangement and approval of the
labels for pesticides and the
responsibilities of applicants and
authorized persons.
To announce the conditions for All provisions
private laboratories that plan to
make pesticide analysis
Resources
Allocated
n.a.
Enforcement
Ranking *
1
n.a.
1
MARA
Pesticides (ag.)
MARA
Pesticides (ag.), POPs
To specify the measures to ban All provisions and
certain active substances used in annex
the production of pesticides
n.a.
n.a.
MARA
Food additives and
chemicals
To establish a coordinating
committee and to give the
procedure for the preparation of
national codex alimentarius
All provisions
n.a.
1
MOLSS
Industrial Chemicals and
POPs
To put the basis of the healthy All provisions
and secure environment for
workers who work with chemical
substances including hazardous
substances and POPs.
n.a.
2
MOLSS
Industrial Chemicals
To put the basis of the healthy All provisions
and secure environment for
workers who work with chemical
substances that carcinogenic and
mutagenic
n.a.
2
MOLSS
Industrial Chemicals
To put the basis of the healthy All provisions
and secure environment for
workers who work with asbestos
n.a.
2
168
Legal Instrument
Responsible Ministries Chemical Use Categories Objective(s) of Legislation
Relevant Articles/
or Bodies
Covered
Provision
Regulation for Environmental MOEF
All chemicals, POPs
To establish the provisions of the All provisions
Audit
environmental control around the
Official Gazette:
facilities from their establishment
5th Jan., 2002 no:24631
stage to processing and to waste
disposal stages, considering the
protection of environment
Regulation on the Control of
MOEF
Industrial Chemicals,
To control the emissions of
All provisions
Air Pollution Originating from
PCBs, Dioxin and Furans industrial and energy generation
Industrial Activities
facilities and to prevent the
Official Gazette
hazards caused by these
7th Oct.,2004 no: 25606
emissions.
Communiqué of
Undersecretariat of
Industrial Chemicals
To control the importation of
All provisions
Standardization for Foreign
Foreign Trade
(solid fuels and their
solid fuels such as coal, and
Trade No. (2004/3)
wastes)
regulate the issue of Control
Official Gazette
Certificate by the Ministry of
31st Dec.,2003 no: 25333
Environment and Forestry.
Import of some kind of wastes is
prohibited.
Communiqué of
Undersecretariat of
Consumer Chemicals
To control the importation of
All provisions
Standardization for Foreign
Foreign Trade
certain consumer chemicals such
Trade No. (2004/4)
as pharmaceutical products,
Official Gazette
medicines, cosmetics, detergents,
31st Dec., 2003
etc., that is subject to the control
no: 25333
of Ministry of Health.
Communiqué of
Undersecretariat of
Industrial Chemicals and To control the importation of
All provisions
Standardization for Foreign
Foreign Trade
PCBs
certain chemical products that
Trade No. (2004/6)
receives a Control Certificate
O.G. 31st Dec., 2003
issued by the MOEF. Import of
no: 25333
certain chemicals is banned.
Communiqué of Importation of Undersecretariat of
Industrial Chemicals
To control the importation of
All provisions
Substances Thinning the Ozone Foreign Trade
certain chemical substances that
Layer O.G. 31st Dec., 2003
thins the Ozone layer.
no: 25333
Communiqué of Importation of Undersecretariat of
Industrial Chemicals
To control the importation of
All provisions
Fertilizer
Foreign Trade
certain fertilizers by demanding
O.G. 31st Dec., 2003
an official letter from MARA
no: 25333
that products comply with the
legislation
Communiqué of Importation of Undersecretariat of
Industrial Chemicals
To control and ban the
All provisions
Certain Painting Substances
Foreign Trade
importation of certain painting
O.G. 31st Dec., 2003
substances that are harmful to
no: 25333
human health
Resources
Allocated
n.a.
Enforcement
Ranking *
3
n.a.
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
Source: Official Gazettes: http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr
169
Standards Related with POPs and Chemicals that are published by Turkish Standards Institute
Code of Standard
Name of Standard
TS 3906 / 01.03.1983
Pesticides-Considered Not to Require Common Names
TS 4385 / 15.01.1985
Determination of the Residues of Some Pesticides on Fruits and Vegetables (Gas
Chromatographic and Thin Layer Chromatographic Methods)
TS 7134 / 10.05.1989
Equipment for Distributing Granulated Pesticides or Herbicides-Test Method
TS 8312 / 11.04.1990
Water Quality-Determination of Oil and Grease on Water and Sludge-Soxhlet
Extraction Method
TS 7887 / 13.02.1990
Water Quality-Determination of Oil and Grease-Gravimetric Method
TS 10952 / 24.04.1993
Pesticides 4-Chloro –2- Methylphenoxyacetic Acid (MCPA)
TS 11100 / 28.09.1993
Pesticides – Terms and Definitions
TS 11101/ 28.09.1993
TS 11517/10.01.1995
Pesticides – Classification
Pesticides- Testing Methods
TS ISO/DIS 11074-1
/01.04.1996
Soil Quality- Vocabulary- Part 1- Terms and Definitions Relating to the Protection
and Pollution of the Soil
TS ISO 11269-2/04.04.1996 Soil Quality-Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora-Part 2:
Effects of Chemicals on the Emergence and Growth of Higher Plants
TS ISO 6466 / 04.03.1997
Tobacco and tobacco products; determination of dithiocarbamate pesticides
residues; molecular absorption spectrometric method
TS 12198 / 03.04.1997
Environmental health-Training rules for pesticide workers
170
Code of Standard
TS EN 61619 / 04.11.1997
Name of Standard
Insulating liquids-Contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-Method of
determination by capillary column gas chromatography
TS EN 50225 / 04.11.1997
Code of practice for the safe use of fully enclosed oil-filled electrical equipment
which may be contaminated with PCBs
TS 12358 / 23.12.1997
Pesticides-Determination of acetone insoluble matters content
TS 12359 / 23.12.1997
Pesticides-determination of mixibility with hydrocarbon
TS 12362 / 30.12.1997
Pesticides-Azinphos Ethyl and formulations including azinphos ethyl
TS 12363 / 30.12.1997
TS 12364 / 30.12.1997
Pesticides-Determination of diazinon content-Titrimetrik method after
chromatographic separation or gas chromatographic
Pesticides-Determination of azinghos ethyl content-Spectrophotometric
TS 12365 / 30.12.1997
Pesticides-Diazinon and formulations including diazinn
TS 12370 / 20.01.1998
Pesticides-Trifluralin and formulations including
TS 12413 / 30.03.1998
Pesticides-Azinphos methyl and formulations including azinphos methyl
TS EN 1528-4 / 17.04.1998
Fatty Food-Determination of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyles (PCBs)Part 4:Determination, Confirmatory Tests, Miscellaneous
Fatty food-Determination of pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-Part
3:Clean-Up methods
TS EN 1528-3 / 15.04.1998
TS EN 1528-2 / 15.04.1998
Fatty Food-Determination of Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)Part 2-Extraction of Fat, Pesticides and PCBs and Determination of Fat Content
TS EN 1528-1 / 15.04.1998
Fatty Food-Determination of Pesticides and Plychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)-Part
1:General
TS EN ISO 14182 /
21.03.2000
Animal feeding stuffs- Determination of residues of organophosphorus pesticidesGas chromatographic method
171
Code of Standard
TS EN 1948-1 / 17.04.2000
Name of Standard
Stationary source emissions-Determination of the mass concentration of
PCDDs/PCDFs-Part 1: Sampling
TS EN 1948-2 / 25.04.2000
Stationary source emissions-Determination of the mass concentration of
PCDDs/PCDFs-Part 2: Extraction and clean-up
TS EN 1948-3 / 25.04.2000
Stationary source emissions-Determination of the mass concentration of
PCDDs/PCDFs-Part 3: Identification and quantification
TS ISO 4389 / 29.03.2001
Tobacco- Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues- Gas
chromatographic method
TS EN ISO 15318 /
22.03.2001
Pulp, paper and board- Determination of 7 specification polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)
TS IEC 60997 /27.03.2001
Determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in mineral insulating oils by
packed column gas chromatography (GC)
TS EN 12393-1/ 19.04.2001
Non-fatty foods – Multi residue methods for the gas chromatographic
determination of pesticide residues – Part 1: General considerations
TS EN 12393-2 / 19.04.2001 Non-fatty foods-Multi residue methods for the gas chromatographic determination
of pesticide residue-Part 2: Methods for extraction and clean-up
TS EN 12393-3 / 19.04.2001 Non-fatty foods – Multi residue methods for the gas chromatographic
determination of pesticide residues – Part 3: Determination and confirmatory tests
TS EN ISO 14181 /
29.04.2002
Animal feeding stuffs- Determination of residues of organochlorine pesticidesGas chromatographic method (ISO 14181:2000)
TS ISO 3890-1 / 18.03.2002 Milk and milk products- Determination of residues of organochlorine compounds
(pesticides)- Part 1: General considerations and extraction methods
TS ISO 3890-2 / 18.03.2002 Milk and milk products- Determination of residues of organachlorine compounds
(pesticides)- Part 2: Test Method for crude Extract purification and confirmation
172
TS ISO 15089 / 01.04.2002
Water quality – Guidelines for selective immunoassays for the determination of
plant treatment and pesticide agents
TS 3696 / 26.02.2003
Pesticides and other agrochemicals-Principles for the selection of common names
TS 3696 / 26.02.2003
Pesticides and other agrochemicals-Principles for the selection of common names
TS EN 12766-1 /19.03.2003
Petroleum products and used oils- Determination of PCBs and related productsPart 1: Separation and determination of selected PCBs congeners by gas
chromatography (GC) using an electron capture detector (ECD)
TS EN 12766-2/ 19.04.2004
Petroleum products and used oils – Determination of PCBs and related products –
Part 2: Calculation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) content
Source: TSE, www.tse.gov.tr ; TUBITAK-MRC
173
Table 4. B: Overview of Legal Instruments to Manage Chemicals by Use Category
Category of Chemical
Pesticides
(agricultural,
public health and
consumer use)
Fertilizers
Ind. Chemicals
(used in
manufacturing/
processing
facilities)
Petroleum
Products
Consumer
Chemicals
Chemical Wastes
Import
Production
Storage
Transportation
Distribution / Marketing
Use / Handling
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Disposal
X
174
Table 4.C: Banned or Severely Restricted Chemicals
No.
Name of Chemicals
Level of Restriction
B = Baned SR =
Severe Restricted
Detail of Restriction
Baned in 1971 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979
Baned in 1985 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings and
accumulation in fat tissue
Baned in 1989 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Responsible Bodies / Ministries
1
Dieldrin
B
2
Aldrin
B
3
Chlordane
B
4
Endrin
B
5
Heptachlor
6
Hexachlorobenzene
B
B
7
DDT
B
8
Toxaphene
B
9
Mirex
n.a.
Not used. No registration in Turkey
10
PCBs
B
11
Lindane
B
12
E-Parathion
B
13
2,4,5-T, dodecylamine salt
B
14
Leptophos
B
15
Chlordimeform
B
Baned in 1995. Used only in closed systems since
then.
Baned in 1979 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic impacts on
environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic impacts on
environment
Baned in 1979 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1979 because of toxic impacts on
environment and human beings
16
Mercury containing pesticides
(methoxyethylmercury chloride,
phenylmercury acetate,phenylmercury
chloride)
B
Baned in 1982 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
MARA
17
Arsenic containing Pesticides
B
Baned in 1982 because of toxic impacts on
environment and human beings
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MoEF
MARA
MARA
MARA
MoEF
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
175
No.
Name of Chemicals
Level of Restriction
B = Baned SR =
Severe Restricted
18
Chlorbenzilate
B
19
BHC
B
20
Fluorodiphenyl
B
21
Chlorpropylate
B
22
Dinoseb
B
23
Daminozide(Alar 85)
B
24
Zineb
B
25
Azinphos Ethyl
B
26
Polybromated diphenyl and biphenyls
B
27
R-502 [R-115 (Chloropentafloroethane),
R-22 (Chlorodiflorometane)] mixture
B
28
Polychlorinated terphenyls
B
29
4-Chloroaniline
B
30
2,4,5, Trimethylaniline
B
31
O-Toluidine
B
32
4-chloro-o-toluidine
B
33
5-nitro-o-toluidine
B
34
4,4’methylenedi-o-toluidine
B
35
4-aminobiphenyl
B
36
2-naphthylamine
B
Detail of Restriction
Baned in 1982 because of toxic impacts on
environment and human beings
Baned in 1982 because of toxic impacts on
environment
Baned in 1987 because of impacts on human beings
Baned in 1987 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment and human beings
Baned in 1988 because of toxic impacts on human
beings
Baned in 1989 because of toxic and carcinogenic
impacts on environment
Baned in 1991 because of toxic impacts on
environment
Baned in 1996 because of toxic impacts on
environment and human beings
Imports are banned according to Communiqué of
Standardization for Foreign Trade
Imports are banned according to Communiqué of
Standardization for Foreign Trade
Imports are banned according to Communiqué of
Standardization for Foreign Trade
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Responsible Bodies / Ministries
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
MARA
UFT, MoEF
UFT, MoEF
UFT, MoEF
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
176
No.
Name of Chemicals
Level of Restriction
B = Baned SR =
Severe Restricted
Detail of Restriction
Responsible Bodies / Ministries
B
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
UFT, MoH
B
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
UFT, MoH
39
4-methyl-mphenylenediamine
4,4-Methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline)
Benzidine
40
4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane
B
41
3,3’-dimethylbenzidine
B
42
3,3’-dichlorobenzidine
B
43
o-anisidine
B
44
3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine
B
45
4,4’-oxydianiline
B
46
p-cresidine
4-methoxy-mphenylenediamine
4-aminoazobenzene
B
37
38
47
B
B
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
effects on human beings
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
UFT, MoH
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
UFT, MoH
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
B
UFT, MoH
49 0-aminoazotoluene
effects on human beings
Baned by annual communiqués because of adverse
B
UFT, MoH
50 4,4’-thiodianiline
effects on human beings
A dioxins and furans emission limit value (0,1ng/m3) was set for incinerators by the Regulation for the Control of Hazardous Wastes in 1995. The other
unintentional by-products are currently not recognized in the legislation neither are they monitored.
48
B
Source: MARA, SPO Specialists’ Report / Chemical Ind. (Pesticides) 2001, Official Gazette.
177
Non-regulatory Mechanisms for Managing Chemicals
In some of the City Chambers affiliated with the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey, waste exchanges are
working in different extents. In waste exchanges, waste trade takes place between industrial facilities aiming recycling of wastes by
using them in the production of other industrial materials.
Chapter 5: Ministries, Agencies and Other Institutions Managing Chemicals
Responsibilities of Different Government Ministries, Agencies, and Other Institutions
Table 5.A: Responsibilities of Government Ministries, Agencies and Other Institutions
Ministry Concerned/
Importation
Stage of Life Cycle
MoEF
MoH
MARA
Municipalities
MoI (City Governors)
UFT
MoLSS
MoIT
X
X
X
Production
Storage
Transport
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Distribution/
Marketing
X
X
X
X
Use/Handling
Disposal
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
178
Chapter 6: Relevant Activities of Industry, Public Interest Groups and the Research Sector
Table 6.A: Summary of Expertise Available Outside the Government
Research
Institutes
Universities
Industry
Data Collection
X
X
X
Testing of
Chemicals
X
X
Risk Assessment
X
X
Field of Expertise
Risk Reduction
Policy Analysis
Training&
Education
Research on
Alternatives
Monitoring
Enforcement
Information to
Workers
Information to
Public
Others
Environment/Consumer
Groups
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Professional Org.
X
X
X
Labor
Unions
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
179
Chapter 7: Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating Mechanisms
Inter-ministerial Commission and Coordinating Mechanisms
Table 7.A: Overview of Inter-ministerial Commissions and Coordinating Mechanisms
Name of Mechanism
Commission of Chemical
Security
Responsibilities
Secretariat
-To activate the legislative process MOEF
mentioned in the Regulation for
Hazardous Chemicals
-To recommend the update or
change of that regulation
-To work as an advisory body
-To work on reasons and solutions of
accidents caused by chemicals
Commission of Hazardous
-To activate the legislative process MOEF
Wastes
mentioned in the Regulation for
Control of Hazardous Wastes
-To recommend the update or
change of that regulation
-To work as an advisory body
-To work on reasons and solutions of
accidents caused by chemicals
Commission of Recycling
-To put the basis for recycling and MOEF
collection of packaging material
wastes
-To determine and recommend the
limits of collection and recycling of
packaging material wastes
-To determine the methods of
collection, classification etc.
-To follow recent developments and
give report to the Minister
National Commission of Codex - To coordinate the preparation of MARA
Alimentarius
national codex alimentarius
Members
Legislative Mandate/ Objective
MoEF, MoF, MoH, MARA,
Undersec. of For. Trade,
Universities, Chemical
Industrialists Association, MoLSS,
MoIT, Union of Chambers and
Commodity Exchanges
To work as an advisory and coordinating
body between members in order to
implement the provisions of the
Regulation for Hazardous Chemicals
MoEF, MoF, MoH, MARA,
Undersec. of State Planning Org.,
Undersec. of For. Trade,
Universities, Chemical
Industrialists Association, MoIT,
Union of Chambers and Commodity
Exchanges
To work as an advisory and coordinating
body between members in order to
implement the provisions of the
Regulation for Control of Hazardous
Wastes
MoEF, Universities, Private
Companies, Chamber of
Environmental Engineering
To work as an advisory and technical
body on recycling of packaging material
in accordance with the provisions of
Regulation for Control of Solid Wastes
MoH, Selected experts from
universities, T.Standards Institute,
Expert from NGO.
To work as a coordinating technical body
on the preparation of national food codex
gathering sub-committees, taking the
Regulation for National Commission of
Codex Alimentarius as a basis.
180
Chapter 8: Data Access and Use
Availability of Data for National Chemical Management
Table 8.A : Quality and Quantity of Available Information
Data Needed for/to:
Pesticides
Agricultural use
Priority Setting
Classification/
Labeling
Registration
Licensing
Permitting
Risk Reduction Decisions
Poisoning Control
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Public Health use
Industrial
Chemicals
X
X
X
X
Consumer
Chemicals
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Chemical
Wastes
X
X
X
Emissions Inventories
Inspections & Audits
(environment/ health)
Information to workers
Information to the public
X
X
X
X
Note: X means there is "sufficient information"
available
181
Location of National Data
Table 8.B : Location of National Data
Type of Data
Location(s)
Data Source
Who has
access?
How to gain access
Format
Production Statistics
SIS, SPO
Public
SIS, SPO
Published document, web/
Detailed data upon request
Published document, web/
Detailed data upon request
Report/ Bulletin
Import Statistics
Export Statistics
SIS, SPO
Questionnaire,
Annual Programs
Officially registered
stat.,
Annual Programs
Officially registered
stat.,
Annual Programs
Public
Published document, web/
Detailed data upon request
Report/ Bulletin
Industrial Accident
Reports
n.a.
Transport Accident
Reports
n.a.
Public
Report/ Bulletin
Occupational Health Data
(agricultural)
MOLSS-SSK
Monthly and Annual
Statistics
Public
Published document, web
Report/ Bulletin
Occupational Health Data
(industrial)
Poisoning Statistics
MOLSS-SSK
Monthly and Annual
Statistics
Officially registered
stat.
Public
Published document, web
Report/ Bulletin
Public
Detailed data upon request
Report
Official registries
Public
Upon request
Report
MARA, MoH
Official Registries
Public
Application
Report
MARA, MoH
(for pesticides)
Association for
Chemical Producers
MoEF
Official Registries
Application
Report
Web/Official Gazette
Published
Refik Saydam
Hygiene Center
Pollutant Release and
Transfer Register
Hazardous Waste Data
n.a.
Register of Pesticides
MARA
Register of Toxic
Chemicals
Inventory of Existing
Chemicals
Register of Imports
(pesticides)
n.a.
Register of Producers
Prior Informed Consent
(PIC) Decisions
Environmental Health
Data
Banned Chemicals
Reports on Safety and
Risk Assessment of
Hazardous Substances in
Workplaces
n.a.
n.a.
Public
Voluntary
Application
Internet
Public
Official Gazette
Public
n.a.
Min. Environment and
Forestry,
Undersec. of For.
Trade (for imports),
MARA
n.a.
182
Table 8.C : Availability of International Literature
Literature
Location(s)
Who has access? How to gain access
WHO and other international organizations Documents
WHO Liaison Office Public
ILO Ankara Office
FAO Representation
Internet
Reports, internet
Environmental Health Criteria Monographs (EHCs)
(WHO)
MoEF
Public
WHO
http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
Health and Safety Guides (WHO)
MoH
Public
WHO
http://www.inchem.org/pages/hsg.html
International Chemical Safety Data Cards (IPCS/EC)
MoLSS
Public
ILO
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/
cis/products/safetytm/toc.htm
UNEP/WHO/ILO
http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
WHO Food Additive Series
MARA
Public
FAO
http://apps3.fao.org/jecfa/additive_specs/foodad-q.jsp
Documents from the FAO/WHO
Joint Meeting on Pesticide residues
MARA
Public
FAO
http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/Pesticid/
Decision Guidance Documents for
PIC Chemicals (FAO/UNEP)
MoEF
Public
FAO/UNEP
www.pic.int
FAO/WHO Pesticides Safety Data
Sheets
MARA
Public
FAO
http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/Pesticid/
Environmental Health Perspective and supplements
MoEF
Public
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Public
Good Manufacturing Practice Principles
MoEF
ULAKBİM TUBİTAK
MoH
EHP
http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/
Kluwer Online
http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0167-6369/contents
Public
WHO
http://www.who.int/medicines/organization/qsm/activit
ies/qualityassurance/gmp/gmpcover.html
Material Safety Data Sheets (industry)
MoLSS
Public
Web
http://www.msds.com/
http://www.msdsonline.com/
http://www.ilpi.com/msds/osha/index.html
International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC)
MoLSS
Public
ILO
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safewor
k/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/index.htm
Literature
Location(s)
Who has access? How to gain access
Journals, Bulletins and Newsletters
Journals:
Environment, Development and Sustainability
Environmental & Resource Economics
Environmental and Ecological Statistics
Environmental Biology of Fishes
Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Environmental Geochemistry and Health
Environmental Modeling & Assessment
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
-ULAKBİM –
TUBİTAK,
-Middle East
Technical Univ.
Public
Upon Request
183
The Environmentalist
Environment international
-Middle East
Technical Univ.
Public
Upon Request
Location(s)
Who has access? How to gain access
Environmental action (Washington, D.C.)
Environmental and molecular mutagenesis
Environmental geology (Berlin)
Environmental geosciences
Environmental health
Environmental health and preventive medicine
Environmental health perspectives
Environmental health perspectives. Supplements
Environmental impact assessment review
Environmental management and health
Environmental Management Handbook
Environmental microbiology
Environmental nutrition
Environmental policy and law
Environmental politics
Environmental pollution
Environmental pollution. Series A. Ecological and
biological
Literature
Environmental pollution. Series B. Chemical and physical -Middle East
Technical Univ.
Public
Upon Request
Environmental progress
Environmental quality management
Environmental Sciences
Environmental toxicology
Environmental toxicology and pharmacology
Environmental toxicology and water quality
Chem. Inform
Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology
Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin
Chemical and petroleum engineering
Chemical health & safety
Chemical journal on Internet
Chemical research in toxicology
Toxic substance mechanisms
Toxicologic pathology
Toxicological and environmental chemistry
Toxicological sciences
Toxicology (Amsterdam)
Toxicology and applied pharmacology
Toxicology and industrial health
Toxicology in vitro
Toxicology letters
Toxicology mechanisms and methods
Toxicology methods
184
Table 8.D : Availability of International Databases
Database
Location(s)
Who has
access?
IRPTC
MOH-Refik Saydam Staff
Hygiene Institute
How to gain access
Reports (not available since 1993), web
site
http://dbserver.irptc.unep.ch:8887/irptc/owa/lg.search_for?
iscas=&iarea=&isubject=&ispec=
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/p
ILO
Related organizations Public
IPCS INTOX
MOH-Refik Saydam Staff
Hygiene Institute
Reports, web site
MOH-Refik Saydam Staff
Hygiene Institute
Reports, web site
Related organizations Public
http://www.nihs.go.jp/GINC/webguide/csinfo.html
roducts/icsc/dtasht/index.htm
IPCS INCHEM
Global Information
Network on
Chemicals (GINC)
STN Database
Chemical Abstract
Services Database
-CAB Abstracts
-CHEMnetBASE
n.a.
ULAKBİM TUBİTAK
Middle East Tech.
Uni.
-IPA(International ULAKBİM Pharmaceutical
TUBİTAK
Abstracts)
-Medline (OCLC)
-PubMed
ISI Web of
Middle East Tech.
Knowledge
Uni.
JECFA
MOH- Refik Saydam
Hygiene Institute
IARC
MOH- Refik Saydam
Hygiene Institute
http://www.intox.org/databank/index.htm
http://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
Public or
Researchers
Upon Request
Public
Upon Request
Public or
Upon Request
Researchers
Staff
Bulletin
Staff
Bulletin
185
Chapter 9: Technical Infrastructure
Table 9.A. Overview of Laboratory Infrastructure
Name/Description of
Equipment/Analytical
Location
Laboratory
Capabilities Available
MARA, Province
Control Laboratory
GC-ECD, GC-NPD,
GC-FPD, GC-MS,
HPLC,
HPLC-Pickering,
HPLC-Cobracell,
LCMS/MS,
GCMS/MS, HPLC-Gel
Permiation
MARA, Province
Izmir
GC, GC-FID, GCYes
Control Laboratory
ECD, GC-MS, HPLC,
GC-NPD, HPLCPickering
MARA Province
Bursa,
GC-MS, GC-NPD,
No
Food Inspection
Istanbul, GC-ECD, HPLC
Laboratories
Samsun,
Mersin,
Antalya
MoH Refik Saydam Ankara GC, GC/MS, HPLC, No
Hygiene Center
AAS
MoEF, Environment Ankara HPLC, GC, GPC,
No
Reference Laboratory
GC/MS
TUBITAK-Marmara Gebze
GC, GC-FID, GCYes
Research Center
ECD, GC-MS, HPLC
TUBITAK-ATAL
Ankara
Accreditation Certified
(if yes, by
GLP
Purpose
whom?)
(yes/no)
Yes
Pesticides
PCBs,
Food
Ankara
TUBITAK-BUTAL Bursa
GC-FID, GC-MS,
Yes
HPLC, LC-MS
GC-FID, GC-MS,
Yes
HPLC
HPLC, GPC, ICP/MS, No
LC/MS, GC/MS, GC
Middle East
Ankara
Technical University
(Environmental Eng.
And Chemistry
Dept.)
Ege UniversityIzmir
GC-FID, GC-MS,
EBILTEM
HPLC
Hacettepe Uni.
Ankara GC, GC/MS, AAS,
Chemistry Dept.
HPLC
Yıldız Technical Uni. Istanbul GC/MS, AAS
Chemistry Dept.
Source: MoEF, TUBITAK-MRC
Pesticides,
Food
Pesticides,
Food
Pesticides
PCBs
Pesticides
PCDD/F
Pesticides,
Food
Pesticides
Pesticides
Pesticides
PCBs
No
Pesticides
No
Pesticides
Pesticides
PCBs
186
Table 9.B: Computer Capabilities
Computer System Location
/ Database
PC and Mac, at
TUBITAK
least one PC per Marmara
researcher
Research
Center
Gebze,
Kocaeli
PC, but total
MoEF,
number per
Ankara
personnel is not
enough
PC, but total
MARA,
number per
Ankara
personnel is not
enough
PC, but total
MoH,
number per
Ankara
personnel is not
enough
Equipment Available Current uses
Yes
Research and
Development
Yes
Inspection and
monitoring
Yes
Quality
Control and
R&D
Yes
R&D,
Monitoring
Source: TUBITAK-MRC
187
Chapter 10: International Linkage
Cooperation and Involvement with International Organizations, Bodies and Agreements
Table 10.A : Membership in International Organizations, Programs and Bodies
International Organization /Body
/Activity
National Focal Point
Other Ministries/
(Ministry/ Agency &
Agencies Involved
Primary Contact Point)
Related National
Activities
International Forum on Chemical
Safety (IFCS)
MoEF (DG for
Related ministries Submission of official
Environmental
report or opinions
Management)
Ms. Müfide Demirural
UNEP
MoEF
(DG for Environmental
Management)
Related ministries Submission of official
report or opinions
MoEF (DG for
Environmental
Management)
MoH (DG for Basic
Health Services)
Mr. Cengiz KESİCİ
Ms. Dilek DİKMEN
-
Submission of official
report or opinions
MoEF, MARA
FAO
MARA (Dept. of
External Relations and
EU)
MoH
UNIDO
ILO
MoEF (Dept. of External MARA, MoH
Affairs)
MoLSS
MoH
World Bank
MoEF
-
OECD
MoEF
MARA, MoH
Related Project Design
and Implementation,
Common organizations,
Submission of official
report or opinions
Related Project Design
and Implementation,
Common organizations,
Submission of official
report or opinions
Related Project Design
and Implementation
Related Project Design
and Implementation,
submission of national
report or opinions
Related Project Design
and Implementation,
submission of official
report or opinions
Submission of official
report or opinions
IRPTCNational Correspondent
IE/PACCleaner Production Center
IPCS
WHO
188
Table 10.B : Participation in International Agreements/ Procedures Related to Chemical Management
International Agreement
Relevant National Implementation
Activities
Primary Responsible Agency
Agenda 21-Commission for Sustainable Ministry of Interior
Development
The project entitled the “Promotion
and Development of Local Agenda 21s
in Turkey” has been implemented since
1997.
Submission of official opinions
UNEP London Guidelines
(voluntary procedure)
MoEF (DG for Environmental
Management)
FAO Code of Conduct
(voluntary procedure)
MARA (Dept. of External Relations Submission of official opinions,
and EU)
coordination between related bodies,
preparation of legislation
Montreal Protocol
MoEF (DG for Environmental
Management)
Submission of official opinions,
coordination between related bodies.
UN Recommendation for the Transport MoEF (DG for Environmental
of Dangerous Goods
Management)
Coordination between related bodies,
preparation of legislation
ILO Convention 170
n.a.
-
Basel Convention
MoEF (DG for Environmental
Management)
London Convention
n.a.
GATT /WTO agreements(related to
Chemicals trade)
Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade
Chemicals Weapon Convention
Ministry of Defense
Turkey: signed on 14th Jan.,1993 entry
into force: 11th June, 1997
Regional / Subregional Agreements:
MoEF (DG for Environmental
Convention on the Protection of the
Management)
Black Sea Against Pollution (approved
by the Board of Ministers in 28th Jan.,
1994)
Convention on the Protection of the
Mediterranean Sea Against Pollution
Originating From Sources or Activities
on Land (approved by the Board of
Ministers in 22nd July, 2002)
Bilateral Agreements
(specify)
Related Project Design and
Implementation, submission of
national report or opinions
Preparation of legislation, submission
of official opinions, coordination
between related bodies
Preparation of legislation, submission
of official opinions
Activities in scope of Convention on
the Protection of the Black Sea are; a
project implemented for formation of a
National Action Program and a project
of Monitoring of Contamination
originating from land and rivers.
Activities in scope of Convention on
the Protection of the Mediterranean
Sea are a project done for scientific
measurement and monitoring of
contamination and another project of
monitoring of contamination
originating from land.
n.a.
189
Participation in Relevant Technical Assistance Projects
Table 10.C: Participation as Recipient in Relevant Technical Assistance Project
Name of Project
Dioxin Emission in Candidate
Countries
International /
Bilateral Donor
Agency Involved
National
Contact Point
European Union (DG TUBITAK-MRC
Environment)
Reduction of Pesticide Residues NATO
in Environment and Processed
Products
MARA-Izmir
Bornova Plant
Protection
Research Inst.
Relevant Activities
-A four-day training provided
by experienced experts from
Poland
-Supervision of PCDD/F
emission sampling by the
experienced Polish experts
-The opportunity to compare
their own results with those of
the Polish team in order to
evaluate the correctness of
their own methods.
-Dioxin measurements at two
secondary aluminum plants
-The dioxin measurements in
Bulgarian Power Plant
-PCDD/F inventories
produced for big emission
sources for Turkey
In the context of
traceability, pesticide
residue analysis is
conducted to
agricultural products
starting from farm up
to end-product.
190
Chapter 11: Awareness / Understanding of Workers and the Public
Confederation of Turkish Labor Syndicates (TURK-IS) gives priority to occupational health and
safety and considers the issue with the environment. In the field of determination of the risky jobs,
vocational training, training in different issues, on-work vocational studies, activities like,
workshops, symposium are organized and brochures, booklets are published. Vocational training
targeting young workers and awareness against child workers are included in the training studies.
As an affiliated body of MoLSS, Social Security Training and Research Center is the only public
vocational training organization. The main fields of training in that center are:
-
Risk analysis and precautionary measures in chemical industry (storage, transport, use etc.)
Occupational security in the places working with flammable and explosive materials
Occupational security in casting, high temperature ovens and furnaces
Precautionary occupational health and security measures in places working in dusty
environment
Precautionary occupational health and security measures in mines
Precautionary occupational health and security measures in the places working with lead and
its compounds
Precautionary occupational health and security measures in the places working with asbestos
Precautionary occupational health and security measures in the places working with solvents
The impact of environmental health on workers
Occupational health and security in construction works.
In the DG Electric Generation, vocational training programs especially for the workers working in
the powerhouses with a possible exposition to PCBs have been organized. Booklets to increase
awareness and understanding of workers have been published.
In some of the City Chambers affiliated with the Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of
Turkey, there are departments of environment working on the environmental issues. These are:














Istanbul Chamber of Industry
Bursa Centre of Environment
Adana Chamber of Industry
Ankara Chamber of Industry
Denizli Chamber of Industry
Aegean Regional Chamber of Industry
Eskişehir Chamber of Industry
Gaziantep Chamber of Industry
Istanbul Chamber of Commerce
Kayseri Chamber of Industry
Kayseri Chamber of Commerce
Kocaeli Chamber of Industry
Konya Chamber of Industry
Konya Chamber of Commerce
http://www.iso.org.tr/
http://www.bcm.org.tr/
www.adaso.org.tr
http://www.aso.org.tr
www.dso.org.tr
www.ebso.org.tr
www.eso.org.tr
www.gso.org.tr
www.tr-ito.com
www.kayso.org.tr
www.kayserito.org.tr
www.kosano.org.tr
www.kso.org.tr
www.kto.org.tr
These chambers also have waste exchanges working in different extents. Environmental test
laboratory facilities are planned to be established in a number of these chambers, as well.
There are also a number of regional NGOs, like Environment Foundation of Turkey, Foundation of
Black Sea Training Culture and Protection of Environment organizes seminars, publish books and
brochures to raise public awareness.
191
South East Mediterranean Environmental Education Project (SEMEP) is focused on natural and
cultural education in the country. Ministry of National Education is the coordinator of the project
and counterpart of UNESCO. It is used to raise local public awareness in the voluntary primary and
middle schools. Foundation of Environmental Education of Turkey is another NGO giving
education in primary and middle schools.
Chamber of Environmental Engineers is another public institution that prepare reports, books and
organize seminars to raise public awareness and for vocational training.
Greenpeace Mediterranean organizes campaigns and publishes newsletters and press news to
publicize environmental problems in the country.
Chapter 12: Resources Available and Needed for Chemical Management
Resources Available and Needed in Government Ministries / Institutions
Table 12.A: Resources Available in Government Ministries / Institutions
Ministry/Agency
Concerned
TUBITAK-MRC,
Environment and
Chemistry Institute (ECI)
Number of
Professional Staff
Involved
677 (57 for ECI)
Type of Expertise
Available
Research and
Development,
Education
Financial Resource
Available (per year)
130.000 $/100 samples
of dioxin analysis/year
Resources Needed by Government Institutions to Fulfill Responsibilities Related to Chemical
Management
Table12.B: Resources Needed by Government Institutions to Fulfill Responsibilities Related to
Chemical Management
Ministry/Agency
Concerned
TUBITAK-MRC
Number/Type of
Professional Staff
Needed
Min 6 staff
(1 Env.Eng, 2
Chem.Eng, 1
Food Eng, 2
Technicians)
Training Requirements
Training on Pesticides Analysis
for different matrices- Training
on PCBs/Dioxin Analysis for
different matrices- Training on
quality control and method
validation for POPs analysis
192
Assessment
The economic values of chemicals production and use are significant in Turkey. The number of
chemicals that are produced in the country and the weight of agricultural production in Turkish
economy with the abundant agricultural land make chemical use to be environmentally concerned.
Hence, chemical management is considered as an important policy tool by different institutions
involved in the system with a great number of law and regulations in force.
In Turkey, the legal basis is seen to be sufficient to manage chemicals. The adoption to the EU
acquis helps the country to complete the lacking legislation. However, the necessary data collection
and monitoring activities cannot sufficiently be implemented by the relevant institutions. This is
because of both deficiencies in the total number of personnel and in employing expert personnel,
insufficient financial resources, change of places of the staff and lacking inter and intraministerial/institutional coordination. Additionally, more research and case studies employed by
related institutions are needed in order to put emphasis on national and regional chemical
management.
The difficulties in preparing the national profile for the management of chemicals can be set as;
obtaining regional data and relevant data on chemical wastes, description of problem areas, priority
concerns related to chemicals, inventory of technical infrastructure and available resources in
related institutions. These difficulties are mainly caused by; lack of a satisfactory official database,
insufficient inter-institutional coordination and an obscure policy agenda.
On the other hand, it can be stated that there is satisfactory linkage to international database and
scientific literature. With a good coordination between ministries and universities, research centers
and NGOs, there is a potential of training more staff or scientists as well as project design and
implementation.
Some studies to raise public and worker awareness for environmental management and their
understanding of risks of chemicals are being executed by different non-governmental groups. It is
believed that in these studies POPs have to be considered more in order to enforce the public
institutions for policy-formation and POPs prevention.
In this scope, it is better to state the necessary future studies within the concept of management of
chemicals. First, a monitoring system for the chemical waste generation and emission inventories
have to be developed in relation with regional and national chemical production facilities and
agricultural land as well as considering growing population in urban area.
Second, the coordination between related institutions has to be improved in order to monitor or
easily change the current policies of chemical management. The permit, registration, use,
production, and trade statistics of chemicals collected by different ministries has to be monitored
currently within a specific database in order to be alert for risks and find a relationship between
scientific research findings on chemical use and the risks of chemicals. A general inter-ministerial
committee may help to improve the current situation of management of chemicals.
The priority concerns related to chemicals has to be transparently determined officially in order to
see the problem areas and to create a procedure of chemical management.
The technical requirements of related institutions have to be specified and the cost of these
requirements has to be calculated in a separate study.
The standards of procedures for the analysis of POPs are needed to be clarified and unified in the
laboratories as a matter of accreditation.
193
Although the use or production of POPs has not been registered for a long time, any unregistered
use and emission of POPs have to be investigated in human beings, food, soil, and rivers via
different regional studies in selected districts. There are suspected areas like peripheries of big
chemical factories that can be proposed for investigation in short term. The total cost of these
studies has to be calculated and related institutions should start preparation of projects.
Details of any relevant system for the assessment and listing of new chemicals (Existing
regulatory schemes for assessing new chemicals) (2.3.12)
Pesticides and industrial chemicals have different registration procedures in Turkey.
The registration procedure of agricultural pesticides is given in the Regulation for the Registration
of Pesticides and Similar Substances of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA)
published in the Official Gazette no: 23614 on 17 Feb. 1999. The registration procedures start with
a written application of persons to MARA. The applicant firm has to employ an expert responsible
from registration and to submit the relevant documents concerning employees, the plan of
production plant and specifications of pesticide products. Registration is executed through
formulations of pesticides. Producers have the right for temporary production of pesticides to test
them for biological efficiency. For the test production, permission has to be taken from MARA. To
apply for the registration related application forms are submitted to MARA and an intra-ministerial
commission evaluates these documents. MARA has the right to analyze the pesticide products that
are subject to registration before marketing.
The consumer pesticides are registered by Ministry of Health (MOH) in line with the Directive
Dimensioning the Special Characteristics of Things and Substances Related to Foodstuffs and
General Health published in Official Gazette no:8236 on 18th October,1952 and a Ministerial
Circular for the registration of consumer pesticides (insecticides, rodenticides and mollucides). The
registration procedure is very much like the one for pesticide registrations of MARA. A new
regulation is needed to clarify the official registration procedure concerning consumer pesticides
and this new regulation is planned to be put into force by MOH in 2005.
Chemicals that are hazardous, dangerous, or toxic for the environment and human beings or animals
are registered according to the Regulation for Dangerous Chemicals of the Ministry of Environment
and Forestry (MOEF) published in Official Gazette no: 21634 dated 11 July 1993, amendment in
the Official Gazette no: 24379 dated 20th April, 2001. In the frame of this regulation; the detailed
information of producers, identification of produced chemicals, the production, imports, and use
data of these chemicals (including the predicted data of production and use), chemical, physical,
and ecological properties, and means of disposal have to be submitted to MOEF. However, there is
not a sufficient database to monitor or analyze this valuable data.
Pesticides, consumer chemicals and toxic and hazardous substances are either banned or under
control by regulation in Turkey. However, these substances are not sufficiently monitored by the
related institutions. Unregistered use of some chemicals can be possible via smuggling from
neighbor countries. Industrial chemical producers and their chemicals are not registered by
responsible ministries. The data of production and sales are collected by SIS, and the
Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade monitors foreign trade. The lack of good monitoring practices
and insufficient research are handicaps preventing assessment and listing of new chemicals.
Details of any relevant system for the assessment and regulation of chemicals already in the
market (Existing regulatory schemes for assessing chemicals already in the market) (2.3.13)
The pesticides in the market are inspected according to the Regulation for the Control of the
Pesticides published in Official Gazette no: 22321 on 22 June 1995. Inspections are conducted
concerning product, label, factory, market, process, and complaints of consumers. During the
194
controls, the specifications of the product, its effects on the plant at recommended use, its effect on
disease, insect, and weed at recommended use are inspected or analyzed in the authorized
laboratories. The inspections are executed by regional offices of MARA. The evaluation and
analysis reports are sent to the central office.
The consumer chemicals that are already in the market are inspected by MOH. Market inspections
are conducted non-systematically but generally based on complaints of consumers. The inspection
procedures are not transparent. This problem is supposed to be solved by the above mentioned new
regulation.
A person dealing with the trade, production, packaging and labeling, storage, transports of
dangerous chemicals are inspected by MOEF according to the provisions of the Regulation for
Dangerous Chemicals. Inspections led by MOEF officials are executed via random sample
collection from the market or directly from producers. The specifications of products and
information given on the label are checked for the accordance with the provisions of mentioned
Regulation and with the registration of producers filed in MOEF. Samples are collected in
accordance with the related standards of Turkish Standards Institute. Imports of these chemicals are
put under control by annual Communiqué of Standardization for Foreign Trade and importers are
obligated to receive a Control Certificate issued by MOEF. However, the inspection system of
industrial chemicals should be designed to work efficiently by MOEF.
195
References
1.
State Statistics Institute (SIS), Population and Demographical Indicators on the web:
http://nkg.die.gov.tr/ , 2004.
2.
State Planning Organization (SPO) Basic Economical Indicators, June 2004.
3.
SPO, 8th Five Year Development Plan, 2000.
4.
SPO, Support Document for Annual Programs, 2003.
5.
Hacettepe University Institution of Population Studies, Research for Population and Health-Turkey,
2003.
6.
SIS, Results of Household Labor Force Survey, 2003.
7.
SIS, General Industrial and Working Places Census, 2002, www.die.gov.tr
8.
SIS, Agriculture Census, 2001.
9.
SPO, Specialists’ Report/Chemical Ind. (Pesticides), 2001.
10.
SPO, Specialists’ Report/Chemical Industry, 2001.
11.
SPO, Specialists’ Report/Petrochemical Industry, 2001.
12.
SPO, Specialists’ Report/Plastics Industry, 2001.
13.
SPO, Specialists’ Report/Fertilizer Industry, 2001.
14.
Official Gazette, different issues: http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr .
15.
SPO, Main Economic Indicators, 2004, www.dpt.gov.tr
16.
SIS, Environmental Statistics: http://www.die.gov.tr/TURKISH/SONIST/CEVRE/14052003t2.htm,
http://www.die.gov.tr/TURKISH/SONIST/CEVRE/30072004.html
17.
TSE, www.tse.gov.tr
18.
WHO, http://www.inchem.org/pages/ehc.html
http://www.inchem.org/pages/hsg.html
19.
ILO,
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/safetytm/toc.htm
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/index.htm
http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/index.htm
20.
UNEP/WHO/ILO, http://www.inchem.org/pages/icsc.html
http://www.inchem.org/pages/jmpr.html
21.
FAO, http://apps3.fao.org/jecfa/additive_specs/foodad-q.jsp
http://apps3.fao.org/jecfa/additive_specs/foodad-q.jsp
http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpp/Pesticid/
22.
FAO/UNEP, www.pic.int
23.
EHP http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/
24.
Kluwer Online: http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0167-6369/contents
25.
WHO,http://www.who.int/medicines/organization/qsm/activities/qualityassurance/gmp/gmpcover.ht
ml
26.
Interactive Learning Paradigms Incorporated : http://www.ilpi.com/msds/osha/index.html
27.
MSDS Management, http://www.msds.com/
http://www.msdsonline.com/
28.
UNEP,
http://dbserver.irptc.unep.ch:8887/irptc/owa/lg.search_for?iscas=&iarea=&isubject=&ispec=
29.
IPCS, http://www.intox.org/databank/index.htm
30.
National Institute of Health Sciences-Japan, http://www.nihs.go.jp/GINC/webguide/csinfo.html
31.
Environment Foundation of Turkey, www.cevre.org
32.
TURK-IS, www.turkis.org.tr
33.
MOLSS, www.calisma.gov.tr
34.
TUBITAK, www.tubitak.gov.tr
35.
MARA, www.tarim.gov.tr , www.kkgm.gov.tr
36.
MOH, www.saglik.gov.tr
37.
MOEF, www.cevreorman.gov.tr
196
Article
Annex 1
3
No
1 a i
ii
b
2 a i
ii
b
i
ii
iii
c
Brief description
Prohibition of production of Annex A POPs
Prohibition of import and export of Annex A POPs
Restriction of the production and use of Annex B POPs
Corresponding legislation
- Directive for Pesticide and
Equipment Used for Plant
Protection
Official Gazette:
4th Feb., 1959, no: 10126
-Regulation for the Control of
the Pesticides
Official Gazette:
22nd June,1995 no:22321
-Regulation for the
Registration of Pesticides and
Similar Substances
Official Gazette:
17th Feb.,1999 no:23614
-Regulation for Dangerous
Chemicals
Official Gazette:
20th April, 2001, no: 24379
-Communiqué to Prohibit the
Use and Marketing of Certain
Active Substances used in the
Production of Pesticides
Official Gazette:
16st Dec.,2003
no:25318
-Regulation for the Control of
the Pesticides
Official Gazette:
22nd June,1995 no:22321
-Communiqué of
Standardization for Foreign
Trade No. (2004/6)
O.G. 31st Dec., 2003
No: 25333
-Regulation for the
Registration of Pesticides and
Similar Substances
Official Gazette:
17th Feb.,1999 no:23614
-Communiqué to Prohibit the
Use and Marketing of Certain
Active Substances used in the
Production of Pesticides
Official Gazette:
16st Dec.,2003
no:25318
Import of Annex A and B POPs is only for disposal
Import of Annex A and B POPs is for use and is permitted
If exemption is granted for Annex A or B POPs, they are
exported for environmentally sound disposal
to a party permitted to use them
to a non party, (certification)
If exemption is no longer valid for Annex A POPs, it is
exported only for disposal
197
Article
No
-Regulation for the
Registration of Pesticides and
Similar Substances
Official Gazette:
17th Feb.,1999 no:23614
-Regulation for Dangerous
Chemicals
Official Gazette:
20th April, 2001, no: 24379
- Regulation for the Labelling
of Pesticides
Official Gazette:
1st Sep.,1983 no:18152
-Regulation for the Control of
the Pesticides
Official Gazette:
22nd June,1995 no:22321
-Regulation for Dangerous
Chemicals
Official Gazette:
20th April, 2001, no: 24379
If registers for new pesticides and industrial chemicals exist
prevent production and use of new chemicals, if criteria of
§1 of Annex D is met
4
If registers for pesticides and industrial chemicals exist
include criteria of §1 of Annex D when conducting
assessment is done for chemicals currently in use
5
If exemption is granted
ensure that during production or use exposures and releases
are minimized (standards and guidelines)
If exemption is filed
Procedures for updating it
Procedures for withdraw
Development of an action plan within two years to address
Annex C POPs
inventories of Annex C POPs
evaluation of the efficacy of the laws, policies
strategies to meet the obligation (i and ii)
guidelines on education and training on the strategies
process to review the strategies every 5 years
schedules for the implementation of this action plan
promotion of release reduction or source elimination
promotion of modified materials, products, processes
require the use of BAT/BEP for new sources within 4 years
(Part II Annex C)
promote the use of BAT/BEP for existing sources (Part II
and Part III of Annex C)
promote the use of BAT/BEP for new sources (Part III of
Annex C)
Release limit values and performance standards may be used
Development of strategies for identifying stockpiles of
Annex A and B
Development of strategies for identifying products and
articles and wastes containing of Annex A, B or C
Identification of stockpiles of Annex A and B
Management of stockpiles in environmentally sound manner
(Annex A, B)
Wastes products, articles should be handled, collected
-Regulation for the Control
transported in environmentally sound manner
of Hazardous Wastes
Official Gazette:
27th Aug., 1995, no:22387
- Decision on the
Responsibility Insurance for
Hazardous Substances
Official Gazette:
25th April, 1991, no: 21002
a
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
b
c
d
e i
ii
6
Corresponding legislation
3
4
5
Brief description
g
1 a i
ii
b
c
d i
198
Article
No
ii
wastes products, articles should be disposed of irreversibly
iii
iv
recycling should not be permitted
wastes, products, articles should not be transported across
borders without relevant rules
e 1
2
7
1 a
b
c
2
3
8
1
9
1 a
10
b
2
3
5
1 a
b
c
d
e
f
g
2
Brief description
Corresponding legislation
-Regulation for the Control
of Hazardous Wastes
Official Gazette:
27th Aug., 1995, no:22387
-Regulation for the Control
of Hazardous Wastes
Official Gazette:
27th Aug., 1995, no:22387
Development of strategies for identification of contaminated
sites (Annex A, B and C)
Remediation should be undertaken in an environmentally
sound manner
NIP development
NIP submission in 2 years
Periodic review of the NIP (frequency not yet decided)
NGOs involvement in the NIP preparation and updating
integration of the NIP into the sustainable development
strategy (if applicable)
Submission of proposals for listing chemicals in Annex A, B
and/or C (if applicable)
Facilitation of information exchange on reduction or
elimination of POPs use, production and release
Facilitation of information exchange on POPs alternatives
Mechanism for information exchange through the Secretariat
Designation of POPs focal point
Health related information should not be confidential
Awareness raising among decision makers
Provision of all POPs related info to public
Development and implementation of educational
programmes for women, children, least educated
Public participation into the POPs issues
Training of workers, scientists, educators, technical and
managerial personnel
Development and exchange of educational materials
Development and implementation of education and training
programmes
Ensure public access to information on awareness raising
activities, information is kept up-to-date
199
Article
No
3
Brief description
Encourage professionals to promote awareness raising
Corresponding legislation
1. Directive for the
Specification of Precautionary
Measures in Institutions/Works
that Use Explosive, Flagrant,
Hazardous and Harmful
Substances
O.G.: 24th Dec., 1973,
no: 14752
2. Regulation for the
Precautionary Health and
Security Measures in the Work
with Chemical Substances
Official Gazette:
26th Dec., 2003 no:25328
3. Regulation for the
Precautionary Health and
Security Measures in the Work
with Carcinogenic and
Mutagenic Substances
Official Gazette:
26th Dec., 2003 no:25328
11
4
5
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
2 a
b
d
e
f
15
1
2 a
b
3
Anne
xA
Part
II
a
i
ii
iii
b
i
ii
iii
d
e
f
g
Establishment of information centres
Use of PRTR to disseminate information
Encourage R&D and monitoring on
Sources and releases into the environment
Presence, levels and trends in humans and environment
Environmental transport and fate
Effects on human health and environment
Socio-economic and cultural impacts
Release reduction and/or elimination
Harmonized inventories and analytical techniques
Support and develop international programmes
Strengthen national scientific and technical capacities
Undertake R&D for alleviating effects on reproductive
health
Make the results of R&D accessible and up-to-date
Encourage storage and maintenance of R&D info
Effectiveness reporting
Statistical data on production, import, export,
List of states from which it has exported and to which it has
exported (Annex A, B)
Periodicity not yet decided
Identify, label and remove from use PCB-containing
equipment by 2025
10% PCBs >5 litres
0,05% PCBs >5 litres
0,005% PCBs > 0,05 litres
Reduce the risk of exposure by
use of intact equipment only
not use equipment where food is processed or produced
protect electrical failure and undertake regular inspection
Not allow the recovery of PCBs >0,05%
Dispose of PCBs by 2028
Identification of PCB-containing open systems
Progress report on PCBs elimination in every 5 years
200
Article
No
Anne
xB
Part I
Anne 1
xB
Part 2
II
3
4
iii
5 a
i
ii
iii
b
Brief description
Corresponding legislation
Notification of the Secretariat on closed-system site-limited
intermediate quantities (if applicable)
Elimination of DDT production and use unless notification is
filed
Restrict production and use for disease vector control
Notification of the Secretariat and WHO on the use of DDT
Report on the amounts used and conditions of DDT use to
the Secretariat and WHO every 3 years
If DDT is used, Action plan should be developed
Restrict DDT use to disease vector control
Implementation of alternatives
Strengthen heath care to reduce incidences of the disease
Promote R&D on safe alternatives to DDT
201
Abbreviations
ag: Agriculture
BAT: Best Available Techniques
BEP: Best Environmental Practices
BHC: Benzenhexachlor
C: capacitor
CLRTAP: Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
CSD: Commission for Sustainable Development
DDD: Dichloro diphenyl dichloroethane
DDE: Dichloro diphenyldichlor ethylene
DDT: Dichloro diphenyl trichloro ethane
EM: Emulsion
EMSRI: Earth and Marine Sciences Research Institute
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
ESERI: Energy Systems and Environmental Research Institute
EU: European Union
EUAŞ: Governmental Electrical Production Corporation
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FSTRI: Food Science and Technology Research Institute
TEQ/A: gram toxic equivalent of dioxins per year
GATA: Gülhane Military Medical Academy
GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
HCB: Gamma isomer of 1.2.3.4.5.6-haxachlorocyclohaxane
HCB: Hexachlorobenzene
HCH: Hexachlorocyclohexane
HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography
IARC: International Agency for Research on Cancer
IE/PAC: Industry and Environment Programme Activity Centre
IFCS: Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety
ILO: International Labor Office
IOMC: Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals
IPCS: International Programme on Chemical Safety
IPPC: Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive
IRPTC: International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals
ISG: Inter-sessional Group of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
ISTAC: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Environmental Protection and Evaluation of Waste
Materials Industrial and Trade Inc.
IZAYDAŞ: Turkish Waste Incineration Corp.
KCI: Kocaeli Chamber of Industry
LPG: Liquid Petroleum Gas
MARA Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs
MCTRI: Materials and Chemical Technologies Research Institute
MoEF: Ministry of Environment and Forestry
MoF: Ministry of Finance
MoH: Ministry of Health
MoI: Ministry of Interior
MoJ: Ministry of Justice
MoIT: Ministry of Industry and Trade
MoL: Ministry of Labor and Social Security
MoLSS: Ministry of Labor and Social Security
MRC: Marmara Research Center
n: quantity of equipment
202
NGO: Non Governmental Organisations
NIP: National Implementation Plans
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
PCBs: Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PCDD/F: Polychlorinated dibenzo dioxin/furane
PCP: Pentachlorophenol
PCT: Polychloroterphenyl
PETKIM: Turkish Petrochemical Corporation
POP: Persistent Organic Pollutant
PVC: Polyvinilchloride
RSHM: Refik Saydam Hygiene Centre
SIS: State Institute of Statistics
SME: Small and Medium Enterprises
SPO: State Planning Organisation
t: transformer
t/a: ton per year
TCMA: Turkish Cement Producers Association
TSE: Turkish Standards Institute
TUBITAK: Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey
TUPRAS: Turkish Petroleum Production Corporation
UFT: Undersecretariat of Foreign Trade
ug TEQ/t: microgram toxic equivalent of dioxins per ton
UNEP: United Nations Environmental Programme
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNITAR: United Nations Institute for Training and Research
USC: Undersecretariat of Custom
USFT: Undersecretariat Foreign Trade
WHO: World Health Organisation
WP: Wettable powder
WTO: World Trade Organization
203