Chapter 19 Macroevolutionary Puzzle
Introduction
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__________________________ requires time measured in almost incomprehensible lengths
We have dated_________________ impacts and their consequences, such as
_______________________________
Fossils
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Are recognizable, __________________________ of organisms that lived long ago– skeletons,
shells, leaves, seeds, imprints of leaves an tracks an even fossilized feces
Conditions necessary for fossils:
Fossils in Sedimentary Rocks
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Relative Dating
o _____________________________, the layering of sedimentary deposits bearing fossils,
is quite similar from continent to continent.
o Deepest rock strata are assumed to be the ____________________, surface layers the
______________________________.
o Abrupt changes in the __________________in the layers were the basis for dividing
earth history into great era, which formed a “____________________________” to
which actual dates were added later.
Interpreting Fossil Record
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The __________________________ is far from complete, but some lineage are extensive.
Fossil records vary according to type of___________________, stability of the
__________________region, and _____________________________
Macroevolution
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Refers to _______________ changes that take place over long time periods.
Speciation:
Absolute Dating (Radiometric Dating)
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To determine the _________________ of the fossil through isotopes in the fossils or rocks
Half-life:
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Examples:
__________________ will break down to ________________ (useful with fossils up to 50,000
years old)
__________________________ will break down to _______________________
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Theory of Uniformity
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_____________________________ and _______________________ had repeatedly changed
the surface of the Earth in exactly the same ways through time
Continental Drift
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________________________ proposed a model of a single continent, named
____________________, that at one time extended from pole to pole surrounded by a single
huge ocean.
The idea of ____________________ explains the separation of the continents and the formation
of great mountain ranges as the continents collided
_________________________ formed when Africa and North America collided
Evidence of continental drift
______________________________ (magnetic North was switched throughout the Earth’s
history)
__________________________ (Indicates North America was in the was in a warm swampy
environment)
_________________________________
__________________________ (Found in different continents)
___________________________ and plate tectonics also show that the Earth’s crust is moving
_______________________ Boundaries: Plates separating together (Atlantic Ocean)
_______________________ Boundaries: Plates coming together (Pacific Ocean)
Comparative Morphology
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Provides evidence of evolution by comparing ________________________ features to reveal
similarities and differences
Also known as ___________________________________
Morphological Divergence
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Features that have departed in appearance and/or function from the______________________
form
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These are body features that resemble one another in form or patterning due to descent
through _______________________________
Example: _____________________________bones in birds and bats
Morphological Convergence
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Also known as ____________________________
Is the adoption of similar function over periods of time in animals of evolutionary remote
lineages
____________________________ parts perform similar functions in dissimilar and distantly
related species
Example:
Development Program of Larkspurs
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The common ___________________ has a ringlike array of petals to guide honeybees to the
nectar, plus the bulging reproductive structure for the bee to hold on to.
More recently evolved larkspur has tight flowers that discourage bees but are attractive to
______________________________
Developmental Programs of Vertebrates
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Different organisms may show similarities in morphology during their embryonic stages that
often indicate __________________________________
The early ______________________ of vertebrates strongly resemble one another because
they have inherited the same ancient plan for development
Some of the variation seen in adult vertebrates is due to mutations in genes that control the
___________________________ of different body parts
Comparative Biochemistry
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Protein Comparisons
o Because___________ dictate the sequence of ______________________ in proteins,
analysis of proteins can determine the similarity of genes
between____________________
Nucleic Acid Comparisons
o The degree of similarity of nucleotide sequence of DNA reveals information about
________________________________________
Molecular Clock
__________________________ have no more measurable effect on survival and reproductions
rates than do other alleles for the trait
These mutations accumulate in the DNA can can be used as a
“_______________________________” for dating times of divergence of species
Identifying, Naming and Classifying Organisms
o Taxonomyo _____________________________ – scientist to develop the naming system
o Rules:
Classification Schemes
o Organized ways of retrieving _______________________ about particular species
o A____________________________ system (Largest (least related) to smallest (more related)
o Traditional Classification
Classification Taxonomy
o ___________________________ and _____________________________ are constructed to
reflect the perceived degree of morphological divergences among major lineages
Cladistic Taxonomy
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Groups are arranged by branch points in an _____________________________ diagram
Only species that shared __________________________– novel features that evolved only once
and is shared only by descendants of the ancestral species in which it evolved – are grouped
past a given branch point, which represents the last shared ___________________________.
Diagrams called ___________________________, do not convey direct information about
ancestors and descendants, but rather, portray relative relationships by placing taxa closer
together that share a more recent ____________________________________
Classification System
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_____________________________ developed the original five-kingdom systems
Today we use a _______________-kingdom system
Kingdom Monera
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Single celled _____________________ (bacteria)
Display great biochemical diversity but little internal complexity
Producers and decomposers
Today, it has been divided into kingdoms (_____________________________ (bacteria that
lives in harsh environments (volcanoes))and ___________________________(normal bacteria))
Kingdom Protista
o Mostly single-celled _______________________
o _______________________ (algae) and _____________________________(protozoas)
o More internal_________________________ than bacteria
o Very difficult to classify because this kingdom has organisms that are plantlike or animallike
Kingdom Fungi
o Multicelled ________________________s that feed by extracellular digestion and absorption
o Hetertrophs include ___________________
o Many are ____________________ and ______________________
Kingdom Plantae
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Multicelled photosynthetic__________________________
Producers
Form from _________________________
Kingdom Animalia
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Diverse multicelled _______________________
Range from sponges to ______________________
Domains
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The ____________________ are the largest hierarchical system than Kingdoms
Divided into three domains
____________________(normal bacteria), ___________________ (bacteria that lives in harsh
environments), and _________________________ (organisms that have nucleus)
Darwin saw ____________________ of one kind into another as happening gradually, in small
increments, over hundreds or thousands of generations
1861 Fossil evidence of Archaeopteryx was unearthed
These organisms shows a transition from _______________ and birds
Like birds, it was covered with feathers, but like reptiles, it had teeth and long, bony tail