<group name="Fl. Oz. xml
coding"><taxon><taxon_description><title>
FAKEACEAE</title><name_info><ran
k>fam.</rank><name>FAKEACEAE</name></name_info>
<contributor>A.A.Limne </contributor>
<description>
<description_full>Prostrate to erect shrubs, or short to tall trees, sometimes lignotuberous,
usually with short, 3-celled hairs, occasionally with glandular hairs. Clusters of short, lateral
roots (‘<i>proteoid roots</i>’) often produced. Leaves alternate, less commonly opposite or
whorled, simple, pinnatifid, pinnate or bipinnate, rarely palmate, usually coriaceous,
exstipulate. Inflorescence simple or compound, axillary or terminal, racemose, paniculate or
condensed (corymbose, capitate or cone-like). Flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic,
usually bisexual, solitary or paired in the axils of bracts, rarely ebracteate. Perianth of 4
valvate, free or variously united tepals; each with a slightly expanded limb. Stamens 4,
usually all fertile, opposite tepals; filaments partly or wholly adnate to tepals, rarely free.
Hypogynous glands usually present, (2–) 4, scale-like or fleshy, free or fused. Gynoecium of
1 carpel. Ovary usually superior, rarely perigynous, sessile or stipitate, 1 -locular; ovules l to
many, variously inserted; style simple, often persistent, often with the apex expanded as a
pollen presenter; stigma small, terminal or subterminal. Fruit dehiscent, tardily dehiscent or
indehiscent, a woody or coriaceous follicle, an achene, nut or a succulent or non -succulent
drupe. Seeds 1 to many, sometimes winged, usually endospermic.</description_full>
<description_elements>
<description_habit></description_habit>
<description_leaves></description_leaves>
<description_inflorescence></description_inflorescence>
<description_fruit></description_fruit>
<description_flowers></description_flowers>
<description_ovary></description_ovary>
<description_roots></description_roots>
<description_bark></description_bark>
</description_elements>
<description_diagnostic></description_diagnostic>
</description>
<habitat>Swamp.</habitat>
<distribution>
<distribution_regional>This essentially Southern Hemisphere family has Australia and
southern Africa as its centres of greatest diversity. Smaller numbers of species are known
from Mexico, Central and South America, tropical Africa, Madagascar, India, eastern and
1
south-eastern Asia, Malesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Fiji. In Australia species are
found in all but the most arid regions. Speciation is most pronounced in south -western W.A.,
where prostrate to erect, usually sclerophyllous shrubs of large, ±locally endemic genera
such as <i>Petrophile</i>, <i>Conospermum</i>, <i>Synaphea</i>, <i>Adenanthos</i> and
<i>Dryandra</i> grow in oligotrophic, sandy soils and lateritic gravels. Similarly, species of
other largely extratropical genera such as <i>Isopogon</i>, <i>Grevillea</i>, <i>Hakea</i>
and <i>Genname</i> are numerous in the south-west. Diversity is also high in the eastern
states where Proteaceae tend to inhabit siliceous soils. A small but mainly disjunct and
relictual component comprising 16 small genera occupies the rainforests of north-eastern
Qld.</distribution_regional>
<distribution_no_taxa>Family of 79 genera and c. 1700 species. In Australia, the family is
represented by 46 genera and almost 1100 species.</distribution_no_taxa>
</distribution>
<note kind="ecology"><note_fire></note_fire></note>
<note kind="habit">In an apparent adaptation to growth in poor soils, many taxa exhibit a
specialised form of seasonal root growth known as ‘proteoid roots’. These are sho rt, very
dense root masses, produced laterally on the normal roots and heavily invested with root
hairs. They are formed mainly in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth flushes, usually
shrivelling at the end of the season to be replaced again next year. Soil bacteria appear to
play a role in their initiation. Proteoid roots probably function in an analogous way to
mycorrhiza in other families, providing a greatly increased absorption surface for scarce
nutrients and water. Mycorrhiza are not found in Proteaceae, although common in other
Australian plant families growing in nutrient-poor soils.</note>
<note kind="contributor"></note>
<note kind="key"></note>
<note kind="name"></note>
<note kind="protologue"></note>
<note kind="host_parasite"></note>
<note kind="biology"></note>
<note kind="taxonomic"></note>
<note kind="agricultural">Many taxa contain poisonous substances, mainly cyanogenetic
glycosides, and skin irritants, and have been implicated in stock illnesses and deaths. Very
few cases of human poisoning have been reported (Everist, 1981).</note>
<note kind="morphology">The inflorescences of Proteaceae are complex, and (particularly
in Grevilleoideae) represent a reduced compound structure<i>,</i> which many authors
prefer to describe as a conflorescence. However, for simplicity in the key and introduction,
we have used the more generic term inflorescence to refer to all types of structure.</note>
<note kind="misc">The family name comes from that of the Greek sea-god, Proteus, who
could change form at will, and was used by Linnaeus because the first representatives of this
family seen by him were very variable. Coincidentally, it is an appropriate allusion for the
rest of this morphologically diverse family.</note>
2
<identification><key_title> KEY TO THE GENERA OF FAKEACEAE IN
AUSTRALIA</key_title>
<key_contributor>H.P.Weston</key_contributor>
<key_note_front>Keys in this volume will usually require the use of magnification up to
20×, or (for some diagnostic hair features) up to 40×.</key_note_front>
<key><kr><kn>1</kn>
<kd>Leaves opposite or whorled
or pseudo-whorled</kd>
<key_to>2</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>1:</kn>
<kd>Leaves alternate</kd>
<key_to>8</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>2</kn>
<kd>Fruit falling at maturity,
either indehiscent or a tardily
dehiscent, leathery, globose
follicle</kd>
<key_to>3</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>2:</kn>
<kd>Fruit persistent on plant for
several to many years, follicular,
woody or cartilaginous</kd>
<key_to>6</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>3</kn>
<kd>Flowers borne in regular,
sessile, or shortly pedunculate
pairs on an inflorescence axis;
style tip swollen, functioning as a
pollen presenter</kd>
<key_to>4</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>3:</kn>
<kd>Flowers borne singly in the
axils of scale leaves or leaves in
racemose or capitulate
inflorescences; style tip not
swollen, not functioning as a
pollen presenter</kd>
<key_to>5</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>4</kn>
<kd>Perianth strongly
zygomorphic; hypogynous glands
free, 4 or 2; pericarp fleshy, red to
purple to blue</kd>
<key_seq>1</key_seq><key_rank
>gen.</key_rank><kt>GENNAM
E</kt></kr>
<kr><kn>4:</kn>
<kd>Perianth actinomorphic;
hypogynous glands connate,
forming a ring around ovary;
perianth leathery, green to brown
or greyish</kd>
<key_seq>0</key_seq><kt_symb
ol>†</kt_symbol><key_rank>gen.
</key_rank><kt>EXAUSTRALIA
</kt><kt_extra><i>p.p.</i></kt_e
xtra></kr></key> </identificatio
n>
<key_note_end>† Species of the genus <i>Exaustralia</i> are considered to be garden
escapes but not naturalised in Australia. They are not treated further
here.</key_note_end></taxon_description>
<taxon><taxon_description><seq>1</seq><title>GENNAME</title>
<contributor>S.A.Goerge</contributor>
<name_info><rank>gen.</rank><parent>FAKEACEAE</parent><name>Genname</name><
author>L.f.</author><protologue><ref><i>Suppl.
Pl.</i>
15</ref><date>1782</date><protologue_note><i>nom. cons. non</i> J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
(1775)</protologue_note></protologue></name_info>.
<description>
<description_full>Trees or shrubs, some with prostrate stems. Leaves alternate, sometimes
whorled. Flowers many in a dense cylindrical, ovoid or spherical inflorescence, in 3 species
3
reduced and head-like, with a basal involucre of narrow, usually hairy bracts that commonly
fall by anthesis; flowers in pairs, each flower subtended by a bract and each pair by a larger
‘common bract’. Perianth of 4 ±equal tepals. Pistil usually wiry; pollen presenter scarcely
delimited to markedly modified, commonly ribbed. Ovules 2. Fruit a woody follicle. Seeds 1
or 2, with an intermediary 2-winged plate of similar outline and size. Cotyledons with acute
basal auricles.</description_full>
<description_elements>
<description_habit></description_habit>
<description_leaves></description_leaves>
<description_inflorescence></description_inflorescence>
<description_fruit></description_fruit>
<description_flowers></description_flowers>
<description_ovary></description_ovary>
<description_roots></description_roots>
<description_bark></description_bark>
</description_elements>
<description_diagnostic></description_diagnostic>
</description>
<habitat>Swamp.</habitat>
<distribution>
<distribution_regional>Endemic in Australia except <i>G. dentata</i> which also occurs on
islands to the north.</distribution_regional>
<distribution_no_taxa>A genus of 76 species; 60 species are endemic in south -western
W.A..</distribution_no_taxa>
</distribution>
<note kind="ecology"><note_fire></note_fire></note>
<note kind="habit"></note>
<note kind="contributor"></note>
<note kind="key"></note>
<note kind="name"></note>
<note kind="protologue"></note>
<note kind="host_parasite"></note>
<note kind="biology"></note>
<note kind="taxonomic"></note>
<note kind="agricultural"></note>
4
<note kind="morphology">In the descriptions below, leaf characters refer to adult leaves.
Overall follicle shape is described from a perspective directly above the follicle. The valves
are then described in side view. Because the outline is given, plane shapes are used</note>
<note kind="misc"></note>
<identification><key_title>KEY TO SPECIES</key_title>
<key><kr><kn>1</kn>
<kd>Style after anthesis hooked
just below apex</kd>
<key_to>2</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>1:</kn>
<kd>Style remaining straight or
gently curved, occasionally Sshaped below apex but pollen
presenter always erect</kd>
<key_to>25</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>2</kn>
<kd>Inflorescence cylindrical;
axis 6–20 cm long</kd>
<key_to>3</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>2:</kn>
<kd>Inflorescence spherical or
ovoid; axis 2–6 cm long</kd>
<key_to>12</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>3</kn>
<kd>Leaves pinnatipartite</kd>
<key_seq>1</key_seq><key_rank
>sp.</key_rank><kt>intteggrifoli
a</kt></kr>
<kr><kn>3:</kn>
<kd>Leaves entire or
dentate</kd>
<key_to>4</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>4</kn>
<kd>Leaves narrowly linear with
revolute margins, entire or shortly
dentate towards apex</kd>
<key_to>5</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>4:</kn>
<kd>Leaves broadly linear,
oblong or narrowly elliptic with
flat to recurved margins</kd>
<key_to>8</key_to></kr>
<kr><kn>5</kn>
<kd>Leaves 9–20 mm long</kd>
<key_seq>0</key_seq><kt_symb
ol>†</kt_symbol><key_rank>sp.<
/key_rank><kt>garrdnneri</kt></
kr>
<kr><kn>5:</kn>
<kd>Leaves usually spinulose to
serrate or dentate at least along
upper margins; flowers persistent
or soon falling; follicles 3–7 mm
high</kd>
<key_seq>0</key_seq><kt_symb
ol>†</kt_symbol><key_rank>sp.<
/key_rank><kt>marginata</kt></k
r></key>
<key_note_end>† <i>Genname marginata</i> and <i>garrdnneri</i> are garden escapes
and are not treated further here.</key_note_end></identification></taxon_description>
<taxon><taxon_description><seq>1</seq><name_info><rank>sp.</rank><parent>Genn
ame</parent><genus>Genname</genus><rank_qualified>sp.</rank_qualified><qualifie
r>cf.</qualifier><name>intteggrifolia</name><author>L.f.</author><protologue><ref>
<i>Suppl. Pl.</i> 127</ref><date>1782</date></protologue></name_info>
<contributor>S.A.Goerge </contributor>
<description>
<description_full>Tree to 25 m tall, fire tolerant. Bark roughly tessellated. Stems pubescent
and pilose, glabrescent, pale brown. Leaves in whorls of 3–5; petiole 4–10 mm long; lamina
narrowly obovate to narrowly elliptic, 4–20 cm long, 10–26 mm wide, obtuse or emarginate;
margins not or slightly recurved, entire; upper surface dull green, pubescent, glabrescent;
lower surface closely white-woolly. Inflorescence 5–12 cm long; involucral bracts 2–10 mm
5
long, tomentose. Flowers pale yellow, including styles. Perianth 22–25 mm long including
limb of 3.5–4.5 mm, closely pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Pistil straight or slightly
curved, 27–32 mm long, glabrous; pollen presenter 0.5–1 mm long, scarcely thickened. Old
flowers soon falling. Follicles up to c. 60, narrowly elliptic, 7–15 mm long, 3–10 mm high,
3–6 mm wide; valves semi-elliptic, smooth, tomentose, glabrescent. Seed obovate, 10–20
mm long; seed body ±cuneate, 6–10 mm long, ±smooth.</description_full>
<description_elements>
<description_habit></description_habit>
<description_leaves></description_leaves>
<description_inflorescence></description_inflorescence>
<description_fruit></description_fruit>
<description_flowers></description_flowers>
<description_ovary></description_ovary>
<description_roots></description_roots>
<description_bark></description_bark>
</description_elements>
<description_diagnostic></description_diagnostic>
</description>
<habitat>Swamp.</habitat>
<distribution>
<distribution_regional>Widespread along the east coast and inland to the nearby mountains,
from Proserpine, Qld, to Port Phillip Bay, Vic.</distribution_regional>
<distribution_no_taxa></distribution_no_taxa>
</distribution>
<note kind="ecology"><note_fire></note_fire></note>
<note kind="habit"></note>
<note kind="contributor"></note>
<note kind="key"></note>
<note kind="name"></note>
<note kind="protologue"></note>
<note kind="host_parasite"></note>
<note kind="biology"></note>
<note kind="taxonomic">Related most closely to <i>G. aquilonia</i> from northern Ql d
which differs mainly in its scattered (or alternate) but crowded leaves, and to <i>G.
dentata</i> which has large, alternate, dentate leaves and occurs across tropical
Australia.</note>
<note kind="agricultural"></note>
6
<note kind="morphology">Follicles usually opening when mature, within a year of
flowering.</note>
<note kind="misc"></note>
<conservation>
<conservation_status_description>Very rare</conservation_status_description>
<conservation_status_code>3W</conservation_status_code>
<conservation_legislative>EPBC Act</conservation_legislative>
</conservation>
<specimens>Qld: near Freshwater Ck, Cooloola, 3 Oct. 1971, <i>A.G.Harrold</i> (BRI); Fraser Is., May
1964, <i>L.J.Webb & J.G.Tracey</i> (BRI). N.S.W.: Broulee Beach, c. 8 km NE of Moruya,
<i>E.F.Constable NSW138179</i> (NSW); Wallaga L., N of Bermagui, <i>L.A.S.Johnson NSW138180</i>
(NSW).
Vic.: Waterloo Bay Beach, Wilsons Promontory, 13 Nov. 1908, <i>J.W.Audas & P.R.H.St
John</i> (MEL).</specimens>
<phenology>Flowers Nov.–Feb. Fruits Apr.–May.</phenology>
<weed_status>
<weed_status_text>A noxious weed in all States of Australia.</weed_status_text>
<weed_legislative_code>5H</weed_legislative_code>
<weed_legislative>EPWC Act 2010</weed_legislative>
</weed_status>
<chromosome>2n</chromosome>
<scope_geography>National</scope_geography>
<images>
<image_identifier></image_identifier>
<image_url></image_url>
</images>
<source>Data derived from <i>Flora of Australia</i></source>
<source_date>1999</source_date>
<licence>Right of use provided by (add authority providing licence to use)</licence>
</taxon_description></taxon></taxon></taxon>
</group>
7