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Author:
:
Dr. Zaitun Abu
Bakar
Date:
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20/12/08
Subject Title:
:
IT and Applications
Subject Code
:
CICT1513
Lesson Title
:
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Information Communication Technology and You
Introduction:
Show pictures of :
 A pregnant lady registering at a hospital ante-natal clinic system
 Birth of a baby – registration of birth into a computer system
 Growing up – registering at the hospitals for health care, kindergarten, schools, secondary
schools, club etc.
 Student days – exams, travel
 Adult life – use computer at work, home, communications, entertainment, driving license,
purchasing properties,
 Die – register
The message is: we use IT at all stages of our lives. It is essential to learn It and understand how it can
benefit us and the society we live in.
Learning Outcome:
In the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

Appreciate the differentiate between ICT and information system

Describe the five main components of an information system

Describe the difference between the mainframe, minicomputer, supercomputer and the personal
computers

Explain the features of the hardware devices used for input, processing, storage, output and
communications

Explain the features of some common storage devices

Understand how computers can be connected to a network, Internet and the Web
*Every topic must cover one learning outcome only.
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List of Topic
No
1.
Topic Title
Introduction
2.
The five parts of an information system: people, procedures, software, hardware and data
3.
Four kinds of computers – microcomputer, minicomputer, mainframe, and supercomputer
4.
Computer connectivity, the Internet and the Web
*Maximum 12 topics.
Terminology
No
1.
2.
Word
Information and
Communications
Technology (ICT)
Information system
3.
Procedures
4.
Hardware
5.
software
The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any)
that support them
6.
7.
Data
input device
8.
Output device
9.
RAID -- Redundant
Array of
Inexpensive Disks
Communication
devices
Data are facts that are used by program to produce useful information
An input device is any hardware component that allows you to enter data,
programs, commands and user responses into a computer.
Output device refers to any machine capable of representing information
from a computer
A RAID is simply an array of small disks linked together to obtain the
performance of more expensive high end disks
10.
Definition
An umbrella term that includes all technologies for the manipulation and
communication of information.
It refers to a system of persons, data records and activities that process
the data and information in an organization, and it includes the
organization's manual and automated processes.
Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer
system.
The term hardware refers to machinery which includes the computer itself,
input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices.
Communication devices connect a computer to a network. These devices
include: modem, network interface card, wireless network interface card
and network access point transmitter
Reference:
1. Ani – Animation
2. Gfx – Graphics
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3. Voice over
4. Insert a diagram
5. Sub Topic
No. of Lesson
Sub Topic 1.1.1
No. of Sub Topic
No. of Topic
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Content
Topic Title
:
Topic 1: Introduction
Sub Topic 1.1
Ani1:
Gfx1:
Ani1: A person thinking – What is ICT and what is nformation system.

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is an umbrella term that includes all
technologies for the manipulation and communication of information.

The term is sometimes used in preference to Information Technology (IT), particularly in two
communities: education and government.

ICT is synonymous with IT
IT encompasses:

any medium to record information (magnetic disk/tape, optical disks (CD/DVD), flash memory
etc. and arguably also paper records);

technology for broadcasting information - radio, television; and

technology for communicating through voice and sound or images - microphone, camera,
loudspeaker, telephone to cellular phones.
Sub Topic 1.2
IT includes the wide variety of:

computing hardware - PCs, servers, mainframes, networked storage, mobile phones, personal
devices, MP3 players,

application software - from the smallest home-developed spreadsheet to the largest enterprise
packages, and online software services;

hardware and software to operate networks - ranging from a home network to the largest global
private networks operated by major commercial enterprises and, of course, the Internet.
Technologies such as broadcasting and wireless mobile telecommunications are are also included.
Include as many pictures as possible - of the various hardware, software, from the smallest to the biggest.
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Sub Topic 1.1.3
Information System
To different people Information system means different things.
 It sometimes refers to a system of persons, data records and activities that process the data and
information in an organization, and it includes the organization's manual and automated
processes.
 Computer-based information systems are the field of study for information technology, elements
of which are sometimes called an "information system" as well, a usage some consider to be
incorrect.
 In organizational informatics an information system is a system of communication between
people.
 Information systems are systems involved in the gathering, processing, distribution and use of
information and as such support human activity systems.
 The most common view of an information system is one of Input-Process-Output.
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Instruction: Access the Internet and use a search for as many different definitions as you can on:
 ICT
 IT
 Information Systems
Which is the clearest, simplest and most comprehensive definitions? Do you agree with it? Explain your
reason.
Activity B (Group Activity)
<Instruction: Discuss, collect, visit…etc>
Discuss with your coursemates on the CBIS that you have used or encountered.
List down as many information systems that you can find in these sectors:
 Education
 Business
 Banking
 Services
 Agriculture
 Medical
 Defense
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Compare your findings with your coursemates. Can you see how our society today is depending on these
information systems?
Exercise
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Topic 2: The five parts of an information system: people, procedures,
software, hardware and data
Sub Topic 1.2.1
Now that we have understood the meaning of ICT, T and Informations system, let us examine the
components or parts that make up an Information system.
In IT, when we say Information system or IS (in short), we mean a computer-based information system.
Sometimes referred to CBIS, in short.
The Figure below describes how the components of an information system are related to each other.
People
Data
Hardware
Software
Procedurees
Figure 1: Components of an Information System
Sub Topic 1.2.2
An Information System is made up of:
 People
 Procedure
 Hardware
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Software
Data
Let us explore each component further and see how they are related to each other.
Sub Topic 1.2.3
People
Every CBIS needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most over-looked element of the CBIS is the
people: probably the components that most influence the success or failure of information system. There
are many roles for people in information systems. Common ones include

Systems Analyst

Programmer

Technician

Engineer

Network Manager

MIS (Manager of Information Systems)

Data entry operator
Include pictures of IT personnel of each of the above categories
Sub Topic 1.2.4
Procedures

Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system.

"Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to
illustrate the role of procedures in a CBIS.

A procedure is a series of documented actions taken to achieve something.

A procedure is more than a single simple task.

A procedure can be quite complex and involved, such as performing a backup, shutting down a
system, patching software.
Include pictures of – a library of computer/system manuals, computer operators performing system
backups.
Sub Topic 1.2.5
Hardware

refers to machinery

includes the computer itself

and all of its support equipments
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support equipments include input and output devices, storage devices and communications
devices.
Include pictures of various hardware
Sub Topic 1.2.6
Software

Computer programs and the manuals that support them.

Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the
hardware parts of the CBIS to function in ways that produce useful information from data.

Programs are generally stored on some input / output medium-often a disk or tape.
Include pictures of various software
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Sub Topic 1.2.7
Data

facts that are used by program to produce useful information

generally stored in machine-readable from on disk or tape until the computer needs them

raw, unorganized, discrete (separate, isolated) potentially-useful facts and figures that are later
processed (manipulated) to produce information.
Include pictures of various data entry activities – eg operators scanning in OMR forms, key punch
operators keying data from input forms, cashiers at checkout points using POS systems etc.
Sub Topic 1.2.7
Now that we know the elements of a computer-based information sysrem, let us look at the different
types of computers. We want to know why there are different tyoes of computers and more importantly,
what they are used for.
Computers are categorized on the basis of physical structures and the purpose of their use. Based on
capacity, speed and reliability they can be divided into four categories of computers.
Types of computers
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mainframe computers
Microcomputers
Mini computers
Super computers
Show pictures of each category of computers
We will now take a closer look at each one of them and see how they differ in terms of processing
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power, speed and reliability.
Sub Topic 1.2.8
The Mainframe Computer

used by large organizations - like meteorological surveys and statistical institutes for performing
bulk mathematical computations.

used for desktop functions of over one hundred people simultaneously.

A high-performance computer used for large-scale computing purposes that require greater
availability and security than a smaller-scale machine can offer.

Historically, associated with centralized rather than distributed computing

sometimes referred to as a "dinosaur" not only because of its size but because of reports, going
back many years, that it's becoming extinct.

In the early years of computing, they were huge in size. A typical mainframe might have
occupied 2,000 - 10,000 square feet.

Newer mainframes are about the same size as a large refrigerator.
Include picture of a mainframe used by a statistic department or the SPR.
Sub Topic 1.2.9
The Microcomputer

most frequently used computers better known by the name of “Personal computers”.

meant for public use.

the choice ranges as follows:


Personal Digital Computer

Desktop Computer

Tablet PC

Towers

Work Stations

Laptops

Hand Held Computer
a complete computer on a smaller scale and is generally a synonym for the more common term,
personal computer or PC,

designed for an individual.

contains a microprocessor (a central processing unit on a microchip), memory in the form of
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read-only memory and random access memory, I/O ports and a bus or system of
interconnecting wires, housed in a unit that is usually called a motherboard.
Include pictures of all the different types of microcomputers
Sub Topic 1.2.9
The Mini computer

used by business organization

can support the simultaneous working of up to 100 users

usually maintained in business organizations for the maintenance of accounts and finances.

intermediate size between a microcomputer and a mainframe.

stand-alone computers (computer systems with attached terminals and other devices)

sold to small and mid-size businesses for general business applications and to large enterprises for
department-level operations
Include a picture of a minicomputer in use
Sub Topic 1.2.9
The Super Computer –

similar to mainframe computers

used in economic forecasts and engineering designs

a computer that performs at or near the currently highest operational rate for computers

typically used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle very large databases
or do a great amount of computation (or both).
Include picture of a supercomputer in use
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
Research the Internet and investigate:

The most successful vendor for each category of computers

What is the price range of these computers

Which type of conputer is the most widely used and why
Topic Title
:
Topic 3: Hardware devices for input, processing, storage,
output and communications
Sub Topic 1.3.1
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Let us now focus our attention to the hardware components. We want to know what are the types of
hardware that are needed to run a computer system. What is available in the market? What are our
choices?
The hardware Is made up of the following groups:
1. input devices
2. output devices
3. storage devices
Show pictures of hardware from the above categories
We shall now look at each one of these.
Sub Topic 1.3.2
Input Devices

Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands and user
responses into a computer.

Examples are keyboard, mouse, trackballs, and light pens, digital camera, scanner, and
microphone.
Table 1 in the next slide shows the most popular input, output and storage devices.
Sub Topic 1.3.3
Table 1: Typical Computer Input/output and Storage Devices
Input
Output
Storage
Keyboard
Monitor
Floppy Disk
Mouse
Printers (all types)
Diskette
Trackballs
Audio Card
Hard Disk
Touchpads
Plotters
Disk Cartridge
Pointing Sticks
LCD Projection
Panels
CD-ROM
Joysticks
Computer Output
Microfilm (COM)
Optical Disk
Pen Input
Facsimile (FAX)
Magnetic Tape
Touch Screen
Speaker(s)
Cartridge Tape
Light Pen
.
Reel Tape
Digitizer
.
PC Card
Graphics Tablet
.
RAID
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Scanner
.
Memory Button
Microphone
.
Smart Card
Electronic
Whiteboard
.
Optical Memory
Card
Video Cards
.
USB memory stick.
Audio Cards
.
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Sub Topic 1.3.4
Let us now look at storage devices that are commonly used.
Some Common Storage Devices:

Floppy disc

Hard drive

CD-ROM

Diskettes

Removable hard disks

RAID – Redundant Array of inexpensive disks

Optical storage

DVD
Sub Topic 1.3.5
Floppy Drive
The floppy drive stores and retrieves information on a floppy disk.
CD -ROM Drive

A device that reads information stored on a compact disc.

CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory.
One CD is equal to the space in over 40 floppy disc.
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Sub Topic 1.3.6
Removable Hard Disk
A zip disk is a removable disk that holds a large amount of information. A zip disk can be used to
achieve, protect and transfer large amounts of data.
Zip Drive & Zip Disk
Sub Topic 1.3.7
RAID -- Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks

As users get more and more sophisticated, they develop applications; such as multimedia
systems, that requires large memory size and fault tolerance to be built into the storage device.
This is where the RAID technology comes in.

The RAID technology is an affordable alternative to mass storage with a high throughput and
reliability.

A RAID is simply and array of small disks together to obtain the performance of more expensive
high end disks.

It is based on the idea that disk throughput can be increased by having many disk drives with
many heads operating in parallel. The distribution of data over multiple disks automatically
forces access to several disks at one time improving throughput.
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Disk arrays can be used to store large amounts of data, have high I/O rates and take less power
per megabyte (when compared to high end disks) due to their size.
Include a picture of RAID
Sub Topic 1.3.8
Optical Storage

Most popular storage medium in the multimedia context due its compact size, high density recording, easy
handling and low cost per MB.

CD is the most common, while Laser disc and DVD are also popular.
Include a picture of an optical disc
Sub Topic 1.3.9
DVD

stands for Digital Video Disc, Digital Versatile Disc, is the next generation of optical disc storage
technology.

DVD has become a major new medium for a whole host of multimedia system.

It's essentially a bigger, faster CD that can hold video as well as audio and computer data.

Aims to encompass home entertainment, computers, and business information with a single
digital format, eventually replacing audio CD, videotape, laserdisc, CD-ROM, and perhaps even
video game cartridges.

widespread support from all major electronics companies, all major computer hardware
companies, and most major movie and music studios.
Include a picture of a DVD
Activity A (Courseware Activity)
1. What is a USB drive?
2. For each of the storage device described above, conduct a research on the internet, to find
out:
a) what is the capacity of each device. In other words, how much data can it store
b) What is the price per unit
c) What is the speed of data retrieval from each device
d) which is the easiest to maintain
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From your findings, which storage device is best used in the following situation?:

To do backups

To store assignments and lecture notes and take it with you wherever you go?

To store music

To store movies

To store a large database

To store pictures
Activity B (Group Activity)
Exercise
Topic
:
Topic Title 4 : Computer connectivity, the Internet and the Web
Sub Topic 1.4.1
So we now know about the input, output devices and the different types of computers. How do these
computers send data and programs to each other? How do thay communicate in real time? To be
connected to each other, computers need communication devices.
Communication Devices

When we use computers, we usually need to transfer data and information from one computer
to another.

The transmission of data from one location to another is done digitally, meaning that the data
are translated into bits of ‘0’s and ‘1’s.

Connectivity refers to the use of computer networks to link to people and resources.

You can link or connect to large computers and the Internet providing access to world-wide
information resources just by sitting in front of and clicking on your computer.

On a larger, collective scale connectivity may refer to the internet bandwidth coming into and
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going out of a country, and the quality of the infrastructure within the country for linking to the
internet.

To connect a computer to a network we need to use communication devices. These devices
include: modem, network interface card, wireless network interface card, network access point
transmitter and routers.
Include a picture of computers being connected to each other using all the above communication
devices.
We shall now look briefly at each of these devices.
Sub Topic 1.4.2
Modem

short for modulator-demodulator

an electronic device that converts a computer’s digital signals into s

At the destination, the receiving modem demodulates the frequencies back into digital data.

Computers use modems to communicate with one another over a network.
Include a pictue of the different brands of modem
Sub Topic 1.4.3
Network interface card (NIC)

a device that allows computers to be joined together in a LAN, or local area network.

Networked computers communicate with each other using a given protocol or agreed-upon
language for transmitting data packets between the different machines, known as nodes.

The network interface card acts as the liaison for the machine to both send and receive data on
the LAN.

The most common language or protocol for LANs is Ethernet. An Ethernet network interface
card is installed in an available slot inside the computer.

A network interface card does not have to be hard wired with physical cable.

Wireless network interface card, such as the Wireless Ethernet cards are installed like their
wired counterparts, but rather than a port for an Ethernet cable, the card features a small
antenna.

The card communicates with the central wireless switch or hub via radio waves.

Wireless Internet access, sometimes referred to as a “hot spot,” is a local area network (LAN)
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run by radio waves rather than wires.

Wireless Internet access is broadcast from the central hub which is a hard-wired device that
actually brings in the Internet connection.

The hub, located at the main computer system or server, broadcasts Internet connectivity to
clients, which is basically anyone within “hearing” range who is equipped with a wireless LAN
card.
The next slide shows pictures of most common communication devices.
Sub Topic 1.4.4
Sub Topic 1.4.5
Expansion capabilities of a computer: slots, cards and bus

Most of computer components lay on the motherboard.

we need to connect other devices to motherboard in order that they can interact with processor
and other components.

Can be realized through inserting an expansion card in one of I/O connectors of the
motherboard.
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An expansion cardfits perpendicularly in a connector of the motherboard and has to be fixed by
a screw on the opposite side.

When computer is closed, we can be sure that the expansion card will remain well connected to
the motherboard.

Cards communicate each other and with other computer components through a bus which
represents an internal computer network through which signals are transmitted from/to any
computer part.

Therefore, any card inserted in a computer slot can communicate with other computer
components, memory and microprocessor included.

These slots, are called bus connectors, which enables more equipments to be added later.
Insert a picture of a bus and a motherboard
Sub Topic 1.4.6
Communication ports
External peripherals are connected to a computer through cables (or radio or infrared rays) using
connectors called communication ports. There are many types, but the main ports are two: parallel and
serial.
Parallel ports

Data transmitted between peripheral devices and central unit are sent byte by byte: the 8 bit of
each byte are therefore sent in parallel (8 bit a time).

Mainly used for connecting printer: for this reason every computer is equipped with a parallel
port.

There can be many parallel ports for connecting simultaneously a printer, a scanner, a backup
device
Serial ports

Do not transmit 8 bit a time, but send bit by bit; i.e. one bit a time.

Therefore 8 bit of a byte are sequentially sent, at a speed 8 times slower at least than a speed
reachable by a parallel method.

More versatile and polyvalent, being used to connect PC to various types of peripherals, such as
mouse, scanner, modem, external units.
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Sub Topic 1.4.7
Internet

A computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide.

There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for
creating applications on it.

Computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol suite (TCP/IP). Computers on the Internet use client/server
architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the
user's local client machine.
An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services: electronic mail, file transfer, vast information
resources, interest group membership, interactive collaboration, multimedia displays, real-time
broadcasting, breaking news, shopping opportunities, and much more.
Include a picture of the internet – a network of networks
Sub Topic 1.4.8

World Wide Web (WWW)

A system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a
single interface.

Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the Web. This includes email, FTP, Telnet, and Usenet News.

World Wide Web has its own protocol: HyperText Transfer Protocol, or HTTP.
.
.
.
.
*Add more table for new topic if necessary.
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Summary
In the end of this lesson, you have learned that:
Information and Communications Technology - or technologies (ICT) is an umbrella term that
includes all technologies for the manipulation and communication of information. I

Information systems are systems involved in the gathering, processing, distribution and use of
information and as such support human activity systems. Components of IS are: people,
hardware, software, data and procedures.

A mainframe is a high-performance computer used for large-scale computing purposes that
require greater availability and security than a smaller-scale machine can offer.

A microcomputer is a complete computer on a smaller scale and is designed for an individual.

Mini computers are used by business organization and they can support the simultaneous
working of up to 100 users and is usually maintained in business organizations for the
maintenance of accounts and finances.

A supercomputer is typically used for scientific and engineering applications that must handle
very large databases or do a great amount of computation (or both).

Hardware devices for input include keyboards and the mouse, scanner, touch screen and
joystick. Hardware for processing includes the CPU chip such as the Intel Pentium II.

Storage devices include the hard drive, CD, DVD, RAID, and optical disc. The output devices can
be the screen, the printer and the speaker.

Communication devices include modem, network interface cards, wireless network interface
cards and network access point transceiver.

External peripherals are connected to a computer through cables using connectors called
communication ports.

Parallel ports are mainly used for connecting printer.

Serial ports are used to connect PC to various types of peripherals, such as mouse, scanner,
modem, external units.

The Internet is a computer network made up of thousands of networks worldwide.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext to access
several Internet protocols on a single interface.
Self Assessment
*Must cover all topics.
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Quiz
No.
Question
1
The term ICT is synonymous to IT.
2
ICT includes technologies such as broadcasting and wireless mobile
True/False
telecommunications.
3
An information system is a system of communication between computer systems.
4
A Network Manager is a component of an information system
5
A procedure can be quite complex and involved, such as performing a backup,
shutting down a system, patching software. It tells the computer what to do.
6
A mainframe is a high-performance computer used for large-scale computing
purposes and are associated with distributed rather than centralized computing
7
A microcomputer contains a microprocessor, memory, I/O ports and a bus, all on
the motherboard.
8
A minicomputer is a computer which is between a microcomputer and a mainframe
and is used by small businesses for general business applications and to large
enterprises for department-level operations.
9
A supercomputer is typically used for e-commerce applications that must handle
very large response rate from customers around the world.
10
The touch screen is an example of input and output device.
11
A hardware device can function as both input and output device.
12
A storage device can outside the computer.
13
A storage device can be added on to the computer to cater for extra memory
requirement.
14
Communication devices are required to enable computers to send data and
information from one location to another.
15
External peripherals are connected to a computer through cables using connectors
called communication ports.
Answer:
1 = T, 2 = T, 3 = F, 4 = F, 5 = T, 6 = F, 7 = T, 8 = T, 9 = F, 10 = F, 11 = F, 12 = T, 13 = T, 14 = T, 15 = T
Essay questions:
1. Explain the difference between the terms ICT and information system.
2. Describe briefly the components of an information system. How are they related to each other?
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3. What are the types of computer?
4. Give an example of an application for each of the following computer:
a. Mainframe
b. Minicomputer
c.
Supercomputer
d. personal computer
5. Give three examples of hardware devices used for:
a. Input
b. Processing
c.
Storage
d. Output
e. communications
6. Describe two common storage devices used by a mainframe, minicomputer, supercomputer and the
personal computer
7. Give a brief explanation of the following terms:
a. computer connectivity
b. Internet
c.
Web
Reference
Ending
We now have enough knowledge on the basics of IT. We can build on this knowledge to learn more
about the application software that users – individuals or organizations used in their daily lives and
daily operations. These applications include Browsers, Word processors, Spreadsheets, Database
management systems, Presentation graphics, Software suites and integrated software.
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