HSB 4U1
Challenge and Change
Culminating Task
Objectives:
To choose a topic relating to Psychology, Sociology, or Anthropology that has been approved
by the teacher. Produce a research report (1500-2000 words) on your topic. Alternately, you
may use your research (which must be handed in with evidence of sources) to present a 15
minute presentation to the class.
You must use at least four (6) sources and only 3 may be from the generalWeb.
Use APA style to cite within your text and create a References list.
Keywords:
Adolescence
Popular Culture
Language
Deviance
Crime
Mental Illness
Alcoholism
Class
Biological Clocks
Memory
Intelligence
Evolution
Sports
Marriage
Work
Aging
Minorities
Discrimination
Racism
Native people
The Family
Gender Roles
Nature vs Nurture
Addiction
Diet
Depression
Technology
Art
Weddings
Women
Divorce
Child Rearing
Religion
Education
Gender Inequalities
Politics
Urban settlement
Child Development
Habits
Stress
Darwinian Medicine
Linguistics
Myth
Power
Steps to good research:
1. Narrow your topic
2. Develop a list of useful keywords
3. Use the keywords to find the type of information you need (facts; opinions;
primary vs. secondary or scholarly vs. popular
4. Use tools that help you find the best quality sources. (Databases; edited books;
quality websites)
5. Evaluate the sources you find and choose the best sources.
6. Use the notesheets to record bibliographic information
7. Record information from sources on the notesheets (paraphrase or direct quote)
8. Cite in-text
9. Create your References list
Developing a Good Research Question
Use the four questions to focus your research efforts.
TOPIC: I am researching _______________________ and its contribution to, development,
or effect on _______________________________.
IMPLIED QUESTION: Because I want to find out who, what, where, when, whether or
how __________________________________________________________________
REASON: In order to understand, examine or explain how, what or why
_____________________________________________________________________
SIGNIFICANCE: So that ______________________________________________
E.g I am researching the evolution of language and its contribution to popular culture,
because I want to find out the life span of newly introduced words in order to examine the long
term effect of the words on our culture so that people would have an increased awareness of
the power or non-power of new vocabulary.
Keywords:
Big Ideas
Similar
Narrowing
Phrases (use quotation marks)
Filetypes
Dates
Try http://instagrok.com
Quality of Sources
Level of editing: Highest for Journals (some actually peer-reviewed) (expert opinions
written by professors)
Scholarly books (usually book reviewed by professors, historians or others in the field)
Books (edited for accuracy not for bias) (can be professional writers or academics or
people with special training in the field)
Magazines (popular to trade; may be written by journalists, professional writers or by
academics in the field)
Encyclopedias (edited for accuracy) (facts only)
Newspapers (fact checked) (written by journalists)
Websites (some written or organized by reputable organizations or individuals)
Important to check the author’s reputation; credibility. Why should you believe the
author? Is there bias present? Range from well maintained and researched websites to
social media.
Almost every work with opinion contains bias. Neither good nor bad, but you need to
recognize anduse the information appropriately.
Finding sources:
Databases give you higher quality of source. Only contain published and edited
information.
Virtual Library ACCESS
Ancaster Library Website
http://schools.hwdsb.on.ca/ancasterhigh/library-2/
Virtual Library
http://www.hwdsb.on.ca/llrc/virtual-library/
Find encyclopedias and databases here! ID: PW:
See the following databases as well as Britannica encyclopedia
Try Culturegrams
http://online.culturegrams.com/
Use glenforest
Questiaschool
http://questiaschool.com
ID: PW:
Other databases
http://library.wrdsb.ca
Select Virtual Library
ID: PW:
Directories & Websites to get you started :
Social sciences sites
http://www.socsciresearch.com/r7.html
Sociology resources
http://www.sociology.org.uk/
http://www.webref.org/sociology/sociology.htm
Sociology links
http://www.sociology.org.uk/clink.htm
Social Psychology
http://www.socialpsychology.org/
Encyclopedia of Psychology
http://www.psychology.org/
APA Psych articles
http://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo/index.aspx
Psych databases
http://www.psychology.org/links/Resources/MetaSites/
Smithsonian Anthropology
http://www.sil.si.edu/SILPublications/Anthropology-K12/anth-k12.htm
Anthropology Directory
http://faculty.plattsburgh.edu/richard.robbins/legacy/anth_on_www.html#cultural
Open source Anthropology Journal
http://omicsonline.org/anthropology.php
Resources for HSB
http://www.markville.ss.yrdsb.edu.on.ca/history/society/societyreadingspage.html
AVOID PLAGIARISM…OR How to make a perfect Works Cited
What do you need to cite?
All direct quotations you use.
All paraphrased sections.
All images, video, or other media.
Not common knowledge material.
What is common knowledge?
In grade 9 Family Studies you could consider basic facts such as “banana is a fruit” or
“Germany is in Europe” to be common knowledge and do not require citation.
Opinions or unusual facts require citations.
Citations mean that enough information is provide so that your reader could locate the
source you used.
There are rules set out for doing this, so that everyone does the same thing. In this way, we
can all read and make sense of bibliographies and locate sources.
The rules are known as a citation style. APA, MLA or Chicago are examples.
The guides provide a “template” for each type of source you need to cite. To fill in the
template you need to find the relevant information in your source.
Most sources require:
Author
Date
Publisher
Page numbers referenced
Title of the work
Title of the source you found the article in
To determine the “template” try Owl Purdue’s website:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/10/
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Learn how your teacher wants you to reference your project or assignment.
Make sure you keep track of all resources you may want to cite or reference. We have
blank Bibliography sheets you can use to keep track of the important information as you
research. Just ask at the counter.
Use a note sheet for every major resource you use.
Use APA Style for this assignment. All the detail you need to complete a correct
Works Cited is on the school’s website:
http://schools.hwdsb.on.ca/ancasterhigh/library-2/
Click on the Library Tab at the top and look for the APA Info and Style button.
For help with citations:
Try on-line Citation help software:
Go to KnightCite http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php
or Citation machine http://citationmachine.net/
for on-line tools that help you to cite properly using APA Style.
THESE SHEETS AND APA STYLE SHEETS ARE AVAILABLE ON THE
SCHOOL LIBRARY WEBSITE under Citation Help.
Citation
Why we cite?
1) give credit to the sources you used in your work
2) to allow the reader to easily access any sources you used in order
to
a) read more and put a citation in context;
b) read the full text or article themselves to learn more;
c) judge the quality of the source for themselves;
3) to support the fact that you have not plagiarized; that you have
directly quoted appropriately and paraphrased properly.
AVOID PLAGIARISM…Citing:
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Remember…all good researchers cite any ideas they borrow from other sources.
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Use APA Style for citing in this project.
Make sure you keep track of all resources you may want to cite or reference. We have blank
Bibliography sheets you can use to keep track of the important information as you research. Just
ask at the counter.
Use a note sheet for every major resource you use.
All the detail you need to complete a correct Works Cited is on the school’s website.
http://schools.hwdsb.on.ca/ancasterhigh/library-2/
Click on the Citation Help button on the left to find information on APA Info and Style button.
Try on-line Citation help software:
Go to KnightCite http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/index.php
or Citation machine http://citationmachine.net/
for on-line tools that help you to cite properly using APA Style.
Schindler, D. (2010). Tar sands need solid science: as Canada exploits its oil sands ever faster, David Schindler calls for
industry-independent environmental monitoring to back up better water-quality regulation. Nature, 468(7323), 499+.
<http://www.nature.com/nature/index.html>
Mearns, B. M. (2012, December). Long-term effects of air pollution. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 9(12), 162.
doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2012.162
Callan, M., & Jarrah, A. (2010). Citation made simple (2nd
ed.). Toronto, Canada: Good writing press.
Bibliography. (2011). Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.
Retrieved July 14, 2011, from Grolier Online
http://gme.grolier.com/article?assetid=0032840-0
Sherman, F. (2011, April). Plagiarism is increasing due to the
Internet. Journal of Communication Science, 13(3), 45-47.
doi:10.2345/S1384107697000225
DeBastide, M. (n.d.). Why students plagiarize. In Plagiarism.
Retrieved July 13, 2011, from
http://www.writingwell.com/bastide/plagiarism
Viola, N. (2010, August 6). Schools in the 21st Century. Time,
23-25. Retrieved from EBSCO.
Basic Rules for Developing An APA
References List
Basic Rules
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All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half
inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors
of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven
authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After
the ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each
work.
For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries
in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
Present the journal title in full.
Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
o For example: ReCALL not RECALL or Knowledge Management Research & Practice
not Knowledge Management Research and Practice.
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
When referring to books, chapters, articles, or Web pages, capitalize only the first letter of
the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second word in a hyphenated compound
word.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal
articles or essays in edited collections.
In-text citations:
Do not drop digits from (elide) inclusive pages numbers, do not write pp. 1234-38, write pp. 1234-1238.
RULES FOR CITATIONS
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Three to five authors list all authors in the first citation; the lead author et al. (and others) in
subsequent citations: first, (Smith, Jones, Andrews, Baker, & Charles, 2001); next, (Smith et al.,
2001).
Six or more authors list the lead author et al. in all citations.
Corporate author. If a group is readily identified by an acronym, spell it out only the first time. For
example, "As reported in a government study (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991) . .
. ." The next citation gives just the initials and year, (NIMH, 1991).
No author. If the author is unknown, use the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the
title), for example: ("Study Finds," 1992). Use heading caps in the text when noting a title
(sentence caps in references)!
Anonymous. If the work specifically carries the designation "Anonymous" in place of an author's
name, use Anonymous as the author. Otherwise, the work has no author.
Reprints cite the original publication date and reprint date if both are known, for example: (James,
1890/1983). Translations of classics note the date of the translation: (Aristotle, trans. 1931).
Personal communication. E-mail and other "unrecoverable data" are cited as personal
communications, for example: (C. G. Jung, personal communication, September 28, 1933). These
sources do not appear in the reference list.
Always cite page numbers after quotations. For example, the author noted, "The rats fell asleep
within minutes" (Jones, 2003, p. 76). Or, Jones (1993) found "the rats fell asleep within minutes"
(p. 76).
E-documents. When quoting electronic documents without page numbers, cite paragraph numbers if given, after
the paragraph symbol or abbreviation para. (e.g., Smith, 2000, ¶ 17).
Reference: APA: Newspaper
Basic Form
APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials;
publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title
of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper
nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and
is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If
a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should
include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been
assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the
website from which you are retrieving the periodical.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. doi:http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
Article in a Newspaper
Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper
reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages
take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The
Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
On-line newspaper articles:
Newspaper Article
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. The New
York Times. Retrieved from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com
Basic Format for Books
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Note: For "Location," you should always list the city and the state using
the two letter postal abbreviation without periods (New York, NY).
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Edited Book, No Author
Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New
York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Edited Book with an Author or Authors
Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K. V. Kukil (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.
Article in a Journal or
Magazine
Basic Form
APA style dictates that authors are named last name followed by initials;
publication year goes between parentheses, followed by a period. The title
of the article is in sentence-case, meaning only the first word and proper
nouns in the title are capitalized. The periodical title is run in title case, and
is followed by the volume number which, with the title, is also italicized. If
a DOI has been assigned to the article that you are using, you should
include this after the page numbers for the article. If no DOI has been
assigned and you are accessing the periodical online, use the URL of the
website from which you are retrieving the periodical.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. doi:http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume
Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one,
and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.
Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of
Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue
Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the
issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The
parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.
Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(3), 5-13.
Article in a Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 2831.
Article From an Online Periodical
Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles. Include all
information the online host makes available, including an issue number in
parentheses.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online
Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who
Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
Online Scholarly Journal Article: Citing DOIs
Please note: In August of 2011 the formatting recommendations for DOIs
changed. DOIs are now rendered as an alpha-numeric string which acts as
an active link. According to The APA Style Guide to Electronic References,
6th edition, you should use the DOI format which the article appears with.
So, if it is using the older numeric string, use that as the DOI. If, however,
it is presented as the newer alpha-numeric string, use that as the DOI. The
Purdue OWL maintains examples of citations using both DOI styles.
Because online materials can potentially change URLs, APA recommends
providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed
to the URL. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for
online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long
alphanumeric code. Many-but not all-publishers will provide an article's DOI
on the first page of the document.
Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may
"hide" the code under a button which may read "Article" or may be an
abbreviation of a vendor's name like "CrossRef" or "PubMed." This button
will usually lead the user to the full article which will include the DOI. Find
DOI's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with
CrossRef.org's "DOI Resolver," which is displayed in a central location on
their home page.
Article From an Online Periodical with DOI Assigned
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number, page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or
http://dx.doi.org/10.0000/0000
Brownlie, D. (2007). Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography.
European Journal of Marketing, 41, 1245-1283. doi:10.1108/03090560710821161
Wooldridge, M.B., & Shapka, J. (2012). Playing with technology: Mother-toddler
interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys. Journal of Applied
Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 211-218.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2012.05.005
Article From an Online Periodical with no DOI Assigned
Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require the URL of the
journal home page. Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your
readers with enough information to find the article; providing the journal
home page aids readers in this process.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number. Retrieved from http://www.journalhomepage.com/full/url/
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of
Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
Article From a Database
Please note: APA states that including database information in citations is
not necessary because databases change over time (p. 192). However, the
OWL still includes information about databases for those users who need
database information.
When referencing a print article obtained from an online database (such as
a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information
(formatted just like a "normal" print citation would be for that type of
work). By providing this information, you allow people to retrieve the print
version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved
the article. You can also include the item number or accession number or
database URL at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required.
If you are citing an article from a database that is available in other places,
such as a journal or magazine, include the homepage's URL. You may have
to do a web search of the article's title, author, etc. to find the URL.
For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If
the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information.
Only use retrieval dates if the source could change, such as Wikis. For more
about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 187192 of the Publication Manual.
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume number, page range. Retrieved from
http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Smyth, A. M., Parker, A. L., & Pease, D. L. (2002). A study of enjoyment of peas.
Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 120-125. Retrieved from
http://www.articlehomepage.com/full/url/
Electronic Books
Electronic books may include books found on personal websites, databases,
or even in audio form. Use the following format if the book you are using is
only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is
not directly available online or must be purchased, use "Available from,"
rather than "Retrieved from," and point readers to where they can find it.
For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish
date in parentheses after the author's name. For references to e-book
editions, be sure to include the type and version of e-book you are
referencing (e.g., "[Kindle DX version]"). If DOIs are available, provide
them at the end of the reference.
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo
Indian tales. Retrieved from
http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest.
Available from
http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio? inkey=1-9780931686108-0
Online Encyclopedias and Dictionaries
Often encyclopedias and dictionaries do not provide bylines (authors'
names). When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of
the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n.d.) if no date
is present in the entry.
Feminism. (n.d.). In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/724633/feminism
Website
Nonperiodical Web Document, Web Page, or Report
List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have
to hunt around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like
http://www.somesite.com/somepage.htm, and somepage.htm doesn't have
the information you're looking for, move up the URL to
http://www.somesite.com/):
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of document. Retrieved from
http://Web address
Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee,
A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a
URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if
there isn't a date available for the document use (n.d.) for no date.