EOCT Study Guide, Biology
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. Long chains of nucleotides are called ____________________.
2. Receptor proteins can change the ____________________ of the cell membrane.
3. All living things require a source of ____________________ to carry out their life activities.
4. Inheritance in which two dominant alleles are expressed at the same time is called ____________________.
5. Electrons that provide the energy for the production of most of a cell’s ATP are carried to the electron
transport chain by ____________________ and ____________________ molecules.
6. A cell does not expend ____________________ when diffusion takes place.
7. The process of ____________________ occurs when anaerobic bacteria break down nitrates and release
nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere.
8. Lakes, ponds, and rivers are examples of ____________________ ecosystems.
9. Every time that energy is transferred in an ecosystem, potential energy is lost as ____________________.
10. The physical area in which an organism lives is its ____________________.
11. The portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the
____________________.
12. A reason to set up an experiment is to test a ____________________.
13. A population ____________________ is a hypothetical population that has key characteristics of the real
population being studied.
14. Charles Darwin sailed for five years on a ship named ____________________.
15. Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be
____________________ to each other.
16. During fermentation, either ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide or ____________________ is formed.
17. Prokaryotic cells have a cell ____________________ that surrounds the cell membrane.
18. In an experiment, the ____________________ group receives no experimental treatment.
19. ____________________ proteins enable a cell to sense its surroundings by binding to certain substances
outside the cell.
20. Segments of nucleic acids contained in a protein coat are called ____________________.
21. A(n) ____________________ describes the habitat, feeding habits, other aspects of an organism’s biology,
and its interactions with other organisms and the environment.
22. The patterns that Mendel discovered form the basis of ____________________, the branch of biology that
deals with heredity.
23. The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is
____________________.
24. In the absence of oxygen, instead of aerobic respiration following glycolysis, glycolysis is followed by
____________________.
25. The DNA in eukaryotic cells is packaged into structures called ____________________.
26. A trait that is determined by a gene that is only found on the X chromosome is said to be
____________________ - ____________________.
A
B
27. Refer to the illustration above. The process shown in figure A is called ____________________.
28. A carbon atom can bond with four other atoms because it has ____________________ valence electrons.
29. When the concentration of free water molecules is higher outside a cell than inside the cell, water will diffuse
____________________ the cell.
30. The movement of individuals from one population to another is called ____________________.
31. Normal cell growth and cell division are regulated by ____________________.
32. The difference between the birthrate and the death rate of a population is its ____________________.
33. A spiral-shaped bacterium is called a(n) ____________________.
34. A biochemical reaction can be speeded up by adding a(n) ____________________, which lowers the amount
of activation energy required to start the reaction.
35. A species that has disappeared permanently is said to be ____________________.
36. The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time is its ____________________.
37. During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of ____________________.
38. Predation often helps increase ____________________ in an ecosystem.
39. A model developed by systematists that uses shared derived characters to show the evolutionary history of
different organisms is called a(n) ____________________.
40. The unique two-word name for a species is its ____________________ name.
41. The fatty acid tails of a phospholipid are repelled by water because they are ____________________.
42. The cell walls of bacteria are composed of ____________________, a protein-carbohydrate compound.
43. Oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the lipid bilayer by ____________________ diffusion.
44. Scientists use ____________________ techniques to minimize the risk of contamination.
45. In the cell membrane, proteins that bind to specific signal molecules and respond are called
____________________ proteins.
46. The stage of meiosis during which homologues line up along the equator of the cell is called
____________________.
47. The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called ____________________.
48. The branch of biology that studies the changes in types of organisms over time is called
___________________ theory.
49. The starting materials for chemical reactions are called ____________________, while the new substances
that are formed are called ____________________.
50. The scientific name of an organism gives biologists a common way of ____________________ regardless of
their native languages.
51. Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ____________________ attached to its surface.
52. A(n) ____________________ is a specific, testable prediction for a limited set of conditions, and a(n)
____________________ is a general explanation for a broad range of data.
53. The second stage of gene expression is called ____________________.
54. The cytoskeleton’s network of ____________________ fibers anchors cell organelles.
55. The process by which species change over time is called ____________________.
56. All viruses reproduce by taking over the machinery of a(n) ____________________.
57. A(n) ____________________ is a specialized lipid made of a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails.
58. Bacteria that get both energy and nutrients from other organisms are ____________________.
59. Bacteria that obtain their energy from inorganic molecules that contain sulfur or nitrogen, rather than
obtaining energy from the sun, are called ____________________ bacteria.
60. The movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle is called ____________________.
61. Viruses that infect bacteria are called ____________________.
62. Bacterial viruses with a polyhedral head attached to a helical tail are called ____________________.
63. A climate is defined by the amount of precipitation an area receives and its average ____________________.
64. Cells that are not dividing remain in the ____________________ phase.
65. The human immunodeficiency virus causes ____________________.
66. Proteins that aid in moving substances into and out of cells are called ____________________ proteins.
67. Loss of control and regulation of the ____________________ can result in the development of cancer.
68. In bacteria, cell division takes place in two stages. First the ____________________ is copied, and then the
cell splits.
69. Most scientific investigations begin with ____________________ that lead to questions.
70. Published in 1859, Charles Darwin’s book, On The ____________________ by Means of Natural Selection,
changed biology forever.
71. The pH scale measures the concentration of ____________________ ions in solutions.
72. When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule, a(n) ____________________ molecule is
formed.
73. The medium in which most cellular events take place is ____________________.
74. Mendel observed a ____________________ of contrasting traits in the F2 generation for all seven of the peaplant characters he studied.
75. Protective structures that some bacteria may form under harsh conditions are ____________________.
Short Answer
76. What enzyme catalyzes a reaction in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule of ADP? What
molecule is made by this reaction?
77. What kind of ribosomes makes proteins that remain inside the cell?
78. What is the function of the cell membrane during endocytosis?
79. How well do nonpolar molecules dissolve in water?
80. An ionic bond forms between what two kinds of particles?
81. Suppose you are a scientist who studies sharks in their natural habitat. What are two names that describe the
kind of biologist you are?
82. Which organisms have an alternation of generations life cycle?
Kingdom
Cell type
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Cell structure
Cell wall,
peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria
c.
d.
Protista
e.
Mixed
Fungi
g.
Cell wall, chitin
i.
Eukaryotic
Cell wall,
cellulose
k.
Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Body type
Nutrition
a.
b
Unicellular
Autotrophic and
heterotrophic
Unicellular and
multicellular
Unicellular and
multicellular
j.
f.
h.
Autotrophic
Multicellular
l.
83. Refer to the table shown above. Complete the table by filling in the numbered cells.
84. What is the difference in the location of DNA in a prokaryotic cell and in a eukaryotic cell?
85. Why is embryology useful in determining the evolutionary history of a species?
86. What does the term “probability” refer to in genetics?
87. What characteristic of membrane proteins causes them to be held in the cell membrane?
88. How does the appearance of the two kinds of endoplasmic reticulum differ? What causes the difference?
89. What is a viral lytic cycle?
90. Why is it important to understand population growth?
91. In Mendel’s experiments, the recessive traits appeared in the F2 generation in approximately what percent of
the plants?
92. When has genetic recombination occurred in meiosis?
93. Where do your cells get most of the energy they need for metabolism?
94. Describe how offspring are produced in sexual reproduction.
95. What do spindle fibers do during mitosis?
EOCT Study Guide, Biology
Answer Section
COMPLETION
1. ANS: nucleic acids
PTS: 1
DIF: I
2. ANS: permeability
OBJ: 3.3.5
PTS: 1
3. ANS: energy
DIF: II
OBJ: 8.3.3
PTS: 1
DIF: II
4. ANS: codominance
OBJ: 3.4.1
PTS: 1
5. ANS:
NADH, FADH2
FADH2 HADH
DIF: II
OBJ: 12.4.1
PTS: 1
6. ANS: energy
DIF: II
OBJ: 9.3.2
PTS: 1
DIF: I
7. ANS: denitrification
OBJ: 8.2.1
PTS: 1
8. ANS: freshwater
DIF: II
OBJ: 4.3.3
PTS: 1
9. ANS: heat
DIF: II
OBJ: 4.1.5
PTS: 1
10. ANS: habitat
DIF: II
OBJ: 4.2.2
PTS: 1
11. ANS: active site
DIF: I
OBJ: 4.1.1
PTS: 1
12. ANS: hypothesis
DIF: I
OBJ: 3.4.3
PTS: 1
13. ANS: model
DIF: II
OBJ: 1.2.2
PTS: 1
14. ANS: Beagle
DIF: II
OBJ: 5.1.2
PTS: 1
DIF: I
15. ANS: complementary
OBJ: 16.1.2
PTS: 1
16. ANS: lactic acid
DIF: II
OBJ: 13.1.4
PTS: 1
17. ANS: wall
DIF: II
OBJ: 9.3.3
PTS: 1
18. ANS: control
DIF: I
OBJ: 7.1.3
PTS: 1
19. ANS: Receptor
DIF: II
OBJ: 1.2.2
PTS: 1
20. ANS: viruses
DIF: I
OBJ: 8.1.3
PTS: 1
21. ANS: niche
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.2
PTS: 1
22. ANS: genetics
DIF: II
OBJ: 5.3.1
PTS: 1
23. ANS: deoxyribose
DIF: I
OBJ: 12.1.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
24. ANS: fermentation
OBJ: 13.1.3
PTS: 1
DIF: II
25. ANS: chromosomes
OBJ: 9.3.3
PTS: 1
26. ANS: sex, linked
DIF: I
OBJ: 10.1.2
PTS: 1
27. ANS: endocytosis
DIF: I
OBJ: 12.3.3
PTS: 1
28. ANS: four
DIF: III
OBJ: 8.2.3
PTS: 1
29. ANS: into
DIF: II
OBJ: 3.3.1
PTS: 1
30. ANS: migration
DIF: I
OBJ: 8.2.2
PTS: 1
31. ANS: proteins
DIF: I
OBJ: 5.1.2
PTS: 1
32. ANS: growth rate
DIF: II
OBJ: 10.3.1
PTS: 1
33. ANS: spirillum
DIF: I
OBJ: 5.1.2
PTS: 1
34. ANS: enzyme
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.1.1
PTS: 1
35. ANS: extinct
DIF: II
OBJ: 3.4.3
PTS: 1
36. ANS: climate
DIF: I
OBJ: 16.3.2
PTS: 1
DIF: I
37. ANS: transfer RNA
OBJ: 4.1.3
PTS: 1
38. ANS: biodiversity
DIF: II
OBJ: 13.3.5
PTS: 1
39. ANS: cladogram
DIF: II
OBJ: 5.3.3
PTS: 1
40. ANS: scientific
DIF: I
OBJ: 18.2.3
PTS: 1
41. ANS: nonpolar
DIF: I
OBJ: 18.1.2
PTS: 1
DIF: II
42. ANS: peptidoglycan
OBJ: 8.1.2
PTS: 1
43. ANS: simple
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.1.2
PTS: 1
44. ANS: sterile
DIF: II
OBJ: 8.2.1
PTS: 1
45. ANS: receptor
DIF: II
OBJ: 1.3.2
PTS: 1
46. ANS: metaphase I
DIF: II
OBJ: 8.3.2
DIF: II
OBJ: 11.2.1
PTS: 1
47. ANS: probability
PTS: 1
DIF: I
48. ANS: evolutionary
OBJ: 12.3.2
PTS: 1
DIF: II
49. ANS: reactants, products
OBJ: 1.4.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
50. ANS: communicating
OBJ: 3.4.2
PTS: 1
51. ANS: ribosomes
OBJ: 18.1.1
DIF: II
PTS: 1
DIF: II
52. ANS: hypothesis, theory
OBJ: 7.2.3
PTS: 1
53. ANS: translation
DIF: II
OBJ: 1.2.3
PTS: 1
54. ANS: protein
DIF: II
OBJ: 13.3.1
PTS: 1
55. ANS: evolution
DIF: II
OBJ: 7.2.1
PTS: 1
56. ANS: cell
DIF: I
OBJ: 16.1.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
57. ANS: phospholipid
OBJ: 20.2.3
PTS: 1
58. ANS: heterotrophs
OBJ: 8.1.2
DIF: I
PTS: 1
DIF: I
59. ANS: chemoautotrophic
OBJ: 20.1.3
PTS: 1
60. ANS: endocytosis
OBJ: 20.1.3
DIF: II
PTS: 1
DIF: I
61. ANS: bacteriophages
OBJ: 8.2.3
PTS: 1
DIF: I
62. ANS: bacteriophages
OBJ: 13.1.2
PTS: 1
63. ANS: temperature
OBJ: 20.2.2
DIF: II
PTS: 1
64. ANS:
G1
first gap
DIF: I
OBJ: 4.1.3
PTS: 1
65. ANS: AIDS
DIF: II
OBJ: 10.2.1
PTS: 1
66. ANS: transport
DIF: II
OBJ: 20.3.5
PTS: 1
67. ANS: cell cycle
DIF: I
OBJ: 8.1.3
PTS: 1
68. ANS: DNA
DIF: II
OBJ: 10.3.3
PTS: 1
DIF: II
69. ANS: observations
OBJ: 10.1.3
PTS: 1
DIF: II
70. ANS: Origin of Species
OBJ: 1.2.1
PTS: 1
71. ANS: hydronium
DIF: I
OBJ: 16.2.1
PTS: 1
72. ANS: ADP
DIF: II
OBJ: 3.2.2
PTS: 1
73. ANS: water
DIF: I
OBJ: 9.1.3
PTS: 1
74. ANS: 3:1 ratio
DIF: II
OBJ: 3.2.1
PTS: 1
75. ANS: endospores
DIF: II
OBJ: 12.1.4
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.1.4
DIF: II
OBJ: 9.1.3
PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
76. ANS:
ATP synthase; ATP
PTS: 1
77. ANS:
free ribosomes
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 7.2.2
78. ANS:
The cell membrane forms a pouch around a substance outside the cell. The pouch closes up and pinches off
from the membrane to form a vesicle inside the cell.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 8.2.3
79. ANS:
Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve in water.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 3.1.3 | 3.2.2
80. ANS:
between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion
PTS: 1
DIF: II
81. ANS:
field biologist, marine biologist
OBJ: 3.1.2
PTS: 1
DIF: III
82. ANS:
plants and most multicellular protists
OBJ: 1.4.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
83. ANS:
a. unicellular
b. autotrophic and heterotrophic
c. prokaryotic
d. cell wall, no peptidoglycan
e. eukaryotic
f. autotrophic and heterotrophic
g. eukaryotic
h. heterotrophic
i. Plantae
j. multicellular
k. Animalia
l. heterotrophic
OBJ: 11.3.3
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 18.3.2
84. ANS:
DNA is located in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell, but in a eukaryotic cell, DNA is housed in an internal
compartment called the nucleus.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 7.1.3
85. ANS:
because it reveals similar patterns and structures that may indicate a shared evolutionary history
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 16.2.2
86. ANS:
The likelihood that a certain event will occur.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 12.3.2
87. ANS:
Some of the amino acids that make up proteins are polar and some are nonpolar. The repelling and attracting
of different parts of the proteins by water and the interior of the cell membrane’s bilayer hold the proteins in
place.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 8.1.3
88. ANS:
Rough ER appears bumpy because ribosomes are attached to its surface. Smooth ER appears smooth because
it has no attached ribosomes.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 7.2.3
89. ANS:
a reproductive cycle of viral infection, replication, and cell destruction
PTS: 1
DIF: I
OBJ: 20.2.3
90. ANS:
because populations interact and affect one another
PTS: 1
91. ANS:
25
DIF: II
OBJ: 5.1.1
PTS: 1
DIF: II
92. ANS:
at the conclusion of crossing-over.
OBJ: 12.1.4
PTS: 1
DIF: III
93. ANS:
from the food that you eat
OBJ: 11.2.3
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 3.4.1
94. ANS:
In sexual reproduction, two parents each form haploid cells, which join to form offspring.
PTS: 1
DIF: III
OBJ: 11.1.2
95. ANS:
They attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes and move the sister chromatids to opposite poles of the
cell.
PTS: 1
DIF: II
OBJ: 10.2.2