The Idaho Society of Radiologic
Technologist presents
“Scattered Radiation”
Summer Edition, Volume 62, Issue 1
May 10, 2008
M
essage from the President
It is once again time to push for membership and to stress the importance “strength in
numbers” has on our politicians. Informing the public of the importance of having their
radiographic exams performed by educated, trained professionals is our duty as patient advocates.
The correct exam, professionally performed by a registered technologist could negate the need for
further imaging tests which a doctor might needlessly order should the physician not be able to
make a definite prognosis due to undiagnostic, poorly executed imaging. In addition to patients’
health, the cost savings fewer repeat exams would generate could be a great starting point in
informing the general public of the need for legislation requiring minimum education for
radiographers.
Good care by trained professionals is expected by the public when they visit doctors,
hospitals, imaging centers, etc. Unfortunately, in Idaho, as well as seven other states and in the
District of Columbia, this is not always the case. Imaging performed using improper techniques
invariably leads to undiagnostic images, resulting in additional exams. This is expensive for the
patient, the insurance companies, as well as the health risk for patients from increased radiation
dosage delivered from repeat exams. The public needs to know who we are--registered
technologists (RTs), and the importance of trained, educated professionals performing their
radiographic procedures.
I was fortunate to attend RT in DC this year. Senator Craig signed on as a co-sponsor of
the Care Bill, and Senator Crapo is supporting the Care Bill, although he has not yet signed on as a
co-sponsor. Both Senators took the time to meet with us and hear what we had to say.
Representative Sali and Simpson are not supporting the Care Bill at this time. Neither one of them
took the time to meet with us even though we scheduled appointments and traveled to Washington
DC to see them. Their legislative aids did meet with us and Sali’s aid seemed to believe Sali
would “probably, maybe” support the Care Bill. Representative Simpson’s aid told us the
representative thought we had no business even talking to him in DC. He believes it is a State
rights issue and did not want to hear anything we tried to say. I want to encourage ALL Idaho
technologists to flood our elected officials with letters and e-mails asking them to support the Care
Bill.
If you are reading this, more than likely you are a member of the ISRT. I solicit each of
you to promote ISRT to your technologist co-workers, and send the ISRT your e-mail addresses so
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The ISRT Web Address is: http://www.isu.edu/isrt/
you all can be informed of any noteworthy radiographic events in our state. Please send your email addresses to ISRT@live.com. Let’s work together to promote the importance of utilizing
qualified/registered technologists (RTs). It is essential that we recognize the importance of this
work we do everyday to the medical community. Demonstrate PRIDE in our profession. We are
RADIOGRAPHERS!
Thank you,
Larry D Stoller RT(R)
ISRT President
Executive Committee
2008-2009
CHAIRMAN
Molly Arnzen, BSRT, (R)(M)(ARDIS)
5714 W. Pinegrove Drive
Coeur d' Alene, Idaho 83815
mutt2jeff@aol.com
cell (208) 659-2083 /
Home: (208)765-1379
Secretary
Candice Moore, BSRS, RT(R)(M)
P.O.Box 633
Wendell, ID 83355
Work, (208) 934-4433, ext. 1113
Home, (208) 536-2915
moorec@slrmc.org
PRESIDENT
Larry Stoller RT (R)
11925 W. Dreamcatcher
Boise, Idaho 83709
Home 208 562-0315
Lstoller@sitestar.net
WEBMASTER
Dan Hobbs, MSRS, RT(R)(CT)(MR)
685 Lemhi
Pocatello, ID 83201
Email: hobbsdan@isu.edu
Work: (208) 282-4112 / Home: (208) 238-0791
PRESIDENT ELECT
David Brinegar, RT(R)
1716 Scorpio Dr.
Nampa, ID 83651
Home: (208)989-9319
brinegar1969@yahoo.com
MEMBERSHIP/TREASURER
Duane R. McCrorie, MS, RT(R)
2220 Wilmington Dr.
Boise, ID 83704-7051
Home: (208)322-2801
dncmc-1@clearwire.net
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SCATTERED RADIATION EDITOR
Casey Jackman, RT(R)(MR)
1975 Judy Lane
Pocatello, ID 83201
Email: Casey@imagingmangers.com
Work: (208) 239-2370
Home: (208) 237-0339
The ISRT Web Address is: http://www.isu.edu/isrt/
District Officers
2008-2009
SWISRT (Co-Presidents)
Michael Gurr, R.T.(R)
5510 Roundup
Boise, ID 83709
(208) 362-0408
bedside@aol.com
Bill Hanson, R.T.(R)
PO Box 1864
Nampa, ID 83653
Home (208)880-5805
B_b70hanson@clearwire.net
NISRT President
Virginia Kantola, RT(R)(M)
PO Box 513
St. Maries, ID 83861
virgkant@yahoo.com
SCISRT President
Andrea Summers, R.T.(R)(M)
1121 A E. 2900 S.
Hagerman, ID 83332
Work (208)934-4433
Cell (208)731-7086
Home (208)837-6304
idahoandi@onewest.net
SEIRST President
Dan Hobbs, RT(R)
685 Lemhi
Pocatello, ID 83201
Home (208)238-0791
hobbsdan@isu.edu
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The ISRT Web Address is: http://www.isu.edu/isrt/
Jean Machacek
Memorial Award
NOMINATE SOMEONE FOR THE JEAN MACHACEK MEMORIAL AWARD
This award is given to honor individuals in the profession of Radiological Technology.
A nominee for this award shall be: 1) an active member or retired member of the ISRT, (2) worked
as a technologist in the State of Idaho for at least five years, and (3) not have been a previous
recipient of this award.
If you would like to nominate someone for this award please send a nomination letter to:
Candice Moore, BSRS, RT(R)(M)
P.O. Box 633
Wendell, ID 83355
Email: candice_land@hotmail.com
The nomination letter must include:
(1) The name, address, home and work phone numbers and place of employment for both the
nominee and the person making the nomination.
(2) Specific reason why the individual is being nominated.
(3) Documentation of the individual’s accomplishments and how they relate to the reasons for
which they have been nominated.
The nomination deadline is April 10, 2006
The Jean Machacek Award nominee represents an individual who:
 Has a solid knowledge of the field of Radiologic Technology or a subspecialty.
 Demonstrates a selfless commitment to the profession.
 Shows enthusiastic support to the Society by consistently being actively involved in the
Society.
 Demonstrates service to the Society by performance of a duty within the ISRT.
 Demonstrates leadership in the profession.
 Utilizes and shares expertise, which positively affects the profession, peers, students, and
profession.
 Has contributed to the profession in the areas of research, publication, and presentation.
 Continually seeks to improve knowledge above and beyond the requirements of the
profession.
 Understands and practices ethics, morality, and professionalism.
 Demonstrates leadership, commitment to quality, and responsibility.
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Previous Winners of the Jean Machacek Memorial Award:
1. 1966 Cecil Watson
2. 1967 Norman Coe
3. 1968 Ila Howard
4. 1969 Jim Madden
5. 1970 Sister Mary Boniface
6. 1972 Sister M. Carolyn
7. 1976 Jean Machacek
8. 1977 Lea Birr
9. 1978 Jolyn Lawson
10. 1981 Donna Auer
11. 1982 Jona Post
12. 1983 Thomas Kraker
13. 1984 Jana Hughes
14. 1985 C. Mellinger
15. 1986 Thomas Kraker
16. 1987 Randall Pickett
17. 1991 Joanne Eisenbarth
18. 1995 Gary Watkins
19. 1996 Debbie Reinke
20. 1997 Duane McCorie
21. 1998 Richelle Lasley
22. 1999 Debbie Murray
23. 2002 Lynda Snider
24. 2003 Scott Staley
25. 2004 Virginia Kantola
26. 2005 Dan Hobbs
27.
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The ISRT Web Address is: http://www.isu.edu/isrt/
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION FORM
Name:
Address:
City:
Employer:
State:
Zip
Date:
Home Phone:
Email Address:
Work Phone:
ARRT#____________________________
MEMBERSHIP STATUS
MEMBERSHIP STATUS
CERTIFICATIONS OTHER THAN RADIOGRAPHY
RENEWAL
NEW MEMBERSHIP
STUDENT MEMBER
RETIRED
LIFE MEMBER
MAMMOGRAPHY
CAT SCAN
MRI
RDMS
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
OTHER
ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP DUES:
Membership is from January to January. There are no prorated membership fees. There is a
$5.00 application fee for all new members and for those who have let their membership lapse (for
dues received after February 28th).
The membership fees are as follows:
RENEWAL
NEW MEMBER
STUDENT OR RETIRED
GRADUATE (with verification)
$25.00
$30.00
$ 5.00
FREE
Make check payable to I.S.R.T.
Send completed application and payment to: Duane R. McCrorie, MS, RT(R)
2220 Wilmington Dr.
Boise, ID 83704-7051
THIS IS THE ONLY FORM ACCEPTED FOR MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Revised May 3, 2008
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The ISRT Web Address is: http://www.isu.edu/isrt/
Winners in the Essay and Poster Competition
Essay Competition
1st place ($100): Kevin Bean (middle)
2nd Place: ($50): Natalie Gerratt
3rd Place ($25): Nick Lake
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Kevin’s winning Essay
LIFE SAVING FETAL SURGERY
Life Saving Fetal Surgery
Kevin Bean
ISRT
April 2008
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Abstract
Each year many children are born with severe birth defects that force them to live the rest of their
lives with a deformity, or die from the result of it. However, parents can now choose to have a
controversial surgery called fetal surgery to correct the baby’s deformity while the baby is still
inside the womb. Cases that require fetal surgery must be life threatening to the fetus, but at the
same time, must not pose too much of a risk to the mother. Fetal surgery can be a great life saving
treatment for the fetus, but at the same time the risks for the surgery are so great that many people
are against this controversial surgery.
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Life Saving Fetal Surgery
The day a child is born into this world is a day filled with emotion, excitement, and fear of
the unknown. Often it is the unknown that parents spend considerable time worrying about. This
happens because of the possibility of delivering a baby that is not alive. Fetal demise is a tragic
event and is very difficult for anyone to experience. However, unlike fetal demise, a parent faced
with knowing that their child has a deformity now has options. If the parent takes a proactive
approach, some of these life threatening deformities can be repaired while the baby is in the womb.
Fetal surgery was once thought to be something that was done only in science fiction movies, but
this is not the case anymore; it is a life saving procedure.
Approximately 3% of babies that are born each year in the United States have complex
birth defects (Fetal Surgery. Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2007, Purpose Section ¶1). With the use of
ultrasound, defects and malformations are much easier to diagnose before surgery or before they
become irreversible. Although most diagnosed malformations are best managed with postnatal
surgery, there are select cases in which treatment prior to birth may be the best option (Antsaklis,
2004). Fetal surgery usually becomes an option when it is feared that the fetus will not live long
enough to make it to delivery or will die soon after birth (Fetal Surgery. Children’s Hospital
Boston, 2007, When Section ¶1). Fetal surgery is still rare, with no more than 600 candidates each
year in the United States, but interest is continually growing around the globe (Kalb & Carmichael,
2003). Currently in the United States, only three medical institutions are performing fetal
surgeries: The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and the
University of California, San Francisco (Myers, Cohen, Galinkin, Gaiser, & Kurth, 2002).
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The History of Fetal Surgery
Fetal surgery is believed to have started in 1963 when Sir William Liley performed an
intrauterine transfusion of a fetus with Rh-isoimmunization. Although the fetus did not survive the
entire term of its birth, it is recorded as the first successful fetal surgery (Antsaklis, 2004). A few
years later, a doctor in San Juan, Puerto Rico, performed the first fetal surgery in which the patient
actually survived. This case remained an isolated incident due to the fact that most subsequent
attempts were failures (Fauza, 1999). Interest in fetal surgery seemed to resurface around the early
to mid 1970’s. In 1981, Dr. Michael Harrison of the University of California at San Francisco
(UCSF) achieved the first true fetal operation. Dr. Harrison used open fetal surgery to correct
severe blockages of the urinary tract (Farrand, 1996). Research of the fetus, and testing on animals,
has brought the field of fetal surgery a long way from the early 1960’s to where it is today.
Two Types of Fetal Surgery
Open Fetal Surgery
Fetal surgery can be completed two ways.
The first way is by open fetal surgery where an
incision is made into the abdomen, exposing the
uterus; the uterus is then opened using a special
stapling device and surgery is then performed on the
fetus (Techniques, 2007, Open Fetal Surgery
Fig. 1. Open Fetal Surgery
Note. Miracle Surgery. Retrieved December 4,
2007, from:
http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa11189
9.htm
Section ¶1). (See Fig. 1) During surgery, amniotic
fluid is drained from the uterus, and then stored in a warmer so it can be used once the surgery is
complete. Open fetal surgery is often used to correct myelomeningocele or spina bifida, to remove
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cystic masses, or to remove tumors. Due to the nature of open fetal surgery, the child is delivered
via cesarean section, and all subsequent children will also be born cesarean section. A few of the
biggest risks associated with open fetal surgery include: bleeding, infection, preterm labor, and
complications due to the anesthesia medications (Fetal Surgery. Children’s Hospital Boston, 2007,
What Section ¶1). The magnitude of the surgery is comparable to the removal of the gall bladder
or a cesarean section, except after the operation, the mother is still pregnant (Techniques, 2007,
Open Fetal Surgery Section ¶1).
Fetoscopic Intervention
The second way fetal surgery can be completed is
fetoscopic intervention. (See Fig. 2) Fetoscopic
intervention is a procedure performed endoscopically to
avoid making an incision into the uterus, and to reduce the
risk of preterm labor. Instead of making a large incision
into the abdomen and exposing the uterus, the surgeon
inserts small telescopic instruments through a small one
inch incision, and thus uses the instruments to perform the
Fig. 2. Fetoscopic Intervention
Note. The Fetal Treatment Center.
Retrieved October 30, 2007, from:
http://fetus.ucsfmedicalcenter.org/our_tea
m/fetal_intervention.asp. Reprinted with
permission.
surgery. Fetoscopic surgery is performed to remove
abnormal connections between blood vessels with a laser,
and to insert stents into the bladder to repair urinary tract
obstructions (Fetal Surgery. Encyclopedia of Surgery,
2007, Description Section ¶1). The choice between open
fetal surgery or fetoscopic surgery depends solely on the problem that needs corrected.
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Causes for Fetal Surgery
Fetal surgery is only performed when the mother and the fetus are at risk of dying, or if the
fetus is facing severe disability, plus the risk to the mother must remain low. Most fetal surgeries
must be performed early in gestation before irreversible damage has occurred. Fetal surgery is
usually performed when the fetus is between 18 and 26 weeks of gestation (Kalb & Carmichael,
2003). It is also important to operate early in gestation so that the fetus has a sufficient amount of
time to heal and continue to grow; it is usually too late to attempt fetal surgery after 30 weeks of
gestation (Myers et al., 2002). Indications for fetal surgery include: (a) congenital diaphragmatic
hernia (CDH), (b) urinary tract obstruction, (c) congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, (d)
sacrococcygeal teratoma, and (e) myelomeningocele, also called spina bifida (Fetal Surgery.
Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2007, Purpose Section ¶2).
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) (See
Fig. 3) occurs when the fetus’ diaphragm, the thin
muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, does
not develop properly. Since the diaphragm is not
formed completely, it allows abdominal organs to enter
the chest cavity, which leads to hypoplasia, or
underdeveloped lungs. CDH is a fairly common
anomaly, occurring in every 1 in 2000 pregnancies
Fig. 3 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Note. From The Center for Fetal Diagnosis
and Treatment. Retrieved November 6,
2007 from:
http://www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/divisio
n/generic.jsp?id=81164. Reprinted with
permission.
(Fetal Surgery. Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2007, Purpose Section ¶2). If CDH goes untreated, there
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is a 60-70% mortality rate due to pulmonary hypoplasia. A prognosis of “good” or “bad” can be
identified using two indicators. The first indicator is whether the liver is herniated into the chest,
and the second indicator is the lung to heart ratio. Liver herniation is a necessary criterion for the
recommendation of fetal surgery. Intrauterine correction of CDH is treated fetoscopically with
tracheal occlusion (Antsaklis, 2004). Tracheal occlusion is when a detachable silicon balloon is
placed between the carina and the vocal cords of the fetus. The balloon is used to block off the
trachea to enhance the normal positive pressure in the developing lungs (Harrison et al., 2003).
Once the trachea is blocked off, the lungs begin to fill normally with fluid, forcing the abdominal
organs back in to the abdominal cavity. After the baby is delivered, the balloon is then removed,
and the actual hernia is then repaired (Farrand, 1996).
Urinary Tract Obstruction
Urinary tract obstruction occurs when the urethra becomes obstructed or fails to develop
normally. When this happens, urine gets backed up in the kidneys causing the bladder to become
enlarged, or causing the destruction of tissue. Also, since fetal urine is a major component of
amniotic fluid, the amount of amniotic fluid decreases due to the blockage (Fetal Surgery.
Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2007, Purpose Section ¶2). Obstruction of the fetal urinary tract can lead
to renal abnormalities that may cause hydronephrosis or renal dysplasia. However, most fetuses
with urinary tract obstructions do not require in utero treatments and fetuses with unilateral
obstruction are not candidates for prenatal treatment at all. Urinary obstruction is most commonly
corrected with the placement of a double pigtail vesicoamniotic catheter percutaneoulsy under the
guidance of ultrasound (Antsaklis, 2004).
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Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is a large mass of malformed lung tissue that
does not function properly. Due to the large size of the mass, it may put pressure on the heart and
lead to heart failure. Lung development can also be affected and pulmonary hypoplasia may result
(Fetal Surgery. Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2007, Purpose Section ¶2). Management for the fetus
depends on gestational age. For fetuses of more than 32 weeks of gestation, early delivery is
recommended so the lesion may be removed after birth. For those with less than 32 weeks
gestation, fetal ultrasound guided thoracocentesis has been proposed to treat the cystic lesions
(Antsaklis, 2004).
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) (See Fig. 4) is a
fetal tumor that develops at the base of the spine
(coccyx) and is usually benign. SCTs are the most
common neonatal tumors affecting an estimated 1 in
every 35,000 to 40,000 newborns in the United States
every year. Most patients affected by SCT remain
asymptomatic while in the uterus and are diagnosed
after birth. The tumor may get very large, and since the
Fig. 4 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Note. The Center for Fetal Diagnosis and
Treatment. Retrieved November 13, 2007,
from:
http://www.chop.edu/consumer/jsp/divisio
n/generic.jsp?id=81172. Reprinted with
permission.
tumor is filled with blood vessels, it puts an enormous amount of stress on the heart (Fetal Surgery.
Encyclopedia of Surgery, 2007, Purpose Section ¶2). If the tumor is noticed after 30 weeks of
gestation, emergency cesarean section should be performed and the tumor removed. However, if
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the tumor is noticed before 30 weeks of gestation, the tumor is operated on in utero by ligating the
blood flow to the tumor with high powered lasers (Antsaklis, 2004).
Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida)
Myelomeningocele, also called spina bifida, is
a condition in which the spine does not close properly
while the fetus develops. The spinal cord may then be
exposed, or may protrude through an opening in the
lower back (See Fig. 5). Some of the effects of spina
bifida include: paralysis, neurological problems,
bowel and bladder problems, and hydrocephalus,
which is fluid buildup in the brain. Spina bifida is
Fig. 5 Myelomeningocele (Spina Bifida)
Note. Birth Defects and Brain
Development. Retrieved November 13,
2007, from:
http://www.humanillnesses.com/Behaviora
l-Health-A-Br/Birth-Defects-and-BrainDevelopment.html.
fairly common in the United States affecting 1 out of every 1,000 babies (Antsaklis, 2004). Spina
bifida is corrected using open fetal surgery. The mother’s uterus is cut open to expose the fetus,
and the fetus is then centered so that the myelomeningocele sac is located right where the uterus
has been opened. Once the fetus is placed properly, the myelomeningocele sac is then closed up, so
that the spinal cord is no longer exposed or protruding (Bruner & Tulipan, 2005). Fetal surgery for
spina bifida has become quite controversial over the past years, because spina bifida is not life
threatening, unlike the previous indications for fetal surgery that have already been mentioned
(Kalb & Carmichael, 2003).
Risks Associated with Fetal Surgery
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Fetal surgery does appear to be a great option for families who have a fetus with a severe
deformity which can lead to death. However, there are several risks involved with every surgery;
they include risks for the mother and risks for the fetus. A few of the mother’s risks include: (a)
infection of the incision, or lining of the uterus, (b) premature labor, (c) bleeding, (d) gestational
diabetes, (e) leakage of amniotic fluid, and (f) infertility (Fetal Surgery. Encyclopedia of Surgery,
2007, Risk Section ¶1). Preterm delivery, which occurs because of the disruption to the uterus, is
the Achilles’ heel of fetal surgery. Preterm labor increases the fetus’ chances of developing lung
problems and even learning disabilities later in life.
Another challenge that poses a huge threat to the success of the surgery is the placenta. The
placenta can develop anywhere in the uterus, which means it can be obstructing access to the fetus,
and a single cut in the tissue of the placenta can put the lives of the fetus and the mother in extreme
danger. Additionally, with an incision in the uterus, the risk of amniotic fluid leaking to perilously
low levels can lead to death of the fetus (Kalb & Carmichael, 2003). Many deaths result from
attempts at fetal surgery, but when the fetus’ life is in danger regardless, the risk can be worth it.
Deaths associated with fetal surgery can almost be expected. When something like fetal surgery is
performed, there are too many risks involved for every case to be a success.
Ethics of Fetal Surgery
Fetal surgery is very controversial and has been under scrutiny ever since the first surgery
was performed. Many people are opposed to fetal surgery due to that fact that there are two
patients at risk, rather than just one. In most of the fetal surgery cases the fetus is doomed for
death. This tends to make one wonder if the benefit to the fetus is worth the risk to the mother as
well (Fauza, 1999). For these reasons, fetal surgery is now taking physicians out of the operating
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room and putting them directly into the political arena. Most physicians know that their role in the
future of fetal surgery is absolutely necessary to further the developments. Diana Farmer, a fetal
surgeon at the University of California, San Francisco, said this, “We can be a lightning rod used
to further a cause, either pro or con, but you can’t let that deter you from your mission as a
physician” (Kalb & Carmichael, 2003, p. 2).
The debate for fetal surgery has also struck a cord deep within the abortion discussion, as
well as with many groups, such as Pro-Life Maternal-Fetal Medicine, or Physicians for
Reproductive Choice and Health. These groups, as well as a few others, have criticized surgeons
for violating the sanctity of the womb. However, now that more research is being done and more
surgeries are being performed, many people are now supporting the efforts to treat the fetus as a
patient.
While all of these people and groups debate the morality of fetal surgery one mother is
extremely happy she underwent fetal surgery. Kristin Garcia was told in the 20th week of her
pregnancy that her baby had the severe defect of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Garcia was
given two choices, terminate the pregnancy, or take part in the controversial, but life saving fetal
surgery. She chose the latter, and although the operation was rough on her and the physical and
emotional tolls were enormous, her baby is now in perfect health. Garcia had this to say regarding
the surgery, “I’m glad I did it for my first baby, but I don’t know if I could do it again” (Kalb &
Carmichael, 2003, p. 3). However, this is only one case of success. With all the risks associated
with fetal surgery, and all of the failures, cases like Kristin Garcia’s are few and far between, and
just fan the flames of the debate against fetal surgery. This debate will rage on until more research
is available and the rate of success increases.
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Conclusion
Since the first fetal surgery in 1963 to today, there have been leaps and bounds in
furthering the role fetal surgery has on the fetus. While fetal surgery has come a very long way, it
still has an even longer way to go before it is foolproof and performed around the world
consistently with success. Many fetuses have undergone treatments ranging from tumor removal to
the repair of the spinal cord. Some of these operations successfully saved lives, while others have
been devastating failures. This just goes to show that there is no other area in the medical field
where the stakes are so high (Kalb & Carmichael, 2003). Fetuses in need of fetal surgery will
always be available, but the future of fetal surgery depends on two main components: ensuring that
there are people there to fight for the rights of the fetus, and research.
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References
Antsaklis, A. (2004). Fetal surgery: New developments. Ultrasound Review of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 4(4), 245-251.
Bruner, J.P., & Tulipan, N. (2005). Intrauterine repair of spina bifida. Clinical Obstetrics and
Gynecology, 48(4), 942-955.
Farrand, C. (1996). New Frontiers in Fetal Surgery. Retrieved October 11, 2007, from:
http://www.med.wayne.edu/Wayne%20Medicine/wm96/frontiers.htm.
Fauza, D.O. (1999). The Sciences. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Fetal surgery. Children’s Hospital Boston Web site. Retrieved October 11, 2007, from:
http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/Site891/mainpageS891P0.html
Fetal Surgery. Encyclopedia of Surgery Web site. Retrieved October 18, 2007, from:
http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Ce-Fi/Fetal-Surgery.html.
Harrison, M.R., Keller, R.L., Hawgood, S.B., Kitterman, J.A., Sandberg, P.L., Farmer, D.L., et al.
(2003). A randomized trial of fetal endoscopic tracheal occlusion for severe fetal
congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The New England Journal of Medicine, 349(20), 19161924.
Kalb, C., & Carmichael, M. (2003). Treating the tiniest patient [Electronic Version]. Newsweek,
141(23), 1-5.
Myers, L.B., Cohen, D., Galinkin, J., Gaiser, R., & Kurth, C.D. (2002). Anaesthesia for fetal
surgery. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 12(7), 569-578.
Techniques of Fetal Intervention. The Fetal Treatment Center Web site. Retrieved October 11,
2007, from: http://fetus.ucsfmedicalcenter.org/our_team/fetal_intervention.asp.
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Poster Competition
1st Place Poster:
Dustin
Burbank
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2nd Place Poster
Myla
Gibbons
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3rd Place Poster
Ryan
Martin
Ryan also won 3rd Place for a research paper at the 2008 ACERT Meeting in Las Vegas, NV.
Photos courtesy of ISU and BSU
E
ditor’s note: Please print this out and leave in your departments so all Radiologic
Technologists have access to our Society’s information!
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The ISRT Web Address is: http://www.isu.edu/isrt/