1
DNA and Protein Synthesis
Objectives
Test 1
Unit Test
Retest
Bio.1.1.3 - Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell
differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific
functions in multicellular organisms.
Bio.3.1.1 - Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of
DNA as related to its function in the cell.
Bio.3.1.2 - Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and
determine traits.
Bio.3.1.3 - Explain how mutations in DNA that result from
interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or
new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and
phenotype.
Bio.4.1.2 - Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and
amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar
in all organisms.
DNA
Nucleotide
DNA Replication
Protein Synthesis
RNA
Transcription
Translation
mRNA
tRNA
Ribosome
Codon
Mutation
Goal 3.1.1 – DNA
DNA
2
-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
-Is a type of _____________ acid
-What chromosomes (and _______) are made of
-Made up of repeating ________________ subunits
-1 nucleotide looks like:
4 Types of Bases:
___________________________ (B)
Complementary base pairs:
________ binds with ________ only
___________________________ (C)
________ binds with ________ only
___________________________ (A)
___________________________ (T)
-Phosphates and sugars on the __________________
-Bases on the ______________ (bases fit like puzzle pieces)
Shape is a DOUBLE HELIX
-Double helix: _____ spirals wound around each other
-_______________ took an X-ray photo of ______
-______________ and ________________ interpreted
the photo and discovered the double helix structure (they
won the nobel prize)
CODON: group of _______ bases
___________: stretch of DNA that codes for a trait
-the code is the order of the bases (___________)
-genes are hundreds or thousands of bases long
Ex: ________ color gene, __________ gene, ___________ color gene
3
Label the following:
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
Hydrogen Bonds
Phosphate
Deoxyribose Sugar
Practice EOC Questions
1. A molecule of DNA is a polymer composed of…
a. glucose
b. amino acids c. fatty acids d. nucleotides
2. The presence of DNA is important for cellular metabolic activities because DNA…
a. directs the production of enzymes
b. is a structural component of cell walls
c. directly increases the solubility of nutrients
d. is the major component of cytoplasm
3. Which nitrogenous bases make up DNA nucleotides?
a. adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
b. adenine, uracil, guanine and cytosine
c. adenine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine
d. adenine, thymine, guanine, and uracil
4. A change in the base sequence of DNA is known as…
a. a gene mutation
b. a karyotype
c. nondisjunction
d. polyploidy
5. A sugar, a phosphate group, and nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?
A. carbohydrates
B. lipids
C. nucleic acids
D. proteins
6. Who developed the double helix model of the DNA molecule?
A. Darwin
B. Watson & Crick
C. Franklin & McDevitt
D. Hardy & Weinberg
DNA has this base
complementary DNA strand?
7. A segment of
the
A. TGC ATC AGT CAT
sequence : ACG TAG TCA GTA. Which is the base sequence of
B. CAT GCT GAC TGC
C. ACG TAG TCA GTA
D. UGC AUC AGU CAU
DNA Extraction Lab: To see a strawberry’s DNA!
Goal 3.1.1
4
Procedure:
1. Obtain a plastic bag and 1 strawberry from the supplies table (1 person). Remove the stem and place
the berry in the bag and seal it shut.
2. Carefully smash the strawberries in the bag for 2 minutes until no chunks remain. BE CAREFUL NOT
TO BREAK THE BAG!!!
3. At the supplies table, add 10mL of extraction buffer (salt and soap solution) to the bag.
4. Continue to mash the strawberry in the bag again for 1 minute.
5. Place a coffee filter over a beaker to strain the strawberry mixture.
6. Next, pour your liquid into your test tube.
7. SLOWLY AND GENTLY pour 10mL of cold ethanol into the tube. DO NOT POUR TOO QUICKLY!
The alcohol should sit on TOP of the strawberry mixture, NOT MIX WITH IT. Wait a minute and
OBSERVE.
8. Dip a glass stirring rod into the tube where the strawberry extract and ethanol layers come into contact
with each other and GENTLY wind up the DNA. Empty the DNA into the DNA jar at the supplies station.
Discussion Questions (use the information at your lab station for hints):
1. What types of cells are found in strawberries?
2. Based on question #1, what parts of the cell are present?
3. List the organic compounds found in the cell membrane.
4. Where is the DNA located in the cell?
5. What was the purpose of mashing up the strawberry?
6. What was the soap/extraction buffer used for?
7. A person cannot see a single cotton thread 100 feet away, but if you wound thousands of threads
together into a rope, it would be visible much further away. Is this statement similar to our DNA
extraction? Explain.
8. Is there DNA in your food? ________ How do you know?
9. What are the building blocks of DNA?
10. The 3 parts of a nucleotide are ______________, _______________, and ______________________.
11. What did your DNA look like? Describe and draw a picture of your test tube and the DNA.
DNA Structure Instructions
Label and Color the THYMINES (orange)
5
Label and Color the ADENINES (green)
Label and Color the GUANINES (purple)
Label and Color the CYTOSINES (yellow)
Label and Color the HYDROGEN BONDS (blue)
Label and Color the PHOSPHATE GROUPS (red)
Draw a Box around one example of a NUCLEOTIDE (black)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What does DNA
stand for?
Where is DNA
found in the cell?
What type of
structure is DNA?
Name the 4 bases
that make up the
rungs of the ladder.
What are the
building blocks of
the DNA molecule?
Which bases are
complementary base
pairs?
What 3 parts make
up the nucleotide?
What are the sides
of the DNA ladder
composed of?
DNA Replication
6
What does “replication” mean?!
WHAT is it?
WHERE does it happen?
WHY does DNA need to
make a copy of itself?
Cells divide for an organism to _______ or ______________. Every ______ cell needs
a _______ of the DNA to know how to be a cell. DNA makes an exact _______ of
itself _________ the cell ___________.
1. UNZIP: An enzyme “__________” the 2 strands of DNA by breaking the weak
______________bonds
2. ADD: New nucleotides are added to the old strands
(REVIEW: A= ____; C= ____)
HOW does it occur?
3. ZIPUP: Another _______________ zips the strands back up
4. PROOFREAD: DNA polymerase “______________” the strands to make sure
there are no mistakes
DNA replication is ___________________________ =
parental strand, ___ daughter strand
Semi: _______________________
Conservative: _______________
Original Strand
Step 2:
when the DNA copies itself, it always has ____
______________
Step 1:
______________
Step 3&4:
______________
_______________
3.1.1 - Practice EOC Questions
7
1. Who developed the double helix model of the DNA molecule?
A. Darwin B. Watson and Crick C. Franklin and McDevitt D. Hardy and Weinberg
2. Which nucleotide would most likely be involved in the replication of DNA?
A. ribose-phosphate-uracil
B. ribose-phosphate-thymine
C. deoxyribose-phosphate-uracil
D. deoxyribose-phosphate-thymine
3. A segment of DNA has this base sequence: ACG TAG TCA. What is the complimentary DNA strand?
A. TGC ATC AGT
B. UGC AUC GAC
C. UGC TAG TCA
4. Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must be carried out by the DNA in the nucleus?
A. replication B. nondisjunction C. transcription D. translation
5. What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in the DNA double helix?
A. they are weak enough to separate during DNA replication
B. they are weak enough to mutate into RNA
C. they are strong enough to never mutate during DNA replication D. they are strong enough to prevent unzipping
Edible Deoxyribonucleic Acid Model (DNA and DNA Replication)
Goal 3.1.1
Part 1: Making a DNA Model
Directions: Follow the steps and answer questions as you build your model of DNA and RNA.
When deoxyribose nucleic acid, DNA, is extracted from the nucleus, it looks like a
twisted ladder. This shape is called a double helix. The sides of the DNA ladder are
called the sugar phosphate backbone. The rungs of the ladder are made out of
nitrogen bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The base pairs always
match up in a certain order: adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine. The
individual compound that makes up DNA is known as a nucleotide.
Materials for DNA model: 2 red licorice sticks, 2 black licorice sticks, 8 orange,
pink, green, yellow marshmallows, 8-16 toothpicks, 7 paperclips, masking tape.
Step 1: Assemble one side of the DNA Model
Label this backbone with masking tape so that you know it is the original
strand.
Place 8 toothpicks evenly spaced apart, into the side of a red licorice stick.
Using the chart below, put a marshmallow onto the end of the toothpick in
the order of sequence: TACGTAGC
A = Adenine
T = Thymine
C = Cytosine
G = Guanine
=
=
=
=
pink marshmallow
orange marshmallow
green marshmallow
yellow marshmallow
What does the red licorice stick represent? ________________________________
Step 2: Match the Nitrogen Base Pairs
Match the nitrogen base pairs with the corresponding marshmallow base pairs and
place onto the end of the toothpick.
8
Adenine pairs with ______________________.
Cytosine pairs with ______________________.
Step 3: Complete the DNA model.
After all base pairs have been added, place the licorice back bone parallel to the other backbone.
Step 4: Twist the DNA model.
By twisting the DNA model, the______________ ______________ shape is shown.
Step 5: Zoom in to the DNA model.
The individual compounds that make up the DNA are known as _______________; and are made of
3 portions: a nitrogenous base (represented by the ________________ in this lab), sugars and
phosphate (represented by the _______________ in this lab)
Step 6: Label the completed DNA model.
Label each part of the DNA model with paperclips and masking tape.
Where is DNA found in the cell? ___________________
Part 2: DNA Replication
DNA Replication is the process of creating 2 copies of the DNA strand. Each strand contains one old and one
new strand. This is called semi-conservative replication.
Step 1: Unzip your DNA.
Both of the sides of the DNA will be copied. In order to make the copies, the chemical bases forming the rungs
of the DNA ladder must be separated, by the enzyme DNA helicase.
Place the DNA on a white sheet of paper. Label this paper as the ‘Nucleus’. Cut or break
in the middle the toothpicks in your model to separate the chemical bases and unzip the
DNA ladder. Label the old/original strands.
What do the Scissors represent? ____________________
Step 2: Begin to form your new DNA strands.
The new replicated strands are formed by adding free nucleotides to each exposed nucleotide. Add
complementary marshmallows to each free nucleotide. Finally, add a black licorice stick to each chain to
represent the new strand of the DNA models. Be sure to label the new strand. You should end up with 2
double helix strands of DNA.
Analysis Questions:
1. Write out the full name of DNA: ____________________________________________________
2. What is the monomer/subunit of DNA? _______________________________________________
3. What is the shape of DNA? _________________________________________________________
4. What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? ___________________ and __________________
5. What are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of? _____________________________________
6. What bonds hold the bases together? _____________________________________
7. What type of replication does DNA do? ____________________________________________
DNA Replication Diagram Instructions
Label and Color the THYMINES (orange)
9
Label and Color the ADENINES (green)
Label and Color the GUANINES (purple)
Label and Color the CYTOSINES (yellow)
Label and Color the HYDROGEN BONDS (blue)
Label and Color the PHOSPHATE GROUPS (red)
Draw a Box around one example of a FREE-FLOATING NUCLEOTIDE (black)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When does the
process of DNA
Replication take
place?
What type of
replication is this?
Describe the 2 types
of strands that are
created.
Protein Synthesis (making ____________!)
10
Step 1: Transcription
What is it?
Where does it
happen?
Why is this
step necessary?
DNA holds the _________ code for a living organism inside the _____________. But proteins are
made at ___________________. mRNA acts like the ________________ and takes the code from
the _____________ to the ________________ in the cytoplasm where the protein can be made.
STEPS:
1. UNZIP: An ________________ unzips the DNA
How does it
occur?
2. MAKE mRNA: Use the DNA template to make _____________ (messenger RNA)
REMEMBER!: RNA uses _____ instead of ______
3. LEAVE: mRNA leaves the ________________ and goes into the _____________ to find a
ribosome.
Step 2: Translation
What is it?
Where does it
happen?
Why is this
step necessary?
Messenger RNA (________) carries the genetic code from the DNA in the _________ to the
ribosome in the ______________. Translation converts the ___________ message into the
_______________!
STEPS:
1. FIND RIBOSOME: mRNA attaches to a __________________
2. READ: Ribosome “__________” the mRNA in groups of ___ bases (a CODON)
3. tRNA MATCHES: A _______ molecule comes along with the right _____________ to match the
How does it
occur?
codon
CODON = UAG
ANTICODON= __________
LINK AMINO ACIDS: the _____________ links the amino acids together with __________ bonds to
make a _____________________________ (protein)!
Time Out! What is RNA?!
RNA: Ribonucleic Acid DNA:Deoxyribonucleic Acid
_______________ stranded
______________ stranded
_______________ sugar
Deoxyribose sugar
Bases:
Using a Codon Chart
You try it!
1. Name the amino acids that are
coded by the following codons:
a.AAA=
e. CAC=
b.UAC=
f. UGA=
c. GGG=
g. AGC=
d.GGA=
h. CCC=
2. Write the amino acid sequence to
make up the protein:
GCA – GGU – CCA – AUG – UGC
3. Write the amino acid sequence to
make up the protein:
GCA – GGU – CCG – AUA – UGC
Bases:
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AMINO ACID CHART
DNA
CAT
TAG
AAA
GGG
RNA
Amino
Acid
DNA
RNA
Amino
Acid
Practice EOC Questions
1. The process in which part of the DNA
nucleotide sequence is copied into a
complementary sequence of RNA is
A. translation B. Replication
C. Transcription D. Reproduction
2. What structure is this and where was it originally
transcribed?
A. mRNA, trancsribed in nucleus
B. tRNA, trancribed in nucleus
C. mRNA, transcribed in ribosome
D. tRNA, trancribe in ribosome
3. Where does protein synthesis take place:
A. nucleus
B. cytoplasm
C. ribosome
D. chloroplast
4. Which relationship is most similar to tRNA:
A. book; publisher B. truck; factory
C. key; lock
D. baker; pie
5. What amino acids pair with the DNA sequence
CAG-TAG-CGA?
A. valine – isoleucine – glycine
B. valine – aspartic acid – alanine
C. valine – isoleucine – alanine
D. valine – phenylalanine – alanine
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Nucleus
Amino acid
1.
2.
anticodon
mRNA
tRNA
translation
ribosome
protein
transcription
This process is called
3.
4.
5.
This process is called
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
codon
cytoplasm
14
15
Alien # 1 - Table for Alien Gene Analysis
Is your alien hairless or hairy?
Is your alien fat or skinny?
Gene B
Gene A
DNA
CAA - GGA - TAT
DNA
mRNA
GUU - CCU - AUA
mRNA
Amino
Acid
Val – pro - ileu
Amino
Acid
Trait
hairless
Trait
Does your alien have 4 legs or 8 legs?
AGC - AGG
mRNA
Gene D
DNA
GTC -AGG -AAA-CCC
mRNA
Amino
Acid
Amino
Acid
Trait
Trait
Does your alien have antennae or not?
What color skin does your alien have?
Gene F
Gene E
DNA
ACC - CAA -CAA
What size nose does your alien have?
Gene C
DNA
TTT- AAA
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DNA
mRNA
mRNA
Amino
Acid
Amino
Acid
Trait
Trait
GGA -CGC -CGA
How many fingers does your alien have?
Does your alien have a tail?
Gene H
Gene G
DNA
GTC -GTC -CTA
DNA
mRNA
mRNA
Amino
Acid
Amino
Acid
Trait
Trait
C G C - C C C -T A T
Does your alien have 4 eyes or 8 eyes?
Gene I
DNA
TAT -CTA -CGC
mRNA
Amino
Acid
Trait
Draw and Color Your Alien
17
18
Replication  Transcription  Translation (Protein Synthesis)
DNA  __________
What is being made?
DNA ___________
What is being made?
mRNA____________
What is being made?
Where does this occur?
Where does this occur?
Where does this occur?
Enzymes involved:
Enzyme Involved:
RNA Polymerase
DNA Polymerase
Helicase
Keywords or Key Facts:
Keywords or Key Facts:
Keywords or Key Facts:
Adenine pairs with ___________
Adenine pairs with ___________
Amino Acids make
_______________________
Guanine pairs with___________
Guanine pairs with___________
3 Types of RNA:
DNA is made of _______________
RNA is made of _______________
_________________ (messenger)
sugar.
sugar.
_________________ (transfer)
_________________ (ribosomal)
DNA is ____ strands.
RNA is _____________ strand.
DNA = CTA
DNA is called the ________ helix
mRNA = __________
tRNA = __________
amino acid = _________________
Label the parts and give a description of what they do:
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A
B
D
E
C
A. Structure Name: ____________________________
Location: __________________________________
B. Structure Name: ____________________________
Location: __________________________________
C. Structure Name: ____________________________
Location: __________________________________
D. Structure Name: ____________________________
Location: __________________________________
E. Structure Name: ____________________________
Location: __________________________________
20
Mutations – Goal 3.1.3
Mutations
 A change in the ______________ sequence
 It’s a mistake that’s made during _______________________ or
___________________
 Can be harmful: _________________ or __________________
 Can be helpful: organism is better able to ______________________
 Neutral: organism is ________________________


If a mutation occurs in a sperm or ____________ cell, that mutation is passed to
________________
If a mutation occurs in a ______________ cell , that mutation affects only the
organism and is NOT passed on to the offspring
Types of Mutations
1. ____________ Mutations: bases are mismatched
a. Harmful when: a mistake in DNA is carried into _____________ and results in the
wrong ________________ __________________
b. Not harmful when: a mistake in DNA is carried into ________________ but still
results in the ___________________ amino acid
Normal/Correct Process
DNA Strand
GAG
mRNA
CUC
Correct Amino Acid
Leucine
Point Mutation Process
Mutant DNA Strand
GCG
Mutant mRNA
Wrong Amino Acid
2. ___________________ Mutations: bases are ________________ or _______________
a. Are usually ________________ because a mistake in DNA is carried into mRNA and
results in _______________ wrong amino acids
Note: Extra inserted ____________ shifts affect how we read the ____________ (3 bases),
which changes the ______________ _______________
Correct DNA
Correct mRNA
Correct Amino Acid
Normal/Correct Process
ATA
CCG
UAU
Glycine
TGA
ACU
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Frameshift Mutation
Frameshift Mutation in DNA
ATG
Mutated mRNA
UAC
Wrong Amino Acid
ACC
GTG
A
CAC
U
Tryptophan
3. ______________________ Mutations
 Chromosomes break or are _________________ during
mitosis or meiosis
 Broken chromosomes may rejoin
________________________
 Almost always lethal when it occurs in a
____________________
Causes of Mutations
 __________________: anything that causes a
_________________ in DNA
 Examples: X rays, _______________, nuclear
radiation, asbestos, _______________ smoke
Practice EOC Questions
1. A strand of DNA with the sequence AAC AAG CCC undergoes a mutation, and the
first A is changed to a C. How will this mutation affect the amino acid sequence?
A. one amino acid will change
B. two amino acids will change
C. all of the amino acids will change
D. the amino acids will remain the same
2. Transcription of the DNA sequence
below: AAGCTGGGA would most
directly result in which of the
following:
A. a sequence of 3 amino acids, linked by
peptide bonds
B. a DNA strand with the base sequence
TTCGACCCT
C. a mRNA strand with the sequence
TTCGACCCT
D. a mRNA strand with the sequence
UUCGACCCU
22
Gene Regulation – Goal 3.1.3
23
 All (with a few exceptions) of an
organism’s ___________ have the
__________ DNA, but they are
_______________ based on the
expression of ______________
 ____________________________
organisms, like us, have many different
types of ________________. They are
all different because parts of the DNA
(genes) are _______________ in
different types of cells.
 Ex: in _________ cells – the hair genes
are turned ___________, but the skin,
__________, and fingernail genes are
turned _____________.
 Cells respond to their environment by producing _________________ types and amounts
of ______________.
 Ex: Your skin produces more _________________ (color). When you are out in the sun,
your skin gets ________________.
 Production of too many
proteins at the incorrect
time can cause
____________________
cells to grow.
Epigenetics Video Questions
24
1. Are identical twins the same in every way?
2. How are identical twins formed?
3. If an identical twin has cancer, will the other one have
it as well?
4. What is the epigenome?
5. What did they do to the mice to make some larger
than others?
6. As twins age, epigenetic differences (increase or
decrease).
7. What new therapy can help fight cancer?
DNA, Protein Synthesis, and Mutations Coloring Review
DNA
The subunits of
proteins
Any change in
the DNA
sequence
DNA
Replication
25
The shape of
DNA
mRNA
Developed the
double helix
model of DNA
Nucleus
Found between
bases on the
DNA strand;
weak; broken by
enzymes
Helicase
RNA
Protein
Synthesis
DNA  mRNA
Ribosome
Made up of a
sugar, phosphate
and base
A section of the
DNA strand
DNA
Polymerase
mRNA  protein
ATCG
Ribosomal RNA
AGCU
Occurs when a
single base is
replaced with a
different base
Hydrogen
Bond
Single-stranded
copy of the DNA
Amino Acid
Enzyme that
unwinds the DNA
strand
Nucleotide
Carries/transfers
an amino acid to
the ribosome
Transcription
Contains the
genetic
information of
the cell
Translation
Process of
making proteins;
transcription and
translation
Mutation
Adds nucleotides
to the RNA
strand
Frameshift
Mutation
Point
Mutation
The genetic
material found in
the nucleus of
the cell
Double Helix
Organelle that
makes proteins
The enzyme that
adds bases to the
DNA strand
rRNA
Gene
3 types; found in
the nucleus and
cytoplasm
The 4 bases
found in RNA
Watson and
Crick
DNA  DNA
tRNA
The 4 bases
found in DNA
RNA
polymerase
Occurs when a
single base is
added or deleted
26
Protein Synthesis Choice Board
For this assignment, you will need to choose 2 items from the activities below to fully explain the
process of protein synthesis (DNA  RNA  Protein). Also, be sure to use the vocabulary terms that
are listed below in your activity.
Vocabulary:
DNA
mRNA
nucleus
ribosome
protein
RNA
cytoplasm
transcription
tRNA
amino acids
translation
rRNA
codon
Complete 2 Activities – Share 1 with the class
Story
Create a Quiz
Poster
Write a story about the
Design a colorful poster to
Create a 10 question quiz
process of protein synthesis. (with an answer key) on DNA
explain the concepts of
You must tell the story from and protein synthesis. It can
DNA Replication and
the perspective of DNA and
be in any format that you
protein synthesis.
RNA as you explain what
choose – multiple choice,
their roles are in protein
Include labels,
short
answer,
completion,
synthesis. The story needs to
definitions, color, and
matching, etc.
be at least 1 page. Include a
clear explanations of how
picture of DNA and RNA (all
the process works.
3 types)
Song/Rap
Concept Map
Write a song/rap that
includes all the
vocabulary for protein
synthesis. Your rap
should be at least 12
lines.
Design a
foldable that
explains the
steps involved
in protein
synthesis
Skit
If you choose this option, you
will need to form a group of
no more than 3 people to act
out the process of protein
synthesis. You will also need
to write a script and turn
that in at the end of class.
Foldable
Comic Strip
Here are sentences that you can use as a guide for your comic strip
o
o
o
o
o
o
DNA, the genetic code, is located in the nucleus of the cell.
Enzymes break the DNA strand apart and nucleotides are added to one
side to form mRNA
The messenger RNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosome.
The ribosome reads the sequence of codons in the messenger RNA and
matches a tRNA molecule to each codon.
The ribosome assembles the amino acids brought by the transfer RNA
into a chain.
The finished chain of amino acids is a protein.