News Release
_____________________________________________________
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
‫האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים‬
Earliest Semitic text revealed in Egyptian pyramid inscription
Jerusalem, January 24, 2007 -- The first public presentation on the earliest continuous
Semitic text ever deciphered took place today at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
The presentation was made by Prof. Richard Steiner, professor of Semitic languages and
literature at Yeshiva University in New York, in a lecture entitled “Proto-Canaanite
Spells in the Pyramid Texts: A First Look at the History of Hebrew in the Third
Millennium B.C.E.” The lecture was sponsored by the Academy of the Hebrew Language
in cooperation with the Hebrew University and the World Union of Jewish Studies.
Prof. Steiner, a past fellow of the Institute of Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University
and a member of the Academy of the Hebrew Language, has deciphered a number of
Semitic texts in various Egyptian scripts over the past 25 years. In his lecture today he
interprets Semitic passages in Egyptian texts that were discovered more than a century
ago, inscribed on the subterranean walls of the pyramid of King Unas at Saqqara in
Egypt. The pyramid dates from the 24th century B.C.E., but Egyptologists agree that the
texts are older. The dates proposed for them range from the 25th to the 30th centuries
B.C.E. No continuous Semitic texts from this period have ever been deciphered before.
The passages, serpent spells written in hieroglyphic characters, had puzzled scholars who
tried to read them as if they were ordinary Egyptian texts. In August, 2002, Prof. Steiner
received an email message from Robert Ritner, professor of Egyptology at the University
of Chicago, asking whether any of them could be Semitic. "I immediately
recognized the Semitic words for `mother snake,'" said Steiner. "Later it became clear
that the surrounding spells, composed in Egyptian rather than Semitic, also speak of the
mother snake, and that the Egyptian and Semitic texts elucidate each other."
Although written in Egyptian characters, the texts turned out to be composed in the
Semitic language spoken by the Canaanites in the third millennium B.C.E., a very archaic
form of the languages later known as Phoenician and Hebrew. The Canaanite priests of
the ancient city of Byblos, in present-day Lebanon, provided these texts to the kings of
Egypt.
The port city of Byblos was of vital importance for the ancient Egyptians. It was from
there that they imported timber for construction and resin for mummification. The new
discovery shows that they also imported magical spells to protect royal mummies against
poisonous snakes that were thought to understand Canaanite. Although the
Egyptians viewed their culture as far superior to that of their neighbors, their morbid fear
of snakes made them open to the borrowing of Semitic magic.
"This finding should be of great interest to cultural historians," said Prof. Steiner.
"Linguists, too, will be interested in these texts. They show that Proto-Canaanite, the
common ancestor of Phoenician, Moabite, Ammonite and Hebrew, existed already in the
third millennium B.C.E as a language distinct from Aramaic, Ugaritic, and the other
Semitic languages. And they provide the first direct evidence for the pronunciation of
Egyptian in this early period." The texts will also be important to biblical scholars, since
they shed light on several rare words in the Bible, he said.
"This is a sensational discovery," said Moshe Bar-Asher, Bialik Professor of Hebrew
Language at the Hebrew University and president of the Academy of the Hebrew
Language. "It is the earliest attestation of a Semitic language, in general, and ProtoCanaanite, in particular."
The lecture will be posted shortly on the website of the Academy of the Hebrew
Language: http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il.