Outline - Chordate Lecture
PP Slide: Linnean Hierarchy (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
PP Slide: Linneaus established binomial nomenclature.
PP Slide: Felis concolor (http://www.hoothollow.com/MayJune%202005%20Utah%20Predators/Puma%20(cougar)%20Leaping-042925%20RAW-1.jpg)
PP Slide: Common names of F. concolor: Puma, Cougar, Mountain Lion, Catamount, American
Panther, León Colorado, Onça-vermelha, Pema, Guasura, Yaguá-pitá
PP Slide: Alternatives to the Linnean System: Phylocode (Kevin deQueiroz), Phylospecies
(Arnold Kluge)
PP Slide: Problems with Linnean System (polyphyletic & paraphyletic groups). Reptiles are an
example of a paraphyletic group ((lizards, snakes, amphisbaenians) ((crocodilians, birds),
mammals)).
PP Slide: Willi Hennig, German entomologists, father of cladistic approaches to systematics. 1.
Recognize monophyletic groups that share derived characters = synapomorphies [syn = shared,
apomorphy = derived character]; 2. Synplesiomorphies (shared primitive characters); 3.
Cladogram - diagram of relationships; cladistics is the study of cladograms; 4. Use of
homologous characters in systematics
PP Slide: Cladogram of ABCidae (A(B,C)); B(A,C); C(A,B); (A,B,C).
PP Slide: (A(B,C)) vs. C(A,B)
PP Slide: Use of outgroups to determine character polarity.
Outgroup is outside of group of interest (ingroup)
Outgroup should be outside but not too far outside
Systematists study the relationships among taxa (cladists, evolutionary biologists)
Trees are hypotheses of relationrelationships
Tree building (parsimony vs. models of evolution e.g., Bayesian models)
PP Slide: Animal tree of life showing major lineages and radiations.
PP Slide: Protostomes vs. deuterostomes:
http://www.usm.maine.edu/bio/courses/bio205/proto_vs_deutero.jpg
PP Slide: Major deuterostome lineages (echinoderms and chordates).
PP Slide: Starfish larvae: http://www.microscopy uk.org.uk/mag/imgjul00/starfishes2.jpg.
Tunicate larvae: http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun04/jmc/image015.jpg.
PP Slide: Deuterostome relationships ((Echinoderms, Hemichordates)Chordates)).
PP Slide: Hemichordata. Image of live animal:
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/blueplanet/photo/gallery2/acorn_hzoom.jpg; diagram of
animal: http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/images/others/enteropneusts.jpg
PP Slide: Images of tunicates (http://universe-review.ca/I10-82-seasquirt.jpg), lancelet
(http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/labs/deuts/media/amphioxus_
immadult_anterior.jpg), hagfish (http://grad.bio.uci.edu/ecoevo/aclark/hagfishpic.jpg),
vertebrate (lioness, Vumbura airstrip, Botswana, May 2001).
PP Slide: Earliest chordate fossil: Yunnanozoon (Cambrian of China, 525 mya). Photo of fossil:
http://www.geo.tu-freiberg.de/palaeo/pictures/yunnano.jpg; artists interpretation of the fossil:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/7754/zoo5.jpg.
PP Slide: Pikaia. Chordate fossil in Burgess Shale. Stylized interpretation of fossil:
http://www.3d-art.co.uk/3dpages/3ded/edimages/pikaia.jpg; artists interpretation:
http://shiro.wustl.edu/210A/transparencies/wysession/w114.jpg
PP Slide: Geologic Time Scale:
http://www.geo.cornell.edu/eas/education/course/descr/EAS302/Timescale.GIF
PP Slide: Chordate synapomorphies: Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal gill slits,
post-anal tail, endostyle.
PP Slide: Chordate relationships: ((Urochordata(Cephalochordata, Craniata))
PP Slide: Blue tunicates with fish (http://www.divegallery.com/Tunicates&fish.jpg); pelagic
tunicates (http://jellieszone.com/images/cyclosalpa4.jpg)
PP Slide: Diagram of larval and adult tunicates:
http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/16labman05/lb7pg1_files/tunicates.jpg
PP Slide: Tunicate metamorphosis: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week9/tunicate.gif
PP Slide: Anatomy of adult sea squirt:
http://www.earthlife.net/inverts/images/others/seasquirt.gif
PP Slide: Chordate relationships: ((Urochordata(Cephalochordata, Craniata))
PP Slide: Adult amphioxus burrowed in sand:
http://comenius.susqu.edu/bi/202/Animals/DEUTEROSTOMES/cephalochordata/uwinnipegLancelet.jpg
PP Slide: Diagram of adult cephalochordate with cross section:
http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Laboratories/Bio%20Pix%204%20U/Image4.gif