Veterinary Pathology
INFORMATION FOR THE THIRD YEAR COURSE IN
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
ACADEMIC YEAR 2005/2006
PLEASE NOTE
Items contained within this Course Information Document are sometimes unavoidably subject
to change. It is the student’s responsibility to ensure they are aware of the correct lecture,
practical, tutorial and examination schedules. Lecture venues may be changed during the
Course. The Year Notice boards and email should be checked daily.
In light of student feedback and External Examiner comments the following changes have
been made:
Code of Professional Conduct to Fitness to Practice. You are reminded that you will be
expected to have read the above code, sign for it and implemented during your time in the
course
CONTENTS
Page No
1. Place of the Course in the BVMS Degree Curriculum
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2. Aims of the Course.
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3. Learning Objectives of the Course.
1
4.
Components of the Course (4.1 - 4.26)
5.
Course Content
14
6.
Course Texts, Required Reading and web resources
14
7.
Teaching Hours and Teaching Methods
15
8.
Methods of Assessment
8.1 Assessment of Student Learning
8.2 Assessment & Exams
8.3 Marks to Grade Correlation
8.4 The External Examiner
8.5 Prizes which will be given for Work during the Course
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17
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Departmental Instruction
21
9.
10. Other Important Information
10.1 Protective Clothing, Health & Safety
10.2 Staff and Student Liaison
10.3 Staff
10.4 Timetables
Veterinary Pathology Term 1
Veterinary Pathology Term II
Veterinary Pathology Term III
11. Example of Degree Examination Papers
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2-13
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21
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26-36
Course Information
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Veterinary Pathology
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Veterinary Pathology
INFORMATION FOR THE THIRD YEAR COURSE IN
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY - ACADEMIC YEAR 2004/2005
1.
PLACE OF THE COURSE IN THE BVMS DEGREE CURRICULUM
The Veterinary Pathology Course is given during all three terms of the Third Year and this
is the first part of studies in Veterinary Pathology which are continued in the Fourth Year in
the Combined Integrated Course Part I and Part II.
During the Third Year, classes in Veterinary Pathology are linked to the classes in
Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary Parasitology and Veterinary Pharmacology. A proper
understanding of Veterinary Pathology can only be obtained by combining the knowledge
acquired in Veterinary Microbiology and Veterinary Parasitology with that obtained from
the Veterinary Pathology Course itself. Veterinary Pharmacology is also taught in the Third
Year and much of Pathology is relevant to that course too e.g. inflammation and antiinflammatory drugs.
2.
AIMS OF THE COURSE
(a) To provide a basic understanding of how diseases develop in domestic animals as a
result of biologically harmful events occurring in their cells and organ systems
(b) To explain the nature of these harmful events and the consequent cellular and systemic
responses that neutralise these events in order to promote tissue repair and the survival
of the animal.
(c) To impart essential knowledge for the recognition of diseases in domestic animals
primarily from the structural and morphological changes that develop in their cells,
tissues and organs.
(d) To give an understanding of the biochemical events that are associated with disease in
the organ systems of domestic animals and to explain the basis of the biochemical tests
used in the diagnosis of disease.
(e) To give an appreciation of the clinical significance of disease processes in domestic
animals and also where appropriate to draw attention to their significance in veterinary
public health.
3.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF THE COURSE.
On completion of the Course you should:
(a) Know the various types of events that can cause disease and the mechanisms occurring
in these events, which damage cells and organs.
(b) Be able to explain the nature of the abnormal changes that may occur in cells and
organs as a result of damage by biologically harmful events.
(c) Be able to describe how an animal can respond to invasion by pathogenic organisms,
injury from physical and toxic chemical agents in its environment, and changes in its
genetic constitution in order to initiate healing responses and prolong life.
(d) Understand the limitations of healing responses and resistance to infection.
(e) Know the common types of disease processes that can occur in the organ systems of the
body
(f) Understand how diseased organs can interact with each other.
(g) Be able to identify grossly or histopathologically a selected number of diseases by the
lesions they cause in organs.
(h) Understand how the selected diseases and lesions can interfere with the function of the
organs they damage.
(i) Know the biochemical consequences of disturbed function in the organ systems dealt
with.
(j) Understand the basis of the biochemical tests commonly used to diagnose disease in
domestic animals.
(k) Be aware of the significance of disease in all animals with respect to veterinary public
health and food hygiene.
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Course Information
4.
COMPONENTS OF THE COURSE.
The Course is made up of several Components dealing with the General Principles of
Pathology and with Systemic Pathology. Each Component is a set of Lectures and a series
of related Histopathology Laboratory classes. These Components with their aims and
learning objectives are listed below in the order they appear in the Course. In addition
there is a Component dealing with Pathological Biochemistry and a Component devoted to
Gross Pathology. The classes in the Pathological Biochemistry Component each relate to
the relevant classes in Systemic Pathology. Gross Pathology practical classes and seminars
are held throughout the Course concurrently with the other Components.
Clinicopathological correlation classes are held in the third term and relate to specific organ
systems.
4.1
Introduction to Pathology
Aims
To describe the importance of pathology as the cornerstone on which to build an
understanding of veterinary clinical medicine and surgery.
Learning Objectives:
(a) Be familiar with what pathology is.
(b) Understand the need to study pathology.
(c) Be familiar with the common words used to define disease.
(d) Appreciate the general techniques used in pathology.
(e) Know the major causes of disease.
(f) Appreciate the origins of the language of pathology.
(g) Understand the concepts of theistic, humoral and cellular pathology.
4.2
Cytopathology
Aims
(a) To give an understanding of the mechanisms and consequences of cell injury and death.
(b) To describe how cells respond to changes in their workload or environment.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be able to describe the causes of cell degeneration.
(b) Describe gross, light microscopic and electron microscopic changes associated with
cell swelling.
(c) Identify and describe fatty change at the gross and microscopic levels.
(d) State the tissues in which fatty change is most frequently recognised.
(e) Compare mechanisms of cell death to cell degeneration.
(f) Contrast morphological features of necrotic tissue with those of living tissues.
(g) Recognise the major forms of necrosis.
(h) Distinguish between ante-mortem lesions and post-mortem changes.
(i) Compare dystrophic and metastatic calcification.
(j) Recognise the major pigmentations.
(k) Know the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
(l) State the reasons for hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
(m) Understand the difference between atrophy, hypoplasia and agenesis.
(n) Be able to compare metaplasia with dysplasia or anaplasia.
(o) Know what is meant by the term hamartoma.
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Veterinary Pathology
4.3
Inflammation and Repair
Aims
(a) To provide an overview of the nature of the inflammatory response and its relationship
to tissue damage, healing, the immune response and repair.
(b) To explain the vascular and cellular events that occur in acute inflammation.
(c) To describe the concept of chronic inflammation and the cellular activity associated
with it.
(d) To describe the systemic cellular and general metabolic effects of inflammation.
(e) To outline the capacity for regeneration in the different organ systems and its
significance in healing.
(f) To give knowledge of the mechanisms involved in repair involving granulation tissue,
angiogenesis and fibrosis.
(g) To describe repair in different tissues as well as the functional significance of
regeneration and repair for different organs.
Learning Objectives
(a) Understand the various components of the inflammatory response, how they are
orchestrated and the ends to which they are directed.
(b) Know the vascular and cellular events of the acute inflammatory response and the
mechanisms that mediate and control it.
(c) Know the different forms of chronic inflammation and the basic cellular mechanisms
underlying them.
(d) Be able to define the different types of mediators of inflammation with respect to their
origin and mode of action.
(e) Be able to describe the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages,
eosinophils and mast cells in inflammatory reactions.
(f) Appreciate the systemic effects associated with inflammation such as leucocytosis,
fever, cachexia.
(g) Understand the basis for cell regeneration in organs and its limitations.
(h) Obtain knowledge of healing and repair in organs.
(i) Know the dynamics of the processes that lead to the healing of skin wounds.
(j) Be able to recognise cellular and vascular reactions in tissues characteristic of
inflammation and healing using light microscopy.
(k) Be able to identify macroscopically inflammatory exudates, simple inflammatory
lesions such as abscesses and ulcers as well as scar tissue and fibrous adhesions
associated with repair reactions.
4.4
Neoplasia
Aims
To impart an understanding of the concept of neoplasia, its causes and consequences.
Learning Objectives:
(a) Define neoplasia
(b) Appreciate the spectrum of neoplastic disease which occur in animals
(c) Name the more common tumours of domestic animals.
(d) Describe the differences between benign and malignant tumours.
(e) Describe how tumours spread through the body.
(f) Name the possible causes, and explain the mechanisms of neoplastic change.
(g) Describe the morphological and functional changes which characterise neoplastic cells.
(h) Appreciate the clinical consequences of neoplasia.
(i) Recognise gross and histological specimens of neoplastic tissue.
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4.5
Immunopathology
Aims
(a) To provide an understanding of immunotolerance and immunological
unresponsiveness.
(b) To describe hypersensitivity reactions and explain their tissue damaging mechanisms.
(c) To review the characteristics of autoimmune diseases and provide an explanation for
their development.
Learning Objectives
(a) Understand and explain the difference between immunotolerance and
immunodeficiency.
(b) Know how tolerance to extraneous antigens develops in foetal and post-natal life.
(c) Know examples of congenital immunodeficiences and predict their effects.
(d) Understand how acquired immunodeficiences can arise from infections, neoplasia and
metabolic disease and be able to give examples of each.
(e) Give examples of drugs, which affect immunoresponsiveness.
(f) Understand how maternally derived antibody interferes with immunoresponsiveness.
(g) Know the basis for classifying hypersensitivity reactions into Type I, Type II, Type III
and Type IV and be able to give examples of diseases in each Type.
(h) Understand the cellular mechanisms involved in Types I - IV hypersensitivity reactions.
(i) Be able to explain the concept of an autoimmune disease.
(j) Know the characteristics of organ specific and non organ specific autoimmune diseases
and be able to give examples of each.
(k) Have an understanding of the immune processes that may lead to the development of
autoimmunity.
4.6
The Lymphoid System
Aims
To give an understanding of the function and architecture of this system and the lesions that
may develop in the lymphoid organs.
Learning Objectives:
(a) To understand the formation of lymphoid cells and the role of their regulatory factors.
(b) To understand the function and architecture of the lymphoid system.
(c) To know the primary and secondary lymphoid organs.
(d) To know the function and architecture of the lymph node.
(e) To know the lesions that affect the lymph node and the diseases causing them.
(f) To know the function and the architecture of the spleen.
(g) To know the lesions of the spleen and the diseases causing them.
(h) To know the function and the architecture of the thymus.
(i) To know the lesions of the thymus and the diseases causing them.
4.7
The Haematopoietic System
Aims
To provide knowledge about the components of normal blood and the diseases of blood and
blood forming organs as well as explaining the consequences of these diseases.
Learning Objectives
(a) To understand the formation of blood cells and the role of their regulatory factors.
(b) To know the morphology of developing erythrocytes and the function of mature
erythrocytes.
(c) To understand the techniques used to count erythrocytes in the blood and to estimate
haemoglobin both in the blood and in the individual erythrocyte.
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Veterinary Pathology
(d) To understand the classification of anaemias and the mechanisms causing the different
types of anaemias and to be able to give examples of each type.
(e) To know the blood and bone marrow findings associated with different types of
anaemias.
(f) To know the definition and causes of polycythaemia.
(g) To know the morphology of developing leucocytes and understand the functions of
mature granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes.
(h) To understand the role of mitotic, storage, marginal and circulating pools of
granulocytes.
(i) To understand the techniques used to count leukocytes in the blood.
(j) To understand the abnormalities of leukocytes and some of the conditions associated
with them.
(k) To know the myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders and to understand
the blood and bone marrow findings associated with them.
(l) To understand the role of platelets, coagulation factors and vascular endothelium in the
normal haemostatic mechanism.
(m) To understand the development of acquired and hereditary coagulopathies and to be
able to give examples.
(n) To know the disorders of the platelets.
(o) To recognise and describe normal blood cells.
(p) To recognise and describe the general features associated with a regenerative blood
picture and the additional features which can help to establish the cause.
(q) To recognise a leukaemic blood picture.
4.8
Circulation
Aims
To impart an understanding of circulatory disturbances.
Learning Objectives
(a) Distinguish hyperaemia from congestion.
(b) Recognise the different forms of haemorrhage.
(c) Define thrombosis and differentiate between a thrombus and a clot.
(d) Explain the pathogenesis of thrombosis.
(e) Describe the main types of emboli.
(f) Understand the mechanisms of disseminated intravascular coagulation.
(g) Know the meaning of infarction.
(h) Understand the mechanisms which lead to oedema.
(i) Be able to explain the causes of shock.
(j) Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of shock.
4.9
Cardiovascular System
Aims
To describe the causes, the pathogenesis and the morphological and functional
consequences of cardiovascular disease in domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Understand the pathogenesis of congestive cardiac failure.
(b) Be able to explain the pathogenesis of acute heart failure.
(c) Know the different types of pericardial disease and how they develop.
(d) Understand the various acquired diseases of the myocardium.
(e) Be able to describe the aetiology and pathogenesis of endocardial diseases particularly
those affecting the cardiac valves.
(f) Appreciate the changes characteristic of common types of congenital cardiac diseases
and their significance.
(g) To have a good comprehension of the disease processes that affect arteries and veins.
(h) Be able to recognise cardiac diseases post-mortem.
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4.10
The Respiratory System
Aims
To describe the causes, the pathogenesis and the morphological and functional
consequences of respiratory disease in domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) To know the main types of upper respiratory tract disease.
(b) To understand the pathogenesis of viral infections of the respiratory tract, both upper
and lower.
(c) To appreciate the significance of the factors involved in respiratory disease due to
airborne agents.
(d) To understand the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pneumonia and the basic
morphological types of pneumonia.
(e) To understand the significance of interstitial lung disease.
(f) To be able to explain the concepts of respiratory distress due to diffuse alveolar
damage (DAD) and diffuse fibrosing alveolitis (DFA).
(g) To know the pathogenesis and structural features of bronchitis and bronchiectasis.
(h) To know the main types of primary pulmonary tumours and the involvement of the
lungs in disseminated neoplastic disease.
(i) To be able to explain the concepts of overinflation, interstitial emphysema and
destructive emphysema.
(j) To understand pulmonary collapse and atelectasis.
(k) To be aware of the different types of pulmonary vascular disease and their pathological
significance.
(l) To understand the basis of respiratory failure Type I and Type II.
(m) To be able to recognise post mortem the common pulmonary lesions of cattle, sheep,
pigs, dogs, and cats.
(n) To be able to recognise by histopathological examination typical examples of
pulmonary lesions.
4.11
Urinary System
Aims
To give an understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of urinary tract
disease in domestic animals
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with the terminology used in describing urinary tract disease and be able to
use it accurately.
(b) Know the effects which renal dysfunction can have on: clearance of waste products
from the blood, fluid balance, electrolyte balance, mineral balance, acid-base balance
and haemopoiesis.
(c) Be aware of the reserve capacity of the kidney and appreciate the difference between
renal disease and renal failure.
(d) Understand the concepts of acute and chronic renal failure, protein-losing nephropathy
and the nephrotic syndrome.
(e) Understand the role of the kidney in maintenance of systemic blood pressure and the
effects of hypertension on the kidney.
(f) Know the common causes of glomerular disease in domestic animals.
(g) Describe the potential consequences of glomerular disease and outline how it may
progress.
(h) Know the common causes of tubulointerstitial disease in domestic animals.
(i) Describe the potential consequences of tubulointerstitial disease and outline how it may
progress.
(j) Appreciate how different renal diseases may have different effects on body function at
different stages in their progression.
(k) Recognise and describe the macroscopic changes associated with uraemia.
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(l)
Recognise and describe the macroscopic and microscopic changes of common renal
diseases.
(m) Know the aetiology, predisposing factors and potential consequences of cystitis.
(n) Know the predisposing factors and consequences of urolithiasis.
(o) Know the possible causes and consequences of obstruction at different levels of the
urinary tract.
(p) Know the common types of urinary tract tumours.
4.12
Alimentary Tract
Aims
To impart an understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of alimentary tract
disease in domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with the terminology used in describing alimentary tract disease and be
able to use it accurately.
(b) Know the common causes and consequences of oropharyngeal diseases of domestic
animals.
(c) Recognise and describe the macroscopic and microscopic changes associated with
common epitheliotropic viral infections of cattle.
(d) Know the common causes of oesophageal disease in different animals.
(e) Understand the different consequences of oesophageal obstruction in ruminant and
non-ruminant species.
(f) Know the common causes and appreciate the consequences of forestomach disease in
ruminants.
(g) Appreciate how upper alimentary tract disease can affect lower alimentary tract
function.
(h) Know the common causes of gastric/abomasal disease in domestic animals.
(i) Understand the effects of gastric/abomasal disease on fluid, electrolyte and acid-base
balance.
(j) Understand the different mechanisms which contribute to the development of diarrhoea
and be able to give examples of which mechanisms operate in different intestinal
infections.
(k) Understand the effects of diarrhoea on fluid, electrolyte and acid base balance.
(l) Appreciate the reserve capacity of the intestine and understand that nutrient
malabsorption or protein losing enteropathies can exist without diarrhoea.
(m) Know the causes and consequences of intestinal obstruction and appreciate the
importance of the level of intestinal blockage.
(n) Know the causes and consequences of alimentary tract perforation.
(o) Know the common types of alimentary tract tumours and appreciate their effects on
function.
(p) Appreciate how mismanagement of feeding can cause disease in domestic animals,
especially ruminants.
(q) Appreciate how disease of other organs systems may cause alimentary tract disease.
(r) Recognise and describe the macroscopic appearance of common alimentary tract
lesions.
4.13
Liver
Aims
To describe the progression, the causes and consequences of hepatic disease in domestic
animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with the terminology used in describing hepatic disease and be able to use
it accurately.
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Course Information
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
(n)
(o)
(p)
(q)
(r)
Appreciate the response of the liver to injury.
Be aware of the reserve capacity of the liver and its powers of regeneration.
Understand the blood flow patterns through the liver and how they change in disease.
Understand the pathogenesis of fatty change in the liver.
Know the common causes of hepatic lipidosis in domestic animals.
Describe in general terms how bacteria, viruses and parasites react with the liver.
Be able to describe in detail a specific viral disease of the liver.
Be able to describe in detail a specific bacterial disease of the liver.
Be able to describe in detail a specific parasitic disease of the liver.
Understand the ways in which poisons or drugs can damage the liver.
Know the major hepatotoxins of domestic animals.
Know the common types of hepatic tumours.
Be able to distinguish between primary and secondary hepatic neoplasias.
Understand the differences between acute and chronic liver failure.
Define cirrhosis.
Outline the pathogenesis of portal hypertension.
Know the effects which hepatic dysfunction can have on: protein, fat and carbohydrate
metabolism, the clotting mechanism, and detoxification of waste products.
(s) Understand the major function tests used in hepatic disease.
(t) Describe the origins of jaundice.
4.14
Pancreas
Aims
To give an understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of exocrine and
endocrine pancreatic diseases in domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with consequences of dysfunction of the exocrine pancreas.
(b) Appreciate the differences between pancreatic hypoplasia and juvenile pancreatic
atrophy.
(c) Understand the pathogenesis of acute pancreatic necrosis.
(d) Appreciate the differing reasons for the development of chronic pancreatitis.
(e) Know the common types of exocrine pancreatic tumours.
(f) Appreciate the hormonal function of the pancreatic islets.
(g) Be familiar with the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
(h) Recognise the effects of hyperfunction of the pancreatic islets.
4.15
Endocrines
Aims
To give an understanding of the causes and effects of the major endocrine disorders in
domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with the concept of primary and secondary hypofunction of an endocrine
gland.
(b) Be familiar with the concept of primary and secondary hyperfunction of an endocrine
gland.
(c) Understand the production of hormone-like factors by nonendocrine tumours.
(d) Be aware of endocrine dysfunction due to failure of target cell response.
(e) Know that endocrine hyperactivity may be secondary to disease of other organs.
(f) Know that endocrine dysfunction may result from abnormal degradation of hormones.
(g) Be aware of iatrogenic syndromes of hormone excess.
(h) Know the major disorders of the pituitary.
(i) Know the major disorders of the thyroid.
(j) Know the major disorders of the adrenal gland.
(k) Know the major disorders of the parathyroid.
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Veterinary Pathology
4.16
Reproduction
Aims
To give an understanding of the causes, progression and consequences of reproductive
diseases in domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Understand the concept of teratogenesis.
(b) Appreciate the difference between congenital and inherited diseases.
(c) Know the major developmental anomalies of the female reproductive system.
(d) Know the major developmental anomalies of the male reproductive system.
(e) Understand the concepts of hermaphroditism and pseudo-hermaphroditism.
(f) Know the causes of early embryonic death and abortion.
(g) Appreciate the consequences of foetal death.
(h) Understand the concept of fertility and potency.
(i) Be able to describe the degenerative, inflammatory and neoplastic changes of the testes.
(j) Know the main lesions of the epididymus and the accessory sex glands.
(k) Know the inflammatory, hyperplastic and neoplastic abnormalities occurring in the
prostate gland.
(l) Know the main lesions of the scrotum, penis and prepuce.
(m) Understand the hormonal abnormalities leading to cystic ovarian diseases and to
depression of normal ovarian activity in cattle.
(n) Be able to describe the lesions that may occur in the fallopian tube.
(o) Know the inflammatory changes and neoplasm of the uterus and understand the
development of the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex.
(p) Know the inflammatory and neoplastic diseases of the cervix and vagina.
4.17
The Mammary Gland
Aims
To understand the aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology of mastitis and mammary tumours.
Learning Objectives
(a) Describe the pathogenesis of mastitis in the cow.
(b) Describe the pathology of acute and chronic mastitis.
(c) Know the main infectious agents associated with mastitis in animals.
(d) Appreciate the consequences of mastitis.
(e) Describe the main types of mammary tumours, which occur in domestic animals.
(f) Appreciate the factors that can influence the development of mammary neoplasia.
(g) Appreciate the role of pathology in determining the prognosis and choice of treatment
of mammary tumours in domestic animals.
4.18
The Skin
Aims
To give an understanding of the aetiology, pathogenesis and manifestations of skin disease
in animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with the terminology of dermatology and dermato-pathology.
(b) Appreciate the interactions between the various skin components and the way in which
they respond to injury.
(c) List the main causes of skin trauma in domestic animals.
(d) Appreciate the consequences of skin disease and the changes which underlie the
macroscopic pathology or clinical signs.
(e) Describe the mechanisms of immune mediated skin diseases which occur in domestic
animals.
(f) Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of the main types of skin infection which
occur in domestic animals.
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Course Information
(g) Appreciate the effects of metabolic and endocrine disorders of the skin and describe the
morphological disorders which occur.
(h) Appreciate the effects of solar radiation on the skin.
(i) Describe the morphological features of skin disease in the whole animal.
(j) Recognise the histological changes of inflammation, infection, reactive hyperplasia and
neoplasia within the skin.
4.19
Special Senses
Aims
To describe the causes, progression and effects of disease of the eye and ear.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with common terms used in referring to diseases of the eye and ear.
(b) Appreciate the spectrum of inherited and congenital abnormalities which occur in the
eye and ear.
(c) Appreciate how disease starting in one part of the eye can have effects throughout the
globe.
(d) Know the causes and outline the consequences of conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis.
(e) Know the causes and outline the consequences of uveal tract infection.
(f) Know the predisposing factors which contribute to inflammation in the external ear and
outline the consequences of spread of inflammation to the middle and internal
ear.
4.20
Locomotor
Aims
To impart an understanding of the causes and consequences of the diseases of the muscles,
bones and joints of domestic animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Appreciate the special techniques for examination of muscles.
(b) Be aware of the responses of muscle to injury.
(c) Know the causes and consequences of muscle atrophy.
(d) Understand the different reasons for muscle hypertrophy.
(e) Appreciate how disturbances of circulation affect muscles.
(f) Know the common causes of myositis.
(g) Know the common causes of toxic, exertional and nutritional myopathies
(h) Appreciate the effects of trauma on muscles.
(i) Know the common tumours of muscles.
(j) Understand how bone reacts to injury.
(k) Describe the stages in healing of a fracture.
(l) Appreciate the factors which delay healing of a fracture.
(m) Know the common examples of congenital skeletal abnormalities.
(n) Understand the pathogenesis and consequences of metabolic bone disease.
(o) Describe the pathogenesis and consequences of inflammation of the bone.
(p) Know the common bone tumours of domestic animals.
(q) Appreciate the reaction of the joint to injury.
(r) Describe the common forms of infectious arthritis.
(s) Understand the pathogenesis and consequences of degenerative joint disease.
(t) Appreciate the pathogenesis and consequences of degeneration of intervertebral discs.
(u) Describe how tendons react to injury.
(v) Appreciate what is involved in the firing of horses and its futility in wound repair.
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Veterinary Pathology
4.21
The Nervous System
Aims
To impart an understanding of the aetiology, pathogenesis and manifestations of nervous
disorders.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be familiar with the terminology of the nervous system and its disorders.
(b) Appreciate the ways in which the cellular components of the nervous system respond to
injury.
(c) Describe the consequences of trauma and pressure changes within the central nervous
system.
(d) Define inherited as compared to congenital disorders.
(e) Appreciate the spectrum of inherited abnormalities which can occur in the central
nervous system.
(f) Describe how infectious agents gain access to the nervous system
(g) Give examples of specific infectious diseases affecting the nervous system of domestic
animals.
(h) Appreciate the types of metabolic disorders which can affect the nervous system of
domestic animals.
(i) Describe the type of disorders which can affect the spinal cord and appreciate their
consequences.
(j) Describe the process of degeneration and regeneration in peripheral nerves.
(k) Recognise colour change and mass lesions in gross specimens of the central nervous
system.
4.22
Genetics and Disease
Aims
(a) To give an overview of the genetic aspects of some animal diseases.
(b) To give information about the significance of "inborn errors of metabolism" and single
gene defects.
(c) To give an account of familial disorders not due to single genes.
(d) To outline the genetic basis of resistance to animal pathogens.
4.23
Learning Objectives
(a) Be able to give examples of the different ways in which genetic factors cause or
influence animal diseases.
(b) Be able to explain the genetic basis of lysosomal storage diseases.
(c) Know examples of inherited bleeding disorders, inherited disorders of haemoglobin
and inherited immunodeficiencies.
(d) Be able to explain the concepts of single gene defects and multifactorial genetic effects.
(e) Know examples of genetic variation in resistance to disease.
(f) Be able to give an account of how genetic factors can influence the development of a
disease.
Forensic Pathology
Aims
(a) To outline the demand for forensic pathology in veterinary medicine.
(b) To describe some common examples of forensic cases.
Learning Objectives
(a) Know the problems associated with interpretation of the post-mortem findings in
veterinary forensic cases.
(b) Be familiar with the pathology of trauma.
(c) Understand the nature of firearm injuries.
(d) Appreciate the difficulties of making a diagram of drowning.
(e) Be aware of the findings in starvation and neglect.
(f) Have a general understanding of Court procedures.
(g) Be familiar with the preparation of an expert report.
11
Course Information
4.24
Pathological Biochemistry
Aims
(a) To give an understanding of the principles on which clinical biochemistry is based and
the laboratory practices which affect the interpretation of results.
(b) To give an understanding of the underlying causes for abnormal biochemical test
results and the utilisation of the results in diagnosis of disease in animals.
Learning Objectives
(a) Understand the analytical concepts of accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of
detection, quality control.
(b) Appreciate the use of reference data in interpretation of biochemical results.
(c) Understand the basis of biochemical and immunological tests.
(d) Relate the value of a test to clinical specificity, clinical sensitivity, prevalence and
predictive value.
(e) Understand the distribution of key electrolytes between body compartments and the
effects of disease on these analytes.
(f) Form an understanding of body water and acid/base homeostasis.
(g) Know how to relate measurements from the urine (volume, specific gravity) and
plasma (urea and creatinine concentrations, creatinine clearance) to glomerular
function and renal failure.
(h) Appreciate the biological consequences of acute and chronic renal failure and protein
losing nephropathies.
(i) Know the biochemical basis and diagnostic value of tests used to assess gastrointestinal
disease.
(j) Know the biochemical basis and diagnostic value of tests to determine the energy status
of animals.
(k) Know the biochemical hallmarks of hepatocellular damage and cholestasis.
(l) Appreciate the multifarious biochemical functions of the liver and understand some of
the ways in which liver function can be assessed.
(m) Understand how immunoassays are used to quantify the concentration of hormones in
animals.
(n) Appreciate the value of determination of serum cortisol and thyroxine in diagnosis of
endocrine disease.
(o) Understand the role of hormone and specific protein tests in pregnancy and oestrus
detection.
4.25
Gross Pathology Practical Classes (a Register will be taken of attendance at these classes)
Aims
(a) To explain the use of the post-mortem examination as a method for investigating
clinical disease in domestic animals and as a research tool.
(b) To give instruction on the methods used in carrying out a post mortem examination and
the problems associated with the interpretation of the findings caused by post mortem
change.
(c) To give experience in carrying out a post-mortem examination on a small domestic
animal.
(d) To explain the principles behind the collection and interpretation of biopsy material
from clinical cases.
(e) To provide knowledge and practical experience, in small group seminars, for the
identification of lesions seen post mortem in animals and the organs removed from
animals.
(f) To provide a knowledge base for the interpretation of lesions found post mortem with
respect to their aetiology, effect on organ function, significance in relation to the
clinical disease observed and significance for the animals with which the case was in
contact prior to death.
12
Veterinary Pathology
Learning Objectives
(a) To understand the reasons for carrying out post-mortem examinations.
(b) To be able to recognise and understand the reasons for post-mortem change in organs
and tissues.
(c) To be able to carry out a post-mortem examination on a small domestic animal
including removing the brain and opening the heart methodically.
(d) To know what samples can be taken from a post-mortem examination of an animal for
histopathology laboratories, microbiology laboratories, parasitology laboratories,
toxicology laboratories and biochemical laboratories.
(e) To understand how to take post-mortem samples and send tissues for histopathological
examination to a laboratory.
(f) To understand how to take surgical specimens for histopathological examination and
how to send them to a laboratory.
(g) To be able to identify and describe common pathological lesions as seen in animals
post mortem or in organs that have been removed from an animal's body.
(h) To be able to assess the clinical significance of common pathological lesions as seen in
animals post mortem or in organs removed from the animal.
(i) To be aware of the public health implications of some of the lesions that can be found
post mortem.
4.26
Microscopic Pathology Practical Classes
Aims
(a) To impart basic skills in the use of the microscope.
(b) To demonstrate the value of histopathology in the diagnosis and investigation of
clinical disease in domestic animals and as a research tool.
(c) To illustrate terms and increase understanding of processes described in the lecture
course.
(d) To give experience in systematic examination and critical description of histological
lesions.
(e) To provide a knowledge base for the interpretation of histological lesions with respect
to their aetiology, effect on organ function, and significance in relation to clinical
disease.
Learning Objectives
(a) Be able to set up a microscope for effective illumination of tissue and body fluid
samples.
(b) Be able to recognise cellular degeneration and necrosis.
(c) Be able to appreciate the appearance and sizes of different types of agents that cause
inflammation.
(d) Be able to recognise the cells of inflammation and appreciate the importance of the
vascular changes which accompany the process.
(e) Be able to recognise the main cell types of neoplasia and understand the significance of
tumour margins and cytological detail in assessing the degree of malignancy.
(f) Be able to prepare a blood smear and recognise abnormalities of red and white cells.
(g) Be able to appreciate how systematic examination of a tissue is necessary for accurate
diagnosis.
(h) Be able to describe microscopic changes in specific organ system by comparison with
normal tissue samples.
(i) Be able to solve simple problems given the histological sections together with the
appropriate clinical and laboratory findings.
13
Course Information
5.
COURSE CONTENT
The distribution of the Lectures and Practical Classes throughout the academic year is
shown in the Timetables (10.6). The details of the content of the Course are in the Lecture
Notes - Veterinary Pathology Part One, Part Two and Part Three. These are available in the
Office of the Department of Veterinary Pathology and in the Veterinary School Library.
6.
COURSE TEXTS AND REQUIRED READING
Three books of Lecture Notes are available entitled Veterinary Pathology Part One, Part
Two and Part Three. These correspond to the parts of the course given in Term 1, Term 2
and Term 3. Notes for the Practical Classes are also available and are free of charge. The
Pathology Notes cost £80 to cover the cost of printing.
Other books recommended for reference are:
(a) Thomson's Special Veterinary Pathology, M.C. McGavin, W.W. Carlton, J.F. Zachary,
3rd Edition 2001 Hosby (ISBN 0323005608). £70 (a super book an a very good buy for
Terms 2 and 3, look out for a cheaper 1995 Edition.)
(b) Pathology: A core text of basic pathological processes with self-assessment. P.Bass C.
du Boulay (ISBN 0 443 050031) £15 (excellent text for Term I)
(c) Pathology, Stevens and Lowe 2nd Edition 2000 (ISBN 0723431604) £34 (a superb book
for medical students but a must see, lots of copies in the Vet. Library)
(d) Veterinary Laboratory Medicine, M.G. Kerr 2002 Blackwell Scientific Publications
(ISBN 0 632 40238) £35 (a new Edition by a good Glasgow graduate).
General Interest:
(e) General Veterinary Pathology, R.G. Thomson, 2nd Edition 1984, W.B. Saunders
Company. (ISBN 0-7216-8851-9). (out of print: copy kept at Library Desk)
(f) Mechanisms of Disease, A Textbook of Comparative General Pathology. D.O. Slauson
and B.J. Cooper, 2nd Edition 1990 Williams and Williams. (0-683-07743-0).
(g) Introduction to Veterinary Pathology, N.F. Cheville, 2nd Edition 1999. Iowa State
University Press. (ISBN 0-8138249) as well as 1999 copy, there is a CD ROM of
Introduction to Veterinary Pathology 2000.
(h) The Pathology of Domestic Animals, Vols 1-3, K.V.F. Jubb, P. Kennedy and N.
Palmer. 4th Edition, 1993, Academic Press. (ISBN 0-12-391605-4).
(i) Clinicopathologic Principles for Veterinary Medicine, W.F. Robinson and C.R.R.
Huxtable, 1st Edition 1988, Cambridge University Press. (ISBN 0-521-30883-6).
(j) Veterinary Immunology, An Introduction, Ian Tizard, 6th Edition 2000. W.B. Saunders
Company, (ISBN 0-7216-82189).
(k) Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. J.J. Kaneko, 5th Edition, 1997.
Academic Press (ISBN 0-12-3963052).
(l) BSAVA Manual of Clinical Pathology – BSAVA 1998 (ISBN 0905214412)
Moodle
Moodle is the University's centrally supported Virtual Learning Environment (VLE).
The Faculty Moodle site can be accessed from on- or off-campus at:
http://moodle.gla.ac.uk/vet/moodle/
Users should log in with their Novell username and password. After a successful login
you will be asked to update your profile.
Once you have logged on, you will be able to access individual courses within Moodle,
as well as general information, and information relating to EMS, summer vacation
scholarships, and career opportunities. Many of the courses require a one-time
enrolment key. Your course tutors will provide these at the start of term. Within
individual courses, you will find links to lecture notes and presentations, past papers,
14
Veterinary Pathology
timetables, and links to relevant websites that have been reviewed by your tutors.
Throughout the year your tutors may also add additional Moodle ‘activities’ such as
self-test material, assignments, surveys and discussion forums.
Within ‘General resources and links for students’, you will find links to courses
designed to help you start using Moodle.
Moodle replaces the Student Web Server, a 2004-5 archive version of which is still
available on- or off-campus at: http://www.gla.ac.uk/faculties/vet/teaching/sws/
You will need to username 'vetstudent' and the password 'jamesherriot' to access this.
For any problems with Moodle please email Vicki Dale (v.dale@vet.gla.ac.uk).
15
Course Information
7.
TEACHING HOURS AND TEACHING METHODS
The number of hours each student needs to attend all the classes in the Veterinary Pathology
Course are detailed in the Table below. The number of hours of academic staff time needed
to teach the Course are also shown.
TERM I
Hrs per
Total
student
hrs
staff
Lectures
TERM II
Hrs
Total
per
hrs
studen
per
t
staff
(32)
(32)
27
(27)
Histopathology
Practicals/Seminars
22.5
(90)
20
Macroscopic Pathology
Practicals/Seminars
22.5
(22.5)
72
(139.5)
Totals
TERM III
Hrs per
Total
student
hrs per
staff
TOTALS
Total hrs
Hrs per
per
staff
student
20
(20)
79
(79)
(80)
12.5
(50)
55
(220)
8
(64)
4
(32)
34.5
(118.5)
60
(176)
36.5
(102)
168.5
(417.5)
Each student requires 168.5 hours of work for the whole course excluding the Examinations.
The academic staff require 417.5 hours to provide the Course excluding the time required
for three Examinations.
Lectures, the provision of comprehensive lecture notes, demonstrations of clinical case
material, post mortem demonstrations and a variety of laboratory and practical classes some
utilising computer assisted learning programmes are used to present the Course to students.
The post-mortem examination of clinical cases, specimens from clinical cases and
specimens relevant to veterinary public health is done in small groups. Active learning is
encouraged particularly in the small group seminars in the laboratory and practical classes
when students deal with pathological material as problems to be solved and explained in the
context of the aetiology, the pathogenesis of the disease processes including the pathological
biochemistry, and the diagnostic features. A variety of revision, tutorial and self assessment
computer programs relevant to the pathology course are loaded on the Veterinary Faculty
Computer cluster and are freely available for student use.
All staff are not routinely made aware of Students with Disabilities. This information is
considered confidential unless such a person agrees to complete disclosure. Consequently,
the onus is on you to make individual staff aware of special needs you may have that impact
on a particular method of teaching; staff will attempt to make reasonable adjustments. E.g.
you may have a degree of red-green colour blindness and have difficulty distinguishing
certain tissues or cells during microscopy.
8.
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT.
8.1
Assessment of Student Learning
*
All the assessments in Veterinary Pathology in 2004/2005 will be considered as summative.
Term 1
Assessment worth 7.5
Term 2
Assessment worth 7.5
June Examination
Assessment worth 85
16
Veterinary Pathology
*
All examination papers are submitted in advance to the External Examiner for her approval.
*
The assessments in Term 1 and Term 2 will be marked internally and the results will be
available to the students as provisional Grades.
The final Grades will be assessed, and if necessary, modified after consultation with the
External Examiner, at the time of the June assessment.
The External will attend in June and September to oversee the examination, the completion
of the Grades and to conduct Pass/Fail and Distinction Orals.
If a student fails to complete any of the Assessments then the Code of Practice on
incomplete assessment and good cause (University of Glasgow Calendar 2004-2005 Gen.
Sect. 44-46 available in the Library or from the Department) will apply.
*
*
This section sets out the rules covering the treatment of students prevented by good cause
from completing an assessment or performing adequately therein.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
For the purposes of this section ‘good cause’ shall mean illness or other adverse
personal circumstances serious enough to prevent a candidate from completing a
summative assessment at or by the due time; ‘evidence’ shall mean a full medical
report, not merely a medical certificate, or a written report detailing the adverse
personal circumstances including independent written evidence as appropriate.
If a candidate believes that good cause has prevented a piece of summative
assessment, including an examination script, being completed at or by the due time or
has seriously prejudiced his or her performance in a summative assessment, then he
or she must promptly notify the Head of Registry and submit appropriate evidence.
Notification later than a week after the due date for completion of the assessment will
not normally be taken into account except where circumstances prevented the student
from notifying the Head of Registry within this time. The Head of Registry will notify
the relevant Head(s) of Department.
Where the claim for good cause is pursued the evidence submitted shall be
considered by the Board of Examiners which shall determine.
(a) if the evidence is of sufficient weight to constitute evidence of good cause;
(b) if sufficient material has been presented in respect of the summative assessment
in question for it to be regarded as completed, rather than merely attempted; in
the latter case the assessment shall be treated as though it had been prevented by
good cause from being completed.
If a candidate fails to complete a summative assessment required by a course without
adequate evidence of good cause then he or she shall be awarded zero marks or
equivalent for that assessment, and his or her mark or grade for the course shall be
calculated accordingly.
If a candidate is adjudged by the Board of Examiners to have been prevented by good
cause from completing the assessment of the course, then the following arrangement
shall apply;
(i)
The extent of the completion of the assessment shall be determined as a
percentage of the totality of summatively assessed work, based on assessment
weightings published in the course data-base, required by the assessment
scheme approved by the Senate.
(ii)
The Board of Examiners shall make an overall judgement of the standard
reached in the completed part of the assessment, using as far as possible the
same procedures as apply to candidates who have completed the assessment.
(iii)
If the candidate has completed 85 per cent or more of the assessment the
Board of Examiners shall recommend the award of an appropriate grade (or
no credit) on the basis of the completed proportion.
(iv)
If the candidate has not completed 85 per cent of the assessment then the
candidate shall be regarded as not having attempted the assessment.
17
Course Information
Second Diet of Examination – September
If the candidates fail the examination in June they may take the resit (2nd Diet) examinations in
September. The format of the September examination will be the same as the June examination,
except that ALL students who achieve less than a grade D will be REQUIRED to have an oral
examination conducted by the External Examiner and at least one of the Internal Examiners. Grades
awarded at the second diet of the professional examination will in accordance with university policy
be capped at Grade D.
The Grades for the second diet will be based on the single examination unless the student has missed
the June examination with good cause. In such a case the total assessment will be based on the results
for Term 1, 7.5 Term 2, 7.5 September Examination 85.
8.2
Assessments and examinations
Term I (Martinmas) Assessment
The assessment is in four equal parts.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Week 4 Multiple Choice questions and computer-based problems.
Week 8 Multiple Choice questions and computer-based problems.
Two prepared essays to be submitted
Assessment of laboratory workbooks.
Term II (Candlemas) Assessment
This assessment consists of a Practical Examination and a Written Examination held in the
last week of the Term.
The Practical Examination (1 hour approximately) consists of a number of tasks related
either to macroscopic pathological specimens, microscopic pathological specimens
pathological biochemistry or a computer based exercise.
The Written Examination (2 hours) is composed of a MCQ Section of 70 questions
(suggested time 1 hour) and an Essay Section of 2 essay questions to be chosen from 4
(suggested time 1 hour).
The total marks awarded for this Exam is 500; allocated as follows: Practical - 100 marks,
MCQ - 200 marks, Essays - 200 Marks.
All staff are available to discuss the performance of individual students in general terms.
June Examination
The June examination in Veterinary Pathology will consist of the following components:
(a) A Practical Examination in two parts (75 and 35 minutes) consisting of specimens or
laboratory data with tasks in gross pathology, histopathology pathological biochemistry
or computer based exercises. All questions must be answered.
(b) A Written Examination composed of a MCQ Section (90 mins) of 140 questions and an
Essay Section (90 mins) of 3 essays to be written from a choice of 6.
(c) The total marks awarded for the June examination is 800; allocated as follows: Practical
(100+100) 200 marks, MCQ – 300 marks, Essay 300 marks
The final grade is obtained by summing the marks from all three assessments.
Term 1 - 7.5, Term 2 – 7.5, June Exam – 85.
18
Veterinary Pathology
The result is expressed as a grade according to the system approved by the veterinary
faculty. The aggregation score is used only for the calculation of honours and
commendation which is arrived at at the end of the 5 year Course.
(d) Departmental academic members of staff who are the Internal Examiners mark the
Written and Practical Examination answers and the total combined mark for each
candidate is calculated. A panel of departmental examiners reviews the marks and may
adjust them. All papers are made available to the External Examiner. The External
Examiner is specifically requested to examine papers of those candidates scoring less
than Grade D and those with above or just below Grade A. The External Examiner has
the discretion to adjust the marks awarded in the Written and Practical Examinations.
Candidates with less than Grade D are required to attend an Oral Examination
conducted by the External Examiner and at least one of the Internal Examiners.
Candidates with a mark of Grade A or more at a first attempt at the examination may be
invited to attend a Distinction Oral conducted by the External Examiner and at least one
of the Internal Examiners.
(e) Some candidates may be required to have a Pass/Fail Oral Examination (provisional
Grade E) in which the External Examiner takes part; this will usually last for a
minimum period of 15 minutes and not longer than 30 minutes. Students with Grade E
maybe upgraded to Grade D following a satisfactory oral examination.
(f) All scripts either for Class or Professional Examinations are marked anonymously,
using either exam number or matriculation number as directed by University.
(g) Passing the Third Professional Examination. A student must pass the Professional
Examinations for all four subjects before being allowed to proceed to Fourth Year Classes.
If a student fails the June diet of the Veterinary Pathology Examination they may attempt
the September diet Resit Examination in Veterinary Pathology. Failure in September would
mean that a student would have to obtain permission to repeat the subject the following year
if they wished to continue in the BVMS course.
(h ) Location of Examination. All Written Examinations will be held at Gilmorehill. The
Practical and Oral Examinations will normally be held in Garscube.
Under the Data Protection Act students are entitled to see their examination scripts but staff will
not discuss individual scripts in detail.
Changes in Grading
The University’s policy on grading has changed and is now as follows, with no EP Grade and only
Grades A to D representing passes. A candidate may be awarded a pass with Merit (B) or Distinction
in any subject of a Professional Examination in which he or she has shown special merit on the first
occasion of presenting himself or herself for that examination. A candidate who is not placed in one
of three categories shall have failed the programme. A Distinction is only awarded following a
successful oral examination in the presence of the External Examiner.
19
Course Information
8.3
Marks to Grade Correlation for the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Primary
grade
Mark
Secondary
band
Mark
Aggregation
score
BVMS
A
70-100
1
2
3
80-100
75-79
70-74
20
19
18
Honours
B
65-69
1
2
3
69
67-68
65-66
17
16
15
Commendation
C
55-64
1
2
3
63-64
60-62
55-59
14
13
12
Pass
D
50-54
1
2
3
54
52-53
50-51
11
10
9
E
45-49
1
2
3
49
47-48
45-46
8
7
6
F
40-45
1
2
3
44
42-43
40-41
5
4
3
G
30-39
1
2
35-39
30-34
2
1
N
0-30
Fail
CR
The aggregate scores are used in the overall assessment at the end of the 5 year Course. There shall be three
categories of award Honours, Commendation and Pass.
20
Veterinary Pathology
21
Course Information
SCHEDULE A
Non-honours Courses
Primary
Grade
A
B
Very Good
C
Good
D
Satisfactory
E
Weak
F
Poor
G
Very Poor
N
No Credit
8.4
BVMS
Secondary
Bands
Gloss
Excellent
CR
Primary verbal descriptors for attainment of
Intended Learning Outcomes
CREDIT
REFUSED
Exemplary range and depth of attainment of intended
learning outcomes, secured by discriminating command
of a comprehensive range of relevant materials and
analyses, and by deployment of considered judgement
relating to key issues, concepts and procedures
Conclusive attainment of virtually all intended learning
outcomes, clearly grounded on a close familiarity with a
wide range of supporting evidence, constructively
utilised to reveal appreciable depth of understanding
Clear attainment of most of the intended learning
outcomes, some more securely grasped than others,
resting on a circumscribed range of evidence and
displaying a variable depth of understanding
Acceptable attainment of intended learning outcomes,
displaying a qualified familiarity with a minimally
sufficient range of relevant materials, and a grasp of the
analytical issues and concepts which is generally
reasonable, albeit insecure
Attainment deficient in respect of specific intended
learning outcomes, with mixed evidence as to the depth
of knowledge and weak deployment of arguments or
deficient manipulations
Attainment of intended learning outcomes appreciably
deficient in critical respects, lacking secure basis in
relevant factual and analytical dimensions
Attainment of intended learning outcomes markedly
deficient in respect of nearly all intended learning
outcomes, with irrelevant use of materials and incomplete
and flawed explanation
No convincing evidence of attainment of intended
learning outcomes, such treatment of the subject as is in
evidence being directionless and fragmentary
Distinction
without
Merit
without Oral
Merit
1
2
3
Pass
1
2
3
1
2
3
Fail
Failure to comply, in the absence of good cause, with the
published requirements of the course or programme.
The External Examiner
The External Examiner for Session 2004/2005 is Dr Susan Rhind, Lecturer in Veterinary Pathology,
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Edinburgh. Dr Rhind will hold office for four years.
8.5
Prizes Which Will Be Given For Work During The Course
There are two special Awards in Veterinary Pathology: (i) a Silver Medal awarded by the Royal
Highland & Agricultural Society is awarded a student who has performed well in class work and
examinations and (ii) the George Slavin Prize is awarded annually for excellence in some particular
area of veterinary pathology in the undergraduate degree course in Veterinary Medicine.
22
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
Veterinary Pathology
9.
DEPARTMENTAL INSTRUCTIONS
Students shall be required to comply with such departmental instructions as are prescribed by
the Head(s)of Department(s) in charge of the course concerned. Such instructions may
require students: to attend specified lectures, tutorials, laboratory or practical sessions,
examination and other events; to submit items of work, including essays, dissertations and
project reports, by such dates as may be instructed. All such instructions shall be given to the
students in writing at the beginning of the course concerned. Reasonable notice of any
alteration to them will also be given. A student who fails to comply with departmental
instructions may be refused enrolment in and admission to degree examinations in the subject.
10.
OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION
The following information is also useful and important.
10.1
Protective Clothing, Health And Safety
The study and practice of Pathology unavoidably involves being exposed to and handling
animal tissues and fluids that may contain microbiological agents or parasitic agents or toxic
chemicals that are harmful for human beings and other animals. Some of the instruments,
equipment and laboratory reagents that are used in this work are also potentially very
dangerous. Students are expected therefore not only to wear the appropriate protective
clothing recommended but to adjust their own dress suitably and to be responsible in their
behaviour when taking part in practical classes and laboratories and particularly when they
are in the post-mortem room. Students who consider they are at a special risk from
infectious diseases should inform the Advisor to Students and The Course Co-ordinator.
Students will not be allowed to attend practical classes unless the appropriate protective
clothing is worn. For all practical classes and demonstrations held in the Histopathology
Teaching Laboratory, laboratory coats should be worn. For Pathology sessions held in the
Fourth Year Demonstration Theatre or Post Mortem Room, laboratory coats and wellingtons
are essential. Disposable gloves are provided for classes in the Demonstration Theatre and
Post-Mortem Room. Waterproof aprons are also provided in the post-mortem room.
Students are expected to ensure their normal clothing does not, for example, protrude
beyond the end of their laboratory coat sleeves. Students with long hair are expected to tie
it back, or wear a hat or other suitable hair covering. Notebooks and paper should not be
taken into the Post-mortem Room. Disinfectant traps for cleaning of boots and a student
wash-up area are present in the post-mortem room to assist good hygiene.
Any student suffering injury in practical classes must inform the supervising member of
staff immediately.
10.2
Staff-student Liaison
All of the staff teaching the Course welcome the opportunity to discuss problems associated
with the Course with the students concerned and you are invited to do so. It has been found
useful however to have members of staff who pay attention specifically to this matter and
for the Veterinary Pathology course these are Dr Hal Thompson and Dr Pamela Johnston.
The Third Year student Adviser is Dr John Gilleard.
Some difficulties that may arise may be more usefully dealt with by the Faculty
Staff/Student Liaison Committee through the 3rd Year Representative or the designated
members of staff.
23
Course Information
10.3
Staff
The staff primarily involved in teaching, examining and administering the 3rd Year
Veterinary Pathology Course are:
Dr Hal Thompson - Course Co-ordinator, Senior Lecturer,
Prof. James C Neil – Professor of Virology and Molecular Oncology
Dr Kin Chow Chang - Senior Lecturer,
Dr Brian Willett – Senior Lecturer,
Dr Pamela Johnston, Lecturer,
Dr Adrian Philbey, Lecturer,
Ms Hayley Haining, Registrar,
Technical Support
Mr Richard Irvine, Mr Michael McGuigan - Post-mortem Room
Mr Iain McMillan, Mrs Lynn Stevenson, Mr Colin Nixon - Histopathology Laboratory
Mr Ronnie Barron, Mr Kenneth Williamson, Mr David Moffat & Mr James Harvie –
Clinical Pathology
24
Veterinary Pathology
10.4
Timetables
UNIVERSITY of GLASGOW
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Third Year Veterinary Pathology Course
Term 1 (Martinmas) – 2004/2005
Date
27 Sept.
28 Sept.
29 Sept.
30 Sept.
04 Oct.
05 Oct.
06 Oct.
07 Oct.
11 Oct.
12 Oct
13 Oct.
14 Oct.
18 Oct.
19 Oct.
20 Oct.
21 Oct.
25 Oct.
26 Oct
27 Oct.
28 Oct.
Day
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
Lecturer
HOLIDAY
Dr H Thompson
01 Nov
02 "
03 "
04 "
08 Nov
09 "
10 "
11 "
15 Nov.
16 “
17 “
18 "
22 Nov
23 "
24 "
25 "
29 Nov
30 “
01 Dec
02 “
06 Dec
07 «
08 «
09 «
13 Dec
14 Dec
15 Dec
16 Dec
17Dec
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
M
T
W
Th
F
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
09.30 - 10.30
HOLIDAY
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Prof. J Neil
Dr H Thompson
Prof. J Neil
Dr K C Chang
Dr K C Chang
M H Haining
Ms H Haining
Ms H Haining
Ms H Haining
Dr B Willett
Dr B Willett
Dr B Willett
Dr P Johnston
13.30-14.30
HOLIDAY
Cytopathology
----------------------------Cytopathology
Cytopathology
Inflammation
----------------------------Inflammation
Inflammation
Inflammation
---------------------------Neoplasia
Neoplasia
Neoplasia
---------------------------Assessment
Neoplasia
Genetics & Disease
--------------------------Genetics & Disease
14.30-16.30
HOLIDAY
Practical
----------------------------Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab.
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab.
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab.
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Assessment
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab.
Circulation
Circulation
--------------------------Blood/Bone Marrow
Blood/Bone Marrow
Blood/Bone Marrow
---------------------------Blood/Bone Marrow
Immunopathology
Immunopathology
---------------------------Assessment
Immunopathology
Lymph Node Thymus
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab
Practical
Practical
----------------------------Assessment
Practical
Practical
Lymph Node/Thymus
Dem.Pract.Sem.Lab
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr H Thompson
Lymph Node/Thymus
Cardiovascular
Practical
Practical
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular
Dem. Pract Sem Lab
Practical
Practical
25
Course Information
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Third Year Veterinary Pathology Course
Term II (Candlemas) 2004/2005
Date
10 Jan
11 "
12 "
13 "
14 "
17 Jan
18 "
19 "
20 "
21 "
24 Jan
25 "
26 "
27 "
28 "
31 Jan
01 Feb
02 "
03 “
04 “
07 Feb
08 "
09 "
10 "
11 "
14 Feb
15 "
16 "
17 "
18 "
21 Feb
22 "
23 "
24 "
25 "
28 Feb
01 Mar
02 “
03 “
04
07 Mar
08 "
09 "
10 "
11 "
14 Mar
15 "
16 "
17 "
18 "
Day
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
Lecturer
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Ms H Haining
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Ms H Haining
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr A Philbey
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Ms H Haining
Ms H Haining
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr H Thompson
09.00 – 10/00
Urinary
Respiratory
Respiratory
Skin
Alimentary
Liver
Alimentary/Liver
Endocrine
Reproduction
March Assessment - Written
13.30-14.30
Urinary
Urinary
---------------------------Urinary
14.30-16.30
Practical
Practical
---------------------------
Urinary
Respiratory
---------------------------Respiratory
Practical
Practical
---------------------------
Respiratory
Respiratory
---------------------------Practical
Practical
Practical
--------------------------Skin (2.30-3.30)
Skin
Skin
----------------------------Practical
Practical
Practical
--------------------------Alimentary (2.30-3.30)
Alimentary
Alimentary
----------------------------Practical
Practical
Practical
--------------------------Alimentary (2.30-3.30)
Liver
Liver
---------------------------Practical
Practical
Practical
--------------------------Liver (2.30-3.30)
Pancreas
Alimentary/Liver
---------------------------Practical
Practical
Practical
--------------------------Endocrine (2.30-3.30)
Endocrine
Endocrine
--------------------------Practical
Practical
Practical
--------------------------Reprod. (2.30-3.30)
Reproduction
Reproduction
Practical
Practical
---------------------------
March Assessment - Practical
26
Veterinary Pathology
UNIVERSITY of GLASGOW
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Third Year Veterinary Pathology Course
Term III - (Whitsun) 2004/2005
Date
18 Apr
19 "
20 "
21 "
22 "
25 Apr
26 "
27 "
28 “
29 “
02 May
03 “
04 “
05 "
06 "
09 May
10 "
11 "
12 "
13 "
16 May
17 "
18 "
19 "
20 "
23 May
24 "
25 "
26 "
27 "
30 May
31
01 Jun
02 “
03 “
06 Jun
07 “
08 "
09 "
10 "
Day
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
M
T
W
Th
F
Lecturer
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr P Johnston
Dr H Thompson
HOLIDAY
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
Dr H Thompson
09.30 - 10.30
CNS
Eyes
10.30-12.00
14.30-16.30
Practical
Practical
-----------------
CNS
CNS
--------------------------
Practical
Practical
---------------------
HOLIDAY
Locomotor
--------------------------
HOLIDAY
Practical
----------------------
Locomotor
Locomotor
-------------------------
Practical
Practical
----------------------
--------------------------
---------------------
CP Tutorial
Ears
Locomotor
CP Tutorial
HOLIDAY
HOLIDAY
Locomotor
Locomotor
CP Tutorial
Forensic Pathology
Forensic Pathology
13.30-14.30
CNS
CNS
--------------------------
CP Tutorial
Assessment - Practical
HOLIDAY
HOLIDAY
Assessment - Written
HOLIDAY
Assessment - Orals
27
HOLIDAY
HOLIDAY
Course Information
11.
EXAMPLES OF DEGREE EXAMINATION PAPERS
Only Essays are provided as speciment Multiple Choice Papers can be found on the
Intranet at http://student.vet.gla.ac.uk.
Tuesday 17th June 2003
09.30-12.30 hrs
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions (300 Marks). Both parts
should be attempted. It is suggested that 90 minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes
for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions).
PART 1 - ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
What do you understand by the term “space-occupying lesion” in the context of CNS disease?
(10 marks)
Name four types of space-occupying lesion
(20 marks)
Describe the consequences of a slowly-expanding SOL arising in a site to the left of the
cerebral aqueduct
(70 marks)
2.
Discuss the causes and pathological consequences of intestinal obstruction in the dog.
3.
How may infections reach the pericardial sac of the cow?
(10 marks)
Describe the gross and cytological appearances of the different exudates which may ensue.
(60 marks)
What are the consequences for cardiac function?
(30 marks)
4.
Outline the fundamental difference between hyperplasia, benign neoplasia and malignant
neoplasia.
(60 marks)
Give an example of how each of these states can cause a profound endocrine disorder.
(40 marks)
5.
A ten year old German Shepherd bitch is presented for examination with a history of
lethargy. You note that the bitch has pale mucous membrane and marked halitosis.
What requests would you make from the clinical pathology laboratory for haematological
and renal profiles
(10 marks)
Outline your approach to assessing the possible cause of the anaemia in this case
(90 marks
6.
What are the gross and histopathological features which define an interstitial nephritis, a
pyelonephritis and a glomerulonephritis.
(30 marks)
Discuss the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis in dogs and cats and outline the consequences
for animals so affected.
(70 marks)
28
Veterinary Pathology
th
Tuesday 15 June 2004
09.30-12.30 hrs
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions (300 Marks). Both parts should be attempted. It is
suggested that 90 minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions).
PART 1 - ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1. It’s Monday morning in the surgery. The first case in an emergency: a 2 year old FN
Dachshund with sudden onset paraplegia. The second case, a 12yo Labrador cross with
gradual onset hindlimb ataxia and paresis has to wait 30 minutes to see a vet.
Discuss intervertebral disc disease in the dog.
Include a description of the structure of the disc.
(30)
Using the examples given, compare the development of intervertebral disc lesions in the
chondrodystrophic breeds with those in non-chondrodystrophic breeds.
(70)
2.
You are presented with a dog with depression and exercise intolerance. During your
clinical examination you notice the dog has pale mucous membranes, jaundice,
splenomegaly and a heart murmur. You suspect auto-immune (immune-mediated)
haemolytic anaemia.
Discuss the mechanisms of development of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in the dog.
(40)
Give descriptions of what would be seen on a blood smear.
(40)
Discuss the possible causes of the jaundice, the heart murmur and the splenomegaly.(10) Describe
any tests you would do to confirm your diagnosis.
(10)
3.
An 11 year old cat presents with chronic end stage renal disease, uraemia and hypertension.
Describe the gross and histological appearance of the kidneys.
(40)
What lesions would be present elsewhere in the body?
(40)
Outline the pathogenesis of hypertension secondary to chronic renal disease.
(20)
4.
Obstruction of the alimentary tract can present as an acute emergency or with low grade
chronic clinical signs. Discuss the causes and pathogenesis of obstruction of the oesophagus,
(20) stomach (40) and intestines (40) in domestic animals.
5.
A cow is presented with chronic congestive heart failure. Discuss the causes and pathology
of this condition if :
A) the right side of the heart is enlarged
(33)
B) there is an excess of fluid in the pericardial sac
(33)
C) the left side of the heart is enlarged and there are infarcts in the kidneys.
(33)
6.
Describe the differences between haemangioma and haemangiosarcoma in terms of gross and
microscopic appearances. What fundamental change may have occurred at the molecular level?
(60)
What local consequence would you expect if the haemangiosarcoma had spread
a) to the brain
b) the right auricle
c) the muscle of the right hind leg
(40)
29
Course Information
Tuesday 11th June 2002
09.30-12.30 hrs
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions (300 Marks). Both parts
should be attempted. It is suggested that 90 minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes
for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions).
PART 1 - ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
You are presented with a 7 year-old cow that is dull, with halitosis and increased
respiratory effort. You diagnose a severe chronic suppurative pneumonia.
Describe the major gross and histopathological features you would expect to see with this
type of pneumonia.
What progression of events may have led to this final outcome?
2
A Six year old cat is presented with lameness. On examination some of the toes are
swollen and the nails are loose. Radiological examination confirms lysis of the distal
phalanges and a single large mass is found in the right caudal lung lobe. A tumour of
malignant epithelial cells is found in the lung and at all affected sites in the feet.
What are the differences between a primary and a secondary tumour? How do you classify
tumours of epithelial origin. Use this knowledge to prepare a written explanation of the
events for the owner. Include in your statement a reason for the lysis of the phalanges.
3.
List four examples of a “space occupying lesion” (S.O.L.) in the brain. Discuss the effects of
a progressive, expanding, solid, S.O.L. that is present in the left cerebral hemisphere of a
young adult dog.
4.
Describe the different types of cardiomyopathy that occur in cats. What are the possible
causes for these conditions and outline the consequences for the affected animals.
5.
A 1 year old Samoyed is euthanased due to chronic renal failure
List the possible causes of chronic renal failure in the young dog.
Describe the gross and histological changes you would expect to see in the kidney, and in
other body tissues in an end-stage case of juvenile/familial nephropathy.
6.
Pyoderma is a skin disease characterised by purulence. Describe the various forms of
pyoderma which occur in the domestic species. Select one canine and one equine example and
describe the gross and histological lesions seen. If appropriate, suggest a likely causal agent
for each example.
30
Veterinary Pathology
Tuesday 3 September 2002
09.30-12.30 hrs
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions (300 Marks). Both parts
should be attempted. It is suggested that 90 minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for
Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions).
PART 1- ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
List three examples of diseases caused either by inadequate diet or mismanagement of diet in
cattle. Describe in detail the pathogenesis and pathology of two of these.
2.
Describe, in detail, the processes that occur following a surgical incision of the skin that
results in healing by primary union
3
Write an essay about the pathology of the pharynx and related structures in domestic
animals
4.
Describe the difference between hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis. Your answer should
include details of the pathogenesis, the gross and microscopic pathology, the nature of the
urine and the possible consequences of these two entities.
5
You are present with an adult dog with suspected abdominal pain.
An enlarged liver is palpated.
Describe the pathology of the conditions you consider might be responsible for the “enlarged
liver”
6
Write an essay on “anaemias in animals”.
31
Course Information
September 2001
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions consisting of sections 2A Pink (150 marks) & 2B -White (150 marks). Both Parts should be attempted. It is suggested that 90
minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions sections
2A & 2B)
PART 1- ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
Outline the major differences between benign and malignant tumours.
(40)
How would you classify the different tumours of the liver?
(20)
Describe the ways in which a malignant tumour of the intestine could spread to the
liver.
(40)
2.
Give an account of two contrasting conditions affecting the oesophagus, one commonly of
ruminants and the other of the dog or cat. What are the possible consequences of these two
conditions for the animals?
3
A 3 year old Friesian cow develops inappetance and diarrhoea with brisket oedema. On
rectal palpation the kidneys are enlarged.
Describe the gross and histopathological appearance of renal amyloidosis. What are the
pathological reasons for the oedema and the diarrhoea?
4.
Write an essay on the pathology of the bacterial and viral infections of the skin.
5.
What is meant by the term “cor pulmonale”? Describe, in detail, how this may develop as a
consequence of chronic suppurative pneumonia in the bovine.
6.
What are the cells of the inflammatory reaction. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of
inflammation
32
Course Information
June 2001
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions consisting of sections 2A Pink (150 marks) and 2B - White(150 marks). Both parts should be attempted. It is suggested that
90 minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions,
Sections 2A and 2B).
PART 1 - ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
What are the common primary and secondary neoplasias of the nervous system? Discuss the
pathological effects of such lesions.
2
A 15 year old entire male labrador cross had a history of difficulty and pain passing faeces.
Clinical examination revealed an enlarged, painful prostate.
Describe the gross and histological findings in conditions which cause prostatic enlargement.
3.
Discuss how an acute viral pneumonia can lead to a chronic suppurative pneumonia with
bronchiectasis. Include description of the gross and histopathological appearance of the lungs
in your answer.
5.
Describe the development of a vegetative thrombus on the heart valve of a cow. How may the
thrombus affect firstly, the function of the valve and the heart and secondly, what are the
consequences of this lesion for other organs.
5.
Foot and Mouth disease has devastated British farming in 2001. Describe the gross and
histopathological lesions in an infected cow. In an animal which survived, how would one of
these lesions heal and what complications might arise to delay the healing process.
6.
“Increases in blood urea are often assumed to correlate with deteriorating renal function.”
Discuss this statement, illustrating your answer with relevant clinical and pathological
examples.
32
Veterinary Pathology
September 2000
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions consisting of sections 2A Pink (150 marks) & 2B -White (150 marks). Both Parts should be attempted. It is suggested that 90
minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions sections
2A & 2B)
PART 1- ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
Explain what you understand by the term ‘inflammatory exudate’.
Compare and contrast the various types of inflammatory exudates that may be found in
diseases of domestic animals.
2.
Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis(DFA) is a known consequence of Farmer’s Lung.
Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis and pathology of Farmer’s Lung
Discuss how Farmer’s Lung and DFA may lead to the development of Cor
Pulmonale
3.
4.
Define the term ‘diarrhoea’
Give a brief account of the four main mechanisms underlying diarrhoea,
using specific examples to illustrate your answer
Which of these are relevant in parvovirus enteritis in the dog?
Discuss the tests used in clinical biochemistry to aid in the diagnosis of liver
failure in the dog.
What is a liver biopsy?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of collecting such a specimen?
5.
Describe how thrombosis occurs in animals. Give an example of how thrombosis
and embolism may affect the cat.
6.
Discuss the aetiology, gross pathology and histopathology of cystitis.
What complications may develop in the kidney as a result of cystitis?
33
(60)
(40)
(10)
(70)
(20)
(70)
(10)
(20)
(70)
(30)
Course Information
JUNE 2000
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 – Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 – Multiple Choice Questions consisting of sections 2A –
Pink (150 marks) and 2B – White(150 marks). Both parts should be attempted. It is suggested that
90 minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions,
Sections 2A and 2B).
PART 1 – ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
Describe the differences between necrosis and apoptosis.
Outline the different forms that necrosis may take and illustrate your answer
with specific examples of the gross and histological appearances of such lesions.
(20)
(80)
2.
A ten week old Greyhound puppy sustains a compound and comminuted fracture of the left
distal radius.
Describe the healing of the injury with optimal treatment
(60)
Outline the complications, which might develop if treatment is not successful
(40)
3.
Describe the pathogenesis and pathology of UV-light associated skin disorders.
(100)
4.
Outline the pathogenesis of, and describe the gross and histopathological appearance of, a
peptic ulcer in the stomach of the dog. How does this appearance differ from that of an
erosive gastric adenocarcinoma ?
(100)
5.
“The nephrotic syndrome may develop secondary to some forms of renal disease, usually
those affecting the glomerulus:”
i)
List the gross post mortem findings in an animal with nephrotic syndrome.
(30)
Select one of the underlying conditions and discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and
major findings in the kidney at the gross and microscopic levels.
(70)
“The distribution of pathological lesions in the brain reflects the aetiology of the
disease”
Discuss, using specific examples of CNS disease.
(100)
ii)
6.
34
Veterinary Pathology
SEPTEMBER 1999
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions consisting of sections 2A Pink (150 marks) & 2B -Green (150 marks). Both Parts should be attempted. It is suggested that 90
minutes be allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions sections
2A & 2B)
PART 1- ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
Compare and contrast the pathogenesis and pathology of Pasteurella haemolytica and
Dictyocaulus viviparus infections of the bovine respiratory tract.
2.
Write an essay on the pathology of the spleen using specific examples to illustrate your
answer.
3.
What are the differences between necrosis and apoptosis. Give an account of the main
patterns, both gross and microscopic, which necrotic tissue can take.
4.
Describe the causes and consequences of urolithiasis in the cat.
5.
Discuss the tests used in clinical biochemistry to aid in the diagnosis of renal failure in the
dog. What haematological findings would you expect in chronic renal failure.
6.
Using demodectic mange as an example, describe how damage to hair follicles may lead to
dermatitis. What changes would you expect to find in the lymph nodes in a case of
demodectic mange.
35
Course Information
JUNE 1999
THIRD PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF B.V.M.S.
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY
There are two Parts to this Paper which carry equal marks:
Part 1 - Three Essays (300 marks). Part 2 - Multiple Choice Questions consisting of sections 2A - Pink (150
marks) and 2B - Green (150 marks). Both parts should be attempted. It is suggested that 90 minutes be
allowed for Part 1 (Essays) and 90 minutes for Part 2 (Multiple Choice Questions, Sections 2A and 2B).
PART 1 - ESSAYS
Answer any THREE questions
1.
Discuss the tests used in clinical biochemistry to aid the diagnosis of: a) renal disease
b) gastro-intestinal disease
2.
A 4 year-old byre-tied Ayshire cow is presented with a history of straining to pass urine.
Pus is found in the urine.
3.
4.
5.
List the possible sites of origin of the abnormalities.
(10)
For each site indicate what might have lead to the development of the
abnormality.
(45)
Choose ONE of the sites and describe the pathological findings in the
affected area.
(45)
Write an essay on chronicity in inflammation.
What are the features which distinguish benign from malignant tumours.
Your answer should include some specific examples.
Case History:
You are ‘phoned at 11.30 p.m. on a Friday night by the owner of an Irish Setter. The dog
was fed a large meal at 6.00 p.m. and taken for some “vigorous exercise” shortly afterwards.
The owner has just returned from the pub to find the dog collapsed, with a tense, swollen
abdomen. You suspect the dog has a gastric torsion.
a) Describe, in detail, how this condition develops and list five major aetiological factors.
(60)
b) Describe the gross pathology of (i) the stomach and (ii) the spleen in this condition.
(30)
c) List other pathological conditions of the spleen which could result in a tense,
6.
swollen abdomen.
(10)
Case History
You are presented with a young dog with clinical signs suggestive of diffuse neurological
disease, including raised intracranial pressure.
a) Discuss the pathology and consequences of prolonged raised intracranial pressure in an
adult dog
(70)
A CSF tap from the young dog produces a creamy yellow, cloudy fluid with 1050 cells/ml (normal
= 3 5 cells/ml). The majority of these cells are small cells with multilobulated nuclei. The protein
content of the CSF is 1800 mg/100 ml (normal < 30 mg/100 ml). The glucose content and pH of
the CSF are both lower than normal.
b) What is your interpretation of the CSF data? What further tests would you perform on the
CSF to support or confirm this?
(20)
c) How would this disease cause the raised intracranial pressure?
36
(10)
Veterinary Pathology
ESSENTIAL COMPETENCES REQUIRED OF THE VETERINARY SURGEON
INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
An important statutory function of RCVS is to determine the “standard of proficiency” and “knowledge
and skill” to fit veterinary surgeons for practising in the United Kingdom. The standard set for registration
is a key benchmark that affects the approval of veterinary degree courses in the UK and overseas, and should
also be seen as the starting point for consideration of an individual’s continuing education and training
needs after registration. Maintaining and further developing professional competence is a requirement for
all veterinary surgeons.
This document sets out the essential competences required of the veterinary surgeon for membership of the
Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.
There are many definitions of ‘competence’ and many views on how it can be developed and assessed. In
general terms, however, competence is a concept that integrates knowledge, skills and attitudes, the
application of which enables the professional to perform effectively, and to respond to contingencies, change,
and the unexpected.
This document takes a broad definition of competence as being “the ability to perform the roles and
tasks required by one’s job to the expected standard” (Eraut & Boulay, 20001). The definition
recognises that requirements and expectations change depending on the job role and context. It also
recognises that competence develops, and that an individual may work ‘competently’ at many different
levels, either at different stages of their career, or indeed from one day to the next depending on the nature of
their work.
Eraut and Boulay (2000) point out the importance of distinguishing between an individual’s competence –
what one can do, and performance – what one actually does. RCVS is concerned with competence when it
undertakes its primary function of determining “the standard of proficiency required for registration” and
ensuring that individuals “will have acquired the knowledge and skill needed for the efficient practice of
veterinary surgery” (Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966, section 3). Performance may be affected by factors
such as workload, working conditions, levels of support, and so on. The regulation of performance is a
function of RCVS through its statutory disciplinary powers.
The essential competences have been broken down into three main areas. They are:
-
A
-
B
-
C
General professional competences and attributes
describing the distinguishing characteristics of a veterinary surgeon
Underpinning knowledge and understanding
describing in general terms the breadth of knowledge and understanding needed for a career
as a veterinary surgeon, and for subsequent professional development in whatever sphere of
veterinary science the individual wishes to pursue
Practically-based veterinary competences
describing the basic practical competences that are expected at the point of graduation.
“Developing the Attributes of Medical Professional Judgement and Competence”, a review funded by the
Postregistration Medical and Dental Education Research Initiative of the Dept. of Health’s Policy Research
Programme, by Professor Michael Eraut and Benedict du Boulay, University of Sussex. The full paper is
available on the web at http:/www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/bend/doh
1
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Course Information
The ten guiding principles of the RCVS Guide to Professional Conduct should be seen
as overarching requirements for registration (and by implication, continued
registration) with the College. The Guide states that:
Your clients are entitled to expect that you will: 1. make animal welfare your first consideration in seeking to provide the most appropriate
attention for animals committed to your care
2. ensure that all animals under your care are treated humanely and with respect
3. maintain and continue to develop your professional knowledge and skills
4. foster and maintain a good relationship with your clients, earning their trust, respecting their
views and protecting client confidentiality
5. uphold the good reputation of the veterinary profession
6. ensure the integrity of veterinary certification
7. foster and endeavour to maintain good relationships with your professional colleagues
8. understand and comply with your legal obligations in relation to the prescription, safe-keeping
and supply of veterinary medicinal products
9. familiarise yourself with and observe the relevant legislation in relation to veterinary surgeons
as individual members of the profession, employers, employees and business owners
10. respond promptly, fully and courteously to complaints and criticism.
ESSENTIAL COMPETENCES REQUIRED OF THE NEW VETERINARY
GRADUATE
“DAY ONE SKILLS”
A1 - GENERAL PROFESSIONAL SKILLS AND ATTRIBUTES
The new veterinary graduate should be able to:
A1.1
Communicate effectively with clients, the lay public, professional colleagues and responsible authorities;
listen effectively and respond sympathetically to clients and others, using language in a form appropriate
to the audience and the context
A1.2
Prepare clear case reports and maintain patient records in a form satisfactory to colleagues and
understandable by the public
A1.3
Work effectively as a member of a multi-disciplinary team in the delivery of services to clients
A1.4
Be aware of the ethical responsibilities of the veterinary surgeon in relation to individual patient care
and client relations, and also more generally in the community in relation to their possible impact on the
environment and society as a whole
A1.5
Be aware of the economic and emotional climate in which the veterinary surgeon operates, and respond
appropriately to the influence of such pressures
A1.6
Be willing to use one’s professional capabilities to contribute as far as possible to the advancement of
veterinary knowledge in order to benefit veterinary practice and further improve the quality of animal
care and public health
A1.7 Have an elementary knowledge of the organisation and management of a veterinary
practice, including:
 awareness of own and employer’s responsibilities in relation to employment and health and safety
legislation, and the position relating to lay staff and public liability
 awareness of how fees are calculated and invoices drawn up, and the importance of following the
practice’s systems for record keeping and book-keeping, including computer records and case reports
 ability to use information technology effectively to communicate, share, collect, manipulate and
analyse information
 importance of complying with professional standards and policies of the practice
A1.8
Understand the need and professional obligation for a commitment to continuing education and training,
and professional development, throughout one’s professional life
A1.9
Conduct oneself in a professional manner with regard to the veterinary surgeon’s professional and legal
responsibilities and understand and apply the ethical codes as set out in the RCVS Guide to Professional
Conduct
A1.10 Be able to cope with uncertainty and adapt to change
A1.11 Develop a capacity for self-audit and willingness to participate in the peer-review process
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Veterinary Pathology
Be aware of personal limitations, and demonstrate awareness of when and from where to seek
professional advice, assistance and support.
(Commentary: This last item is considered to be one of the most important, and should guide all new veterinary
graduates when undertaking their professional duties. Veterinary surgeons undertaking procedures on
patients must at all stages in their careers be fully competent in their performance, or be under the
close supervision of those so competent. When in doubt, the new veterinary graduate must seek
professional support and in the interests of animal and human health, should not attempt to undertake
complex procedures unsupervised.)
A1.12
B1 - UNDERPINNING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
The new veterinary graduate will need to have acquired a thorough knowledge and understanding of the
following:
B1.1
The sciences on which the activities of veterinary surgeons are based
B1.2
Research methods and the contribution of basic and applied research to all aspects of
veterinary science
B1.3
How to evaluate evidence
B1.4
The structure and functions of healthy animals, and all aspects of their husbandry
B1.5
The aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of the common diseases and
disorders that occur in the common domestic species in the UK
B1.6
Legislation relating to the welfare (including transport) of animals and notifiable diseases
B1.7
Medicines legislation and guidelines on responsible use of medicines
B1.8
The principles of disease prevention and the promotion of health and welfare
B1.9
Veterinary public health issues including zoonoses.
C1 - PRACTICAL COMPETENCES
The new veterinary graduate should be able to undertake the following:
C1.1
C1.2
C1.3
C1.4
Obtain an accurate and relevant history of the individual animal or animal group, and its/their
environment
Handle and restrain an animal safely and humanely, and instruct others in performing these techniques
Perform a complete clinical examination
Attend all species in an emergency and perform basic first aid
(Commentary: problems to be handled for any species include first aid management of haemorrhage, wounds,
breathing difficulties, eye & ear injuries, unconsciousness, clinical deterioration, burns, tissue damage,
internal organ damage and cardiac arrest. First aid to be applied includes bandaging, cleaning,
immobilising limbs, resuscitation procedures, haemorrhage control.)
C1.5
Assess correctly the nutritional status of an animal and be able to advise the client
on principles of husbandry and feeding
(Commentary: this applies to commonly presented cases and would not, for example, be expected to
include advanced nutritional advice for complex cases, eg. high performance horses, high
yielding diary cows, certain exotic or zoological species.)
C1.6
Collect, preserve and transport samples, perform standard laboratory tests, and interpret the results of
those generated in-house, as well as those generated by other laboratories
(Commentary: new graduates are expected to have a working knowledge of tests to be undertaken include conditions
relating to infectious & contagious diseases; alimentary system; respiratory system; circulatory system; urinary
system; nervous system; endocrine system; mucucutaneous system; musculoskeletal system; trauma; poisoning;
obstetrics; paediatrics; parturition; reproduction)
C1.7
Use radiographic, ultrasonic, and other technical equipment which can be used as a
diagnostic aid, safely and in accordance with current regulations
C1.8
Follow correct procedures after diagnosing notifiable, reportable and zoonotic diseases
C1.9
Know and apply the RCVS twelve Principles of Certification correctly
C1.10 Access the appropriate sources of data on licensed medicines; prescribe and dispense medicines
correctly and responsibly in accordance with relevant legislation and ensure that medicines and waste
are safely stored and/or disposed of
C1.11 Correctly apply principles of sterilisation of surgical equipment
C1.12 Correctly apply principles of aseptic surgery
C1.13 Safely perform sedation, general and regional anaesthesia, implement chemical
methods of restraint, and assess and control pain
C1.14 Advise on, and administer appropriate treatment
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Course Information
(Commentary: the new veterinary surgeon must always seek professional advice and support if presented with a case
beyond his or her immediate capability – see item A.12)
C1.15
Recognise when euthanasia is necessary and perform it humanely, using an appropriate method, whilst
showing sensitivity to the feelings of owners and others, and with due regard to the safety of those
present; advise on disposal of the carcase
C1.16 Perform a basic gross post mortem examination, record details, sample tissues, store and transport them
C1.17 Perform ante mortem inspection of animals destined for the food chain and correctly identify conditions
affecting the quality and safety of products of animal origin
C1.18 Assess and implement basic health and welfare records (and production records
where appropriate)
C1.19 Advise on, and carry out preventive and prophylactic programmes appropriate to the species and
commensurate with accepted animal health, welfare and public health standards, seeking advice and
assistance where necessary from professional colleagues
C1.20 Minimise the risks of contamination, cross infection and accumulation of pathogens in the veterinary
premises and in the field.
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