Department of Pharmacology
Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences
Guidance and syllabus for the course of pharmacology
6-year Doctor of Pharmacy programme
Poznań 2015/2016
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction
3
Pharmacology Department regulations for the pharmacology course
4
Detailed syllabus of the pharmacology course
5
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Department of Pharmacology
Poznań University of Medical Sciences
Dear Students,
We are pleased to welcome you to the Department of Pharmacology and express our pleasure
in having the opportunity to help you in your progress to the career of a pharmacy
professional.
The Department of Pharmacology has been involved in pharmaceutical education within the
framework of medical studies since their very launch at Poznań University of Medical
Sciences. The traditional research strength of the Department has been in Neuropharmacology,
yet our scientific interests also focus on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Gastrointestinal
Pharmacology.
The Department of Pharmacology has always placed great emphasis on the quality of
academic teaching and assisting students in studying pharmacology and its relation to clinical
fields. Our staff makes every effort to relate pharmacological knowledge to most important
clinical issues and to provide the students with most up to date information.
This Department has a rich tradition of which its members are proud. We are also proud of the
mutually supportive environment and the sense of community we enjoy. It is in this context
that we pursue our mission of scientific and teaching excellence. We constantly strive for the
next level, as individuals and as a Department.
If you seek a vigorous, challenging, yet communal study environment, this Department shall
do its best to meet your expectations. Let us express our hope that our mutual work shall help
you gain the knowledge of pharmacology which is so crucial in modern medicine.
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2015-2016 Pharmacology Course Regulations
rd
3 and 4th Year of 6-Year Pharm.D. Programme in English
1. The goal of this course of pharmacology is to provide students with knowledge of
drugs that are useful in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases.
2. The material of the course will be presented through lectures and seminars. The
program of the seminars shall focus on the programme covered in the lectures.
During the seminars students must be prepared to discuss corresponding topics
covered during the lecture.
3. Attendance:
 Student’s attendance at the seminars is mandatory.
 Each student must be present with the group they have been assigned to.
 Each absence during the seminar must be justified by a duly authorised document
(sick leave receipt, University’s letter, letter from other authorities, other)
4. Completion of the course of seminars (earning a credit):
o Students’ progress shall be evaluated on an ongoing basis based on the results
of Component Tests carried out at the end of each seminar.
o The whole course of the seminars is considered successfully completed and the
student earns a credit if the following condition is met:
 A student gains a minimum grade of 3.0 calculated as a mean value
from all the Component Tests they wrote (each student must take the
Component Test at the end of the seminar).
o The student whose absence during a seminar is justified as explained above
need not take the Component Test from the seminar he failed to attend.
o Each student who fails to obtain a minimum grade of 3.0 as mentioned above
is given a chance of taking the Integrative Test to improve. The Integrative Test
can be taken twice. A passing grade at the Integrative Test gives the student the
credit equivalent with successful completion of the course of seminars. Failure
to pass the Integrative Test is equivalent to failure to complete the course of
pharmacology.
5. Completion of the whole course of pharmacology (Final Grade):
The mean grade of all the Component Tests a student wrote (or the grade from
the Integrative Test, if passed), together with the result of the Final Exam, shall
be the basis for calculation the Final Grade from the pharmacology course, as
follows:


FINAL grade = final exam grade x 0.6 + seminars mean grade x 0.4
The Final Exam must be passed to qualify for pharmacology course completion.
If a student fails to pass the Final Exam, they are still allowed two attempts at the
Final Exam.
 If a student does not pass the Final Exam on any attempt, the failing grade is each
time entered in their Index and Examination Card.
6. Grading scale: 5.0 = Very Good; 4.5 = Better than Good; 4.0 = Good; 3.5 = Fairly
good; 3.0 = Satisfactory; 2.0 = Unsatisfactory
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DETAILED SYLLABUS OF PHARMACOLOGY COURSE
The required scope of information that students should learn with regard to each
drug and drug category/class includes: classification; mechanism of action;
therapeutic indications; adverse effects; contra-indications, interactions.
Topic
Pharmacodynamics
Description and details
Macromolecular nature of drug receptors. Relations between
drug concentration and response. Signalling mechanisms and
drug actions. Relation between drug dose and clinical
response.
Pharmacogenetics
and Pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics - pharmacogenetics
general mechanisms of drug of drug metabolism. General mechanisms of drug interaction
interactions
(classification of drug interactions, mechanisms of drug
interactions, factors influencing drug interactions, drug
interaction used in pharmacotherapeutics)
Autonomic
adrenergic For repetition: functional characteristics of autonomic
agonists, antagonists
nervous system, neurotransmitters, signal transduction and
second messengers.
Spectrum of action of sympathomimetic drugs. Mode of
action of sympathomimetic drugs. Basic pharmacology of
sympathomimetic drugs (identification of adrenoreceptors,
receptor
selectivity,
molecular
mechanism
of
sympathomimetic action, adrenoreceptor polymorphisms,
pharmacokinetics, organ system effects, therapeutic uses,
toxicity – catecholamines, phenylephrine, ephedrine,
midodrine, xylomethazoline, amphetamine, methylphenidate,
modafinil, dexmedetomidine, apraclonidine, terbutaline)
Basic pharmacology of the alpha-receptor antagonist drugs
(mechanism of action, pharmacologic effects, clinical
applications – tolazoline, ergot derivatives, prazosin,
terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin, indoramin, urapidil). Basic
pharmacology of the beta-receptor antagonist drugs
(pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics,
toxicity
–
propranolol, metoprolol, acebutolol, atenolol, timolol,
bispropol, carvedilol, esmolol, sotalol).
Autonomic
cholinergic Spectrum of action of cholinomimetic drugs. Mode of action
agonists, antagonists
of cholinomimetic drugs. Basic pharmacology of the directacting cholinoreceptor stimulants (pharmacokinetics,
mechanism of action, organ system effects – acetylcholine,
betanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine). Basic pharmacology of
the indirect-acting cholinomimetics (pharmacokinetics,
mechanism of action, organ system effects – cholinesterase
inhibitors).
Therapeutic
uses
and
toxicity
of
cholinomimetics. Cholinesterase regenerators.
Basic pharmacology of the muscarinic receptor-blocking
drugs (pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, organ system
effects,
therapeutic
applications,
adverse
effects,
contraindications – atropine, homatropine, ipratropium,
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Antiviral agents
Chemotherapeutics I:
penicillins, cephalosporines,
carbapenems, monobacams,
macrolides, tetracyclines,
glycylcyclines, lincosamides,
chloramphenicol,
streptogramines,
oxazolidinones.
Chemotherapeutics II:,
aminoglycosides,
polymyxines, glycopeptides,
quinolones
Chemotherapeutics III:
urinary antiseptics,
imidazoles, sulphonamides,
antifungal agents
Antiparasites
antihelmintes
Drugs affecting
homeostasis.
Vitamins
oxybutynin,
scopolamine,
tropicamide,
tolterodine,
solifenacine).
Drugs used in treatment of herpes viruses infections
(idoxouridine,
vidarabine,
trifluridine,
acyclovir,
gancyclovir, famciclovir, foscarnet); Anti-HIV drugs
(nucleoside
antiretroviral
agents,
nonnucleoside
antiretroviral agents, protease inhibitors). Interferons. Drugs
used in treatment of influenza (amantadine, neuraminidase
inhibitors, ribavirin). Mechanisms of action, main adverse
effects.
Penicillins, cephalosporines, carbapenems, monobacams,
macrolides, tetracyclines, glycylcyclines, lincosamides,
chloramphenicol, streptogramines, oxazolidinones.
Mechanism of action, classification, spectrum of
antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, examples of
preparations, side effects, therapeutic use.
Aminoglycosides, polymyxines, glycopeptides, quinolones.
Mechanisms of action, classification, spectrum of
antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, examples of
preparations, side effects.
Sulphonamides, imidazoles, urinary antiseptics - mechanism
of action, classification, spectrum of antimicrobial activity,
pharmacokinetics, examples of preparations, side effects.
Antifungal agents. Introduction: classification of fungal
infections. Classification of antifungal agents. Mechanisms
of action, spectrum of antifungal activity, pharmacokinetics,
examples of preparations, side effects, therapeutic use.
and Drugs used in the treatment of Amebiasis, Giardiasis,
Trypanosomiasis,
Leishmaniasis,
Trichomoniasis,
Toxoplasmosis, Malaria (treatment and prophylaxis)
Mechanism of action, classification, spectrum of
antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, side effects. Drugs
used in treatment of helminthic infection – Ascariasis,
Taeniasis, Trichinellosis, Hookworm, Flukes and Pinworm
infection, Cutaneous larva migrans. Mechanisms of action,
main adverse effects. Drugs used in the treatment of
Leprosy. Mechanisms of action, main adverse effects.
calcium Introduction: hormonal regulators of calcium homeostasis
(parathyroid
hormone,
vitamin
D,
calcitonin,
glucocorticoids, estrogens); the therapeutic use of hormones
affecting calcium homeostasis. Nonhormonal agents
affecting calcium homeostasis: bisphosphonates, plicamycin,
thiazides, loop diuretics, fluorides. Mechanisms of action,
main therapeutic use and adverse effects.
Therapy of: hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, and osteoporosis.
Introduction: classification of vitamins (water and fat soluble
vitamins). Water soluble vitamins: group of vitamin B,
niacin, vitamin C, fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K.
Physiological function, therapeutic use, toxicity.
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Agents used
anesthesia
in
general Introduction: principles of general anaesthesia (theories of
anaesthetic action, behavioural manifestation of anaesthesia,
uptake and distribution of inhalation anaesthetics,
elimination and metabolism of anaesthetic gases, chemical
properties of inhalation anaesthetics, pharmacological effects
of inhalation anaesthetics). Inhalation agents (nitrous oxide,
halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane, αadrenergic agonists). Intravenous agents (barbiturates,
propofol, ketamine, etomidate, benzodiazepines, opioids).
Anaesthetic properties, adverse effects. Anesthetic adjuvants
and premedication. Anticholinesterases used in anaesthesia.
Antagonists for central and respiratory depression.
Neuromuscular blocking drugs (nondepolarizing drugs,
depolarizing drugs).
Local anaesthetics.
Local anaesthetics. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic
effects. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, techniques of
anaesthesia, uses in dentistry, drug selection for parenteral
administration (procaine, lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine,
articaine, bupivacaine), agents limited to surface application
(benzocaine, tetracaine, dyclonine, chlorobutanol, cocaine,
lidocaine/prilocaine).
Opioid
analgesics
antagonists
and Classification of opioids (agonists, mixed agonistsantagonists, antagonists). Mechanism of action. Acute and
chronic effects, central and peripheral. Spectrum of clinical
uses of opioids on the basis of their pharmacological
properties: as analgesics, antitussives, antidiarrheal drugs.
Toxicity and side effects of opioids. Pharmacological
properties and clinical use of specific agents: strong agonists
(morphine, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl and its
subgroup), weak to moderate agonists (codeine, tramadol),
mixed agonists-antagonists (buprenorphine, pentazocine),
antagonists (naloxone, naltrexone).
Non-steroidal antiinflammatory Classification of NSAIDs based on their chemistry and
drugs (NSAIDs )
mechanism of action (nonselective inhibitors of COX and
selective inhibitors of COX2). Pharmacological properties
and clinical use of aspirin, acetaminophen and other
NSAIDs. Side effects.
Drugs used in therapy of Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs):
rheumatoid arthritis, drugs methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, azathioprine,
used in gout.
mycophenolate mofetil, antimalarials, gold salts, Dpenicilamine, sulfasalazine, anti-TNF drugs, inhibitors of
Interleukin–1, leflunomide mechanism of action,
pharmacological effects, side effects. The use of NSAIDs
and glucocorticoids in the treatment of RA.
Drugs used in acute attack of gouty arthritis (clochicine,
NSAIDs, glucocorticoids). Drugs used in chronic therapy of
hyperuricemia: uricosurics (probenecid, sulphinpyrazone)
and inhibitor of uric acid synthesis (allopurinol) - mechanism
of action, clinical use, side effects and contraindications.
Autacoids
Biology of prostaglandins, tromboxanes, leukotrienes and
related compounds, pharmacology of eicosanoids. Biology of
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histamine and serotonin. H1-receptor antagonists – basic
pharmacology. Serotonin agonists and antagonists– basic
pharmacology.
Drugs affecting coagulation.
Sedative-hypnotics.
Antianxiety drugs.
Repetition: mechanisms of blood coagulation and
fibrinolysis.
Basic pharmacology and clinical use of anticoagulant drugs:
heparins (HMWH and LMWH), direct thrombin inhibitors,
oral
anticoagulants,
antiplatelet
agents
(aspirin,
thienopyridine derivatives, blockers of platelet GP IIb/IIIa
receptors), fibrinolytic drugs (streptokinase, APSAC,
urokinase, alteplase and other 2nd generation drugs).
Hemostatic agents: local measures (clotting factors thrombin, fibrin glue, astringents and styptics), systemic
measures (clotting factors: factor VIII and factor IX), vitamin
K, fibrinolytic inhibitors (aminocaproic acid).
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates. Mechanism of action,
classification,
spectrum
of
antianxiety
activity,
pharmacokinetics, examples of preparations, side effects.
Benzodiazepine antagonist: Flumazenil. Newer drugs for
anxiety and sleep disorders: Buspirone, Zolpidem, Zaleplon.
Mechanism of action, spectrum of antianxiety activity,
pharmacokinetics, side effects. Other antianxiety drugs
(Antidepressants,
Antipsychotics,
Anticonvulsants,
Antihistamines, Beta-blokers). Mechanism of action,
spectrum of antianxiety activity, examples of preparations,
pharmacokinetics, side effects.
Antipsychotic drugs.
Basic pharmacology of antipsychotics (neuroleptics:
phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones; atypical
antipsychotics:
dibenzodiazepines,
dihydroindolones,
benzoisoxazoles, other drugs) - pharmacological effects,
extrapyramidal effects, seizure threshold, other central
nervous system actions, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects,
general therapeutic uses.
Antidepressant drugs.
Basic
pharmacology
of
antidepressants
(tricyclic
antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,
MAO
inhibitors,
secondand
third-generation
antidepressants) - . mechanisms of action, pharmacologic
effects, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects. Lithium salts,
other normothymic agents. General therapeutic uses.
Antiparkinson drugs.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson disease. Drugs used in
parkinsonism (pharmacokinetics, clinical use, adverse
effects, contraindications): levodopa, carbidopa, dopamine
agonists (bromocriptine, pramipexole, ropinirole), MAO
inhibitors (selegiline), COMT inhibitors (entacapone,
tolcapone), amantadine, muscarinic antagonists (benztropine,
biperiden, orphenadine, procyclidine). Strategies therapy of
parkinsonism. Neuroprotective therapy. Drug-induced
parkinsonism. Drugs used in other movement disorders
(tremor, Huntington’s disease, other forms of chorea,
balismus, athetosis&dystonia, tics, drug-induced dyskinesis,
Wilson’s disease - penicylamina).
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Antiepileptics
Basic mechanism of action of antiseizure agents.
Anticonvulsant
drugs
(phenytoin,
carbamazepine,
phenobarbital,
lamotrigine,
gabapentin,
tiagabine,
topiramate,
zonisamide,
ethosuximide,
valproate,
benzodiazepines). Most adverse effects. Drugs used in partial
seizures and in generalized seizures. Drugs for status
epilepticus treatment.
Drugs acting on smooth Biological function of angiotensin, kinins, endothelins, nitric
muscle.
oxide.
Drugs acting on smooth muscles-pharmacokinetics,
mechanism of action, organ system effects, clinical uses,
toxicity - the ergot alkaloids, nitrates and nitrites,
hydralazine, minoxidil, diazoxide, nitroprusside sodium,
papaverine, drotaverine, calcium-channel antagonists, ACE
inhibitors.
Pharmacology
of
the Drugs affecting nicotinic receptors (ganglionic blocking
ganglion-blocking drugs
drugs, nicotine – pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action,
clinical application, toxicity – mecylamine, trimetaphan).
Spasmolytic agents acting on Spasmolytic agents acting on skeletal muscles – diazepam,
skeletal muscles
baclofen, tizanidine, gabapentine, idrocilamide, riluzole,
dantrolene.
Antineoplastic drugs
Principles of cancer chemotherapy. Combination therapy.
Chemotherapeutic agents -mechanisms of action, adverse
Immunopharmacology
effects: (alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, vinca
alkaloids, hormonal agents, enzymes, platinum complexes,
podophyllotoxins, camptothecins, taxoids, others. Retinoids,
arsenic trioxide, biologic response modifiers (interferons,
aldesleukin, oprelvekin), thyrosine kinase inhibitors,
proteasome inhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors,
monoclonal antibodies (rituximab, trastuzumab, gemtuzumab
ozogamicin, ibritumomab, tositumomab, alemtuzumab,
bevacizumab).
Components of the immune system. Immunotherapeutic
agents
(immunophilin
ligands,
glucorticosteroids,
thalidomide, cytotoxic drugs, cytokines, interferones,
antibody preparations, immunostimulants). Mechanisms of
action, main adverse effects.
Drugs used in anaemia - iron
deficiency and megaloblastic
anaemia.
Hematopoietic
stimulating drugs.
Introduction: classification of anemias. Drugs used in the
therapy of deficiency anemias: iron, vitamin B12, folic acid.
Principal elements of their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic
use, main adverse effects, examples of preparations.
Hematopoietic growth factors: erythropoietin, myeloid
growth factors (G-CSF, GM-CSF), megakaryocyte growth
factors (IL-11, thrombopoietin). Mechanisms of action,
therapeutic use, main adverse effects.
Antihyperlipidemic drugs
Inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, niacin, fibric acid
derivatives, bile acid-binding resins, inhibitors of intestinal
sterol absorption - mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics,
clinical uses, adverse reactions. Treatment with drug
combinations.
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Drugs used in therapy of Introduction: definition, patophysiology and classification of
myocardial insufficiency.
heart failure. Positive inotropic drugs used in heart failure:
cardiac glycosides, beta adrenoreceptors stimulants
(dopamine,
dobutamine),
bipyridines
(inamrinone,
milrinone). Pharmacokinetic,
mechanism of action,
interaction with potassium, calcium, magnesium and other
drugs (cardiac glycosides), therapeutic use, main adverse
effects and toxicity (cardiac glycosides). Drugs without
positive inotropic effects used in heart failure: diuretics,
ACE-Is, ARBs, beta adrenoreceptors blockers, vasodilators
(nitrates, hydralazine); their principal pharmacodynamics
activity effective in the therapy of heart failure, main adverse
effects
Antianginal drugs.
Pathophysiology of angina, risk factors. Basic pharmacology
of drugs used to treat angina: nitrates (pharmacological
effects, pharmacokinetics, clinical use, routes of
administration, adverse effects, tolerance); angiotensin
converting enzyme inhibitors; calcium channel blockers;
mechanisms of action and pharmacological activity
responsible for their use in therapy of angina, clinical use,
adverse effects.
Antiarrhythmic drugs.
Introduction: electrophysiology of normal cardiac rhythm,
mechanisms of arrhythmias. Sodium channel-blocking drugs
(class 1): quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide – subgroup
1A, lidocaine, mexiletine – subgroup 1B, flecainide,
propafenone, moricizine – subgroup 1C. Betaadrenoreceptor-blocking drugs (class 2). Drugs that prolong
effective refractory period by prolonging action potential
(class 3) – amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, ibutilide. Calcium
channel-blocking drugs (class 4) – verapamil, diltiazem,
bepridil. Adenosine. Digoxin. Magnesium and potassium
salts. Links between electrophysiology of the heart and
mechanisms of antiarrhythmics action, cardiac and
extracardiac effects, adverse effects.
Diuretics.
For repetition: general mechanisms of renal epithelial
transport. Loop diuretics; thiazides and thiazide-like drugs;
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors; osmotic diuretics; K+-sparing
agents. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical
indications, adverse effects. Antidiuretic hormone
antagonists.
Introduction: definition of arterial hypertension and its
classification. Diuretics used as antihypertensive agents,
adrenolytic agents; angiotensin converting enzyme
inhibitors; calcium channel blockers; angiotensin receptor
antagonists; centrally acting antihypertensive agents;
vasodilators, ganglionic blockers. Mechanisms of action and
pharmacological activity responsible for their use in therapy
of hypertension, adverse effects.
Antihypertensive drugs.
Hypothalamic and pituitary Hypothalamic
releasing
and
inhibiting
hormones
gland hormones.
(pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, toxicity - GHRH,
GHRPS, somatostatin, octreotide, pegvisomant, TRH, CRH,
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GNRH, gonadorelines, cetrorelix); pituitary hormones
(pharmacokinetics, toxicity – somatotropin, thyrotropin,
corticotrophin, FSH, LH, prolactin, dopamine agonists,
oxytocin, vasopressin).
Thyroid and antithyroid Thyroid physiology. Thyroid hormones (pharmacokinetics,
drugs.
mechanism of action, effects - levothyroxin, liothyronine,
liotrix).
Antithyroid
drugs
(pharmacokinetics,
pharmacodynamics, toxicity, clinical use – thioamides, anion
inhibitors, iodides, iodinated contrast media, radioactive
iodine, adrenoreceptor-blocking agents). Management of
hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, non-toxic goiter, thyroid
neoplasma.
Adrenocortical hormones.
Glucocorticoids (naturally occurring and synthetic):
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (mechanism of action,
physiologic effects, metabolic effects, catabolic and
antianabolic effects, anti-inflamatory and immunosupressive
effects,
other
effects).
Synthetic
corticosteroids
(pharmacokinetics, diagnosis and treatment of disturbed
adrenal
function
adrenocortical
insufficiency,
adreonocortical hypo- and
hyperfunction, use of
glucocorticoids
for
diagnostic
purposes,
toxicity,
contraindications, selection of drug & dosage schedule).
Mineralocorticoids – aldosterone, deoxycorticosterone,
fludrocortisone (mechanism of action, physiologic effects,
metabolism, pharmacologic effects. Antagonists of
adrenocortical agents – synthesis inhibitors & glucocorticoid
antagonists (metyrapone, aminoglutethimide, ketoconazole,
mifepristone, mitotane, trilostane). Mineralocorticoid
antagonists (spironolactone, eplerenone).
Estrogens, progestins and The gonadal hormones and inhibitors. The ovary (estrogens,
antiestrogens. Androgens and progestins, other ovarian hormones, oral contraceptives;
antiandrogens.
inhibitors and antagonists; ovulation- inducing agents).
Pharmacokinetics, toxicity. The testis (androgens and
anabolic steroids, antiandrogens, chemical contraception in
men). Pharmacokinetics, toxicity.
Insulin and oral antidiabetic Introduction: diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia –
drugs.
definition and classification. Insulin – biological properties,
principal types and duration of action of insulin preparations,
species of insulin, insulin delivery systems, adverse effects.
Conventional and intensive insulin treatment. Antidiabetic
agents: sulfonureas, glucosidase inhibitors, meglitinides,
phenylalanine derivatives, biguanides, thiazolidinediones,
incretin analogs. Mechanisms of action, pharmacological
effects, adverse effects, therapeutic uses. Principles of
therapy of patients with diabetes type 2. Glucagon, amylin –
biological properties and therapeutic use.
Respiratory pharmacology.
Introduction: pathophysiology of asthma. Drugs used to treat
asthma (sympathomimetic agents, methylxantihine drugs,
antimuscarinic agents, corticosteroids, cromolyn and
nedocromil, leucotriene pathway inhibitors, antiIgE
monoclonal antibodies). Agents used to support or stimulate
11
respiration (oxygen, doxapram). Drugs used to improve
ventilation (antitussives, opioid analgesics, dextrometorphan,
nasal decongestants, intranasal steroids, expectorants,
mucolytics). Mechanisms of action, main therapeutic uses
and adverse effects.
Drugs used in peptic ulcer Introduction: physiology of acid secretion, pathophysiology
disease.
of peptic ulcer disease. Antacids, drugs affecting HCl
secretion (H2-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors,
prostaglandin analogs), mucosal protective agents
(sucralfate, coloidal bismuth compounds, prostaglandin
analogs). Mechanisms of action, main therapeutic uses and
adverse effects..
Principles of therapy of H.pylori associated ulcers.
Other
drugs
used
in Drugs stimulating gastrointestinal motility (cholinomimetic
gastrointestinal disorders.
agents, metoclopramide, domperidone); laxatives (bulkforming agents, softeners, stimulant and osmotic laxatives);
antidiarrheal agents (opioid agonists, colloidal bismuth
compounds, kaolin and pectin, octreotide); antiemetic agents
(serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists, neuroleptics, H1 antagonists,
anticholinergics); pancreatic enzyme supplements; bile acids
used in gallstones therapy - pharmacokinetics, clinical uses,
adverse reactions.
Drugs of abuse.
Problems of terminology (abuse, addiction, tolerance,
sensitization, dependence). Types of substance (drug)
dependence, major categories of drugs of abuse (opioids,
cocaine, amphetamine, phencyclidine, cannabis-relateddisorders, hallucinogens, alcohol, nicotine addiction,
inhalants and gases). Abstinence syndrome, therapy of
withdrawal syndrome.
Recommended textbook:
Katzung BG. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 12th edition. McGrawHill, 2012.
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