AP151 METABOLISM STUDY GUIDE (CH 5)
RELAVENT PORTIONS OF TEXT:
 Pages 107-116 (section 5.1, stop at “Glycogenesis”).
o NOTE: I am NOT too concerned with the idea of the “staircase” analogy or the fact that 2
ATP are used in glycolysis as I presented the “net glycolysis equation”
o NOTE: do NOT look at diagrams 5.3, 5.7 and 5.8—we do not go into that much detail.
ALSO, I will present a simplified version of Table 5.1 in lecture.
o The last three paragraphs of the chapter are a good summary of interconverion of
substrates.
 Figure 5.1, 5.6, 5.11, 5.13, and 5.18 are worth looking at
VISUAL ANALOGY GUIDE:
 Pgs 124-133 are all relevant and the ETS/ETC stuff on pg 130-131 is pretty nice. You don’t need
to know all the citric acid cycle steps on pgs 128-129.
MAIN POINTS/OBJECTIVES
 Explain what metabolism is and the relationship between exergonic and endergonic reactions to
ATP and cellular activity
 Describe how aerobic respiration related to nutrients, oxygen and the activities of various organ
systems
 Describe how glucose is broken down through the aerobic respiration pathway and how it
generates ATP through both oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation.
 How is aerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation related to body heat production.
 Describe the anaerobic respiration/the lactic acid pathway and how it generates ATP.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
Explain what metabolism is and the relationship between exergonic and endergonic reactions to
ATP and cellular activity
1. What is metabolism? (from lecture/slides)
2. What is anabolism? (from lecture/slides)
3. What is catabolism? (from lecture/slides)
4. What is an exergonic reaction?
5. What is an endergonic reaction?
6. What is the relationship between exergonic reactions and catabolic reaction?
7. What is the relationship between endergonic and anabolic reactions?
8. What is oxidation? What is reduction?
9. Describe a molecule of ATP
10. When ATP is broken down, what two chemicals are formed?
11. In order for ADP to be converted back into ATP, what is needed?
12. Describe the ATP-ADP cycle (from lecture)
13. What is the relationship between exergonic reactions and the formation of ATP from ADP?
14. Relate the coupling of endergonic and exergonic reactions to the breakdown of nutrients and ATP
formation (see figure 4.16 in CH4)
15. Give some general examples of molecules that are broken down catabolically to provide energy
for cellular processes
16. Give some general examples of what the energy released by exergonic reactions (and ATP) is
used for (see slideshow, slide is after intro to exergonic-endergonic coupling).
Describe how aerobic respiration relates to nutrients, oxygen and the activities of various organ
systems
17. What is the general—very general--equation/formula for aerobic respiration?
18. What are the material needed for respiration to occur (i.e., what chemicals are on the left of the
equation’s arrow)?
19. What are the 4 things produced by the process of aerobic respiration (i.e., the things on the right
side of the equation arrow)?
20. Where do the nutrients and oxygen used in aerobic respiration ultimately come from? What
systems are needed to for the cells to have access to them?
21. What waste product produced by aerobic respiration needs to be eliminated from the body?
What systems are involved with its elimination?
22. What is the relationship between aerobic respiration and body heat?
23. If the rate of aerobic respiration increased what happens to the amount of heat produced? What
would happen to the amount of CO2 produced? The amount of ATP produced?
24. Why would the cardiovascular and respiratory systems need to work faster in order for the rate of
ATP production to increase?
25. Is glucose the only nutrient that is broken down by aerobic respiration to produce ATP? Hint; this
is a yes or no question.
26. What is substrate level (direct) phosphorylation?
27. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
28. Which type of phosphorylation produces more ATP, oxidative or substrate level?
Describe how glucose is broken down through the aerobic respiration pathway and how it
generates ATP through both oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation as well as the
pathway’s relationship to body heat production.
29. List the 4 major steps of aerobic respiration and where within a cell they take place?
30. Which is the only step of aerobic respiration where oxygen is directly involved (consumed)?
31. What step of aerobic respiration is indirectly dependent on oxygen?
32. Write the general equation for glycolysis.
33. Where does glycolysis happen within a cell?
34. In general what happens to glucose in glycolysis (i.e., what does it “turn into”/where do its C’s,
H’s, and O’s go)?
35. What is the primary substrate/nutrient broken down in glycolysis?
36. What coenzyme is involved in glycolysis?
37. What are the products of glycolysis?
38. What is the job of NAD in glycolysis?
39. Where do the H’s in NADH come from during the process of glycolysis?
40. What happens to the NADH’s produced during glycolysis?
41. What is the difference between NAD and NADH?
42. How much ATP is produce by glycolysis?
43. What product of glycolysis moves into the mitochondria for the next step in respiration?
44. What happens to pyruvate when it gets into the mitochondria but before the krebs cycle begins?
Write the formula for this process.
45. When pyruvic acid is converted into Acetyl CoA what other chemicals/substances are produced?
46. Write the generalized formula (from lecture) for what happens during the krebs cycle.
47. What is the basic substrate that is broken down during the krebs cycle?
48. What substances are produced by the Krebs cycle, both directly and indirectly?
49. What two coenzymes are part of the krebs cycle?
50. Acetyl CoA is composed of Hydrogens, Carbons, and Oxygens, what happens to the C’ and O’s
during the krebs cycle? What happens to the hydrogens?
51. What is the job of NAD and FAD in the krebs cycle?
52. How much ATP is produce by the krebs cycle?
53. What happens to NAD and FAD in the krebs cycle?
54. What waste product is created by the krebs cycle?
55. What do NADH and FADH2 do after the krebs cycle?
56. Where within the mitochondria is the krebs cycle taking place?
57. Describe in full sentence form what happens during the krebs cycle?
58. What is the electron transport system (ETS) and where is it located?
59. What do NADH and FADH2 deliver to the ETC?
60. What does the ETC do with hydrogen ions (protons)?
61. What moves through the electron transport chain/system?
62. When electrons are moved through the ETS what kind of reactions are taking place?
63. What is the energy released by the series reactions in the ETS used for?
64. At the end of the ETC what happens to the electrons?
65. Are the reactions of the ETC exergonic or endergonic?
66. What is the job of Oxygen in the ETS?
67. How is water formed at the end of aerobic respiration
68. How does the ETC relate to proton pumps (proteins that transport H+) and the movement of H
ions?
69. What is the relationship between the ETC and body heat/temperature?
70. Where does the ETC move H+ to?
71. Why is the concentration of H+ high in the intramembrane space?
72. Why is the creation of a hydrogen concentration gradient important in ATP production?
73. What part/space of the mitochondria has a high concentration of H+
74. How is the diffusion of H+ important in the production of ATP
75. What is ATP Synthase
76. What are respiratory assemblies (the proteins H+ diffuse through) and what is their relationship to
H+ and ATP Synthase?
77. What is chemiosmosis?
78. How many ATP’s are produced by substrate level phosphorylation at each of the steps in aerobic
respiration?
79. How many ATPs are produced by oxidative phophorylation and in what step of aerobic respiration
does this occur?
80. Do different tissues/organs have different substrate preferences for aerobic respiration?
81. Is pyruvate formed from glucose the only molecule that can enter the mitochondria and krebs
cycle?
Substrate Interconversion (see slides 22, 23, & 24):
82. What two molecules make up a triglyceride? When triglycerides are broken down, what two
molecules are created.
83. What two lipid-based molecules can enter the aerobic respiration pathway?
84. What lipid-based molecule can be converted into Acetyl CoA?
85. Where do/can amino acids enter the aerobic respiration pathway?
86. Can excess glucose be used to make lipids/triglycerides?
87. Can amino acids be used to make glucose?
88. Can glucose be used to make amino acids?
89. List a few molecules that can be created out of Acetyl CoA (see slide 24).
Describe the anaerobic respiration/the lactic acid pathway and how it generates ATP.
90. What is the most fundamental way anaerobic respiration is different than aerobic respiration?
91. When compared to aerobic respiration how much ATP does anaerobic respiration produce?
92. What common process/step does both aerobic and anaerobic respiration share?
93. What are the two major steps in the anaerobic pathway?
94. Where in a cell does anaerobic respiration take place?
95. Why does pyruvate need to be converted to lactic acid in the anaerobic pathway?
96. What is the basic chemical equation for the anaerobic pathway?
97. What happens to the NADH in lactic acid fermentation?
98. In most tissues, can anaerobic respiration be sustained for long periods of time? Why/Why not?
99. What basic affect(s) does the accumulation of lactic acid have on cells?
100.
Explain the cori cycle. What major organ is involved?
Review Activities (questions in text)
 1-13
 If you can answer questions 14, 15, 17, 19, 20 you are totally on top of the situation