Type of Report:
COMPLETION REPORT
Period Covered:
3 years
Title of Project:
Mijenjanje kakvoće polovica upotrebom hibridnih
nerastova i krmača u obiteljskim gospodarstvima
AZ – 39 – 98
Contract Number:
November 2, 1998.
Project Start Date:
prof. dr. Marija Đikić
Investigator
Participating
Institution:
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb
Zagreb, December 4, 2001.
(date)
Prof.dr. Marija Đikić
(Investigator)
1
Subject of Research
Family farms in Croatia pariticipate in pig production of Croatia with 80%. Previous
research on slaughtering line showed that the quality of fattened pig halves produced on
family farms have low relation between muscles and fat tissue when compared to big
farms or developed countries.
Research set by this project was in direction of producing fattened pigs on family farms,
by using hybrid boars and sows, and the result would be pig halves with higher share of
muscles and lower share of fat (according to SEUROP system), what would influence
the energey value of halves. Differences between energy value of muscular and fatty
tissue affect the production efficiency through energy consumption, because for 1 kg of
muscles 9,73 MJ ME is needed, while in the same time, for production of 1 kg of fat
53,2 MJ ME is used, what makes direct difference in cost of feed in fatteneing. Besides
that, possibility of participating of family farms in pig breeding (by carrying out the
Plan and Program for Pig Breeding, Jurić et al., 1997, HSSC), that is to produce highly
selected parent stock (PS) or even grand parents (GP) units for breeding.
Purpose of the research is to use the obtained data as a base for establishing the
prospective ans competitivenes of pig production on family farms in realtion to the EU
and CEFTA countries ad the world market of pig meat, as Croatia is a member of WTO.
This research shold also inicate the importance of evaluation of halves on slaughtering
line acording to S-EUROP classes, that is according to share of muscles in carcass, what
would be a stimulation for the development of breeding and productive pig science in
our country.
Description of Technology
Pig production is an agricultural activity that in developed countries has the
characteristics of highly specialyzed idnustry industry, regarding selection and breeding
of breeding material and production of fattening pigs. Pig selection and breeding is
taken over by mulinational breeding companies, which, by using knowledge of
geneticians in molecular, popualtion, quantive and biometric genetics and sophisticated
equipment, create nucleus – genotypes of breeds and synthetic lines. This animals are
than offered with high profits to breeding material market and for their multiplication
and usage in production (according to demand of particular market) they give schemes
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of usage – most commonly scheme of hybrid breeding program, but with nucleus under
sole supervision of the company.
Plan and Program of Pig Breeding set in 1997 is still valid in Croatai and according to
it, procedures in breeding and selection should follow hybrid program of three- and
four-line mating. Selection should take part in nucleus herds by multiplication through
grand-GP, GP and PS lines and production of fattened pigs (chapter 7 and 8, p. 16-28).
Program stipulates the usage of breeds (Sweedish Landrace, Big White, Belgian
Landrace, Duroc, Hempshire, German Landrace, Pietren), and recognized hybrid lines,
either from domestic or foreign (imported) selection.
In Brodsko - posavska and Sisačko – moslavačka Counties, family farms (some of them
are co-operatives of Klas, Nova Gradiška and Poljoprerada, Zagreb) and Cage Okučani
and Klas, Nova Gradiška slaughter houses were involved in carriynig out of the
experimental part of the project (their animals and labor).
According to the subject of research, the following was examined through experiments
(methods described in details the VIP Project Report of December 19, 1999):
1. possibility that family farms participate in pig breeding through production of highquality breeding material of PS hybrid sows.
Reproductive properties and litter size of D-line Hypor sows mated with C-line
Hypor boar was examined. D sows and C boars are Hypor GP lines directly
imported form the Dutch breeding company Nutreco – Euribrid, highly selected for
production of female CD PS-line used for production of comercial fattenig pigs.
2. possibilities of family farms to produce quality fattened pigs by using hybrid boars
and sows.
By mating PS lines of Hypor boars AB and CD sows, ABCD hybrid fattened pigs
were produced. By Uporabnim križanjem of AB boars and Sweedish Landrace (SL)
sows ABSL crossbreds were produced (Sweedish Landrace is domestic selection of
Dubravica line). SL fattened pigs were produced in pure blood. Same AB boars were
mated with CD and SL sows to establish changes in quality of halves of fattened
pigs when hybrid boars are used. Fattening was carried out in classic technology
using feeds ST1 and ST2 produced by Klas, Nova Gradiška, with ad libitum feeding
and watering. Quality of halves was assesed on slaughtering line by the two-point
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method and classes were evaluated according to S-EUROP system (Pravilnik, NN
119/99) and, partially, by dissection according to Weniger, 1963.
3. In 1999, with purpose of investigating the competitiveness of pig production on our
big and family farms in relation to the developed countries of EU (Baldwin C.P,
1999), quality of halves of fattened pigs from so called “free buying”, produced on
family farms which are independent breeders and producers of breeding and
fattening pigs, was examined on slaughtering line. For the analyses, a part of HSSC
data was used – annual report for 1999 and 2000.
Besides that, quality of halves of fattened pigs produced from piglets imported by
Klas from Hungary (average weight of 25 kg) was also investigated on slaughtering
line. On one of the family farms, piglets form Hungary and the domestic ones (Klas,
N. Gradiška) were simulateously fattened by using classic technology.
Economic Analysis (Profitability)
In proposal of this project it was not planned to analize economic parameters of the
whole technology process of production. However, for economic analysis, litter size,
number of weaned piglets and quality assesment on the slaughtering line according to
muscle share are important indicators of success of production. Table 1 shows litter size
and number of weaned piglets for D sows from the experiment on family farm and the
data for farms recorded by HSSC.
Table 1
Sow genotype
Litter size of different sow genotypes
Ownership
Number of
litters
Weaned
per litter
Litter size
total
live
m
f
h
sow/ye
ar
n
n
n
n
n
D-hypor
Experim.
family farm
2,0
11,4
10,82
5,67
5,23
9,58
D-hypor
Company
farms
1,61
10,08
9,47
-
-
8,41
Company
farms
1,75
9,91
9,33
-
-
7,08
Family farm
1,23
9,93
9,40
-
-
8,13
Company
farms
1,78
9,96
9,21
-
-
8,06
SL
BW
Family farm
1,01
10,01
9,43
*Source: HSSC 2000, annual report on pig production, (records for breeds).
7,83
4
Accordin to data from Table 1, number of piglets produced on family farms from D
sows, however they higly slected were, is not behind the average recorded by HSSC for
particular breeds of registered sows.
Table 2 gives the data on quality of halves of fattened pigs with different genetic base.
Values are given in DEM / kg of fattened pig, calculated according to system of
payment some meat processors use for payment on slaughtering line (“Vajda”Čakovec, Danica, Podravka).
Table 2
Quality of halves and value in DEM/kg of fattened pig weight
slaughter
-ing
weight
kg
weight of
warm half
SL x SL
Thickness
back fat
m.l.d.
Muscle
tissue
kg
mm
mm
%
103,1
79,00
22,10
60,20
49,30
SL x AB
103,8
80,14
17,10
63,10
AB x CD
102,0
79,60
15,90
Hungarian
95,60
74,03
Company
farms
96,09
“Free
buying”
118,6
Genotype
Value
Class
DEM/
kg*
DEM/
fattened
pig
R
2,72
280,43
53,05
U
2,92
303,10
69,10
56,40
E
3,06
312,12
13,14
67,20
56,23
E
3,09
295,40
77,17
-
-
53,87
U
2,96
284,43
91,92
26,82
58,93
47,91
R
2,64
313,10
*4.12.2001. 0,21 lipa for one percentage unit of muscular tissue in halves. System of payment in Vajda –
Čakovec pig farm Agromeđimurje – Čakovec and Danica-Podravka is:
Value of DEM/1 kg liveweight of fattened pig = (0,21 kn x % muscular tissue in halves)
3,81 kn
Value of DEM/fattened pig = slaughtering weight, kg x value DEM/1 kg liveweight
In system of evaluation according to muscle percentage in halves on slaughtering line
(classes), obtained values in DEM/kg indicate that genetic base (back fat and m.l.d.
thickness) influences the efficiency of production, although, in this case of calculation,
slaughtering weight had big influence on value of fattened pig in DEM.
However, it would be better to estimate value of the pig half directly according to the
percentage of muscles and influence of the weight asses through the difference in
weight between group I, II and III, as defined in article 6 of the Regulation NN 119/99.
This way meat processing industry could directly influence quality of halves in relation
to purpose of processing and pig producers would be more effective in fattening, having
in mind the genetic base of pigs and finishing weight, because through energy value of
muscle and fat tissue they could regulate the efficiency of production by means of feed
5
consumption per pig. As in Croatia it is hard to implement evaluation system on
slaughtering line according to share of muscles in halves, Table 3 shows differences
between groups of fattened pigs with low and high share of muscle tissue in halves to
illustrate the importance of this issue. In the same time, data show the neccessity of
usage of hybrid boars selected for high percentage of muscles in changing the quality of
fattened pig halves.
Table 3 Influence of a boar in F1 generation on relations between muscular and
fatty tissue in halves and influence of tissuerelation on efficiency and value of
fattened pig
Group
Property
kg
Salughtering weight
kg
Weight of halves
Tissue
kg
- muscle
kg
- fat
Energy value of tissue
ME/MJ
- muscle
ME/MJ
- fat
Value of tissue
DEM
- muscle
DEM
- fat
Difference in energy value of MEMJ
tissue
DEM
Difference in value of tissue
Difference of energy value of kg
tissues in feed equivalent
DEM
Value of feed
Difference
SLxSL
ABxSL
(ABxSL) - (SLxSL)
103,10
79,00
103,80
80,14
0,70
1,14
38,89
26,20
42,60
23,08
+3,71
-3,12
378,40
1 393,84
414,50
1 227,86
+36,10
-165,98
346,90
55,54
1 015,44
379,99
48,93
813,36
33,09
-6,61
-202,08
291,56
77,99
331,06
62,47
+39,70
15,52
38,99
31,23
7,76
1 kg muscle tissue = 9,73 MJME, value = 8,92 DEM
1 kg fat tissue = 53,20 MJME, value = 2,12 DEM
1 kg feed for fattening = 13,02 MJ/ME, value = 0,50 DEM
1 DEM = 3,81 kn (HNB 4.XII.2001)
Data in Table 3 shows that the gross margin could be higher if fattened pigs with better
genetic base for muscle : fat ratio were used and realized difference should go to
producer with better material, as it should be the case. This would stimulate the market
of genetically more quality breeding material and stert the change in the present system
of stimulation for fatteneing pigs (90 kn/tovljeniku) and breeding material.
6
Applicability
It is possible to involve family farms, which are now traditionally in pig production, in
breeding of quality breeding material.
But, for production of quality breeding material and fattening pigs, farms that have no
previous experience should be connected to systems as company farms, feed producers,
slaughteries or HZSPS or HSSC officers working on field.
Evaluation by Farmers
Family farm owners that are co-operators of big systems are satisfied with present
situation, because big systems are taking care for the input and output in production of
breeding material and fattening pigs. They say that for them, market is functioning and
in that way they can take part in breeding and fattening of pigs on international level.
But, by visiting family farms in Brodsko – posavska County, we have found that many
farms with 10 ha or more of land wish to become an independent producers of fattening
or breeding pigs and in that way to use feed (cereals) produced by themselves.However,
the limiting factor are financies and some of them have no experience in pig production,
but belive that they could increase the income significantly with this production.
Quantitative data
During the Project, six trials were carried out and the data are mostly processed and
partially published. Besides that, data for sows per breed in stockbook from HSSC were
analyzed and compared, as well as number of family farms and meat percentage for
fattening pigs on company farms as given in 2000 Report of HSSC. Tables, according to
the Regulation NN 119/99 for DT method, for estimation of meat percentage on
slaughtering line were created to be used by family farms.
As Croatia faces strong competition in pig production, due to membership in WTO,
CEFTA and EU, Table 4 gives parameters which developed countries take into account
when talking about succes and competitiveness in pig production.
7
Table 4
Characteristics of pig industries in Croatia and developed countries EU
Parameter
Developed countries*
Hrvatska – Croatia**
Company
Family farms
farms
Denmark
France
Netherlands
Germany
G.Britain
n
20,2
17,7
18,7
17,7
20,6
15,0
16,87
kg
1515
1478
1607
1469
1349
1158
1550
kg
905,97
833,53
891,88
807,9
782,43
623,57
742,94
FCR (to 100 kg)
kg
3,24
3,18
2,86
3,21
3,03
3,64
-
Carcass weight
kg
75
84
86
83
66
77,17
91,92
Muscle tissue in carcass
%
59,8
56,4
55,5
55,0
58,0
53,87
47,91
E
E
E
E
E
U
R
Pig sold/ sow/ year
Pig meat sold/ sow/ year
(in carcass)
Lean sold/ sow/ year
Class
*
**
Source: Baldwin C.P. 1996; Daumas G. 1996
Source: Estimated towards of CLSC and investigated results (1999 and 2000)
8
Qualitative data
In the sense of prospective of the development of pig production on family farms it is
necessary to establish closer co-operation with the officers of HZZPS and HSSC.
Besides that, it is important ot pass stimualting regulations for stimulation of the
development. It has to be pointed out that tissue ratio in halves of fattened pigs
produced on family farms is one of the reasons for inefficiency of pig production.
Having in mind that 180.000 sows kept on family farms could produce 2 milion fattened
pigs per year, than the inefficiency calculated through energy value of halves, due to
tissue ratio, gives pure loss of 95 mil. DEM.
There is a big problem in volume of pig production in Croatia (indicated by data in
Table 4 and research Future production of milk and meat in Croatia, Đikić and Jurić,
2001) and if the comsumption of pig meat per capita in Croatia is on the present
Europen level, than the present production should rise by 89%. In developed countries
there is more and more research on tissue quality in pig halves and it is necessary to
start this kind of researck in Croatia, too.
On the base of data obtained through this reseach, following papers were published and
some of them presented on symposia:
1. ĐIKIĆ MARIJA, JURIĆ I, MUNJAS D, (1998). Variability of the characteristics of
hogs between sows within the boar. 6th Int.Symposium Animal Science Days “Quality Adjustment of Animal Production and Products to the European Union
Standards”, Portorož, 16.-18.09.1998., Zbornik Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani,
p.117-123.
2. BOŽIĆ, M., JURIĆ I., KOLEGA A., ĐIKIĆ MARIJA, KRALIK GORDANA,
PETRIČEVIĆ A. (1998): Competitiveness and quality conditions of animal products
in Croatia compared to the CEFTA and EC countries. 6th Int.Symposium Animal
Science Days - “Quality Adjustment of Animal Production and Products to the
European Union Standards”, Portorož, 16.-18.09.1998., Zbornik Biotehniške
fakultete v Ljubljani, p.37-43.CAB 03730215. 1999. AN: 991803901.
3. ĐIKIĆ MARIJA, JURIĆ I, PETRIČEVIĆ A, KRALIK GORDANA, (1999),
Relation and quality of tissues in halves of different pig genotypes. Zbornik: XXXV
Znanstveni skup hrvatskih agronoma – Hrvatska agrikulturna znanost na pragu
trećeg tisućljeća. Poljoprivredna znanstvena smotra, 224-225.
4. ĐIKIĆ MARIJA, JURIĆ I, (1998), Pig Production. Study: Projection ofplant and
animal production with processing on Zagreb and Zagrebačka County, Zagreb.
5. ĐIKIĆ MARIJA, JURIĆ I, GAŠPAROVIĆ M, (1999), Quality and value of
fattened pig halves produced from domestic and imported piglets. Hrvatska
9
akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. Znanstveno vijeće za poljoprivredu i šumarstvo.
Znanstveni skup s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem: Gospodarske smjernice razvitka
hrvatskog poljodjelstva. Cavtat 10-13. studenog 1999. godine. str. 151. Agronomski
glasnik Vol. 62, 1-2.
6. ĐIKIĆ, MARIJA, JURIĆ, I., GAŠPAROVIĆ M., ŽUGAJ, M. (2000), Relation
between quality traits and value of halves in the fattened pigs produced from
domestic and imported piglets. Agriculture, vol. 6; No.1; str. 86-89. Papers of 8th
International Syposium Animal Science Days, 20-22 September 2000, Osijek.
7. UREMOVIĆ MARIJA, KRALIK GORDANA, JANEŠ M, ĐIKIĆ MARIJA,
VITKOVIĆ A, (2000), Instructions and regulation on pig breedning program HSSC,
Zagreb.
8. ĐIKIĆ MARIJA, JURIĆ I, GAŠPAROVIĆ M, (2001), Quality of fattened pig
halves produced on Croatian family farms in relation to countries of developed pig
production. 1. Savjetovanje Hrvatskih Agroekonomista – Postignuće i perspektive
Hrvatskog poljodjelstva. Croatika Agroekonomica (u tisku).
9. ĐIKIĆ M., JURIĆ I., RUPIĆ V., (2001) Relationships between types and quality of
tissues in half carcasses of different pig genotypes (in press Acta veterinaria
Hungarica).
10. ĐIKIĆ, MARIJA, JURIĆ, I, (2001), Future production of milk and meat in Croatia.
9th International Symposium “Animal Science Days” Meat and Milk production in
the future. Radenci, Slovenija, 03-05. listopad, 2001. Zbornik Biotehniške fakultete
Univerze v Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo, Suplement 31, str. 19-20.
Following B. Sc. Thessis were done as a aprt of this project:
1. Sanja Bažulić, 1998, Using the effect of xenia in improvement of pig carcass quality
on slaughtering line by using terminal boars, Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u
Zagrebu.
2. Goran Perčulija, 2000, Parameters of microclimate in nursery and rearing on SRC
“Andrijaševci”. Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
3. Danijela Lanusović, 2001, Changes in gene frequency and genotypes in production
of fattening pigs. Agronomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Presentation of research results
Domestic conferences
1999.
Poljoprivredno poduzetničke ideje u 1999. godini. Slavonski Brod 28-29.
veljače 1999. Organizatori: HZPSS – Podružnica Brodsko posavske županije i
Upravni odjel za poljoprivredu, šumarstvo i vodoprivredu.
1999.
Gospodarske smjernice razvitka hrvatskog poljodjelstva u 21. stoljeću. HAZU
– sekcija za agroekonomiku, Cavtat 10-13. studeni 1999.
2000.
XXXVI Znanstveni skup hrvatskih agronoma. Opatija, 22-25. veljače. HAD i
Agronomski fakultet Zagreb i Poljoprivredni fakultet Osijek.
2000.
Izazovi hrvatskoj poljoprivredi u početku XXI stoljeća; II znanstveni skup
proizvodnja, upravljanje, tržništvo. HAED Zagreb; Poreč 11-14. studeni 2000.
10
International conferences
1998.
VI International Symposium “Animal Science Days – Quality adjestement of
animal production and products to the European Union Standards.
2000.
VIII International Symposium “Animal Science Days – Animal products and
Human Health, Osijek, 20-22. rujan, 2000.
2001.
IX International Symposium “Animal Science Days” Meat and milk production
in the future. Radenci, Slovenija, 3-5 October, 2001.
Public media
Hrvatski radio – radio postaja Bljesak – Okučani
Hrvatski radio – radio postaja N. Gradiška.
Conclusion:
Usage of hybrid boars and sows selected for high meatness in production of fattening
pigs on family farms could enable production of pig halves with high percentage of
muscles and high classes according to S-EUROP system, but having in mind technology
of fattening.
By production of halves with high muscle percentage, efficiency of pig productin could
be affected and not only that pig meat production would be increased, but
competitiveness of Croatian pig production in relation to developed countries, too.
It is necessary to implement evaluation system on slaughtering line according to muscle
share in halves to stimulate development of breeding and productive pig production in
Croatia. Part of that could make family farms that participate in Croatian pig production
with 80%.
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