Life Science
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Study quick vocabulary for lessons 1 & 2
Study Lesson Outlines for Lesson 1 & 2
I.
Lesson 1: Cells and Life
1. How did scientists’ understanding of cells develop?
by using better microscopes and looking for cells in many different places
a. Cell Theory
i. All living things are made of one or more cells.
ii. The cell is the smallest unit of life.
iii. All new cells come from preexisting cells.
b. Robert Hooke – English scientist who built a microscope, observed a cork oak tree’s
bark, and called the honeycomb openings he observed “cells” after the small rooms
where monks lived.
c. Matthias Schleiden –German scientist who used newer microscopes to observe plant
cells
d. Theodor Schwann – German scientist who used newer microscopes to observe
animal cells
e. Schleiden and Schwann realized plant and animal cells had similar features.
f. Rudolf Virchow – German doctor who proposed that all cells come from preexisting
cells
2. What basic substances make up a cell?
a. Main ingredient (70% of cells’ volume) – Water
i. fills and surrounds cells and helps maintain homeostasis
ii. has a positive and negative end
iii. ideal liquid for dissolving my substances
iv. positive end attracts negative ions; negative end attracts positive ions
b. Macromolecules – substances that forms by joining many small molecules
i. Nucleic Acids – long chains of nucleotides together
 examples: DNA, RNA
 contains genetic information
 DNA makes RNA
 RNA makes proteins
ii. Proteins – long chains of amino acids
 necessary for nearly everything cells do
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function - Lesson 1&2 (pp. 40-59)
Life Science
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helps communication between cells
transport substances around inside cell
chemical breakdown of substances
structural support
examples: amylase, keratin
iii. Lipids – macromolecules that don’t dissolve in water
 energy storage
 protective membrane/barrier
 communication
 examples: cholesterol, phospholipids, vitamin A
iv. Carbohydrates – one sugar, two sugars, or long chain of sugar molecules
 energy storage
 structural support
 communication
 examples: starches (bread, pasta), sugar (fruits), cellulose (cell walls of
plants for support)
II.
Lesson 2: The Cell
3. How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar and how are they different?
PROKARYOTES
 genetic material not
surrounded by membrane
 don’t have many cell
parts
 are bacteria
EUKARYOTES
 have a cell
membrane
 some have a
cell wall
 have cytoplasm
 have a
cytoskeleton
 genetic material
surrounded by membrane
 contain membranesurrounded organelles
 make up plants, animals,
fungi, and protists
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function - Lesson 1&2 (pp. 40-59)
Life Science
____ Period
Name:
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4. What do the structures in a cell do?
a. Cell membrane – flexible structure that protects the inside of the cell from the
environment outside the cell (animal cell #2, plant cell #9)
b. Cell wall – stiff structure that protects a cell from attack by harmful organisms (plant
cell #2)
c. Cell appendages – often used for movement, ex. cilia (small hairlike structures) and
flagellum (long whiplike tail)
d. Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell that contains salts and other molecules (animal cell
#8, plant cell #10)
e. Cytoskeleton – threadlike proteins that form a framework inside the cell
f. Nucleus – part of a eukaryotic cell that directs all cell activity and contains genetic
material (animal cell #6, plant cell #8)
g. Ribosomes – organelles that are involved in the production of proteins
h. Endoplasmic reticulum – folded membranes that spread from the nucleus
throughout the cytoplasm (animal cell #3, plant cell #3)
i. rough ER – ribosomes are on the surface of the ER and site for protein
production
ii. smooth ER – doesn’t have ribosomes on the surface and makes lipids; helps
remove harmful substance from a cell
i. Mitochondria – the site of energy processing (animal cell #1, plant cell #5)
j. Chloroplasts – process light energy, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and
release oxygen (plant cell #4)
Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function - Lesson 1&2 (pp. 40-59)
Life Science
____ Period
Name:
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k. Golgi apparatus – prepares proteins for specific jobs (animal cell #4, plant cell #7)
l. Vesicles – transport substances to other areas of a cell (animal cell #5, plant cell #6)
m. Vacuoles – store food, water, and waste material (animal cell #7, plant cell #1)
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Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Function - Lesson 1&2 (pp. 40-59)
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