ENGL393/393E
Citation Basics: Formal and Natural DRAFT
Shea
Primary Source #1
Citing Authority: US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Form: Food and Drug Administration New Release
Date: June 30, 2005
Title: FDA Issues Information for Consumers about Claims for Green Tea and Certain Cancers
Static URL: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2005/NEW01197.html
References for MLA and APA formats:
1) MLA format
a)Sources
FDA. "FDA Issues Information for Consumers about Claims for Green Tea and Certain
Cancers." Information Release 30 June 2005. 13 Feb 2006.
www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2005/NEW01197.html.
b) Parenthetical Within Text
(FDA)
2) APA format
a) Sources
FDA. (2005, June 30). FDA issues information for consumers about claims for green tea
and certain cancers. Retrieved Feb 13, 2006, from
www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2005/NEW01197.html.
b)Parenthetical within text
(FDA, 2005)
---Primary Source #2
Citing Authority: US Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and
Nutrition/Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements (FDA-CFSAN)
Form: FDA Formal Letter (to petitioner Dr. Lee)
Date: June 30, 2005
Title: Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated January 27, 2004: Green Tea and
Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim (Docket number 2004Q-0083)
Static URL: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhc-gtea.html
References for MLA and APA formats:
1) MLA format
a)Sources
FDA-CFSAN. "Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated January 27, 2004:
Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim (Docket number 2004Q0083)." FDA Formal Letter (to petitioner Dr. Lee) 30 June 2005. 13 Feb 2006
www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhc-gtea.html.
b)Parenthetical within text
(FDA-CFSAN)
2) APA format
a) Sources
FDA-CFSAN. (2005, June 30). Letter responding to health claim petition dated January
27, 2004: green tea and reduced risk of cancer health claim (docket number
2004q-0083). FDA Formal Letter (to petitioner Dr. Lee), Retrieved Feb 13, 2006,
www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhc-gtea.html.
b) Parenthetical within text
(FDA-CFSAN, 2005)
Four pages
Drafted January 2005
ENGL393/393E
Citation Basics: Formal and Natural DRAFT
Shea
Natural Language Citation (journalism citation or sentencing citation)
Exhibit “clipped” from internet article on the FDA analysis of green tea
FDA Rejects Green Tea Cancer Claims:
Science Hasn't Proven Green Tea's Cancer Benefits in Humans, Says FDA
By Miranda Hitti for WebMD Medical News; Reviewed By Brunilda Nazario, MD on Wednesday, July 06, 2005
July 6, 2005 -- The FDA has given a thumbs-down on a bid to label green tea as a cancer fighter. Current scientific
evidence from human studies scientific evidence from human studies doesn't support the claim, says the FDA's
Michael Landa. Landa is the deputy director for regulations at the Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. He
wrote the FDA's response to a green tea company's proposed cancer-prevention claim.
FDA's Verdict Landa doesn't totally dismiss green tea. Future research will be considered, he says. For now, he says
it is "highly unlikely" that green tea cuts breast risk or prostate cancer risk.
Landa also says there is "no credible evidence" supporting green tea as a fighter of other cancers, including lung,
gastric, colon, rectal, pancreatic, esophageal, skin, ovarian, or liver cancers.
Reading the Tea Leaves All tea comes from the same leaves, but processing methods produce different types of tea.
White tea is the least processed tea type; it's made from buds and young leaves. Next is green tea -- which is made
from more mature leaves -- and black tea.
Tea is packed with antioxidants, which have been studied for their potential against cancer and heart disease. The type
of tea determines the amount and types of antioxidants.
The FDA's review only addressed cancer Green tea has been found to have cancer prevention activity in animal
studies. The flavonoids found in tea are known for their ability to alter cell pathways that may lead to cancer.
Studies of Green Tea Many green tea studies have been done on animals, or on cells in lab tests. Some have also
tracked health among large groups of people who drink a lot of tea.
For instance, researchers unleashed antioxidants called phenols from tea on human breast cancer cells in a lab
experiment. The tea phenols had a sizeable impact on breast cancer cell growth, the researchers said in April 2004.
Other experiments have targeted human prostate and bladder cancer cells. Those cells were placed in mice, where
they were treated with a green tea extract.
The FDA's Review The data on green tea reviewed by the FDA included only human studies. Studies done on
humans have inconsistent evidence. Some of those studies showed decreased cancer risk for breast and prostate
cancers, but others didn't. A lot of the data were "weak and limited," says Landa. Some research on stomach cancer -done in Japan -- got benched because the disease and salt intake differs in Japan and the U.S., says Landa.
Nuts, Oats Ahead of the Pack Some other foods bear FDA-approved health claims. Packages of nuts and whole-oat
foods can carry labels touting possible heart benefits. Nuts got the nod from the FDA nearly two years ago. Oats were
OK'd for the labeling back in 1997.The FDA's standards for food claims aren't as strict as its approval process for new
drugs.
SOURCES: News release, FDA. FDA, "Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated Jan. 27, 2004: Green Tea and Reduced
Risk of Cancer Health Claim." WebMD Medical News: "Wine, Beer, Tea May Slow Breast Cancer." WebMD Medical News: "Green
Tea's Record Against Cancer Grows." WebMD Medical News: "FDA OKs Nutty Heart Health Claim." Talk paper, FDA. The Linus
Pauling Institute.
APA Source citation
Hitti, M. (2005, July 06). FDA rejects green tea cancer claims: FDA Rejects Green Tea Cancer Claims.
Retrieved Feb 13, 2006, from www.webmd.com/content/Article/108/108815.htm.
Parenthetical within text
(Hitti, 2005)
Four pages
Drafted January 2005
ENGL393/393E
Citation Basics: Formal and Natural DRAFT
Shea
Second exhibit of natural language citation
US NEWS AND WORLD REPORT
7/14/05 “Green tea and cancer: A mixed bag” By Bernadine Healy, M.D.
Green tea has been a medicinal potion for thousands of years. Laden with plant chemicals called flavonoids
known for their powerful antioxidant abilities, green tea is touted to protect against two of the biggest of
human scourges—coronary disease and cancer. But just how green tea works its wonders in the prevention
or treatment of individual disease remains a mystery. Thomas Gasiewicz, researcher in the Department of
Environmental Medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center, presented evidence for some of its
magic at an international conference on diet and cancer held in Washington, D.C., today.
His laboratory demonstrated that the prime antioxidant component of green tea, which is in the family of
plant chemicals called catechins—or epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to be precise—zooms in on a key
target in the cancer cell. And the target is a big one: a normal stress protein, known as heat shock protein
90 (HSP90). Heat shock or stress proteins are critical to survival of all cells, cancerous or otherwise.
Stress proteins abound in both plants and animals. Think of them as protectors that chaperone the
thousands of worker-bee proteins that interact in and on the surface of our cells in the course of any one
cell's life. Growth, performance, communication, you name it, and some form of HSP is a key player. When
cells are threatened by a treacherous environment such as heat (from which we get the name HSP),
proteins curl up and then clump up. We now know it also happens with damaging cold, low oxygen, or
poisons. Heat shock protein protectors quickly rev up and come to the rescue to both repair injured proteins
and to carry the irreversibly damaged ones to a disposal dump for an out-of-the-way burial so new ones can
take their place.
Cancer hijacks the stress protein network in its efforts to overtake the body. Cancer cells are fast growing
and on the march wherever they set up shop—breast, prostate, colon, bone marrow. And in that
superstressed state of attack, cancer cells produce abnormally high levels of HSP90 to protect their cancerproducing proteins. Even in the face of toxic radiation and chemotherapy, some cancer cells survive
because of these natural potent protectors. What Gasiewicz and his colleagues have shown is that the ageold EGCG does battle with HSP90. A few months ago, his laboratory reported for the first time that EGCG
binds to this protective stress protein important to cancer growth and survival and essentially takes it out of
commission.
One caveat: You have to drink a lot of tea to get enough EGCG to do any good. Just how much is not
known, but it is somewhere between three to 10 cups a day. Because of its bitterness and the caffeine load
of that much tea, that's hard to do. No wonder that after a detailed analysis of numerous studies of green
tea and cancer involving tens of thousands of patients, the Food and Drug Administration announced only
two weeks ago that there is "no credible evidence" to support green tea's health claims when it comes to
cancer. And for the two cancers where the studies are the most promising, namely prostate cancer and
breast cancer, the FDA calls it "highly unlikely" that green tea reduces the risk of either. However—and
there's always a however in clinical medicine—studies are underway to look at cancer and concentrated
green tea extract, which is rich in ECGC but free of the side effects of overdosing on the full tea brew.
APA Source Citation
Healy, B. (2005, July 17). Green tea and cancer: a mixed bag. U.S. News and World Report, Retrieved Feb
13, 2006, from www.usnews.com/usnews/health/briefs/alternativemedicine/hb050714a.htm.
Parenthetical within text
(Healy, 2005)
Four pages
Drafted January 2005
ENGL393/393E
Citation Basics: Formal and Natural DRAFT
Shea
Practice on Natural Language Citation
Write a natural language citation sentence referencing an item in the Bernadine Healy
piece on green tea.
Example of direct quotation:
Bernadine Healy, physician, writing in US News and World Report noted in July, 2005:
“You have to drink a lot of tea to get enough EGCG to do any good. Just how much is
not known, but it is somewhere between three to 10 cups a day. Because of its bitterness
and the caffeine load of that much tea, that's hard to do.”
Your direct quotation:
Example of paraphrase:
Bernadine Healy, physician, writing in US News and World Report noted in July, 2005
that drinking enough green tea to consume enough EGCG -- epigallocatechin-3-gallate –
is not easy. She suggests that between three and 10 cups a day might be right, but the
research is unclear.
Your paraphrase:
Now refer the WebMed piece. Quote the FDA official and be sure to acknowledge
the writer of the article.
Read this selection from the WebMed piece:
Reading the Tea Leaves All tea comes from the same leaves, but processing methods produce different types of tea.
White tea is the least processed tea type; it's made from buds and young leaves. Next is green tea -- which is made
from more mature leaves -- and black tea.
Tea is packed with antioxidants, which have been studied for their potential against cancer and heart disease. The type
of tea determines the amount and types of antioxidants.
Check this paraphrase for intellectual theft:
All tea comes from the same leaves but processing methods yields different types of tea. White
tea is processed the least, green tea is moderately processed, and black tea is the most highly
processed. Tea is packed with antioxidants: The type of tea determines the amount of
antioxidants.
Thinking about source ethos: what is the difference between a primary and
secondary source?
Four pages
Drafted January 2005