Demonstrating Pharmacists` Impact on Therapeutic, Safety
advertisement
1 Appendix A. Database-Specific Search Strategies PubMed Because of the comprehensiveness of the PubMed database, two search strategies (one more narrow, the other more broad-based) were devised to be as thorough as possible. Search strategy 1 (more narrow search) - Step 1 (terms entered in Search field): ("Pharmacists"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacies"[Mesh] OR "Pharmaceutical Services"[Mesh] OR "Community Pharmacy Services"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacy Service, Hospital"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacy"[Mesh]) AND ("Disease Management"[Mesh] OR "Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee"[Mesh] OR "Patient Compliance"[Mesh] OR "Patient Satisfaction"[Mesh] OR "Outcome Assessment (Health Care)"[Mesh] OR "Relative Value Scales"[Mesh] OR "Social Values"[Mesh] OR "Costs and Cost Analysis"[Mesh] OR "Economics, Pharmaceutical"[Mesh] OR "Quality of Life"[Mesh]) AND ("humans"[MeSH Terms] AND English[lang]) o Step 2: Limited search results to Editorials, Letters to the Editor o Step 3: Removed editorials and letters from the search results Search Strategy 2 (broader search) - - - - Step 1: Entered the following terms in Search field o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence") o Limits: English, Human Step 2: Entered the following terms in Search field o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence") o Limits: English, Human, Editorial (narrowed search results to include only editorials) Step 3: Entered the following terms in Search field o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence") o Limits: English, Human, Letter (narrowed search results to include only letters) Step 4: Entered the following terms in Search field o "pharmacy" OR "pharmacist" OR "pharmacotherapy" OR "pharmaceutical" AND ("cost" OR "medication" OR "satisfaction" OR "outcome" OR "patient" OR "safety" OR "quality of life" OR "intervention" OR "economic" OR "adherence") NOT (#2) NOT (#3) o Limits: Humans, English o Please note: Step 4 removed all letters and editorials from the search results. 2 OvidSP/Medline Individual searched of OvidSP/Medline conducted using each of the following terms: - Pharmacy based Pharmacy-based Pharmacist based Pharmacist-based Pharmacist managed Pharmacist-managed Pharmacy managed Pharmacy-managed Pharmacy run Pharmacy-run Pharmacist run Pharmacist-run Pharmacy initiated Pharmacy-initiated Pharmacist initiated Pharmacist-initiated Limited all searches to English Language and Humans. ABI/INFORM - Search Strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND (medical treatment OR drug therapy OR disease management OR quality management or quality of life) Health Business Fulltext Elite - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND (disease management OR patient outcomes OR quality of life) Academic Search Complete - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND (disease management OR patient outcomes or quality of life) International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND disease management OR patient compliance OR patient satisfaction OR disease outcome OR quality of life 3 o Combine each search term separate PsychINFO - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists AND disease management OR Patient compliance OR patient satisfaction OR disease outcome OR quality of life o All on separate lines in Ebsco Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists OR pharmacy National Guideline Clearinghouse - Search strategy o Pharmc* Database of Abstracts of Review of Effects (DARE) - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists OR pharmacy Clinical Trials.gov - Search strategy o Pharmacist OR pharmacists LexisNexis® Academic Universe - Search strategy o Pharmacist w/5 quality of life o Pharmacist w/5 value o Pharmacist w/5 adherence Google Scholar Similar to the PubMed search strategy, two searches – one more narrow, the other more broad – were conducted due to the comprehensive nature of Google Scholar. - Advanced Scholar Search Search Strategy 1 (more narrow search) Find Articles 4 - - with all of the words: o pharmacy pharmacist pharmacotherapy pharmaceutical with the exact phrase: o “united states” OR “USA” with at least one of the words o cost medication satisfaction outcome patient “quality of life” intervention economic adherence without the words o letter editorial where my words occur o anywhere in the article Subject Areas (select the following) - Biology, Life Sciences, and Environmental Science Business, Administration, Finance, and Economics Chemistry and Materials Science Medicine, Pharmacology, and Veterinary Science Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities Search Strategy 2 (broader search) Find Articles - with all of the words: o pharmacy pharmacist based run initiated managed with the exact phrase: o “united states” OR “USA” without the words o letter, editorial where words occur o anywhere in the article Subject Areas (select the following) - Biology, Life Sciences, and Environmental Science Business, Administration, Finance, and Economics Chemistry and Materials Science Medicine, Pharmacology, and Veterinary Science Social Sciences, Arts, and Humanities 5 Appendix B. Included Studies1-298 Referencea Adler et al., 20041 Ahrens et al., 20032 Study Designb 1 Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Psychiatric Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Obesity 2 Multiple 1 Diabetes 2 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Anticoagulation 1 Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Anticoagulation Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia Cardiovascular 2 3 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Hospital admissions/ED visits – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable 3 Provision of secondary prevention medications – Favorable 1 3 1 LOS – No effect Readmission – Not favorable Patient knowledge – Mixed Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Blood glucose – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable QoL – Mixed Patient knowledge – Favorable 1 Altavela et al., 20083 Anaya et al., 20084 Andreescu et al., 20005 Andrus and Clark, 20076 2 3 Inpatient/Institutional Anonymous, 20017 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Ascione et al., 19858 Bailey et al., 20079 Bailey et al., 199710 Baker, 198411 Baran et al., 199912 1 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional 1 Inpatient/Institutional Coronary artery disease Infection 1 3 Inpatient/Institutional Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Not specified Diabetes; Hypertension 3 1 Study Outcomes and Results Number of patients on anti-depressants – Favorable Modified Beck Depression Inventory – No effect Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Mixed Waist circumference – Favorable Mean body weight; ratio of weight loss during 22 weeks – Mixed LOS; ED visits; Hospitalizations – No effect Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood glucose – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – No effect Adverse drug event – No effect Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable 6 Referencea Study Setting Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Heart failure Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Not specified 3 Bernstein and Blanchard, 199915 Berringer et al., 199916 3 Inpatient/Institutional Oncology 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes 2 Billups et al., 200517 Bjornson et al., 199318 Blackbourn and Sunderland, 198719 Bluml et al., 199820 Bogden et al., 199821 Bogden et al., 199722 Bond and Monson, 198423 Bond and Raehl, 200424 3 Dyslipidemia 2 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 4 Inpatient/Institutional Asthma/COPD 2 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 2 Hypertension 2 Cholesterol – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Dyslipidemia 2 Cholesterol – Favorable Hypertension 1 2 Inpatient/Institutional Anticoagulation 1 Bond and Raehl, 200525 Bond and Raehl, 200626 2 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 Blood pressure – Favorable Drug documentation, outpatient clinic visits – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Mortality rate; LOS – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Transfusion rate for bleeding – Favorable Mortality rate; LOS – Favorable 2 Inpatient/Institutional Epilepsy 1 Mortality rates; LOS – Favorable Barber et al., 199913 Barnett et al., 200014 Study Designb 2 2 1 4 Study Outcomes and Results Hospital stay – Favorable Patient satisfaction – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Patient knowledge – No effect Infection – No effect Morning blood glucose; physician acceptance of pharmacist recommendations – Favorable Patient adherence – No effect Self-monitoring of blood glucose frequency – No effect Cholesterol – Favorable LOS - Favorable Mortality – No effect Theophylline levels; dosage changes; number of patients with improved serum trend – Favorable 7 Referencea Study Setting Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Infection Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Psychiatric 1 Borenstein et al., 200329 Boyko et al., 199730 Bozovich et al., 200031 Brooks et al., 200732 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Hypertension 2 Fluphenazine dose – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Social functioning – Favorable Number of psychiatric hospitalizations – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Multiple 1 LOS – Favorable Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 2 Cholesterol – Favorable Diabetes; Dyslipidemia 2 Brophy et al., 200233 Brouker et al., 200034 Brown et al., 200835 Brown et al., 199736 Broyles et al., 199137 4 Inpatient/Institutional Epilepsy 1 3 Navy Aircraft Carrier Hypertension 2 4 Not specified 2 3 Emergency Department/Urgent Care Inpatient/Institutional Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c < 7.1; eye exam; foot exam – Favorable Seizures – Favorable Following standard of care – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Medication error – Favorable Malnutrition 2 Body weight – Favorable 1 Inpatient/Institutional 2 Fluid balance – Favorable Bucaloiu et al., 200738 Bunting and Cranor, 200639 2 Inpatient/Institutional 2 Hematocrit; hemoglobin – Favorable 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Gastrointestinal; Malnutrition; Fluid restriction Anemia of renal failure Asthma/COPD 1 Bunting et al., 200840 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 1 Forced expiratory volume; severity classification; symptom frequency – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable ED visit – Favorable QoL – Favorable Functional status – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable ED visit; cardiovascular event – Favorable Bond and Raehl, 200727 Bond and Salinger, 197928 Study Designb 2 2 2 3 Study Outcomes and Results LOS; surgical infections; mortality rates – Favorable 8 Referencea Study Designb 1 Study Setting Home Disease Statec Asthma/COPD Hierarchy of Outcomesd 3 4 Inpatient/Institutional Psychiatric 1 Capoccia et al., 200443 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Psychiatric 1 Cardoni and Gunning, 198344 Carter et al., 199745 3 Partial Hospital Program Psychiatric 3 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 1 Carter et al., 200846 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 1 Chamberlain et al., 200147 Chenella et al., 198348 Chiquette et al., 199849 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Anticoagulation 1 Anticoagulation 2 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 Chisholm et al., 200150 Chisholm et al., 200251 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Transplant 3 Thromboembolism; INR within target; INR above/below target – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Hypertension; Transplantation 2 Blood pressure – Favorable Bynum et al., 200141 Canales et al., 200142 1 1 Study Outcomes and Results Patient satisfaction – No effect Patient knowledge – Favorable Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Clinical Global Impressions; Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression; Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; Barnes Rating Scale for Druginduced Akathisia; Simpson-Angus Rating Scale for Druginduced Extrapyramidal Symptoms – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Mixed LOS – No effect Depression symptoms; visits to healthcare providers; ED visits– No effect QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Patient knowledge – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – Mixed Patient satisfaction – Mixed Blood pressure – Favorable Number antihypertensive medications – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – No effect Patient adherence – Favorable INR – Favorable Hospitalizations; ED visits – No effect PT/PTT – Favorable 9 Referencea Chisholm et al., 200752 Study Designb 3 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Transplantation Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Study Outcomes and Results Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Target cyclosporine level; number of graft rejections; fasting blood glucose; antihypertensive agent; antidiabetic agent; antilipidemic agent – Favorable QoL – Mixed Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Retinal exam; monofilament foot exam – Favorable Adverse drug reaction (MAI) – Favorable MAI – Favorable Health care utilizations related to medication safety – No effect Medication error – Favorable Prescribing appropriateness – Favorable Potential drug therapy problems – Favorable Choe et al., 200553 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Dyslipidemia 2 Chrischilles et al., 200454 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 1 Christensen et al., 200455 Christensen et al., 200756 4 Nursing Home Multiple 4 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community 4 Potential adverse drug event – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Cioffi et al., 200457 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Coast-Senior et al., 199858 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Coronary artery disease; Heart failure Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia Diabetes 1 Cohen et al., 198559 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 Cohen, 198460 4 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 Collins et al., 200661 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Fasting blood glucose; random blood glucose – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – No effect ED visit– No effect PT ratio – Favorable Complications per treatment year; potentially interacting drugs – Favorable Mortality – No effect LOS – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable 10 Referencea Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Dyslipidemia Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 Infection 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Dyslipidemia 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Cranor and Christensen, 200365 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Dyslipidemia 1 Currie et al., 199766 Dager et al., 200067 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 1 Anticoagulation 1 Davidson et al., 200068 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Dyslipidemia 2 Davis, 197869 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Infection 1 De Tullio and Corson, 198770 Delate et al., 200871 2 Asthma/COPD 2 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 Destache et al., 199072 Destache et al., 198973 Destache, 199474 Devlin et al., 199775 1 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 2 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – No effect Patient satisfaction – Favorable QoL – No effect Adverse drug event – Favorable Medication error – Favorable Mean INR– Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable INR 73.5; INR >6.0; drug interactions – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Proteinuria – Favorable Number of days from throat culture to medication initiation – Favorable Return sick visits; return reculture visits – Favorable Forced expiratory volume; forced vital capacity – Favorable Patient knowledge – Mixed Post discharge mortality; ambulatory care clinic visits – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – No effect ED visit – No effect Febrile period – Favorable LOS – No effect Time necessary for resolution of infection – Favorable 2 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 LOS – Favorable 4 Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 Weaning time in intensive care unit – No effect LOS – No effect Cording et al., 200262 Covinsky et al., 198263 Cranor et al., 200364 Study Designb 3 4 4 Study Outcomes and Results Cholesterol – Favorable LDL goal– Favorable LOS – No effect 11 Referencea Dice et al., 198176 Dickey et al., 197577 DiPietro and Kier, 200178 Ditusa et al., 200179 Study Designb 2 2 3 Study Setting Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Hyperalimentation Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Private University Infection 3 Patient adherence – Favorable Not specified 3 Patient knowledge – Favorable Dyslipidemia; Coronary artery disease Cardiovascular 2 Cholesterol – Favorable 1 Adverse drug event – Favorable LOS – Favorable Study Outcomes and Results Weight gain; protein/calorie/fat intake – Favorable 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dobesh and Lakamp, 200280 Dole et al., 200781 Dranitsaris et al., 200182 Dudas et al., 200183 2 Inpatient/Institutional 3 Pain 2 Pain Scores – Favorable 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Infection 3 Cefotaxime use – Mixed 1 Home Multiple 1 Ellenor and Frisk, 197784 Ellis et al., 199285 4 Inpatient/Institutional Mental retardation 1 ED visits – Favorable Readmission – No effect Patient satisfaction – Favorable Adaptive Behavioral Scale – No effect 4 Anticoagulation 2 PT stability; PT within range – Favorable Drug interaction – Favorable Ellis et al., 200086 Engles-Horton et al., 199987 1 Inpatient/Institutional/ Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Dyslipidemia; Unspecified HIV; Infection 2 Cholesterol – Favorable 1 Erickson et al., 199788 Ernst and Brandt, 200389 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 1 Anticoagulation 2 Erstad et al., 199490 1 Not specified 4 Mean number of G-CSF doses/day – Favorable Leukocytosis days - Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – No effect Neutropenia days – No effect Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – No effect INR – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Provides satisfaction – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Mixed 4 4 Inpatient/Institutional 12 Referencea Faulkner et al., 200091 Fera et al., 200892 Study Designb 1 3 Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Dyslipidemia Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Study Outcomes and Results Cholesterol – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Body mass index; influenza vaccine rate; eye exam rate; foot exam rate – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Fincham and Wallace, 200093 Finley et al., 200294 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Stroke 3 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Psychiatric 1 Finley et al., 200395 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Psychiatric 1 Fischer et al., 200296 Fischer et al., 200097 Gammaitoni et al., 200098 2 Multiple 4 Asthma/COPD; Heart disease Chronic pain 3 Patient knowledge – Favorable 1 Gandhi et al., 200199 GarabedianRuffalo et al., 1985100 Garnett et al., 1981101 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community/ Home Inpatient/Institutional Primary care provide contact; inventory for depressive symptoms; clinical global impression – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Mixed Patient adherence – Favorable Work & Social Disability Scale – Favorable Depression scores; ED visits; health care utilization – No effect Patient satisfaction – Mixed Patient adherence – Mixed Functional outcomes – No effect Drug related problem – Favorable Coronary artery disease Anticoagulation 1 Physician visits; ED visits – No effect Patient satisfaction – Mixed Pain inventory – Mixed LOS; mortality – No effect 1 PT ratio – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable Infection 3 Patient adherence – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable 2 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community 13 Referencea Garrett and Bluml, 2005102 Study Designb 3 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Study Outcomes and Results Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Influenza vaccine; foot exam; eye exam; patient goals for nutrition, exercise, weight – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable INR – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor dose; vasodilator use; all-cause mortality – Favorable ED visit; hospitalization related to heart failure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Percent at LDL cholesterol goal – Favorable Cardiac events – No effect Mortality; LOS – Favorable Hospital readmissions – No effect Patient adherence – Mixed Garwood et al., 2008103 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 Gattis et al., 1999104 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Heart Failure 1 Geber et al., 2002105 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 1 Gentry et al., 2000106 Giles et al., 2001107 Gourley et al., 1998108 4 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Oncology 3 Hypertension; Asthma/COPD 1 Grabenstein et al., 2001109 Grant et al., 2003110 Gray et al., 1985111 Gray et al., 1979112 Green et al., 2008113 2 Influenza 3 QoL – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Mixed Patient knowledge – Mixed Influenza immunization – Favorable Diabetes 3 Patient adherence – No effect Anticoagulation 1 Psychiatric 1 Hypertension 1 Gums et al., 1999114 1 Infection 1 INR; pulmonary embolism – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Mental function – Mixed Adverse drug event – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Aspirin use – Favorable QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – No effect Body mass index – No effect Physical activity – No effect LOS – Favorable 1 1 2 3 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community/ Home Inpatient/Institutional 14 Referencea Study Designb 2 Study Setting Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Multiple Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 3 Home Multiple 3 Medication behavior problems – Favorable 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 1 Haumschild et al., 2003118 Hawkins et al., 1979119 4 Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 1 Adverse drug reaction – Mixed Appropriateness of prescribing – Favorable QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Patient knowledge – No effect Number of patient falls – Favorable 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension 1 Heelon et al., 2007120 Hennessy et al., 2006121 Herfindal et al., 1985122 Hilleman et al., 2004123 4 Inpatient/Institutional HIV/AIDS 2 Blood pressure – Mixed Fasting blood sugar; referral clinic visits; ED visits; hospital admissions – No effect Patient adherence – Mixed Medication error – Favorable 1 Hypertension 2 Blood pressure – No effect 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional 1 LOS – No effect 4 Home Cardiothoracic/ Vascular Dyslipidemia 1 Cholesterol – Favorable Lipid modules; myocardial infarction; stroke; other adverse clinical events (e.g., hospitalization; mortality) – Favorable Hoffman et al., 2003124 Horberg et al., 2007125 1 Home Psychiatric 3 Patient adherence – Mixed 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community HIV/AIDS 1 Horn et al., 1985126 4 Inpatient/Institutional Heart Failure 1 Horswel et al., 2008127 Humphries et al., 2007128 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes 2 Multiple 2 HIV RNA level; CD4 count – Mixed ED visit; office visit; hospitalization – Mixed Patient adherence – Favorable Digoxin levels in normal range – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable LOS - Mixed Hemoglobin A1c – Mixed Patient adherence – Mixed Drug-drug interactions – Favorable Haig and Kiser, 1991115 Hammarlund et al., 1985116 Hanlon et al., 1996117 4 Study Outcomes and Results LOS – Favorable 15 Referencea Hunter and Bryant, 1994129 Irons et al., 2002130 Study Designb 3 2 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community/ Prison Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Asthma/COPD Hierarchy of Outcomesd 3 Diabetes 1 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Hypoglycemia– No effect Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Hemoglobin A1c – No effect Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 2 Multiple 1 Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable ED visits; primary care visits – No effect QoL – Mixed Patient satisfaction – No effect Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Fasting blood sugar; renal – Favorable Hypoglycemia – Not favorable QoL – No effect Adverse drug event – Favorable Study Outcomes and Results Patient knowledge – Unclear Irons et al., 2008131 2 Isetts et al., 2008132 Isetts et al., 2006133 2 Jaber et al., 1996134 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 1 Jameson and VanNoord, 2001135 John et al., 2006136 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Kammer, 2004137 Kaushal et al., 2008138 Kelly et al., 1980139 Kelso et al., 1996140 3 Cardiovascular 1 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Blood pressure – No effect Cholesterol – No effect Weight – No effect QoL – Unclear Multiple 2 Medication error – Mixed 2 Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 LOS – Favorable 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Asthma/COPD 1 ED visits/hospitalizations for asthma; Asthma Sleep Scale; Asthma Bother Profile Scores; inhaled corticosteroid use; peak expiratory flow rate – Favorable QoL – Mixed Asthma specific QOL scores – Favorable 2 16 Referencea Kelso et al., 1995141 Study Designb 2 Disease Statec Asthma/COPD Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Anticoagulation 2 Therapeutic aPTT – Favorable Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 2 Blood pressure – Favorable Diabetes; Dyslipidemia 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Daily aspirin therapy; renal protective agent use; microalbumin screening; annual eye exam; annual foot exam – Favorable Decrease ED visits/hospitalization; decrease physician visits – Favorable QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient knowledge – Mixed Quality of care – Favorable Hospital admission rate – No effect Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community/ Emergency Department/Urgent Care Inpatient/Institutional Study Outcomes and Results ED visits; hospitalizations – Favorable Kershaw et al., 1994142 Kicklighter et al. 2006143 Kiel and McCord, 2005144 2 Knoell et al., 1998145 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Asthma/COPD 1 Knowlton and Knapp, 1994146 Konzem et al., 1997147 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Not specified 1 Dyslipidemia 2 Kotapati et al., 2003148 Kradjan et al., 1999149 Kucukarslan et al., 2003150 Kuti et al., 2002151 Lai, 2007152 2 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 2 Asthma/COPD 4 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 Patient satisfaction – Mixed Perceived benefits of asthma control – No effect Adverse drug event – Favorable 4 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 LOS – Favorable 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community/ HMO Hypertension 1 Lam, 2008153 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 2 Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – No effect Patient adherence – Favorable High blood pressure monitoring – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable 2 3 2 Cholesterol – Favorable LDL cholesterol goal; colestipol dose – Favorable Patient adherence – Unclear Mortality – Favorable 17 Referencea Study Designb 3 Hierarchy of Outcomesd 3 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Osteoporosis 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Leape et al., 1999156 Lee et al., 2006157 4 Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 1 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Lee and Schommer, 1996158 Lefante Jr. et al., 2005159 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 1 Lewis et al., 1976160 Libby and Laub, 1997161 Lipton and Bird, 1994162 Lloyd et al., 2007163 Locke et al., 2005164 Lucas, 1998165 4 Inpatient/Institutional Heart Failure 1 Adverse drug event – No effect Drug-drug/drug-disease interaction – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional/ Home Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Hypertension 2 Blood pressure – Favorable Not specified 1 Obesity 2 Anticoagulation 1 Total days in hospital; readmission rates – No effect Patient adherence – Mixed Weight; body mass index; percentage of body fat; weight-related health conditions – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Multiple 1 Madden Jr. et al., 1973166 Malone et al., 2001167 2 Infection 3 Multiple 1 Law and Shapiro, 2005154 Leal et al., 2004155 1 3 2 2 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Study Outcomes and Results Patient knowledge – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c goal; body mass index; weight – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Mixed Patient adherence – Favorable Deep vein thrombosis; warfarin number of readmissions – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Hospital readmissions – No effect Patient adherence – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable QoL – Mixed 18 Referencea Malone et al., 2005168 Study Designb 3 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Obesity Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Study Outcomes and Results Beck Depression Inventory – Favorable QoL – Mixed Binge eating behavior – Favorable Weight loss – No effect Patient adherence – Favorable Malone and Alger-Mayer, 2003169 Mamdani et al., 1999170 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community obesity 2 2 Inpatient/Institutional Anticoagulation 1 March et al., 2007171 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community HIV/AIDS 1 Marshall et al., 2008172 Mason and Colley, 1993173 Mattar et al., 1975174 Mazzolini et al., 2005175 McConnell et al., 2006176 4 Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 1 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 3 Infection 3 Drug therapy problems; potential drug therapy problems – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Dyslipidemia 2 Cholesterol – Mixed 2 Blood pressure – Favorable McCord, 2006177 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Coronary artery disease Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 McGhan et al., 1983178 McKenney and Wasserman, 1979179 McKenney and Witherspoon, 1985180 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Hypertension 2 Multiple 1 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – No effect Cholesterol – No effect Eye exam, foot exam, aspirin use – Favorable Blood pressure – No effect Appropriateness of medications – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable LOS – Favorable Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Anticoagulation 2 2 2 2 2 2 aPTT value – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Time between starting heparin therapy & surpassing the aPTT – No effect CD4 count; viral load – Favorable Toxicity scale – Favorable QoL – Unclear LOS; duration of mechanical ventilation – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Average PT ratio; number of patients with PT in therapeutic range – Favorable 19 Referencea Study Designb 2 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Hypertension Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 McMullin et al., 1999182 Mead and McGhan, 1988183 Mehos et al., 2000184 1 Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 Study Outcomes and Results Blood pressure – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Patient knowledge - Favorable LOS; mortality; hospital readmission – No effect 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Heart burn 3 Inappropriate prescription for H2 blockers – Favorable 1 Hypertension 1 Modi et al., 2008185 4 4 Gastrointestinalshort bowel syndrome Rheumatology; Renal 1 Monson et al., 1981186 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community/ Home Inpatient/Institutional/ Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Morello et al., 2006187 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Morse et al., 1986188 Murray et al., 2007189 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 2 Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Mean residual small intestine length; mean peak direct bilirubin; full internal nutrition achieved – No effect Overall survival rate – Favorable Duplication drug class; refill information; accuracy of information in medical record; documentation of prescription in medical record– Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Fasting blood glucose; body mass index; microalbumin screening; aspirin use; renal protectant; annual eye exam, annual thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Heart Failure 1 Mutchie et al., 1979190 Nahata, 1988191 2 Inpatient/Institutional Hyperalimentation 2 ED visits; hospital readmissions – Favorable Adverse drug event – No effect Medication error – No effect QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient adherence – Mixed Weight gain – Favorable 4 Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 2 Medication error – Favorable McKenney et al., 1973181 1 3 20 Referencea Nau and Pacholski, 2007192 Neel et al., 1993193 Ng et al., 2008194 Nicholas et al., 2007195 Nietert et al., 2009196 Study Designb 3 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Diabetes Hierarchy of Outcomesd 4 4 Nursing Home Psychiatric 1 2 Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 2 Decreased incontinence; weight gain; decreased falls; medication use – Favorable QTc Interval – Favorable 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 4 Patient satisfaction – Favorable Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Psychiatric; Heart failure Diabetes; Hypertension 3 Patient adherence – No effect 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – No effect Weight; smoking; aspirin use; ACE inhibitor use – No effect Cholesterol – No effect Patient satisfaction – Mixed Patient knowledge – Mixed Patient adherence – Unclear Hospitalization; other provider visits (outpatient) – Favorable 1 Nkansah et al., 2008197 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Nola et al., 2000198 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 2 Nykamp and Ruggles, 2000199 Odegard et al., 2005200 Odegard et al., 2004201 O’Dell and Kucukarslan, 2005202 Ogbuokiri, 1980203 Okamoto and Nakahiro, 2001204 Olson et al., 2005205 2 Inpatient/Institutional/ Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 Diabetes 2 Asthma/COPD 1 Coronary artery disease 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 2 Hypertension 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia; Coronary artery disease 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 Study Outcomes and Results Quality of care – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Mixed Medication appropriateness index– Mixed ED visits; night-time awakenings – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Readmission – No effect Unstable angina – Favorable Blood pressure – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – Mixed Cholesterol – Favorable 21 Referencea Park et al., 1996206 Study Designb 1 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Hypertension Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Hypertension 2 Study Outcomes and Results Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – Mixed Patient adherence – Mixed Blood pressure – Favorable Asthma/COPD 1 ED visit – Favorable Anticoagulation 2 Initial heparin loading dose – No effect Initial heparin infusion rate - Favorable Number of aPTT/PT tests – No effect Time to aPTT therapeutic range - Favorable Number heparin treatment days/patient – No effect Number rate change during treatment – Mixed Blood draw schedule; compliance with protocol; iron tested and used; epoetin used; blood used – Favorable Patient knowledge – Mixed Parra et al., 2000207 Pauley et al., 1995208 Pawloski and Kersh, 1992209 3 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Pell et al., 2005210 Pelletier, 1983211 Pineros et al., 2004212 Poon et al., 2007213 Powell et al., 2006214 Powers et al. 1983215 4 Inpatient/Institutional Anemia 3 3 Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 3 4 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 2 Anticoagulation 1 Diabetes 3 Pain 1 Quercia et al. 2001216 Raebel et al., 2007217 Ragucci et al., 2005218 4 Inpatient/Institutional Anemia 2 Cholesterol – Favorable LDL cholesterol < 100; lipid lowering agents – Favorable INR/thromboembolic events – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Mean pain relief; pain intensity; mean daily methadone dose – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Hematocrit – Favorable 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Pregnancy 3 Use D and X class in pregnancy – Favorable Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Rainville, 1999219 1 Heart failure 1 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – No effect Aspirin use – Favorable Hospital readmission for heart failure; mortality – Favorable 3 2 2 1 3 Inpatient/Institutional 22 Referencea Rathbun et al., 2005220 Rehring et al., 2006221 Rickles et al., 2006222 Rivey and Peterson, 1993223 Rivey et al., 1995224 Roberts et al., 1982225 Rodis et al., 2004226 RojasFernandez et al., 2003227 Rosen et al., 1978228 Rosen et al., 1978229 Rosen and Holmes, 1978230 Rothman et al., 2003231 Rothman et al, 2004232 Study Designb 1 Disease Statec HIV Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 Dyslipidemia 2 Psychiatric 3 Anticoagulation 1 PTT – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – No effect Inpatient/Institutional Anticoagulation 1 1 Inpatient/Institutional Asthma/COPD 3 Number of days on warfarin with INR in target range– Favorable Adverse drug event – No effect Patient knowledge – Favorable 3 Emergency Department/Urgent Care Inpatient/Institutional Infection 3 Patient knowledge – Mixed Dementia 1 Behavioral Pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale – Favorable Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Psychiatric 3 Psychiatric 1 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Psychiatric 3 Patient satisfaction – No effect Community adjustment; role skills – No effect Rehospitalization rate – No effect Patient satisfaction – No effect Perceived health; needs less/more help; personal adjustment – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Mixed Personal adjustment – Favorable 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Diabetes 2 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable 4 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 Study Outcomes and Results Viral load – Mixed Patient adherence – Mixed Cholesterol – Favorable Screening fasting lipid profile; statin treatment – Favorable Patient feedback – Favorable 23 Referencea Rothman et al., 2005233 Study Designb 1 Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Coronary artery disease Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Asthma/COPD 1 Psychiatric 1 Rupp et al., 1997234 Saklad et al., 1984235 Sauvageot et al., 2008236 3 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Schneider et al., 1982237 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Heart failure 1 Schneider et al., 2008238 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 1 Schnipper et al., 2006239 1 Inpatient/Institutional/ Home Multiple 1 Schommer et al., 2002240 3 Church Multiple 3 Scott et al., 2006241 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 1 4 Study Outcomes and Results Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – No effect Aspirin use – Favorable ED visit; physician visit; hospitalization – No effect Adverse drug event – No effect Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Hospitalizations; ED visits; urgent care visits – Favorable QoL – Favorable Readmission rate, number of drugs used of low potency – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – No effect Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Mixed Mean arterial pressure – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Number of prescriptions written; drug therapy recommendations – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Blood pressure – Mixed Morbidities; ED visits; hospitalization – No effect Patient adherence – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Medication error – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable Patient satisfaction – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Medication related problems – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Taking medications interfere with lifestyle – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Weight; body mass index – Favorable QoL – Mixed 24 Referencea Study Designb 1 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Diabetes Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Secnik et al., 2000243 Self et al., 1983244 Shah et al., 1994245 ShaneMcWhorter and Oderda, 2005246 1 Home Not specified 3 Study Outcomes and Results 2-hour blood glucose; urine glucose; fasting blood glucose – Mixed Medication error – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable ED visits – No effect Hospitalizations – Favorable Other medical contacts – Favorable Time to pick up unclaimed prescriptions – Mixed 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Asthma/COPD 3 Patient knowledge – Mixed Multiple 3 Medication incident – Favorable 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia 2 Shaughnessy and D’Amico, 1994247 Shibley and Pugh, 1997248 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Multiple 3 Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Immunization; eye exam; microalbuminuria screening – Favorable Diabetes education documentation; number of patients who exercised – Favorable Prescription writing error – Favorable 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dyslipidemia 1 Simkins and Wenzloff, 1986249 Skoutakis et al., 1978250 1 Home Not specified 3 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Renal disease 2 Smith et al., 2006251 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Not specified 1 Sczupak and Conrad, 1977242 4 Cholesterol – Favorable QoL – Mixed Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient opinion survey – No effect Patient adherence – Favorable Biochemical & therapeutic responses – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable ED visits; hospitalization; bed-bound episode – Favorable Patient adherence – No effect Perceived health status– Favorable 25 Referencea Study Designb 4 Study Setting Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Multiple Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Soflin et al., 1977253 Solomon et al., 1998254 1 Inpatient/Institutional Heart Failure 3 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension; Asthma/COPD 1 Stergachis et al., 2002255 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Asthma/COPD 1 Sterne et al., 1999256 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Asthma/COPD 1 Stiegler et al., 2003257 Straka et all., 2005258 Streetman et al., 2001259 Stroup et al., 2007260 Swain and Macklin, 2001261 3 Inpatient/Institutional/ Home Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Asthma/COPD 1 Dyslipidemia 2 Blood pressure – Favorable COPD symptoms; dyspnea scores; global assessment rating (COPD); ED visits (COPD & hypertension); hospitalization (COPD) – No effect Hospitalization (hypertension) – Mixed Other health care provider visits (COPD & hypertension) – Favorable Patient adherence – Mixed Use of inhaled anti-inflammatory med; peak expiratory flow days> 80% – No effect ED visits; physician visits – No effect QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – No effect Patient adherence – No effect Asthma severity index; functional status questionnaire – No effect ED visits; hospitalization; metered dose inhaler technique – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Readmission to hospital – Favorable Patient adherence – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Infection 1 Adverse drug event – Favorable Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Osteoporosis 2 Bone mineral density; T-score – Mixed Diabetes 3 Patient knowledge – Mixed Smythe et al., 1998252 2 2 3 3 Study Outcomes and Results Adverse drug reaction – Favorable Medication error – Favorable LOS – No effect Patient knowledge – Favorable 26 Referencea Tallahassee, 2005262 Study Designb 2 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Taveira et al., 2006263 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Taylor et al., 2001264 Taylor et al., 2003265 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Terceros et al., 2007266 Thompson et al., 1984267 2 1 Disease Statec Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; CAD Dyslipidemia Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 2 2 Study Outcomes and Results Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Framingham patient score; smoking – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Therapeutic INR;ED visits; hospitalizations – Favorable Medication appropriateness index– Favorable QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – Not favorable Patient adherence – No effect Patient knowledge – Favorable LOS – Favorable Diabetes; Hypertension; Dyslipidemia; Anticoagulation 1 Inpatient/Institutional Multiple 1 2 Long-term care Facility Multiple 1 Till et al., 2003268 To et al., 2001269 2 Dyslipidemia 2 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Dialysis Unit Decreased mortality; number of drugs/patients decreased – Favorable LOS – No effect Cholesterol – Favorable 2 Hematocrit – No effect Trygstad et al., 2005270 Tsai et al., 1982271 4 Inpatient/Institutional Chronic kidney disease; End-stage renal disease Multiple 4 Potential drug therapy problems – Favorable 4 Long-term care Facility Anemia; Malnutrition 2 Van Amburgh et al., 2001272 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Mean hemoglobin ; number of laboratory tests – Favorable Number of hematinic and vitamin prescriptions – Mixed Number of regularly scheduled drugs – No effect Influenza vaccine rates– Favorable 3 Infection 27 Referencea Van VeldhuizenScott et al., 1995273 Study Designb 1 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Diabetes Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Emergency Department/Urgent Care Dialysis Unit Trauma 1 Dyslipidemia; Hyperlipidemia; End-stage renal disease Hypertension 1 Cholesterol – Favorable Adverse drug reaction – Unclear Adverse drug event – Unclear 1 Blood pressure – Favorable QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – Mixed Patient adherence – No effect Patient knowledge – No effect Time to obtain medication post-discharge – Favorable Increase hemoglobin; increase ferritin; increase iron saturation – Favorable Peak flow rate – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Not favorable ED visit – Not favorable QoL – No effect Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient adherence – No effect Medication error – Favorable Vernon et al., 1999274 Viola et al., 2002275 4 Vivian, 2002276 1 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Voirol et al., 2004277 Walton et al., 2005278 Weinberger et al., 2002279 1 Inpatient/Institutional Not specified 3 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hemodialysis; Anemia Asthma/COPD 2 Weiner et al., 2008280 Welty and Copa, 1994281 4 Inpatient/Institutional Orthopedic 2 2 Inpatient/Institutional Infection 1 West et al., 2003282 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Diabetes 2 3 2 1 Study Outcomes and Results Blood glucose; change blood glucose; hyperglycemic events – Favorable Patient knowledge – No effect Perceptions/attitudes toward diabetes in general; diabetes medications; medications for health problems other than diabetes; self-monitor blood glucose; communication with pharmacist – Mixed Mortality – Mixed Duration of treatment; total vancomycin dose; infection site; concomitant antibiotics; temperature; white blood cell count; LOS; nephrotoxicity – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood glucose – Favorable Daily blood glucose; exercise; foot exam – Favorable Body mass index – No effect 28 Referencea Williamson et al., 1984283 Williford and Johnson, 1995284 Wilt et al., 1995285 Winterbottom et al., 2006286 Study Designb 4 1 2 2 Study Setting Inpatient/Institutional/ Long-term care facility Inpatient/Institutional Disease Statec Hypertension Hierarchy of Outcomesd 2 Not specified 3 Patient adherence – No effect Patient knowledge – No effect Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 Adverse drug event – Favorable Pain 3 Guideline adherence; rate of follow up; follow up within 6 weeks – Favorable Rate of continuation of gabapentin – No effect INR>6.0; phytonadione administration; high dose phytonadione – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Days INR in target range; high/low INR values; thromboembolic events – Favorable Adverse drug event – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Witt and Humphries, 2003287 Witt et al., 2005288 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Anticoagulation 1 Woroniecki et al, 1982289 1 Not specified 3 Yam et al., 2006290 Yamada et al., 2005291 Yanchick, 2000292 4 Inpatient/Institutional/ Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Inpatient/Institutional Coronary artery disease Dyslipidemia 3 Multiple 2 Yanchick, 2001293 Yuan et al., 2003294 Zeolla and Cerulli, 2004295 Zillich et al., 2003296 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 2 Multiple 1 Menopause 3 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Hypertension 2 3 4 2 3 2 Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community 2 Study Outcomes and Results Blood pressure – Favorable Compliance guidelines: ACE inhibitors, statin, aspirin, dietary, exercise, smoking cessation – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Percent at target lipid levels – Favorable Hemoglobin A1c – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Cholesterol – Favorable Asthma and other disease state outcomes – Favorable Blood pressure – Favorable Total mortality per new prescription filled – Favorable Hospitalization related to drug event/reaction/error – Favorable Patient satisfaction – Favorable Patient knowledge – Favorable Blood pressure – No effect 29 Referencea Zillich et al., 2002297 Zillich et al., 2005298 a Study Designb 3 2 Study Setting Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Outpatient/Ambulatory Care/Retail/Community Disease Statec Not specified Hierarchy of Outcomesd 1 Hypertension 2 Study Outcomes and Results QoL – Mixed Blood pressure – Favorable Patient adherence – Mixed Complete references are available in Appendix C. Study designs are defined as follows: (1) randomized controlled trials (RCTs); (2) comparison or cohort studies; (3) pre-post studies; and (4) before and after studies (those studies with contemporaneous observation of cohorts that differed mostly with exposure of intervention/service). c Under “Disease State”, the term “Multiple” is used when greater than five disease states are reported in one study, or when the study itself described examination of multiple disease states without providing the specific name of each disease state. d Hierarchy of Outcomes levels defined as follows: (a) Level 1, Clinical and Quality of Life (QoL) outcomes (e.g., morbidity, mortality, adverse events, QoL); (b) Level 2, Surrogate outcomes (e.g., blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol levels); (c) Level 3, other measureable variables with an indirect or unestablished connection to the target outcome (e.g., medication or disease state knowledge); and (d) Level 4, other relevant variables, but not direct outcomes (e.g., patient satisfaction, potential adverse events).28 ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; aPTT = activated partial thromboplastin time; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CV = cardiovascular; ED = emergency department; G-CSF = Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor; HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; INR = International Normalized Ratio; LDL = low density lipoprotein; LOS = length of stay; MAI = Medication Appropriateness Index; PT = prothrombin time; PTT = partial thromboplastin time; QoL = quality of life; RNA = ribonucleic acid; TPN = total parenteral nutrition; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone b 30 Appendix C. Systematic Review References 1. Adler DA, Bungay KM, Wilson IB, et al. The impact of a pharmacist intervention on 6-month outcomes in depressed primary care patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004; 26: 199-209. 2. Ahrens RA, Hower M, Best AM. Effects of weight reduction interventions by community pharmacists. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2003; 43: 583-589. 3. Altavela JL, Jones MK, Ritter M. A Prospective Trial of a Clinical Pharmacy Intervention in a Primary Care Practice in a Capitated Payment System. J Manag Care Pharm. 2008; 14: 831-843. 4. Anaya JP, Rivera JO,. Lawson K, et al. Evaluation of pharmacist-managed diabetes mellitus under a collaborative drug therapy agreement. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65: 1841-1845. 5. Andreescu AC, Possidente C, Hsieh M, et al. Evaluation of a pharmacy-based surveillance program for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 974-980. 6. Andrus MR, Clark DB. Provision of pharmacotherapy services in a rural nurse practitioner clinic. Am J HealthSyst Pharm. 2007; 64: 294-297. 7. Anonymous. Collaborative drug therapy agreements lead to improved diabetes management. Formulary. 2001; 36: 538. 8. Ascione FJ, Brown GH, Kirking DM. Evaluation of a medication refill reminder system for a community pharmacy. Patient Educ Couns. 1985; 7: 157-165. 9. Bailey TC, Noirot LA, Blickensderfer A, et al. An intervention to improve secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167: 586-590. 10. Bailey TC, Ritchie DJ, McMullin ST, et al. A randomized, prospective evaluation of an interventional program to discontinue intravenous antibiotics at two tertiary care teaching institutions. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17: 277-281. 11. Baker DM. A study contrasting different modalities of medication discharge counseling. Hosp Pharm. 1984; 19: 545-8, 551-4. 12. Baran RW, Crumlish K, Patterson H, et al. Improving outcomes of community-dwelling older patients with diabetes through pharmacist counseling. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999; 56: 1535-1539. 13. Barber A, Hollenack K, Bottorff M. Congestive heart failure: disease management approach in long term care patients. J Manag Care Pharm. 1999; 5: 516-520. 14. Barnett CW, Nykamp D, Ellington AM. Patient-guided counseling in the community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000; 40: 765-772. 15. Bernstein BJ, Blanchard LM. Economic and clinical impact of a pharmacy-based filgrastim protocol in oncology patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999; 56: 1330-1333. 16. Berringer R, Shibley MC, Cary CC, et al. Outcomes of a community pharmacy-based diabetes monitoring program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1999; 39: 791-797. 17. Billups SJ, Plushner SL, Olson KL, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of conversion of simvastatin to Lovastatin in a group-model health maintenance organization. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005; 11: 681-686. 31 18. Bjornson DC, Hiner WO Jr, Potyk RP, et al. Effect of pharmacists on health care outcomes in hospitalized patients. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993; 50: 1875-1884. 19. Blackbourn J, Sunderland VB. Impact of pharmacist intervention on oral theophylline therapy in adult inpatients. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1987; 21: 811-816. 20. Bluml BM, McKenney JM, Cziraky MJ,et al. Interim report from project ImPACT: hyperlipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998; 38: 529-534. 21. Bogden PE, Abbott RD, Williamson P, et al. Comparing standard care with a physician and pharmacist team approach for uncontrolled hypertension. J Gen Intern Med. 1998; 13: 740-745. 22. Bogden PE, Koontz LM, Williamson P, et al. The physician and pharmacist team. An effective approach to cholesterol reduction. J Gen Intern Med. 1997; 12: 158-164. 23. Bond CA, Monson R. Sustained improvement in drug documentation, compliance, and disease control. A fouryear analysis of an ambulatory care model. Arch Intern Med. 1984; 144: 1159-1162. 24. Bond CA, Raehl CL. Pharmacist-provided anticoagulation management in United States hospitals: death rates, length of stay, Medicare charges, bleeding complications, and transfusions. Pharmacotherapy. 2004; 24: 953963. 25. Bond CA, Raehl CL. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacist-managed aminoglycoside or vancomycin therapy. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2005; 62: 1596-1605. 26. Bond CA, Raehl CL. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacist-managed antiepileptic drug therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26: 1369-1378. 27. Bond CA, Raehl CL. Clinical and economic outcomes of pharmacist-managed antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgical patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 1935-1942. 28. Bond CA, Salinger RJ. Fluphenazine outpatient clinics: a pharmacist's role. J Clin Psychiatry. 1979; 40: 501503. 29. Borenstein JE, Graber G, Saltiel E, et al. Physician-pharmacist comanagement of hypertension: a randomized, comparative trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 23: 209-216. 30. Boyko WL Jr, Yurkowski PJ, Ivey MF, et al. Pharmacist influence on economic and morbidity outcomes in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997; 54: 1591-1595. 31. Bozovich M, Rubino CM, Edmunds J. Effect of a clinical pharmacist-managed lipid clinic on achieving National Cholesterol Education Program low-density lipoprotein goals. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 13751383. 32. Brooks AD, Rihani RS, Derus CL. Pharmacist membership in a medical group's diabetes health management program. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 617-621. 33. Brophy GM, Tesoro EP, Schrote GL, et al. Pharmacist impact on posttraumatic seizure prophylaxis in patients with head injury. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 251-255. 34. Brouker ME, Gallagher K, Larrat EP, et al. Patient compliance and blood pressure control on a nuclearpowered aircraft carrier: impact of a pharmacy officer. Mil Med. 2000; 165: 106-110. 35. Brown JN, Barnes CL, Beasley B, et al. Effect of pharmacists on medication errors in an emergency department. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65: 330-333. 32 36. Brown RO, Dickerson RN, Hak EB, et al. Impact of a pharmacist-based consult service on nutritional rehabilitation of nonambulatory patients with severe developmental disabilities. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17: 796-800. 37. Broyles JE, Brown RO, Vehe KL, et al. Pharmacist interventions improve fluid balance in fluid-restricted patients requiring parenteral nutrition. Pharmacotherapy. 1991; 25: 119-122. 38. Bucaloiu ID, Akers G, Bermudez MC, et al. Outpatient erythropoietin administered through a protocol-driven, pharmacist-managed program may produce significant patient and economic benefits. Manag Care Interface. 2007; 20: 26-30. 39. Bunting BA, Cranor CW. The Asheville Project: long-term clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes of a community-based medication therapy management program for asthma. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2006; 46: 133-147. 40. Bunting BA, Smith BH, Sutherland SE. The Asheville Project: clinical and economic outcomes of a community-based long-term medication therapy management program for hypertension and dyslipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008; 48: 23-31. 41. Bynum A, Hopkins D, Thomas A, et al. The effect of telepharmacy counseling on metered-dose inhaler technique among adolescents with asthma in rural Arkansas. Telemed J E Health. 2001; 7: 207-217. 42. Canales PL, Dorson PG, Crismon ML. Outcomes assessment of clinical pharmacy services in a psychiatric inpatient setting. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58: 1309-1316. 43. Capoccia KL, Boudreau DM, Blough DK, et al. Randomized trial of pharmacist interventions to improve depression care and outcomes in primary care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61: 364-372. 44. Cardoni AA, Gunning J. Psychiatric pharmacy in a partial hospital program. Hosp Pharm. 1983; 18: 543-9, 555. 45. Carter BL, Barnette DJ, Chrischilles E, et al. Evaluation of hypertensive patients after care provided by community pharmacists in a rural setting. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17: 1274-1285. 46. Carter BL, Bergus GR, Dawson JD, et al. A cluster randomized trial to evaluate physician/pharmacist collaboration to improve blood pressure control. J Clin Hypertens. 2008; 10: 260-271. 47. Chamberlain MA, Sageser NA, Ruiz D. Comparison of anticoagulation clinic patient outcomes with outcomes from traditional care in a family medicine clinic. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2001; 14: 16-21. 48. Chenella FC, Klotz TA, Gill Kern JW, et al. Comparison of physician and pharmacist management of anticoagulant therapy of inpatients. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1983; 40: 1642-1645. 49. Chiquette E, Amato MG, Bussey HI. Comparison of an anticoagulation clinic with usual medical care: anticoagulation control, patient outcomes, and health care costs. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158: 1641-1647. 50. Chisholm MA, Mulloy LL, Jagadeesan M, et al. Impact of clinical pharmacy services on renal transplant patients' compliance with immunosuppressive medications. Clin Transplant. 2001; 15: 330-336. 51. Chisholm MA, Mulloy LL, Jagadeesan M, et al. Effect of clinical pharmacy services on the blood pressure of African-American renal transplant patients. Ethn Dis. 2002; 12: 392-397. 52. Chisholm MA, Spivey CA, Mulloy LL. Effects of a medication assistance program with medication therapy management on the health of renal transplant recipients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 1506-1512. 33 53. Choe HM, Mitrovich S, Dubay D, et al. Proactive case management of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by a clinical pharmacist: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Manag Care. 2005; 11: 253-260. 54. Chrischilles EA, Carter BL, Lund BC, et al. Evaluation of the Iowa Medicaid pharmaceutical case management program. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2004; 44: 337-349. 55. Christensen D, Trygstad T, Sullivan R, et al. A pharmacy management intervention for optimizing drug therapy for nursing home patients. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2004; 2: 248-256. 56. Christensen DB, Roth M, Trygstad T, et al. Evaluation of a pilot medication therapy management project within the North Carolina State Health Plan. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2007; 47: 471-483. 57. Cioffi ST, Caron MF, Kalus JS, et al. Glycosylated hemoglobin, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes in a pharmacist-managed clinic. Ann Pharmacother. 2004; 38: 771-775. 58. Coast-Senior EA, Kroner BA, Kelley CL, et al. Management of patients with type 2 diabetes by pharmacists in primary care clinics. Ann Pharmacother. 1998; 32: 636-641. 59. Cohen IA, Hutchison TA, Kirking DM, et al. Evaluation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. J Clin Hosp Pharm. 1985; 10: 167-175. 60. Cohen SS. A pharmacy-based antibiotic UR program. QRB Qual Rev Bull. 1984; 10: 22-25. 61. Collins C, Kramer A, O'Day ME, et al. Evaluation of patient and provider satisfaction with a pharmacistmanaged lipid clinic in a Veterans Affairs medical center. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2006; 63: 1723-1727. 62. Cording MA, Engelbrecht-Zadvorny EB, Pettit BJ, et al. Development of a pharmacist-managed lipid clinic. Ann Pharmacother. 2002; 36: 892-904. 63. Covinsky JO, Hamburger SC, Kelly KL, et al. The impact of the docent clinical pharmacist on treatment of streptococcal pneumonia. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1982; 16: 587-591. 64. Cranor CW, Bunting BA, Christensen DB. The Asheville Project: long-term clinical and economic outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2003; 43: 173-184. 65. Cranor CW, Christensen DB. The Asheville Project: short-term outcomes of a community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2003; 43: 149-159. 66. Currie JD, Chrischilles EA, Kuehl AK, et al. Effect of a training program on community pharmacists' detection of and intervention in drug-related problems. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1997; NS37: 182-191. 67. Dager WE, Branch JM, King JH, et al. Optimization of inpatient warfarin therapy: impact of daily consultation by a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Ann Pharmacother. 2000; 34: 567-572. 68. Davidson MB, Karlan VJ, Hair TL. Effect of a pharmacist-managed diabetes care program in a free medical clinic. Am J Med Qual. 2000; 15: 137-142. 69. Davis S. Evaluation of pharmacist management of streptococcal throat infections in a health maintenance organization. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1978; 35: 561-566. 70. De Tullio PL, Corson ME. Effect of pharmacist counseling on ambulatory patients' use of aerosolized bronchodilators. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1987; 44: 1802-1806. 71. Delate T, Chester EA, Stubbings TW, et al. Clinical outcomes of a home-based medication reconciliation program after discharge from a skilled nursing facility. Pharmacotherapy. 2008; 28: 444-452. 34 72. Destache CJ, Meyer SK, Bittner MJ, et al. Impact of a clinical pharmacokinetic service on patients treated with aminoglycosides: cost-benefit analysis. Ther Drug Monit. 1990; 12: 419-426. 73. Destache CJ, Meyer SK, Padomek MT, et al. Impact of a clinical pharmacokinetic service on patients treated with aminoglycosides for gram-negative infections. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1989; 23: 33-38. 74. Destache CJ. Clinical and economic benefits of a clinical pharmacokinetic service: 1987 versus 1992 data. Med Interface. 1994; 7: 84-6, 89-90. 75. Devlin JW, Holbrook AM, Fuller HD. The effect of ICU sedation guidelines and pharmacist interventions on clinical outcomes and drug cost. Ann Pharmacother. 1997; 31: 689-695. 76. Dice JE, Burckart GJ, Woo JT, et al. Standardized versus pharmacist-monitored individualized parenteral nutrition in low-birth-weight infants. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981; 38: 1487-1489. 77. Dickey FF, Mattar ME, Chudzik GM. Pharmacist counsling increases drug regimen compliance. Hospitals. 1975; 49: 85-6, 88. 78. DiPietro NA, Kier KL. An educational intervention about folic acid and healthy pregnancies targeted at college-age women. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2001; 41: 283-285. 79. Ditusa L, Luzier AB, Brady PG, et al. A pharmacy-based approach to cholesterol management. Am J Manag Care. 2001; 7: 973-979. 80. Dobesh PP, Lakamp JE. Educational program to reduce major bleeding in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions and receiving abciximab. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59: 1539-1542. 81. Dole EJ, Murawski MM, Adolphe AB, et al. Provision of pain management by a pharmacist with prescribing authority. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 85-89. 82. Dranitsaris G, Spizzirri D, Pitre M, et al. A randomized trial to measure the optimal role of the pharmacist in promoting evidence-based antibiotic use in acute care hospitals. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2001; 17: 171-180. 83. Dudas V, Bookwalter T, Kerr KM, et al. The impact of follow-up telephone calls to patients after hospitalization. Am J Med. 2001; 111: 26S-30S. 84. Ellenor GL, Frisk PA. Pharmacist impact on drug use in an institution for the mentally retarded. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977; 34: 604-608. 85. Ellis RF, Stephens MA, Sharp GB. Evaluation of a pharmacy-managed warfarin-monitoring service to coordinate inpatient and outpatient therapy. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1992; 49: 387-394. 86. Ellis SL, Carter BL, Malone DC, et al. Clinical and economic impact of ambulatory care clinical pharmacists in management of dyslipidemia in older adults: the IMPROVE study. Impact of Managed Pharmaceutical Care on Resource Utilization and Outcomes in Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 1508-1516. 87. Engles-Horton LL, Skowronski C, Mostashari F, et al. Clinical guidelines and pharmacist intervention program for HIV-infected patients requiring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 1999; 19: 356-362. 88. Erickson SR, Slaughter R, Halapy H. Pharmacists' ability to influence outcomes of hypertension therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17: 140-147. 35 89. Ernst ME, Brandt KB. Evaluation of 4 years of clinical pharmacist anticoagulation case management in a rural, private physician office. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003; 43: 630-636. 90. Erstad BL, Draugalis JR, Waldrop SM, et al. Patients' perceptions of increased pharmacy contact. Pharmacotherapy. 1994; 14: 724-728. 91. Faulkner MA, Wadibia EC, Lucas BD, et al. Impact of pharmacy counseling on compliance and effectiveness of combination lipid-lowering therapy in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization: a randomized, controlled trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 410-416. 92. Fera T, Bluml BM, Ellis WM, et al. The Diabetes Ten City Challenge: interim clinical and humanistic outcomes of a multisite community pharmacy diabetes care program. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008; 48: 181-190. 93. Fincham JE, Wallace IA. Ticlopidine Compliance Enhancement: A Community Pharmacy Based Study. J Pharmacoepidemiol. 2000; 8: 51. 94. Finley PR, Rens HR, Pont JT, et al. Impact of a collaborative pharmacy practice model on the treatment of depression in primary care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59: 1518-1526. 95. Finley PR, Rens HR, Pont JT, et al. Impact of a collaborative care model on depression in a primary care setting: a randomized controlled trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 23: 1175-1185. 96. Fischer LR, Defor TA, Cooper S, et al. Pharmaceutical care and health care utilization in an HMO. Eff Clin Pract. 2002; 5: 49-57. 97. Fischer LR, Scott LM, Boonstra DM, et al. Pharmaceutical care for patients with chronic conditions. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000; 40: 174-180. 98. Gammaitoni AR, Gallagher RM, Welz M, et al. Palliative pharmaceutical care: A randomized, prospective study of telephone-based prescription and medication and counseling services for treating chronic pain. Pain Med. 2000; 1: 317-331. 99. Gandhi PJ, Smith BS, Tataronis GR, et al. Impact of a pharmacist on drug costs in a coronary care unit. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58: 497-503. 100. Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Gray DR, Sax MJ, et al. Retrospective evaluation of a pharmacist-managed warfarin anticoagulation clinic. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1985; 42: 304-308. 101. Garnett WR, Davis LJ, McKenney JM, et al. Effect of telephone follow-up on medication compliance. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981; 38: 676-679. 102. Garrett DG, Bluml BM. Patient self-management program for diabetes: first-year clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2005; 45: 130-137. 103. Garwood CL, Dumo P, Baringhaus SN, et al. Quality of anticoagulation care in patients discharged from a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic after stabilization of warfarin therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2008; 28: 20-26. 104. Gattis WA, Hasselblad V, Whellan DJ, et al. Reduction in heart failure events by the addition of a clinical pharmacist to the heart failure management team: results of the Pharmacist in Heart Failure Assessment Recommendation and Monitoring (PHARM) Study. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 1939-1945. 105. Geber J, Parra D, Beckey NP, et al. Optimizing drug therapy in patients with cardiovascular disease: the impact of pharmacist-managed pharmacotherapy clinics in a primary care setting. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 738747. 36 106. Gentry CA, Greenfield RA, Slater LN, et al. Outcomes of an antimicrobial control program in a teaching hospital. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000; 57: 268-274. 107. Giles JT, Kennedy DT, Dunn EC, et al. Results of a community pharmacy-based breast cancer risk-assessment and education program. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: 243-253. 108. Gourley GA, Portner TS, Gourley DR et al. Humanistic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998; 38: 586-597. 109. Grabenstein JD, Guess HA, Hartzema AG, et al. Effect of vaccination by community pharmacists among adult prescription recipients. Med Care. 2001; 39: 340-348. 110. Grant RW, Devita NG, Singer DE, et al. Improving adherence and reducing medication discrepancies in patients with diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2003; 37: 962-969. 111. Gray DR, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM, Chretien SD. Cost-justification of a clinical pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985; 19: 575-580. 112. Gray DR, Namikas EA, Sax MJ, et al. Clinical pharmacists as allied health care providers to psychiatric patients. Contemp Pharm Pract. 1979; 2: 108-116. 113. Green BB, Cook AJ, Ralston JD, et al. Effectiveness of home blood pressure monitoring, Web communication, and pharmacist care on hypertension control: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008; 299: 2857-2867. 114. Gums JG, Yancey RW, Hamilton CA, et al. Randomized, prospective study measuring outcomes after antibiotic therapy intervention by a multidisciplinary consult team. Pharmacotherapy. 1999; 19: 1369-1377. 115. Haig GM, Kiser LA. Effect of pharmacist participation on a medical team on costs, charges, and length of stay. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1991; 48: 1457-1462. 116. Hammarlund ER, Ostrom JR, Kethley AJ. The effects of drug counseling and other educational strategies on drug utilization of the elderly. Med Care. 1985; 23: 165-170. 117. Hanlon JT, Weinberger M, Samsa GP, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of a clinical pharmacist intervention to improve inappropriate prescribing in elderly outpatients with polypharmacy. Am J Med. 1996; 100: 428-437. 118. Haumschild MJ, Karfonta TL, Haumschild MS, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of a fall-focused pharmaceutical intervention program. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60: 1029-1032. 119. Hawkins DW, Fiedler FP, Douglas HL, et al. Evaluation of a clinical pharmacist in caring for hypertensive and diabetic patients. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979; 36: 1321-1325. 120. Heelon M, Skiest D, Tereso G, et al. Effect of a clinical pharmacist's interventions on duration of antiretroviralrelated errors in hospitalized patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 2064-2068. 121. Hennessy S, Leonard CE, Yang W, et al. Effectiveness of a two-part educational intervention to improve hypertension control: a cluster-randomized trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26: 1342-1347. 122. Herfindal ET, Bernstein LR, Kishi DT. Impact of clinical pharmacy services on prescribing on a cardiothoracic/vascular surgical unit. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985; 19: 440-444. 123. Hilleman DE, Faulkner MA, Monaghan MS. Cost of a pharmacist-directed intervention to increase treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Pharmacotherapy. 2004; 24: 1077-1083. 37 124. Hoffman L, Enders J, Luo J, et al. Impact of an antidepressant management program on medication adherence. Am J Manag Care. 2003; 9: 70-80. 125. Horberg MA, Hurley LB, Silverberg MJ, et al. Effect of clinical pharmacists on utilization of and clinical response to antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007; 44: 531-539. 126. Horn JR, Christensen DB, deBlaquiere PA. Evaluation of a digoxin pharmacokinetic monitoring service in a community hospital. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1985; 19: 45-52. 127. Horswell RL, Wascom CK, Cerise FP, et al. Diabetes mellitus medication assistance program: relationship of effectiveness to adherence. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2008; 19: 677-686. 128. Humphries TL, Carroll N, Chester EA, et al. Evaluation of an electronic critical drug interaction program coupled with active pharmacist intervention. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 1979-1985. 129. Hunter KA, Bryant BG. Pharmacist provided education and counseling for managing pediatric asthma. Patient Educ Couns. 1994; 24: 127-134. 130. Irons BK, Lenz RJ, Anderson SL, et al. A retrospective cohort analysis of the clinical effectiveness of a physician-pharmacist collaborative drug therapy management diabetes clinic. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 1294-1300. 131. Irons BK, Seifert CF, Horton NA. Quality of Care of a Pharmacist-Managed Diabetes Service Compared to Usual Care in an Indigent Clinic. Diabetes Tech Ther. 2008; 10: 220-226. 132. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Artz MB, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes of medication therapy management services: the Minnesota experience. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008; 48: 203-11; 3 p following 211. 133. Isetts BJ, Schondelmeyer SW, Heaton AH, et al. Effects of collaborative drug therapy management on patients' perceptions of care and health-related quality of life. Res Social Adm Pharm. 2006; 2: 129-142. 134. Jaber LA, Halapy H, Fernet M, et al. Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care model on diabetes management. Ann Pharmacother. 1996; 30: 238-243. 135. Jameson JP, VanNoord GR. Pharmacotherapy consultation on polypharmacy patients in ambulatory care. Ann Pharmacother. 2001; 35: 835-840. 136. John E, Vavra T, Farris K, et al. Workplace-based cardiovascular risk management by community pharmacists: impact on blood pressure, lipid levels, and weight. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26: 1511-1517. 137. Kammer RT. Pharmacist's role in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61: 15931595. 138. Kaushal R, Bates DW, Abramson EL, et al. Unit-based clinical pharmacists' prevention of serious medication errors in pediatric inpatients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65: 1254-1260. 139. Kelly KL, Covinsky JO, Fendler K, et al. Impact of clinical pharmacist activity on intravenous fluid and medication administration. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1980; 14: 516-520. 140. Kelso TM, Abou-Shala N, Heilker GM, et al. Comprehensive long-term management program for asthma: effect on outcomes in adult African-Americans. Am J Med Sci. 1996; 311: 272-280. 141. Kelso TM, Self TH, Rumbak MJ, et al. Educational and long-term therapeutic intervention in the ED: effect on outcomes in adult indigent minority asthmatics. Am J Emerg Med. 1995; 13: 632-637. 38 142. Kershaw B, White RH, Mungall D, et al. Computer-assisted dosing of heparin. Management with a pharmacybased anticoagulation service. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154: 1005-1011. 143. Kicklighter CE, Nelson KM, Humphries TL, et al. An Evaluation of a Clinical Pharmacy-Directed Intervention on Blood Pressure Control. Pharm Pract. 2006; 4: 110-116. 144. Kiel PJ, McCord AD. Pharmacist impact on clinical outcomes in a diabetes disease management program via collaborative practice. Ann Pharmacother. 2005; 39: 1828-1832. 145. Knoell DL, Pierson JF, Marsh CB, et al. Measurement of outcomes in adults receiving pharmaceutical care in a comprehensive asthma outpatient clinic. Pharmacotherapy. 1998; 18: 1365-1374. 146. Knowlton CH, Knapp DA. Community pharmacists help HMO cut drug costs. Am Pharm. 1994; NS34: 36-42. 147. Konzem SL, Gray DR, Kashyap ML. Effect of pharmaceutical care on optimum colestipol treatment in elderly hypercholesterolemic veterans. Pharmacotherapy. 1997; 17: 576-583. 148. Kotapati S, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP. Role of a clinical pharmacist on drotrecogin alfa (activated) outcomes in a large community teaching hospital. J Infect Dis Pharmacother. 2003; 6: 55-68. 149. Kradjan WA, Schulz R, Christensen DB, et al. Patients' perceived benefit from and satisfaction with asthmarelated pharmacy services. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1999; 39: 658-666. 150. Kucukarslan SN, Peters M, Mlynarek M, et al. Pharmacists on rounding teams reduce preventable adverse drug events in hospital general medicine units. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163: 2014-2018. 151. Kuti JL, Le TN, Nightingale CH, et al. Pharmacoeconomics of a pharmacist-managed program for automatically converting levofloxacin route from i.v. to oral. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59: 2209-2215. 152. Lai LL. Community pharmacy-based hypertension disease-management program in a Latino/HispanicAmerican population. Consult Pharm. 2007; 22: 411-416. 153. Lam AY. Assessing medication consultations, hypertension control, awareness, and treatment among elderly Asian community dwellers. Consult Pharm. 2008; 23: 795-803. 154. Law AV, Shapiro K. Impact of a community pharmacist-directed clinic in improving screening and awareness of osteoporosis. J Eval Clin Pract. 2005; 11: 247-255. 155. Leal S, Glover JJ, Herrier RN, et al. Improving quality of care in diabetes through a comprehensive pharmacist-based disease management program. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 2983-2984. 156. Leape LL, Cullen DJ, Clapp MD et al. Pharmacist participation on physician rounds and adverse drug events in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 1999; 282: 267-270. 157. Lee JK, Grace KA, Taylor AJ. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006; 296: 25632571. 158. Lee YP, Schommer JC. Effect of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic on warfarin-related hospital readmissions. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1996; 53: 1580-1583. 159. Lefante Jr JJ, Harmon GN, Roy W, et al. The Effect of Medication Reviews in a Rural Community Pharmacy Assistance Program: The Cenla Medication Access Program. J Pharm Pract. 2005; 18: 486. 160. Lewis KP, Cooper JW Jr, McKercher PL. Pharmacist's effect on digoxin usage and toxicity. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1976; 33: 1272-1276. 39 161. Libby EA, Laub JJ. Economic and clinical impact of a pharmacy-based antihypertensive replacement program in primary care. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1997; 54: 2079-2083. 162. Lipton HL, Bird JA. The impact of clinical pharmacists' consultations on geriatric patients' compliance and medical care use: a randomized controlled trial. Gerontologist. 1994; 34: 307-315. 163. Lloyd KB, Thrower MR, Walters NB, et al. Implementation of a weight management pharmaceutical care service. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 185-192. 164. Locke C, Ravnan SL, Patel R, et al. Reduction in warfarin adverse events requiring patient hospitalization after implementation of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 25: 685-689. 165. Lucas KS. Outcomes evaluation of a pharmacist discharge medication teaching service. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1998; 55: S32-5. 166. Madden Jr EE. Evaluation of outpatient pharmacy patient counseling. J Am Pharm Assoc. 1973; 13: 437-443. 167. Malone DC, Carter BL, Billups SJ, et al. Can clinical pharmacists affect SF-36 scores in veterans at high risk for medication-related problems? Med Care. 2001; 39: 113-122. 168. Malone M, Alger-Mayer SA, Anderson DA. The lifestyle challenge program: a multidisciplinary approach to weight management. Ann Pharmacother. 2005; 39: 2015-2020. 169. Malone M, Alger-Mayer SA. Pharmacist intervention enhances adherence to orlistat therapy. Ann Pharmacother. 2003; 37: 1598-1602. 170. Mamdani MM, Racine E, McCreadie S, et al. Clinical and economic effectiveness of an inpatient anticoagulation service. Pharmacotherapy. 1999; 19: 1064-1074. 171. March K, Mak M, Louie SG. Effects of pharmacists' interventions on patient outcomes in an HIV primary care clinic. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64: 2574-2578. 172. Marshall J, Finn CA, Theodore AC. Impact of a clinical pharmacist-enforced intensive care unit sedation protocol on duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay. Crit Care Med. 2008; 36: 427-433. 173. Mason JD, Colley CA. Effectiveness of an ambulatory care clinical pharmacist: a controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother. 1993; 27: 555-559. 174. Mattar ME, Markello J, Yaffe SJ. Pharmaceutic factors affecting pediatric compliance. Pediatrics. 1975; 55: 101-108. 175. Mazzolini TA, Irons BK, Schell EC, et al. Lipid levels and use of lipid-lowering drugs for patients in pharmacist-managed lipid clinics versus usual care in 2 VA Medical Centers. Am J Manag Care. 2005; 11: 763-771. 176. McConnell KJ, Zadvorny EB, Hardy AM, et al. Coronary artery disease and hypertension: outcomes of a pharmacist-managed blood pressure program. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26: 1333-1341. 177. McCord AD. Clinical impact of a pharmacist-managed diabetes mellitus drug therapy management service. Pharmacotherapy. 2006; 26: 248-253. 178. McGhan WF, Stimmel GL, Hall TG, et al. A comparison of pharmacists and physicians on the quality of prescribing for ambulatory hypertensive patients. Med Care. 1983; 21: 435-444. 40 179. McKenney JM, Wasserman AJ. Effect of advanced pharmaceutical services on the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979; 36: 1691-1697. 180. McKenney JM, Witherspoon JM. The impact of outpatient hospital pharmacists on patients receiving antihypertensive and anticoagulant therapy. Hosp Pharm. 1985; 20: 406, 409-11, 415. 181. McKenney JM, Slining JM, Henderson HR, Devins D, Barr M. The effect of clinical pharmacy services on patients with essential hypertension. Circulation. 1973; 48: 1104-1111. 182. McMullin ST, Hennenfent JA, Ritchie DJ, et al. A prospective, randomized trial to assess the cost impact of pharmacist-initiated interventions. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 2306-2309. 183. Mead RA, McGhan WF. Use of histamine2-receptor blocking agents and sucralfate in a health maintenance organization following continued clinical pharmacist intervention. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1988; 22: 466-469. 184. Mehos BM, Saseen JJ, MacLaughlin EJ. Effect of pharmacist intervention and initiation of home blood pressure monitoring in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 1384-1389. 185. Modi BP, Langer M,Ching YA, et al. Improved survival in a multidisciplinary short bowel syndrome program. J Pediatr Surg. 2008; 43: 20-24. 186. Monson R, Bond CA, Schuna A. Role of the clinical pharmacist in improving drug therapy. Clinical pharmacists in outpatient therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1981; 141: 1441-1444. 187. Morello CM, Zadvorny EB, Cording MA, et al. Development and clinical outcomes of pharmacist-managed diabetes care clinics. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2006; 63: 1325-1331. 188. Morse GD, Douglas JB, Upton JH, et al. Effect of pharmacist intervention on control of resistant hypertension. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1986; 43: 905-909. 189. Murray MD, Young J, Hoke S, et al. Pharmacist intervention to improve medication adherence in heart failure: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007; 146: 714-725. 190. Mutchie KD, Smith KA, MacKay MW, et al. Pharmacist monitoring of parenteral nutrition: clinical and cost effectiveness. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1979; 36: 785-787. 191. Nahata MC. Paediatric drug therapy. II--Drug administration errors. J Clin Pharm Ther. 1988; 13: 399-402. 192. Nau DP, Pacholski AM. Impact of pharmacy care services on patients' perceptions of health care quality for diabetes. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2007; 47: 358-365. 193. Neel AB, Pittman JC, Marasco RA, et al. Psychoactive drug use in Georgia nursing homes: effects of aggressive intervention. Consult Pharm. 1993; 8: 245-248. 194. Ng TM, Bell AM, Hong C, et al. Pharmacist monitoring of QTc interval-prolonging medications in critically ill medical patients: a pilot study. Ann Pharmacother. 2008; 42: 475-482. 195. Nicholas A, Divine H, Nowak-Rapp M, et al. University and college of pharmacy collaboration to control health plan prescription drug costs. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2007; 47: 86-92. 196. Nietert PJ, Tilley BC, Zhao W, et al. Two pharmacy interventions to improve refill persistence for chronic disease medications: a randomized, controlled trial. Med Care. 2009; 47: 32-40. 197. Nkansah NT, Brewer JM, Connors R, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with diabetes mellitus receiving medication management by pharmacists in an urban private physician practice. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008; 65: 145-149. 41 198. Nola KM, Gourley DR, Portner TS, et al. Clinical and humanistic outcomes of a lipid management program in the community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000; 40: 166-173. 199. Nykamp D, Ruggles D. Impact of an indigent care program on use of resources: experiences at one hospital. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 217-220. 200. Odegard PS, Goo A, Hummel J, et al. Caring for poorly controlled diabetes mellitus: a randomized pharmacist intervention. Ann Pharmacother. 2005; 39: 433-440. 201. Odegard PS, Lam A, Chun A, et al. Pharmacist provision of language-appropriate education for Asian patients with asthma. J Am Pharm Assoc (2004). 2004; 44: 472-477. 202. O'Dell KM, Kucukarslan SN. Impact of the clinical pharmacist on readmission in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2005; 39: 1423-1427. 203. Ogbuokiri JE. Self-monitoring of blood pressures in hypertensive subjects and its effects on patient compliance. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1980; 14: 424-427. 204. Okamoto MP, Nakahiro RK. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a pharmacist-managed hypertension clinic. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: 1337-1344. 205. Olson KL, Rasmussen J, Sandhoff BG, et al. Clinical Pharmacy Cardiac Risk Service Study Group Lipid management in patients with coronary artery disease by a clinical pharmacy service in a group model health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 2005; 165: 49-54. 206. Park JJ, Kelly P, Carter BL, et al. Comprehensive pharmaceutical care in the chain setting. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1996; NS36: 443-451. 207. Parra D, Beckey NP, Korman L. Retrospective Evaluation of the Conversion of Amlodipine to Alternative Calcium Channel Blockers. Pharmacotherapy. 2000; 20: 1072-1078. 208. Pauley TR, Magee MJ, Cury JD. Pharmacist-managed, physician-directed asthma management program reduces emergency department visits. Ann Pharmacother. 1995; 29: 5-9. 209. Pawloski SJ, Kersh PL. Therapeutic heparin monitoring service in a small community hospital. Hosp Pharm. 1992; 27: 703-6, 723. 210. Pell LJ, Martin BS, Shirk MB. Epoetin alfa protocol and multidisciplinary blood-conservation program for critically ill patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2005; 62: 400-405. 211. Pelletier RD. Self-medication promotes patient independence in rehabilitative setting. Hosp Pharm. 1983; 18: 86-8, 96. 212. Pineros SL, Sales AE, Li YF, et al. Improving Care to Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease: Experiences in a Single Network of the Veterans Health Administration. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. 2004; 1: 3340. 213. Poon IO, Lal L, Brown EN, et al. The impact of pharmacist-managed oral anticoagulation therapy in older veterans. J Clin Hosp Pharm. 2007; 32: 21-29. 214. Powell MF, Burkhart VD, Lamy PP. Diabetic patient compliance as a function of patient counseling. Ann Pharmacother. 2006; 40: 747-752. 215. Powers DA, Hamilton CW, Roberts KB. Pharmacist intervention in methadone administration to cancer patients with chronic pain. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1983; 40: 1520-1523. 42 216. Quercia RA, Abrahams R, White CM, et al. Cost avoidance and clinical benefits derived from a pharmacy managed anemia program. Hosp Pharm. 2001; 36: 169-175. 217. Raebel MA, Carroll NM, Kelleher JA, et al. Randomized trial to improve prescribing safety during pregnancy. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007; 14: 440-450. 218. Ragucci KR, Fermo JD, Wessell AM, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacist-administered diabetes mellitus education and management services. Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 25: 1809-1816. 219. Rainville EC. Impact of pharmacist interventions on hospital readmissions for heart failure. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1999; 56: 1339-1342. 220. Rathbun RC, Farmer KC, Stephens JR, et al. Impact of an adherence clinic on behavioral outcomes and virologic response in treatment of HIV infection: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. Clin Ther. 2005; 27: 199-209. 221. Rehring TF, Stolcpart RS, Sandhoff BG, et al. Effect of a clinical pharmacy service on lipid control in patients with peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2006; 43: 1205-1210. 222. Rickles NM, Svarstad BL, Statz-Paynter JL, et al. Improving patient feedback about and outcomes with antidepressant treatment: a study in eight community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2006; 46: 25-32. 223. Rivey MP, Peterson JP. Pharmacy-managed, weight-based heparin protocol. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1993; 50: 279284. 224. Rivey MP, Wood RD, Allington DR, et al. Pharmacy-managed protocol for warfarin use in orthopedic surgery patients. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 1995; 52: 1310-1316. 225. Roberts RJ, Robinson JD, Doering PL, et al. A comparison of various types of patient instruction in the proper administration of metered inhalers. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1982; 16: 53-5, 59. 226. Rodis JL, Green CG, Cook SC, et al. Effects of a pharmacist-initiated educational intervention on patient knowledge about the appropriate use of antibiotics. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2004; 61: 1385-1389. 227. Rojas-Fernandez CH, Eng M, Allie ND. Pharmacologic management by clinical pharmacists of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents: results from a pilot study. Pharmacotherapy. 2003; 23: 217-221. 228. Rosen CE, Copp WM, Holmes S. Effectiveness of a specially trained pharmacist in a rural community mental health center. Public Health Rep. 1978; 93: 464-467. 229. Rosen CE, Copp WM, Holmes S. The psychiatric pharmacist in community mental health. Can J Public Health. 1978; 69: 139-142. 230. Rosen CE, Holmes S. Pharmacist's impact on chronic psychiatric outpatients in community mental health. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1978; 35: 704-708. 231. Rothman R, Malone R, Bryant B, et al. Pharmacist-led, primary care-based disease management improves hemoglobin A1c in high-risk patients with diabetes. Am J Med Qual. 2003; 18: 51-58. 232. Rothman R, Malone R, Bryant B, et al. The relationship between literacy and glycemic control in a diabetes disease-management program. Diabetes Educ. 2004; 30: 263-273. 43 233. Rothman RL, Malone R, Bryant B, et al. A randomized trial of a primary care-based disease management program to improve cardiovascular risk factors and glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with diabetes. Am J Med. 2005; 118: 276-284. 234. Rupp MT, McCallian DJ, Sheth KK. Developing and marketing a community pharmacy-based asthma management program. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1997; NS37: 694-699. 235. Saklad SR, Ereshefsky L, Jann MW, et al. Clinical pharmacists' impact on prescribing in an acute adult psychiatric facility. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1984; 18: 632-634. 236. Sauvageot J, Kirkpatrick MA, Spray JW. Pharmacist-implemented pharmaceutical manufacturers' assistance programs: effects on health outcomes for seniors. Consult Pharm. 2008; 23: 809-812. 237. Schneider PJ, Larrimer JN, Visconti JA, et al. Role effectiveness of a pharmacist in the maintenance of patients with hypertension and congestive heart failure. Contemp Pharm Pract. 1982; 5: 74-79. 238. Schneider PJ, Murphy JE, Pedersen CA. Impact of medication packaging on adherence and treatment outcomes in older ambulatory patients. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2008; 48: 58-63. 239. Schnipper JL, Kirwin JL, Cotugno MC, et al. Role of pharmacist counseling in preventing adverse drug events after hospitalization. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166: 565-571. 240. Schommer JC, Byers SR, Pape LL, et al. Interdisciplinary medication education in a church environment. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59: 423-428. 241. Scott DM, Boyd ST, Stephan M, et al. Outcomes of pharmacist-managed diabetes care services in a community health center. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2006; 63: 2116-2122. 242. Sczupak CA, Conrad WF. Relationship between patient oriented pharmaceutical services and therapeutic outcomes of ambulatory patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977; 34: 1238-1242. 243. Secnik K, Pathak DS, Cohen JM. Postcard and telephone reminders for unclaimed prescriptions: a comparative evaluation using survival analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2000; 40: 243-51; quiz 330-1. 244. Self TH, Brooks JB, Lieberman P, et al. The value of demonstration and role of the pharmacist in teaching the correct use of pressurized bronchodilators. Can Med Assoc J. 1983; 128: 129-131. 245. Shah NR, Emont AJ, Johnson VP. Total quality management in action: pharmacy system changes to decrease medication incidents and increase clinical services. Hosp Pharm. 1994; 29: 676, 679-80. 246. Shane-McWhorter L, Oderda GM. Providing Diabetes Education and Care to Underserved Patients in a Collaborative Practice at a Utah Community Health Center. Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 25: 96-109. 247. Shaughnessy AF, D'Amico F. Long-term experience with a program to improve prescription-writing skills. Fam Med. 1994; 26: 168-171. 248. Shibley MC, Pugh CB. Implementation of pharmaceutical care services for patients with hyperlipidemias by independent community pharmacy practitioners. Ann Pharmacother. 1997; 31: 713-719. 249. Simkins CV, Wenzloff NJ. Evaluation of a computerized reminder system in the enhancement of patient medication refill compliance. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986; 20: 799-802. 250. Skoutakis VA, Acchiardo SR, Martinez DR, et al. Role-effectiveness of the pharmacist in the treatment of hemodialysis patients. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1978; 35: 62-65. 44 251. Smith SR, Catellier DJ, Conlisk EA, et al. Effect on health outcomes of a community-based medication therapy management program for seniors with limited incomes. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006; 63: 372-379. 252. Smythe MA, Shah PP, Spiteri TL, et al. Pharmaceutical care in medical progressive care patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1998; 32: 294-299. 253. SoflinD, Young WW, Clayton BD. Development and evaluation of an individualized patient education program about digoxin. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1977; 34: 367-371. 254. Solomon DK, Portner TS, Bass GE, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 1998; 38: 574-585. 255. Stergachis A, Gardner JS, Anderson MT, et al. Improving pediatric asthma outcomes in the community setting: does pharmaceutical care make a difference? J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2002; 42: 743-752. 256. Sterne SC, Gundersen BP, Shrivastava D. Development and evaluation of a pharmacist-managed asthma education clinic. Hosp Pharm. 1999; 34: 699-706. 257. Stiegler KA, Yunker NS, Crouch MA. Effect of pharmacist counseling in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbation of asthma. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60: 473-476. 258. Straka RJ, Taheri R, Cooper SL, et al. Achieving cholesterol target in a managed care organization (ACTION) trial. Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 25: 360-371. 259. Streetman DS, Nafziger AN, Destache CJ, et al. Individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring results in less aminoglycoside-associated nephrotoxicity and fewer associated costs. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: 443-451. 260. Stroup JS, Rivers SM, Abu-Baker AM, et al. Two-year changes in bone mineral density and T scores in patients treated at a pharmacist-run teriparatide clinic. Pharmacotherapy. 2007; 27: 779-788. 261. Swain JH, Macklin R. Individualized diabetes care in a rural community pharmacy. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash). 2001; 41: 458-461. 262. Tallahassee F. Advantages of a pharmacist-led diabetes education program. US Pharm. 2005; 11: 52-61. 263. Taveira TH, Wu WC, Martin OJ, et al. Pharmacist-led cardiac risk reduction model. Prev Cardiol. 2006; 9: 202-208. 264. Taylor AJ, Grace K, Swiecki J, et al. Lipid-lowering efficacy, safety, and costs of a large-scale therapeutic statin formulary conversion program. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: 1130-1139. 265. Taylor CT, Byrd DC, Krueger K. Improving primary care in rural Alabama with a pharmacy initiative. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2003; 60: 1123-1129. 266. Terceros Y, Chahine-Chakhtoura C, Malinowski JE, et al. Impact of a pharmacy resident on hospital length of stay and drug-related costs. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 742-748. 267. Thompson JF, McGhan WF, Ruffalo RL, et al. Clinical pharmacists prescribing drug therapy in a geriatric setting: outcome of a trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1984; 32: 154-159. 268. Till LT, Voris JC, Horst JB. Assessment of clinical pharmacist management of lipid-lowering therapy in a primary care setting. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003; 9: 269-273. 269. To LL, Stoner CP, Stolley SN, et al. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-implemented anemia management protocol in an outpatient hemodialysis unit. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2001; 58: 2061-2065. 45 270. Trygstad TK, Christensen D, Garmise J, et al. Pharmacist response to alerts generated from medicaid pharmacy claims in a long-term care setting: Results from the North Carolina polypharmacy initiative. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005; 11: 575-583. 271. Tsai AE, Cooper Jr. JW, McCall CY. Pharmacist impact on hematopoietic and vitamin therapy in a geriatric long-term care facility. Hosp Formul. 1982; 17: 225-226. 272. Van Amburgh JA, Waite NM, Hobson EH, et al. Improved influenza vaccination rates in a rural population as a result of a pharmacist-managed immunization campaign. Pharmacotherapy. 2001; 21: 1115-1122. 273. Van Veldhuizen-Scott MK, Widmer LB, Stacey SA, et al. Developing and implementing a pharmaceutical care model in an ambulatory care setting for patients with diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1995; 21: 117-123. 274. Vernon DD, Furnival RA, Hansen KW, et al. Effect of a pediatric trauma response team on emergency department treatment time and mortality of pediatric trauma victims. Pediatrics. 1999; 103: 20-24. 275. Viola RA, Abbott KC, Welch PG, et al. A multidisciplinary program for achieving lipid goals in chronic hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrol. 2002; 3: 9. 276. Vivian EM. Improving blood pressure control in a pharmacist-managed hypertension clinic. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 1533-1540. 277. Voirol P, Kayser SR, Chang CY, et al. Impact of pharmacists' interventions on the pediatric discharge medication process. Ann Pharmacother. 2004; 38: 1597-1602. 278. Walton T, Holloway KP, Knauss MD. Pharmacist-managed anemia program in an outpatient hemodialysis population. Hosp Pharm. 2005; 40: 1051-1056. 279. Weinberger M, Murray MD, Marrero DG, et al. Effectiveness of pharmacist care for patients with reactive airways disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002; 288: 1594-1602. 280. Weiner BK, Venarske J, Yu M, et al. Towards the reduction of medication errors in orthopedics and spinal surgery: outcomes using a pharmacist-led approach. Spine. 2008; 33: 104-107. 281. Welty TE, Copa AK. Impact of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring on patient care. Ann Pharmacother. 1994; 28: 1335-1339. 282. West D, Blevins MA, Brech D, et al. A multidisciplinary approach in a community pharmacy can improve outcomes for diabetes patients. Diabetes Educ. 2003; 29: 962-968. 283. Williamson DH, Cooper Jr. JW, Kotzan JA, et al. Consultant pharmacist impact on antihypertensive therapy in a geriatric long-term care facility. Hosp Formul. 1984; 19: 123-128. 284. Williford SL, Johnson DF. Impact of pharmacist counseling on medication knowledge and compliance. Mil Med. 1995; 160: 561-564. 285. Wilt VM, Gums JG, Ahmed OI, et al. Outcome analysis of a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation service. Pharmacotherapy. 1995; 15: 732-739. 286. Winterbottom LM, Fong AM, Benkstein KL, et al. Impact of a clinical pharmacy consult service on guideline adherence and management of gabapentin for neuropathic pain. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006; 12: 61-69. 287. Witt DM, Humphries TL. A retrospective evaluation of the management of excessive anticoagulation in an established clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service compared to traditional care. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2003; 15: 113-118. 46 288. Witt DM, Sadler MA, Shanahan RL, et al. Effect of a centralized clinical pharmacy anticoagulation service on the outcomes of anticoagulation therapy. Chest. 2005; 127: 1515-1522. 289. Woroniecki CL, McKercher PL, Flagler DG, et al. Effect of pharmacist counseling on drug information recall. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1982; 39: 1907-1910. 290. Yam FK, Akers WS, Ferraris VA, et al. Interventions to improve guideline compliance following coronary artery bypass grafting. Surgery. 2006; 140: 541-7; discussion 547-52. 291. Yamada C, Johnson JA, Robertson P, et al. Long-term impact of a community pharmacist intervention on cholesterol levels in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events: extended follow-up of the second study of cardiovascular risk intervention by pharmacists (SCRIP-plus). Pharmacotherapy. 2005; 25: 110-115. 292. Yanchick JK. Implementation of a drug therapy monitoring clinic in a primary-care setting. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2000; 57 Suppl 4: S30-4. 293. Yanchick JK. Pharmacist-managed hypertension therapy conversion. Mil Med. 2001; 166: 866-870. 294. Yuan Y, Hay JW, McCombs JS. Effects of ambulatory-care pharmacist consultation on mortality and hospitalization. Am J Manag Care. 2003; 9: 45-56. 295. Zeolla MM, Cerulli J. Assessment of the effects of a community pharmacy women's health education program on Management of Menopause survey scores. J Manag Care Pharm. 2004; 10: 442-448. 296. Zillich AJ, Carter BL, Ernst ME, et al. Effect of a telephone medication renewal service on blood pressure control. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003). 2003; 43: 561-565. 297. Zillich AJ, Ryan M, Adams A, et al. Effectiveness of a pharmacist-based smoking-cessation program and its impact on quality of life. Pharmacotherapy. 2002; 22: 759-765. 298. Zillich AJ, Sutherland JM, Kumbera PA, et al. Hypertension outcomes through blood pressure monitoring and evaluation by pharmacists (HOME study). J Gen Intern Med. 2005; 20: 1091-1096.
