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CHAPTER ONE: NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS
New World
A social and political experiment
Will never happen again
Huge, Fertile, Temperate, “Uninhabited”
USA will one day reach its peak……
Native Americans
maize, beans, squash (productive, healthy, trio)
Small, scattered, impermanent settlements
Slavery & Plantation system from the Portuguese
Columbus’s Voyage
Renaissance ideas = questioning & use of technology
Created interdependent global economic system
Europe provides – markets, capital, technology
Africa provides – labor
New World provides – raw materials (metals & soil)
90% of natives killed by 1592, primarily by disease
Treaty of Tordesillas
divided New World between Spain & Portugal
EXPLORERS
Balboa
Magellan
Ponce de Leon
Coronado
De Soto
Pizarro
Cortes
John Cabot
Cartier
La Salle
Father Junipero Serra
Pacific Ocean
circumnavigation of globe
Florida
Arizona & New Mexico
Mississippi River
Incas (Peru)
Aztecs (Mexico)
Northeastern North America
St. Lawrence River
Mississippi River
California missions
SETTLEMENTS
St. Augustine, Florida
Jamestown, Virginia
Quebec, Canada
Santa Fe, New Mexico
1st permanent settlement in North America
Spanish (1565)
English (1607)
French (1608)
Spanish (1610)
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CHAPTER TWO: THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA
England under Elizabeth
promote Protestantism, seize Spanish ships,
raid Spanish settlements
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
weakened Spanish spirit
Ensured British naval dominance
Encouraged British nationalism
Increased the Queen’s popularity
Factors promoting colonization…
1) enclosure system – landlords fenced areas for
sheep grazing, forced small farmers out
2) primogeniture laws – only first-born sons
inherited land
3) invention of joint-stock company – investors
could pool capital
4) peace with Spain
Jamestown – 1607
Joint Stock company to find gold (“get rich quick”)
Settlers unaccustomed to fending for themselves
Colonists ate cats, rats, dogs, corpses
John Smith
“He who shall not work, shall not eat”
Saved colony
Lord DeLaWar
tough policies against Indians
Powhatan Wars
1st War > fragile peace
John Rolfe married Pocahantas (Powhatan’s
daughter)
nd
2 War > banishment and extinction of Indians
tobacco
perfected by John Rolfe
ruinous to soil
fluctuating prices
created demand for fresh labor
Dutch sold 20 Africans in1619
House of Burgesses
1st representative self-government in colonies
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Maryland – 1634
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founded by Lord Baltimore
For financial profit & refuge for Catholics
Maryland Act of Toleration Catholics were quickly surrounded by Protestants
and passed this Act of religious freedom for all
Christians to guarantee Catholic rights in the face of
a Protestant majority
Carolinas – 1670
North Carolina – 1712
Georgia – 1733
founded by Charles II during “Restoration Period”>
(Charles I dismissed Parliament, beheaded, Oliver
Cromwell ruled with no king, finally Charles II
“restored to throne)
Slave-oriented; rice growing
Virginia outcasts moved south to Carolina
Independent-minded, democratic, NOT aristocratic
Broke away to form their own colony
founded by James Oglethorpe
1) buffer from Spanish Florida and French
Louisiana, received $ from British gov.)
2) haven for British debtors
No slavery allowed at first
PLANTATION COLONY SIMILARITIES
Staple crops (tobacco, rice, indigo,
later cotton)
Slavery
Aristocratic
Scattered population
Few churches or schools
Followed the Church of England
Need to expand westward for soil
County government
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CHAPTER THREE: SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES
Puritans
wanted total purification of Church of England
Total de-Catholicization
Some people pre-destined for salvation
Strict adherence to Puritanism a sign of salvation
Separatists
extreme Puritans
Wanted to break from Church of England
Migrated to Holland > negotiated to settle in
Virginia
(less than ½ of settlers actually Separatist)
blown off-course – landed at Plymouth
Plymouth-1620
Mayflower Compact
agreed to submit to the “will of the majority” &
follow rules
First step toward self-government
William Bradford
governor of Plymouth (30 times)
(Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1691)
Massachusetts Bay – 1629
John Winthrop
non-Separatists
Brought their charter to America – went against
King’s rules
Governor – wanted to create “City on a Hill”
Congregational Church
tax-supported (“established”)- ministers hired,
fired, salaried by members
- clergy not allowed to hold
political office
- church attendance legally
required
“freemen”adult, male, church members, VOTE
Town Meetings
all male property holders
Discuss issues
Majority vote
DISSENTERS
Anne Hutchinson
truly “saved” need not bother to obey laws of God
or man (anti-nomianism)
banished , traveled to Rhode Island, then New York
only she and 1 child survived Indian attacks
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Roger Williams
Rhode Island – 1644
INDIAN WARS
Pequot Wars – 1637
King Philip’s War – 1675
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extreme Separatist
Wanted to compensate Indians
Said to have “new & dangerous” opinions
Banished formed Rhode Island
complete freedom of religion
Full manhood suffrage
Freedom of opportunity
Pequots annihilated
Metacom formed an alliance, coordinated attacks
Throughout the English countryside
Lasting defeat for New England Indians
COLONIAL UNITY
New England Confederation – 1643 Plymouth and Massachusetts
Formed primarily for defense
Dominion of New England – 1686
imposed by London
To promote efficiency in carrying out Navigation
Acts
Headed by Sir Edmund Andros
Curbed town meetings, restricted courts, press,
schools
Glorious Revolution
Catholic James II replaced by Protestant William
and Mary
Dominion of New England collapsed – Andros tried
to flee in women’s clothes but was sent back to
England
MIDDLE COLONIES
New York – 1664
originally New Netherland est. by Dutch West India
Feudal estates along Hudson River, patroonships
given to promoters who would settle with 50 people
Peter Stuyvesant defeated Swedish intruders on the
Delaware
Eventually surrendered to England and renamed
New York after the Duke of York
(Wall Street built by Dutch on Manhattan Island to protect from Indian attacks)
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Leislers Rebellion (1689)
Pennsylvania – 1681
Paxton Boys Rebellion
New Jersey – 1664
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animosity in NYC between landholders and
merchants
William Penn - Quaker
Well-advertised
Liberal land policies
Benevolent toward Indians
Freedom of worship
No provision for military
frontier Paxton boys marched on Philadelphia to
protest Quaker leniency toward Indians
proprietors received land grant from Duke of York
SIMILARITES OF MIDDLE COLONIES
Fertile soil = grain
Much land
Lumber, commerce, farms
Ethnically mixed
Religious toleration
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CHAPTER FOUR: AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 17TH CENTURY
CHESAPEAKE
Disease!
½ of population did not reach 20 years old
Immigrants
young, single men
Weak families
many unwed mothers
Tobacco
need for more land and labor
overproduction > low prices > more acres planted >
Labor
Headright System – whoever paid passage for
laborers received 50 acres
Led to masses of impoverished freemen
Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)
Slavery
resentment of Governor Berkley’s friendly Indian
policies
Indian attacks prompted Bacon and others to attack
Indians and sack Jametown
Bacon died of disease and Berkley crushed
remaining rebels (20 hanged)
fewer English workers due to: rising wages and
fear of mutiny like Bacon’s Rebellion
10,000 Africans to American between 1700 & 1710
-early slave codes made adults and their children
slaves for life
-Chesapeake only society ever where slaves
maintained their population through reproduction
Society
Great Planters (slaves, huge estates)
Small Farmers
Blacks
Isolation/Scattered
Water is primary means of transportation
NEW ENGLAND
Healthy
lived 10 years longer than Chesapeake
(Mass. Gov. came from family of 27 kids from same mother)
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Immigrants
families
Early marriages
Frequent childbirth
Family Stability
meant less women’s rights
Society
small villages
Settled in orderly fashion
Massachusetts School Law
‘Ye Olde Deluder Satan Law (1647)
Towns of more than 50 families required to provide
elementary education
Harvard College (1636)
first in America
Religion
Half-Way Covenant (1662)
Life
trouble with declining membership
-partial Church membership rights to those not yet
converted
-Gradually erased distinction between “elect” and
others
-Strict purity sacrificed for wider participation
farming difficult due to rocks
Timber= shipbuilding
Harbors (cod)
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CHAPTER FIVE: COLONIAL SOCIETY IN THE 18TH CENTURY
Population
doubled every 25 years
1 colonist for every 3 Englishmen
90% rural/agricultural
Ethnically mixed: German/Scots-Irish
Professions
clerics most honored
Industry
agriculture
Triangular Trade: rum>slaves>sugar
Lumbering
Molasses Act – 1773
designed to cut colonial trade with the French West
Indies
“established” churches: Anglican: NY, MD, VA,
NC, SC, GA
Congregational: Mass, CT,
New Hamp.
Religion
Great Awakening 1730s-1740s
-began in Massachusetts where Puritan piety
had been eroding
-Preachers said spirituality could be
emotional and that salvation was open to all
who appealed to God
Jonathan Edwards
“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”
Men completely dependant on God’s graces
George Whitefield
spellbinding orator
Revolutionized spiritual life for colonists
“old lights”
skeptical of emotionalism & theatrics
“new lights”
wanted to revitalize religion
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EFFECTS
Of Great Awakening
Baptist religion created
Increased number of churches
Missionary work began
More centers of higher learning: Princeton,
Dartmouth, etc.
Trend toward equality in America
** First spontaneous mass movement of
colonists
Press John Peter Zenger Trial (1734)
charged with libel from corrupt Royal
Governor
Convicted by judges from England; Jury of
colonists declared him “not guilty”
** precedent for Freedom of Expression
Politics
Royal Governors – appt. by King
Proprietors – chose governors
Self-governing – elected governors
varied structure
Power of the Purse – colonial assemblies
could withhold governor’s salaries if
dissatisfied
Assembly
Lower House – elected by colonists
Suffrage
½ of males disenfranchised because of
property or religious restrictions BUT land
was easy to acquire
Enlightenment
John Locke – natural rights
God gave man powers of observation &
reason
God created world & then left it to man
Reason & man more important than God
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CHAPTER SIX: DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA
French in North America
EUROPEAN CLASHES
King William’s War &
Queen Anne’s War
slow population growth
Fur traders (beaver pelts)
Jesuit missionaries
Got along well with Native population
British vs. French
guerilla-style warfare
British won
War of Jenkins’ Ear
English captain had ear sliced off by
Spanish
Took ear back to England to encourage war
War of Austrian Succession
England won
Ohio River Valley
spot of contention btwn. Britain & France
FRENCH & INDIAN WAR- 1754
Albany Congress
(a.k.a. Seven Year’s War)
-called by Britain to try to achieve
coordinated colonial action
-prompted Ben Franklin’s “Join or Die” cartoon
Col. Braddock
1st British General; haughty
Lost to French at Fort Duquesne
William Pitt
Braddock’s replacement
Liked by colonists; “the Great Commoner”
Wolfe
captured Quebec for the British after siege
Defeated Montcalm
George Washington
proved himself militarily
Treaty of Paris – 1763
French out of North America
Spain received Louisiana & Cuba
England got Florida and land to Miss. River
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EFFECTS of French & Indian War
Pontiac’s Rebellion – 1763
Proclamation of 1763
colonial self-confidence
Valuable military experience
Feeling that British were incompetent
Iroquois Confederacy destroyed
Colonists desire to push westward past Appalachians
Britain had HUGE war debt
alliance of Indians tried to drive
British/colonists out of Ohio Valley - 2,000
were killed
British retaliated with smallpox blankets
-prohibited colonial settlement beyond
Appalachians
-Designed to work out Indian problem
-Colonists resentful and ignored
-British becoming annoyed with “unruly”
colonists
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CHAPTER SEVEN: THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
English Economic Policy – Pre-French & Indian War
Mercantilism
Export more than import
Accumulate precious metals
Colonies used to support mother country:
Furnish ships, sailors, trade
Provide markets for English goods
Keep gold & silver within Empire
Navigation Laws – 1650
restricted commerce to & from colonies
Manufactures that competed with Britain
were restricted, such as: wool & beaver hats
(Hat Act)
Currency Act
forbade colonists from issuing their own
money – colonists ignored
Board of Trade – 1696
controlled colonial economy (“joke”)
BENEFITS of Mercantilism
-loosely enforced (Salutary Neglect)
-Gave colonists sense of “Rights of
Englishmen”
-Britain obligated to protect colonies
-Colonists not taxed
MENACE of Mercantilism
-economic entrepreneurship stifled
-Southern colonies favored because they had
no manufacturing that competed
-Feeling of being “used” by Britain
English Economic Policy post-French & Indian War
Prime Minister George Grenville – 1763
Sugar Act – 1764
Quartering Act – 1765
ordered enforcement of Navigation Acts
designed to raise revenue for Britain to pay
back debt of French& Indian War
colonists to provide food & lodging for
British troops left in colonies
(New York legislature suspended for failure to comply)
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Stamp Act – 1765
-tax on paper goods
-Led to cries of “No Taxation W/Out
Representation”
-Colonists wanted Actual Representation (a
seat on Parliament)
-British claimed colonists had Virtual
Representation (Parliament represented all
British subjects)
Stamp Act Congress
met in New York City
27 delegates from 9 colonies
statement of rights & grievances
policy of “non-importation” from Britain
Virginia Resolves
colonists should have same rights as all
Englishmen
Sons of Liberty
Sam Adams
Took law into own hands
Forced stamp agents to resign
Declaratory Act – 1766
repealed the Stamp Tax
Declared Parliament had binding right over
colonies in all cases
Townshend Acts – 1766
import duty on glass, lead, paper, tea
“Indirect Tax” – paid at ports
Boston Massacre – 1770
British troops in colonies to keep law &
order
Colonists taunted troops > were fired upon
John Adams defended British troops
Committees of Correspondance
organized by Sam Adams in Massachusetts
Spread propaganda
Soon became inter-colonial
Tea Act – 1773
British East India Co. facing bankruptcy
Granted monopoly in America
Led to Boston Tea Party
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Repressive Acts – 1774
Quebec Act
First Continental Congress – 1774
a.k.a. Coercive Acts, Intolerable Acts
Designed to punish Boston for Tea Party
Closed Boston Port until damages paid
Mass. Charter rights revoked
Town Meetings restricted
French Quebecois guaranteed Catholicism
Boundary extended to Ohio River
Alarmed colonial land speculators & antiCatholics
-all colonies BUT Georgia
-Sam Adams, John Adams, George
Washington, Patrick Henry
-Demands rejected by Parliament
Declaration of Rights
rights of Englishmen
The Association
called for complete boycott of British goods
Suffolk Resolves
delivered by Paul Revere declaring Virginia
fully supported Boston, Mass.
Lexington & Concord – 1775
gunpowder
British troops ordered to seize colonial
Colonial “minute men” refused to disperse
Shots fired, 300 British killed
COLONIAL STRENGTHS
Outstanding leaders (George Washington, Marquis de LaFayette)
Fighting on home terrain
Belief in a just cause
COLONIAL WEAKNESSES
Lack of unity
Sectional jealousy
Inflation due to “worthless” currency
Lack of military supplies (esp. clothes, shoes)
1/3 Loyalist; 1/3 Patriot; 1/3 ambivalent
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CHAPTER EIGHT: AMERICA SECEDES FROM THE EMPIRE
Second Continental Congress – 1775
selected G. Washington to lead colonial
army
Olive Branch Petition
professed American loyalty
Begged King George to end hostilities
Rejected by King
*contradiction
colonists professing loyalty while fighting British
Common Sense by Thomas Paine – 1776
-radical, influential, eloquent call for
independence AND republicanism
-“These are the times that try men’s souls”
INDEPENDENCE
Richard Henry Lee’s Resolution (6/7/1776) Thomas Jefferson appointed head of
committee to prepare statement justifying
declaration of independence
BATTLES
Trenton
Washington vs. Howe
Washington crossed the Delaware on 12/26
and captured 1,000 hungover Hessian
mercenaries
Saratoga
-Gates vs. Burgoyne
-Colonial victory showed French colonists
could win
-French began sending: money, equipment,
navy, ½ of all colonial troops were now
French
- 1778 Franco-American alliance
Yorktown – 1781
colonists were on verge of mutiny
Cornwallis was surrounded by Washington
on land & French at sea > surrendered
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Benedict Arnold
plotted with British to sell out West Point
George Rogers Clark
seized various western forts
John Paul Jones
destroyed British merchant shipping
Peace of Paris – 1783
-Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay sent to
negotiate
-France scheming with Spain to confine
United States to east of Allegheny Mtns.
-US made treaty without consulting French
allies
TERMS
-United States gained independence
-Boundaries of US: Mississippi River at
West (France has rest), Great Lakes at north
(Britain has Canada), Florida at south
(Spain has rest)
- loyalists not persecuted
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CHAPTER NINE: THE CONFEDERATION & CONSTITUTION
RESULTS OF REVOLUTION
“leveling”
reduced property qualifications for voting
trade organizations for artisans
separation of Church & State
Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom (1786
gradual emancipation
many northern states abolished slavery
all states but Georgia eliminated slave trade
women
idea of “Republican motherhood” – mothers
duty to teach civic virtue to children
State constitutions
most had…..
State sovereignty
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
a.k.a. “Firm League of Friendship”
POSITIVES
Bill of Rights
Annual elections
Weak executive & judicial branches
Powerful legislatures
Some state capitals moved west
coined money
Raised armies
Erected tariffs
point of contention over western lands, some
had, some didn’t – why not just give it all to
the federal government?...
-stepping stone toward workable
Constitution
(dubbed the “Critical Period” by Charles
Fiske)
-Created system for orderly settlement of
western lands
Land Ordinance (1785)
-authorized sale of land to pay national debt
-System to survey land
-Established 6 square mile townships
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-Every 16th section reserved for public
school
Northwest Ordinance (1787) -60,000 residents meant territory could
apply for statehood with all rights &
privileges
-Forbade slavery in territories
PROBLEMS
RESULTS
no executive
No judicial
Each state had only 1 vote (regardless of
size)
2/3 vote needed to pass legislation
no power to regulate commerce
no power to collect taxes
no one took USA seriously… -England refused to send Foreign Minister
-Spain closed mouth of Mississippi River
-Algerian pirates destroyed Mediterranean
shipping
States quarreled over boundaries
States levied taxes against each other
States printed their own currency
Hard to fight internal rebellions
EVENTS LEADING TO CONSTITUTION
Shays’s Rebellion -1786
backcountry farmers of western Mass.
Farms foreclosed upon
Demanded paper money, lighter taxes, end
to foreclosures
Massachusetts sent in troops
Upper classes very frightened
** clear need for stronger federal
government
Annapolis Convention – 1786
called for by Virginia
Only 5 states attended
Called for convention in Philadelphia the
following year
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Philadelphia Convention – 1787
“COMPROMISES”
Great Compromise
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meant to “revise” the Articles of Confed.
All states but Rhode Island attended
Held in complete secrecy
- didn’t want arguments public
- didn’t want to give enemies info.
- going against public’s wishes
VA Plan – representation by population
NJ Plan – equal representation
Compromise – rep. in House by population
Rep. in Senate equal
Three-Fifths Compromise
slaves count as 3/5 to determine population
for representation
Slave Trade
would continue until 1807
“SAFEGUARDS”
against strong executive
“indirect election” of President & Senators
through electoral college
against federal judges
appointed with life terms
against powerful federal gov.
written Constitution based on the “consent
of the governed”
“checks & balances”
Anti-Federalists disliked…
dropping of annual elections
Federal stronghold in D.C.
Creation of a standing army
No reference to God
Ratification with only 2/3 vote
No Bill of Rights
Federalist Papers
-propaganda articles for NY newspaper
-No. 10 said Republican form of gov. would
work well for such a large country
-Written by Hamilton, Jay & Madison
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State ratifying conventions
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reps. Elected to vote for or against the new
Constitution
Last 4 states to ratify = VA, NY, NC, RI
Finally realized they could not exist
independently
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CHAPTER TEN: LAUNCHING THE NEW SHIP OF STATE
NEW GOVERNMENT
President
Cabinet
Secretary of State
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of War
George Washington – 1789
Elected unanimously
not mentioned in Constitution
Thomas Jefferson
Alexander Hamilton
Henry Knox
Bill of Rights
-drafted by James Madison
-Meant to protect people from the federal
government NOT state governments
-9th amendment – enumerated rights does
not mean that other rights are not retained by
the people
- 10th amendment – implied powers to do
what is “necessary and proper”
Judiciary Act – 1789
-organized the Supreme Court with a Chief
Justice and 5 others
-federal, district & circuit courts
Hamilton’s Economic Program
1) bolster national credit & public
confidence (US credit meant more countries
would have stake in success of US)
2) fund US debt plus interest
3) assume state debts (chain states more
tightly to fed. Gov.) > Virginia didn’t agree
SO Trade-off: Virginia let federal gov. take
its debt in exchange for capital located on
Potomac River
4) Tariffs to protect infant industries
5) Excise taxes (whiskey)
6) Bank of the United States
Hamilton (loose construction of the Constitution) VS. Jefferson (strict construction)
**Washington sided with Hamilton
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Whiskey Rebellion – 1794
excise tax collectors tarred & feathered
Washington sent US troops to PA
** new respect for federal government
FEDERALISTS
Aristocratic rule
Powerful central government
Loose interpretation
Protective tariffs for industry
Pro British
Central bank of the US
Debt
Strong navy
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS
rule by “informed masses”
state’s rights
strict interpretation
agriculture preferred
pro French
state banks
no national debt
minimal navy
FRANCE VS. ENGLAND
Neutrality Proclamation – 1793
British sales of guns to Indians
set precedent to stay clear of entangling
alliances
-Indians used guns to attack pioneers
-“Mad” Anthony Wayne crushed Indians at -Battle of Fallen Timbers
-Indians ceded part of Ohio River valley
British impressment of US seamen
Jay’s Treaty – 1794
British to evacuate Northwest posts
Pay damages for seizure of US ships
NOT pay pre-Revolutionary debts
British largely ignored this treaty
Pinckney’s Treaty – 1795
gave US free navigation of the Miss. River
Disputed Florida territory given to US
Citizen Genet
French ambassador to US
Recruited for the French army
Dismissed
XYZ Affair
Adams sent delegates to France
Demanded bribe to see Talleyrand
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Washington’s Farewell Address – 1796
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avoid permanent alliances
Avoid political parties
Undeclared War with France – 1797
France seized American ships
US established the Marine Corps
US added ships to the Navy
Federalists mad Adams didn’t declare war
Convention of 1800
Alien & Sedition Acts – 1798
Kentucky & Virginia Resolutions
Napoleon wanted to free himself for Europe
Formally ended the Franco-American
alliance
France paid damages to the US
-Adams (Federalist) directed at Dem-Rep.
-Imprison or deport “dangerous” foreigners
-Fine or imprison those who slander/libel
officials
- written by Jefferson & Madison
-states at heart of government, therefore
could judge federal laws “null” if disagree
- Federalists said people, not states, formed
gov. & only Supreme Court could judge
laws
- Madison switched from Fed. To Dem-Rep.
over this issue
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CHAPTER ELEVEN: JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY
”Revolution of 1800”
Jefferson president
tied with Burr (House of Reps. Decided
**peaceful regime change from Federalists
to Dem-Rep
Inaugural Address
“We are all Republicans; we are all
Federalists”
Secretary of the Treasury
Secretary of State
Albert Gallatin
James Madison
Marbury v. Madison – 1801
- Judiciary Act of 1801 created 16 new
judgeships
-Adams filled with Federalists before
leaving office
-Madison refused to deliver commission to
Marbury
-John Marshall dismissed Marbury’s case,
avoiding political controversy
-Marshall ruled part of Judiciary Act
unconstitutional
**established principle of Judicial Review
Samuel Chase impeachment hearings
- simply because he was Federalist
-failed
**est. precedent NOT to use impeachment
to shape Supreme Court
JEFFERSON AS REPUBLICAN
abolished excise tax
JEFFERSON AS FEDERALIST
kept many of Adams’ advisors
Tripolitan War – 1801
Barbary pirates attacking in Mediterranean
Jefferson sent marines
Peace treaty negotiated
 developed respect for US
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Louiana Purchase – 1803
WHY
- Jefferson was ready to ally with hated
England if France held New Orleans
-Napoleon suddenly decided to sell for $15
million
-France lost Santo Domingo for which LA
was to be a granary, in revolt led by
Toussant L’Ouverture
-he didn’t want US to ally with England
Lewis & Clark – 1804
sent to find overland trail to Pacific
Zebulon Pike
explored headwaters of Miss. River &
Colorado
Jefferson was torn as a Republican spending SO much money, increasing navy, etc.!!
Aaron Burr’s schemes
1) called for secession of New England &
New York
-failed because Hamilton caught him,
challenged to duel, Hamilton died
2) separate western US & form new country
- arrested, tried for treason, acquitted
ENGLAND VS. FRANCE (again…)
In Europe
England ruled waves; France ruled land
Orders in Council
closed continental ports under French
control to foreign shipping unless ship 1st
stopped at British port
Berlin & Milan Decrees
ordered seizure of all merchant ships that
stopped at British ports
Chesapeake/Leopard incident
-Leopard stopped Chesapeake, demanded
surrender of 4 alleged deserters
-American commander refused, British fired
British impressment of Americans
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Jefferson’s Embargo Act – 1807
-Jefferson thought if US cut off supplies to
Europe they would respect American rights
-appeared that Jefferson was punishing
Americans, not Europeans (“O grab me”)
-repealed in 1809
Non-Intercourse Act – 1809
reopened trade with Europe EXCEPT
Britain & France
POSITIVES
forced US to begin industries of our own
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CHAPTER TWELVE: JAMES MADISON & THE WAR OF 1812
Macon’s Bill No. 2 – 1810
-if either England or France would repeal its
trade restrictions, US would resume nonimportation against the other
-Napoleon lied & said France would comply
-Britain angry
War Hawks
-young men from South & West eager for
conflict
-eager to take Canada
-want to wipe out Indian threat
Tecumseh & the Prophet
WAR OF 1812
Why Britain and not France?
-formed Indian confederacy in northwest
-Wm. Henry Harrison defeated at
Tippecanoe
-Tecumseh killed at Battle of Thames
-Andrew Jackson defeated Creek at
Horseshoe Bend
**paved way for settlement in Ohio River
valley
Republican dislike of British
British arming of Indians
British impressments
The call of Canada
Burning of Washington D.C.
British captured & burned White House
Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key wrote while watching
bombing of Baltimore
New Orleans
Jackson crushed British – 2,000 killed in ½
hour
Two weeks after Treaty of Ghent signed
American ships
“old Ironsides” (the USS Constitution)
Well-crafted, well handled
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Treaty of Ghent – 1814
FEDERALIST GREIVANCES
Hartford Convention – 1814
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armistice signed Christmas Eve
Stop fighting & restore territory
-Mass, Conn, RI, NH, Vermont
-met in secrecy for 3 weeks
-wanted: financial assistance, more power
for New England, Constitutional
amendments
-small group proposed secession
**death of the Federalist party, no one took
seriously
RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812
1) new respect for US armed forces
2) death of Federalist Party
3) brilliant naval tradition
4) War heroes: Harrison & Jackson
5) hostile Indians crushed & their land taken
6) US industry stimulated
7) sense of nationalism
8) turn away from Europe & toward the West
9) bitterness toward England
10) Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) – btwn. England and US to disarm the Great Lakes
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN: POSTWAR UPSURGE OF NATIONALISM
“nationalism”
literature
Washington Irving
James Fennimore Cooper
Nicer capitol built
Expanded US armed forces
Revived Bank of the United States (1816)
New states in west are tied to nation
“American System”
proposed by Henry Clay
protective tariff
internal improvements
-because British were “dumping” goods into
US, undercutting US manufacturing
Tariff of 1816
first US protective tariff
Led to sectional debate:
-John C.Calhoun – nationalist, supported
tariff
-Daniel Webster – opposed tariff, thought
would ruin New England shipping
(later these two would reverse positions, Calhoun for state’s rights, Webster for Union)
ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS
Why??
Panic of 1819
“The West”
Land Acts
New States
Only one political party
President Monroe’s “goodwill” tour
overspeculation in frontier lands
Economic depression
1804
minimum purchase of 160 acres, $2.00/acre,
$80.00 down payment
1820
minimum purchase of 80 acres,$1.25/acre
9 frontier states added btwn. 1791 & 1819
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West demanded cheap $
Missouri Compromise
1819 Tallmadge Amendment
1820 Clay’s compromise
John Marshall’s key decisions:
BENEFITS
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did not like the Bank of the US
-no more slaves brought to MO
-emancipation for children of current slaves
-defeated in the Senate
** South sees threat to way of life
** South developing own nationalism
MO=slave state
Maine, carved from Mass.= free state
Slavery prohibited in rest of LA Purchase
above 36’,30
*kept balance in Senate
-strengthened Union
-Created stable, uniform environment for
business
-checked excesses of popularly elected state
legislatures
Marbury v. Madison -1803
**Judicial Review (see above)
Fletcher v. Peck – 1810
-Georgia granted 35 million acres to private
company after bribery, public outcry caused
contract to be cancelled
**Sup. Ct forbid state laws to impair
contracts
**Sup. Ct could invalidate state laws that
conflict with the Constitution
Dartmouth v. Woodward – 1819
NH wanted to change Dartmouth’s charter
**Sup. Ct. ruled states could not alter
contracts
McCulloch v. Maryland – 1819
-Maryland taxing its branch of the Bank of
the US to destroy it
-Marshall said it had no power to do so
** federal over state
** affirmed “implied powers” clause
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Gibbons v. Ogden – 1824
OREGON & FLORIDA
Treaty of 1818
Western Florida – 1810
Andrew Jackson
-NY wanted to grant private company a
monopoly on water trade btwn. NY & NJ
**Marshall said only Congress could
regulate interstate trade
-Between Britain & USA
-US to share Newfoundland with Canada
-Border of LA Territory set at 49th parallel
-10 year joint-occupation of Oregon
-uninvited Americans tore down the Spanish
flag
-was to respect all Spanish posts
-Overzealous: began hanging Spanish,
Indians and British
-Rather than apologizing, John Quincy
Adams convinced Monroe to demand that
Spain either control the area or cede it to the
US
Florida Purchase Treaty – 1819
-a.k.a. Adams-Oniz Treaty
-Spain ceded Florida, US gave up claims to
Texas
MONROE DOCTRINE – 1823
-European monarchs in process of crushing
rebellions
-Fear they might try to step in and crush
South American revolts
1) no European colonization in western
hemisphere (aimed at Russia in NW)
2) non-intervention from Europe in affairs
of western hemisphere (aimed at
Spain/England in South America)
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